613:
595:
581:
567:
486:
443:
In the last quarter of 1915, 304 Stokes mortars were produced. Only 104 of these reached the front, however, the remainder being sent to training schools. The subcontracting-out of manufacture of the mortar mounting was undertaken in
February 1916. In March 1916, it was announced the light trench
393:
Range was determined by the amount of propellant charge used and the angle of the barrel. A basic propellant cartridge was used for all firing, and covered short ranges. Up to four additional "rings" of propellant were used for incrementally greater ranges. The four rings were supplied with the
382:
The barrel is a seamless drawn-steel tube necked down at the breech or base end. To the breech end is fitted a base cap, within which is secured a firing pin protruding into the barrel. The caps at each end of the bomb cylinder were 81 mm diameter. The bomb was fitted with a modified
414:. With the many changes to battlefield doctrine during the First World War, the concept gained interest again. At first the British and French resorted to re-issuing these ancient mortars; after modernized designs became available, the Stokes mortar in particular gained popularity.
49:
612:
397:
One potential problem was the recoil, which was "exceptionally severe, because the barrel is only about 3 times the weight of the projectile, instead of about one hundred times the weight as in artillery. Unless the legs are properly set up they are liable to injury".
496:
In World War I, the Stokes mortar could fire as many as 25 bombs per minute and had a maximum range of 800 yards (732 m) firing the original cylindrical un-stabilised projectile. British Empire units had 1,636 Stokes mortars in service on the
378:
in the base of the bomb would make contact with a firing pin at the base of the tube, and ignite the propellant charge in the base, launching the bomb towards the target. The warhead itself was detonated by an impact fuse on reaching the target.
759:, B: "45° gave maximum range with any particular propellant amount e.g. 420 yards with 1 ring. 75° gave the most vertical descent for the shell and the shortest range with any particular propellant amount e.g. 197 yards with 1 ring."
477:; this design was widely copied with and without license. Despite their indigenous production, out of 8,000 81 mm mortars in service with the French in 1939, 2,000 were of the original Mk. I build purchased from Great Britain.
508:(incendiary) rounds. A quantity of just under thirty were used at the Battle of Loos in September 1915. Up to the end of 1918, a total of 1,123 were manufactured. This, used solely by the Special Brigade of the
512:, should be considered a separate weapon from the standard "3-inch" version used by the infantry — with an actual bore of 3.2 inches (81 mm) — firing high explosive rounds described in this article.
444:
mortars would be controlled by
Infantry Brigades. The handbook for the Stokes trench mortar was issued to the infantry in April 1916. In total, 11,331 3-inch Stokes mortars were manufactured in Britain.
417:
Frederick
Wilfred Scott Stokes – who later became Sir Wilfred Stokes KBE – designed the mortar in January 1915. The British Army was at the time trying to develop a weapon that would be a match for the
401:
A modified version of the mortar, which fired a modern fin-stabilised streamlined projectile and had a booster charge for longer range, was developed after World War I; this was in effect a new weapon.
594:
555:. In September 1936, 44,000 Stokes rounds arrived in Spain. By World War II, it could fire as many as 30 bombs per minute and had a range of over 2,500 yd (2,286 m) with some shell types.
2220:
836:
Forty ancient
Coehorn mortars, firing spherical ammunition using black powder charges,were obtained from the French, and were actually fired at the battles at Neuve Chapelle and Aubers Ridge.
1271:
358:. The 3-inch trench mortar is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loading weapon for high angles of fire. Although it is called a 3-inch mortar, its bore is actually 3.2 inches or 81 mm.
2230:
1415:
2225:
2215:
1711:
1772:
724:"Appendix D. Details of Trench Mortars" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7". Mortar=48 lb; Elevating Stand=28 lb; Base Plate=28 lb; Total Weight for Transport = 104 lbs
1009:
2210:
440:) and Lieutenant-Colonel J. C. Matheson of the Trench Warfare Supply Department (who reported to Lloyd George) to expedite manufacture of the Stokes mortar.
1264:
432:
Stokes's design was initially rejected in June 1915 because it was unable to use existing stocks of
British mortar ammunition. It took the intervention of
1372:
680:
2240:
1257:
733:"Appendix E. Details of Ammunition" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7". This figure is for the unstabilised cylindrical bomb used in World War I.
