144:
287:, while Finns, also believed to have been numerous in the city, are hard to discern in these records, especially as they often took Swedish names (i.e. Bengt instead of Pentti), but also because they in general had simpler duties and didn't necessarily pay taxes. Furthermore, it is generally assumed no European city managed to reproduce its own population before the early 19th century and thus was dependent of people moving in. Considering medieval warfare and epidemics, the population must have fluctuated considerably.
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rivalling political parties, it was at this time hardly able to produce the economical resources required to build an entire city. Furthermore, Sweden could not yet present a single city in the continental sense of the word, and it therefore seem unreasonable to assume the king could have been able to build a city from scratch by himself. He did, however, achieve an agreement with
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largest city in Sweden during the late 1270s, and throughout the 1280s. It is still disputed whether this development was a planned process initiated by the king and German merchants, or a rather spontaneous growth. The lack of the perpendicular city plans and uniformly-sized blocks common in contemporary cities in
Germany and Poland, seem to corroborate the latter.
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probably didn't exist in his vocabulary, he made
Stockholm the de facto political centre and royal residence. The castle and the protection it could offer, initiated by Birger Jarl, was the prerequisite to create a medieval city of continental standard, but the organisation and financial strength to
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pre-dates its written history and how and why the city evolved in the mid-13th century is still disputed. However, even though events during the 1250s and 1260s remain diffuse, the amount of surviving documents, such as letters and diaries, seem to indicate that
Stockholm grew rapidly to become the
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and promised them generous benefits if they did. While no surviving document can confirm
Stockholm was found, planned and built by Germans, their increasing presence in Swedish historical records coincide with the development of mining in Sweden. So, whether Birger Jarl truly is the founder of
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It's reasonable to assume, Birger Jarl's primary interest when founding
Stockholm, not only was to strengthen his own domestic and international position, but that he was also aiming at a general economic expansion. As Sweden just had experienced more than 50 years of continuous warfare between
355:. Lastly a group of 150 women not given a title appear in the records, but their intimate names was hardly meant to deny they were prostitutes: Anna svandunet "the swan-down", Birgitta rödnacka ("red-neck"). Katarina papegojan ("the parrot"). The most important crafts were organised in
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produce it came with Magnus. An example of this is the city wall. A large-scale enterprise of this magnitude could hardly have been produced by the burghers of the newly established city, and, as it is first mentioned in 1288, it must have been one of the project Magnus organized.
342:
A tax roll from 1460 enlists two groups of craftsmen identified by name; on one side 43 carpenters, 40 fishermen, 25 shoemakers, and 24 tailors â approximately 35 per cent of the population liable to taxation â and on the other side 17 master masons, 8 meat
339:, lived a heterogeneous group of craftsmen, including butcher, smiths of all sorts, carpenters, bakers, etcetera â in short, it was the industrial city district. The northern part of the island was occupied by the royal castle.
271:) enlisting individuals liable to taxation. For example, it is well-known trade was dominated by Germans, and these tax rolls seem to indicate one third of the city's tax-paying population were Germans, most originating from
315:("Iron Square") on the southern corner of the city. Regional peasantry supplied the city with food and raw materials, while the craftsmen in the city produced handicrafts, most of them living by the central square
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During the late Middle Ages, most buildings were made of brick, which gave the city its character. Some prominent façades were, however, painted red to accentuate their importance â like the restored façade of 5,
347:, 8 bakers, 8 brewers, and 7 butchers. Of course, countless other men worked in the city but failed to reach into the tax rolls. The same tax roll mentions 13 women with a profession: 4 brewers, 1 tailor, 1
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By the end of the 15th century, the population in
Stockholm can be estimated to 5-7.000 people, which made it a relatively small town compared to several other contemporary cities, even in a medieval context.
327:("Shoemaker's Street") in the central part of the city. Fishermen and carpenters dominated on the eastern waterfront, except the southern stretch which was located near the so-called "
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During the Middle Ages, export was administered mostly by German merchants who also dominated among the merchants in the city. Most of the merchants were living by or near the squares
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finally besieged and conquered the city three years later, an event which ended the Kalmar Union and the
Swedish Middle Ages, he noted every second building in the city was abandoned.