1704:
1180:
966:
927:
552:
1210:
1132:
2055:
2151:
1935:
1925:
1909:
1859:
1243:
1108:
2141:
1879:
1830:
998:, Ministry of Munitions, Munitions Council: Historical Records Branch, MUN 5/195/1600 – via The National Archives UK reading room
1158:
1212:
A MUSE OF FIRE; British Trench
Warfare Munitions, their Invention, Manufacture and Tactical Employment on the Western Front, 1914–18
710:
1697:
1904:
580:
137:
824:
2136:
1800:
1201:
1191:
489:
351:
410:
Light mortars portable by one man had already been in use centuries earlier, but had fallen out of general usage since the
1988:
1354:
347:
1046:
1024:
1754:
2184:
2088:
524:
498:
426:
419:
339:
194:
780:, A: "At 45° using 4 Rings of propellant. This figure is for the unstabilised cylindrical bomb used in World War I."
2146:
2098:
2093:
2083:
1973:
1884:
1835:
1382:
1344:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1945:
1899:
1894:
1735:
448:
28:
485:
2118:
2016:
1612:
650:
566:
390:
on the front, with a perforated tube containing a propellant charge and an impact-sensitive cap at the rear.
2174:
1795:
1790:
1485:
544:
1477:
2189:
2179:
2078:
2031:
1749:
270:
127:
2235:
2156:
2065:
2006:
1645:
1622:
463:
437:
102:
943:
540:
2073:
2026:
2021:
1930:
1889:
1869:
1840:
1764:
1744:
1665:
1617:
1387:
1377:
1315:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1509:
1067:
2103:
1950:
1940:
1501:
1493:
1451:
1410:
1249:
655:
1689:
1244:"Basic Field Manual. Volume III, Basic Weapons. Part Four, Howitzer Company. 3-inch Trench Mortar"
896:
747:
War Dept. Technical Manual TM9-2005, Volume 3, Ordnance
Materiel - General, Page 17, December 1942
1864:
1815:
1237:
901:
433:
240:
235:
2128:
2113:
1874:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1176:
1154:
1003:
962:
923:
917:
706:
548:
260:
107:
27:
This article is about the World War I Stokes 3-inch mortar. For the World War II mortar, see
2108:
2050:
1637:
1349:
1331:
474:
470:
452:
112:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1112:
1998:
1851:
1782:
1650:
1604:
1469:
1339:
1284:
1168:
528:
509:
355:
332:
66:
1128:
Range Table For 3-Inch Stokes Mortar (Report). United
Kingdom War Office. September 1917.
57:
with example of his mortar and bombs. Typical 3-inch bombs used are 2nd and 6th from left
48:
1720:
1280:
1097:
462:
for inventing the modern mortar, and was given several forms of monetary reward by the
411:
375:
336:
191:
92:
54:
2204:
1517:
1464:
1443:
1438:
536:
142:
1960:
1673:
1430:
1364:
1175:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution.
619:
384:
343:
280:
163:
1195:
2166:
1727:
1678:
1397:
516:
447:
It remained in service into the Second World War, when it was superseded by the
422:
168:
158:
122:
1655:
1456:
1321:
520:
459:
367:
17:
1723:
1420:
1405:
532:
173:
1146:
1138:
944:"Brandt mle 27 (Mortier Brandt de 81mm modele 27) Infantry Mortar - France"
492:
soldiers loading a Stokes mortar, on the
Western Front during World War I.
1246:. United States War Department, 1932. via Combined Arms Research Library]
1133:"Stokes' trench howitzer, 3", mark I". US Army War College, January 1918.
505:
374:
mount. When a mortar bomb was dropped into the tube, an impact sensitive
132:
117:
768:"Appendix D. Details of Trench Mortars" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7"
640:
An example with bombs is displayed at l'hotel de ville d'Arras, France.
504:
A 4-inch (102 mm) version was used to fire smoke, poison gas, and
370:
metal tube fixed to a base plate (to absorb recoil) with a lightweight
250:
97:
1086:
Armas para España: la historia no contada de la Guerra Civil Española
743:
741:
739:
469:
The French developed an improved version of the Stokes mortar as the
311:
1238:"Handbook of the M.L. Stokes 3-Inch Trench Mortar Equipments. 1919."
789:"Appendix E. Details of Ammunition" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7"
777:
756:
1292:
623:
602:
484:
371:
701:
Boselli
Cantero, Cristina and Casabianca, Angel-Francois (2000).
451:, and some remained in use by New Zealand forces until after the
394:
cartridge and gunners discarded the rings that were not needed.
387:
1693:
1253:
703:
Una guerra desconocida: la campaña del Chaco Boreal, 1932–1935
1139:
Field Artillery Notes No. 7. US Army War College August 1917.
961:. No. 54 (New Vanguard). Osprey Publishing. pp. 42–43.
825:"The British Trench Mortar Batteries in the First World War"
1240:
Published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1920.
626:
and placed on a telegraph pole for collection and disposal
543:
in September 1932. Stokes mortars were widely used by the
366:
The Stokes mortar was a simple weapon, consisting of a
1098:
http://blog.awm.gov.au/awm/2008/04/01/trench-mortar/
996:
Report on work of Trench Warfare Supplies Department
2221:
World War II infantry mortars of the United Kingdom
2165:
2127:
2064:
2040:
1997:
1959:
1918:
1849:
1781:
1763:
1734:
1664:
1636:
1603:
1429:
1396:
1363:
1330:
1291:
682:
Mortero Stokes Brandt de 81mm- El mortero del Chaco
531:made extensive use of the Stokes mortar during the
317:
307:
299:
291:
279:
269:
259:
249:
234:
221:
213:
208:
200:
187:
182:
151:
85:
80:
72:
62:
39:
1025:"Surviving 4-in. Stokes trench mortar at Rovereto"
605:fusing Stokes shells near Wieltje, 1 October 1917
1773:1.59-inch breech-loading Vickers Q.F. gun, Mk II
1056:– via Passion & Compassion 1914-1918.
1034:– via Passion & Compassion 1914-1918.
818:
816:
1705:
1265:
8:
1151:U.S. Infantry Weapons of the First World War
922:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 202.
1008:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
919:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
905:(Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8795.
798:Stokes's Trench Howitzer 3" Mark I, page 15
2231:World War II infantry weapons of Australia
1712:
1698:
1690:
1272:
1258:
1250:
1047:"Surviving Stokes mortar at Les Invalides"
47:
36:
2226:World War I infantry weapons of Australia
2216:World War I mortars of the United Kingdom
778:Range Table For 3-Inch Stokes Mortar 1917
757:Range Table For 3-Inch Stokes Mortar 1917
981:
883:
871:
859:
847:
618:An intact Stokes shell found during the
1452:Nos. 3, 20, 24, 35 Hales rifle grenades
1311:Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE) rifle
668:
562:
1001:
1373:Pattern 1897 infantry officer's sword
1045:Jalabert, Jean-Luc (14 August 2008).
697:
695:
693:
658: : approximate German equivalent
7:
2211:World War I British infantry weapons
2056:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector
676:
674:
672:
1109:Bernard Plumier : his web page
1023:Plumier, Bernard (20 August 2008).
807:
705:. Volumes 4 and 5. Lector, p. 176.
1141:via Combined Arms Research Library
1135:via Combined Arms Research Library
1068:"The Sandino Rebellion, 1927-1934"
834:– via The long, long trail.
519:and helped American forces defeat
515:The Stokes mortar was used in the
25:
637:Australian War Memorial, Canberra
1306:Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) rifle
959:Infantry Mortars of World War II
611:
593:
579:
565:
425:mortar, which was in use on the
354:, during the latter half of the
292:Effective firing range
2152:BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun
1910:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII
1340:Webley .455" Revolver Mk. IV–VI
138:Commonwealth of the Philippines
2241:Weapons of the Philippine Army
2142:QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III
1355:Smith & Wesson Triple Lock
1147:"The Three Inch Stokes Mortar"
490:Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
352:Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
300:Maximum firing range
1:
1989:QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer
823:Baker, Chris (24 July 2015).
2079:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II
1926:BL 7.5-inch Mk III naval gun
2185:BL 12-inch railway howitzer
1905:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk I – V
1218:(PhD). University of Exeter
1145:Canfield, Bruce N. (2000).