267:, none of which can have been a home to more than 1-2.000 inhabitants. Of course, these estimations are very unreliable as there was no census in the modern sense, only tax rolls (
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crowned his allied
Christian King of Sweden and together they had their common enemies, nobles and burghers of Stockholm, beheaded during the so-called
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in 1497. Sten Sture managed to size power again in 1501 which resulted in a Danish blockade lasting 1502-1509 and eventually a short peace. Hans' son
161:, controlling Stockholm and its castle became crucial to anyone aspiring to rule the kingdom, and the city was therefore repeatedly subject to lengthy
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continued the ambitions of his father and made failed attempts to conquer the city in 1517 and 1518, to finally besiege it and force Queen
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283:. They were, however, most likely over-represented in these records as they formed an elite in the city centred on the southern square
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100.000.) On the other hand, among the approximately forty cities in the
Swedish kingdom, the second largest must have been either
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The rivalry between the
Swedish and German population in the 1380s eventually lead to a massacre on the Swedes, the
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The economic breakthrough, however, appear to have come during the end of the 13th century under the leadership of
335:) were the merchants' large sea-going ships were moored. In the western part of the city, along the thoroughfare
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of Stockholm known from an imprint from 1296; most likely the city's first seal mentioned in a letter from 1281.
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intended both to guarantee the quality of items produced and ensure prices were favourable to the craftsmen.
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or by the oldest two streets in Stockholm, the names of which still reflects their trade:
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511:(Göran DahlbÀck p 17-72, Robert Sandberg p 75-184, Eva Eggeby and Klas Nyberg p 187-276.)
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and stabilized the administration. During his reign several trade centres were granted
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leading the resistance to capitulate in 1520. In November the same year, archbishop
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Digerdöden, pestvÄgor och ödelÀggelse. Ett perspektiv pÄ senmedeltidens Sverige
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in 1523. During this period, Stockholm still didn't fill up the small island
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92:(1275â90). Magnus not only strengthened the relations with LĂŒbeck and the
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Huvudstad i omvandling - Stockholms planering och utbyggnad under 700 Ă„r
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stretching from the foundation of the city c. 1250 to the end of the
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Stockholm or not, its initial growth undoubtedly starts with him.
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40:(the "city islet") which today known as the Stockholm Old Town (
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is likely to have taken place in the late summer of 1350.
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HÀttebröder i Nordisk familjebok (första upplagan, 1884)
351:-maker, 1 bagpipe-maker, 2 seamstress, 3 weavers, and 1
303:square reminds of the lively medieval marketplace.
230:, also featuring several other aesthetic details.
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157:During the turbulent closing era of the Swedish
80:where he invited Germans to settle in Sweden
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495:Nilsson, Lars; Rye, Margareta, eds. (2002).
96:but also increased Swedish influence over
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147:Sten Sture the Elder enters Stockholm.
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299:An old crane still hanging over the
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499:. Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag.
118:The plague disaster known as the
548:History of Stockholm by period
108:and, notwithstanding the word
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52:Foundation and initial growth
369:History of Sweden (800â1521)
311:("Corn Harbour Square") and
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553:Medieval history of Sweden
323:("Merchant's Street") and
129:, performed by the German
519:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
189:only to lose the city to
173:fractions disputing the
199:Christina Gyllenstierna
195:Christian II of Denmark
16:Stockholm c.1250 - 1523
521:Sveriges Radios förlag
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183:Christian I of Denmark
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515:Hall, Thomas (1999).
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28:is the period in the
187:Battle of Brunkeberg
179:Sten Sture the Elder
30:history of Stockholm
497:Staden pÄ vattnet 1
228:Stora GrÄmunkegrÀnd
207:Stockholm Bloodbath
169:by various Swedish-
69:origin of Stockholm
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481:Nilsson, pp 43-47
469:Nilsson, pp 24-27
451:Nilsson, pp 59-63
165:and occasionally
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255:50.000, and
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177:. In 1471,
175:Kalmar Union
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149:Painting by
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460:Hall, p. 40
333:Koggahamnen
321:Köpmangatan
211:Gustav Vasa
159:Middle Ages
132:HÀttebröder
120:Black Death
38:Stadsholmen
25:Middle Ages
23:during the
542:Categories
489:References
419:Hall, p 47
410:Hall, p 46
401:Hall, p 43
392:Hall, p 21
374:Gamla stan
331:Harbour" (
317:Stortorget
313:JĂ€rntorget
301:JĂ€rntorget
285:JĂ€rntorget
281:Westphalia
217:Population
46:Gamla stan
42:Gamla stan
243:~20.000,
181:defeated
163:blockades
82:as Swedes
21:Stockholm
363:See also
247:25.000,
167:besieged
237:Hamburg
185:at the
153:, 1864.
111:capital
98:Gotland
527:
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357:guilds
279:, and
277:Danzig
273:LĂŒbeck
261:Kalmar
253:London
245:LĂŒbeck
241:Bremen
171:Danish
78:LĂŒbeck
380:Notes
349:brawn
291:Trade
257:Paris
102:Visby
525:ISBN
501:ISBN
251:and
249:Köln
239:and
100:and
67:The
61:Seal
329:Cog
265:Ă
bo
263:or
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474:^
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