1088:. Península, Madrid, p. 394
525:Second Battle of Las Cruces
2257:
2147:BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun
2041:Smoke and chemical weapons
1974:BL 10-pounder mountain gun
1936:BL 9.2-inch Mk X naval gun
1383:Pattern 1908 cavalry sword
1209:Saunders, Anthony (2008).
994:The 4-inch Stokes mortar,
26:
1984:QF 2.95-inch mountain gun
1979:BL 2.75-inch mountain gun
1969:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
1946:BL 12-inch Mk X naval gun
1900:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
1895:BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer
1345:Webley .455" Pistol Mk. I
473:, further refined as the
449:Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar
229:
73:Place of origin
46:
29:Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar
2017:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
1613:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
1072:www.sandinorebellion.com
651:List of infantry mortars
287:6-8 rpm (sustained)
217:104 lbs (47.17 kg) total
2175:BL 9.2-inch railway gun
587:No. 145 percussion fuze
527:on 1 January 1928. The
342:that was issued to the
2190:BL 14-inch railway gun
2180:BL 12-inch railway gun
2032:9.45-inch Heavy Mortar
1750:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1153:. Andrew Mowbray Pub.
493:
420:Imperial German Army's
281:Rate of fire
128:Second Polish Republic
2007:Garland trench mortar
1646:Leach trench catapult
1623:Garland trench mortar
1173:Western Front 1914–18
916:Chris Bishop (2002).
553:sold mostly by Poland
488:
464:Ministry of Munitions
438:Minister of Munitions
285:25 rpm (maximum)
103:French Third Republic
41:3 inch Stokes mortar
2137:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2089:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2074:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
2047:4-inch Stokes Mortar
2027:Newton 6-inch mortar
2022:2-inch medium mortar
2012:3-inch Stokes mortar
1931:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
1890:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
1885:BL 6-inch gun Mk VII
1880:BLC 6-inch siege gun
1870:BL 5.4-inch howitzer
1841:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
1836:BL 4-inch gun Mk VII
1831:QF 4-inch gun Mk III
1801:QF 12-pounder 18 cwt
1745:QF 3-pounder Vickers
1628:3-inch Stokes mortar
1618:2-inch medium mortar
1574:No. 32 "Spherical E"
1388:Pattern 1913 bayonet
1378:Pattern 1907 bayonet
1316:Pattern 1914 Enfield
957:John Norris (2002).
2104:QF 13-pounder 9 cwt
2099:QF 13-pounder Mk IV
2094:QF 13-pounder 6 cwt
1951:BL 15-inch howitzer
1941:BL 12-inch howitzer
1796:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
1791:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt
1569:No. 32 Night Signal
1411:Vickers machine gun
1192:"The Stokes Mortar"
1084:Howson, G. (2000).
656:7.58 cm Minenwerfer
573:High explosive bomb
318:Filling weight
2066:Anti-aircraft guns
1961:Mountain artillery
1865:BL 5-inch howitzer
1755:QF 6-pounder 6 cwt
1528:No. 21 "Spherical"
1283:small arms of the
902:The London Gazette
632:Surviving examples
541:Battle of Boquerón
535:, especially as a
523:rebels during the
501:at the Armistice.
494:
458:Stokes received a
434:David Lloyd George
337:Sir Wilfred Stokes
192:Sir Wilfred Stokes
183:Production history
2198:
2197:
2129:Coastal artillery
1875:BL 60-pounder gun
1687:
1686:
1638:Grenade launchers
1564:No. 31 Day Signal
1182:978-1-870114-00-4
968:978-1-84176-414-6
929:978-1-58663-762-0
549:Spanish Civil War
350:, as well as the
325:
324:
303:800 yards (731 m)
295:750 yards (686 m)
108:Kingdom of Greece
16:(Redirected from
2248:
2109:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2051:Livens Projector
1736:Armoured vehicle
1714:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1416:Hotchkiss Mark I
1350:Colt New Service
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1205:
1200:. Archived from
1186:
1164:
1129:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
999:
991:
985:
979:
973:
972:
954:
948:
947:
940:
934:
933:
913:
907:
906:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
838:
833:
831:
820:
811:
805:
799:
796:
790:
787:
781:
775:
769:
766:
760:
754:
748:
745:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
715:
699:
688:
687:
678:
615:
597:
583:
569:
453:Second World War
113:Kingdom of Italy
51:
42:
37:
21:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2161:
2123:
2060:
2036:
1993:
1955:
1919:Siege artillery
1914:
1860:QF 4.7-inch gun
1852:heavy artillery
1845:
1783:Field artillery
1777:
1759:
1730:
1728:First World War
1718:
1688:
1683:
1660:
1651:West Spring Gun
1632:
1599:
1594:Steuart Pattern
1554:No. 28 Chemical
1457:Nos. 5, 23, 36
1425:
1392:
1359:
1326:
1287:
1285:First World War
1278:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1190:Ruffell, W. L.
1189:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1144:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1000:
993:
992:
988:
980:
976:
969:
956:
955:
951:
942:
941:
937:
930:
915:
914:
910:
895:
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
829:
827:
822:
821:
814:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
776:
772:
767:
763:
755:
751:
746:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
713:
700:
691:
685:
679:
670:
665:
647:
634:
627:
616:
607:
606:
598:
589:
588:
584:
575:
574:
570:
561:
545:Republican Army
529:Paraguayan Army
510:Royal Engineers
483:
408:
364:
356:First World War
321:2lb 4 oz (1 kg)
286:
244:
230:
178:
147:
81:Service history
58:
40:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2119:QF 4-inch Mk V
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:BLC 15-pounder
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1721:British Empire
1719:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1566:
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2167:Railway guns
2084:75 mm AA gun
2011:
1674:.303 British
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1398:Machine guns
1220:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:the original
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1172:
1169:Farndale, M.
1150:
1122:Bibliography
1104:
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714:(in Spanish)
702:
686:(in Spanish)
681:
620:iron harvest
537:siege weapon
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385:hand grenade
381:
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335:designed by
328:
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164:World War II
86:Used by
67:Light mortar
34:Light mortar
1679:.455 Webley
1301:Lee–Metford
1222:27 February
1052:26 February
897:"No. 30250"
830:26 February
601:Men of the
547:during the
517:Banana Wars
423:Minenwerfer
348:U.S. armies
243:10 lb 11 oz
169:Banana Wars
159:World War I
123:Netherlands
2205:Categories
2157:RML 9-inch
1666:Cartridges
1656:Sauterelle
1559:No. 29 Gas
1470:Nos. 8, 9
1322:Ross Rifle
1197:The Mortar
1113:photograph
521:Sandinista
481:Combat use
460:knighthood
368:smoothbore
1724:artillery
1512:Opera hat
1421:Lewis gun
1406:Maxim gun
533:Chaco War
271:Elevation
245:(4.84 kg)
174:Chaco War
1543:Sangster
1332:Sidearms
1171:(1986).
1004:citation
645:See also
506:thermite
201:Designed
188:Designer
133:Portugal
118:Paraguay
1999:Mortars
1726:of the
1605:Mortars
1592:No. 39
1579:No. 34
1541:No. 25
1533:No. 22
1510:No. 17
1502:No. 16
1494:No. 15
1488:Pitcher
1486:No. 14
1478:No. 13
1472:Jam Tin
1030:1 March
808:Ruffell
539:in the
406:History
344:British
308:Filling
275:45°-75°
251:Calibre
98:Belgium
1587:No. 37
1549:No. 27
1523:No. 19
1518:No. 18
1480:Battye
1444:No. 2
1293:Rifles
1179:
1157:
965:
926:
709:
376:primer
362:Design
312:amatol
261:Action
1465:No. 6
1459:Mills
1439:No. 1
1318:rifle
1216:(PDF)
663:Notes
624:Ypres
603:KOYLI
372:bipod
236:Shell
1738:guns
1504:Oval
1496:Ball
1224:2023
1177:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1054:2023
1032:2023
1010:link
963:ISBN
924:ISBN
832:2023
707:ISBN
388:fuse
346:and
327:The
265:Trip
222:Crew
214:Mass
204:1915
152:Wars
63:Type
53:Sir
1581:Egg
340:KBE
195:KBE
2207::
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1006:}}
1002:{{
899:.
815:^
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241:HE
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971:.
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810:.
225:2
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
