602:
584:
570:
556:
475:
432:
In the last quarter of 1915, 304 Stokes mortars were produced. Only 104 of these reached the front, however, the remainder being sent to training schools. The subcontracting-out of manufacture of the mortar mounting was undertaken in
February 1916. In March 1916, it was announced the light trench
382:
Range was determined by the amount of propellant charge used and the angle of the barrel. A basic propellant cartridge was used for all firing, and covered short ranges. Up to four additional "rings" of propellant were used for incrementally greater ranges. The four rings were supplied with the
371:
The barrel is a seamless drawn-steel tube necked down at the breech or base end. To the breech end is fitted a base cap, within which is secured a firing pin protruding into the barrel. The caps at each end of the bomb cylinder were 81 mm diameter. The bomb was fitted with a modified
403:. With the many changes to battlefield doctrine during the First World War, the concept gained interest again. At first the British and French resorted to re-issuing these ancient mortars; after modernized designs became available, the Stokes mortar in particular gained popularity.
38:
601:
386:
One potential problem was the recoil, which was "exceptionally severe, because the barrel is only about 3 times the weight of the projectile, instead of about one hundred times the weight as in artillery. Unless the legs are properly set up they are liable to injury".
485:
In World War I, the Stokes mortar could fire as many as 25 bombs per minute and had a maximum range of 800 yards (732 m) firing the original cylindrical un-stabilised projectile. British Empire units had 1,636 Stokes mortars in service on the
367:
in the base of the bomb would make contact with a firing pin at the base of the tube, and ignite the propellant charge in the base, launching the bomb towards the target. The warhead itself was detonated by an impact fuse on reaching the target.
748:, B: "45° gave maximum range with any particular propellant amount e.g. 420 yards with 1 ring. 75° gave the most vertical descent for the shell and the shortest range with any particular propellant amount e.g. 197 yards with 1 ring."
466:; this design was widely copied with and without license. Despite their indigenous production, out of 8,000 81 mm mortars in service with the French in 1939, 2,000 were of the original Mk. I build purchased from Great Britain.
497:(incendiary) rounds. A quantity of just under thirty were used at the Battle of Loos in September 1915. Up to the end of 1918, a total of 1,123 were manufactured. This, used solely by the Special Brigade of the
501:, should be considered a separate weapon from the standard "3-inch" version used by the infantry — with an actual bore of 3.2 inches (81 mm) — firing high explosive rounds described in this article.
433:
mortars would be controlled by
Infantry Brigades. The handbook for the Stokes trench mortar was issued to the infantry in April 1916. In total, 11,331 3-inch Stokes mortars were manufactured in Britain.
406:
Frederick
Wilfred Scott Stokes – who later became Sir Wilfred Stokes KBE – designed the mortar in January 1915. The British Army was at the time trying to develop a weapon that would be a match for the
390:
A modified version of the mortar, which fired a modern fin-stabilised streamlined projectile and had a booster charge for longer range, was developed after World War I; this was in effect a new weapon.
583:
544:. In September 1936, 44,000 Stokes rounds arrived in Spain. By World War II, it could fire as many as 30 bombs per minute and had a range of over 2,500 yd (2,286 m) with some shell types.
2209:
825:
Forty ancient
Coehorn mortars, firing spherical ammunition using black powder charges,were obtained from the French, and were actually fired at the battles at Neuve Chapelle and Aubers Ridge.
1260:
347:. The 3-inch trench mortar is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loading weapon for high angles of fire. Although it is called a 3-inch mortar, its bore is actually 3.2 inches or 81 mm.
2219:
1404:
2214:
2204:
1700:
1761:
713:"Appendix D. Details of Trench Mortars" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7". Mortar=48 lb; Elevating Stand=28 lb; Base Plate=28 lb; Total Weight for Transport = 104 lbs
998:
2199:
429:) and Lieutenant-Colonel J. C. Matheson of the Trench Warfare Supply Department (who reported to Lloyd George) to expedite manufacture of the Stokes mortar.
1253:
421:
Stokes's design was initially rejected in June 1915 because it was unable to use existing stocks of
British mortar ammunition. It took the intervention of
1361:
669:
2229:
1246:
722:"Appendix E. Details of Ammunition" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7". This figure is for the unstabilised cylindrical bomb used in World War I.
1693:
1169:
955:
916:
541:
1199:
1121:
2044:
2140:
1924:
1914:
1898:
1848:
1232:
1097:
2130:
1868:
1819:
987:, Ministry of Munitions, Munitions Council: Historical Records Branch, MUN 5/195/1600 – via The National Archives UK reading room
1147:
1201:
A MUSE OF FIRE; British Trench
Warfare Munitions, their Invention, Manufacture and Tactical Employment on the Western Front, 1914–18
699:
1686:
1893:
569:
126:
813:
2125:
1789:
1190:
1180:
478:
340:
399:
Light mortars portable by one man had already been in use centuries earlier, but had fallen out of general usage since the
1977:
1343:
336:
1035:
1013:
1743:
2173:
2077:
513:
487:
415:
408:
328:
183:
769:, A: "At 45° using 4 Rings of propellant. This figure is for the unstabilised cylindrical bomb used in World War I."
2135:
2087:
2082:
2072:
1962:
1873:
1824:
1371:
1333:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1934:
1888:
1883:
1724:
437:
17:
474:
2107:
2005:
1601:
639:
555:
379:
on the front, with a perforated tube containing a propellant charge and an impact-sensitive cap at the rear.
2163:
1784:
1779:
1474:
533:
1466:
2178:
2168:
2067:
2020:
1738:
259:
116:
2224:
2145:
2054:
1995:
1634:
1611:
452:
426:
91:
932:
529:
2062:
2015:
2010:
1919:
1878:
1858:
1829:
1753:
1733:
1654:
1606:
1376:
1366:
1304:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1498:
1056:
2092:
1939:
1929:
1490:
1482:
1440:
1399:
1238:
644:
1678:
1233:"Basic Field Manual. Volume III, Basic Weapons. Part Four, Howitzer Company. 3-inch Trench Mortar"
885:
736:
War Dept. Technical Manual TM9-2005, Volume 3, Ordnance
Materiel - General, Page 17, December 1942
1853:
1804:
1226:
890:
422:
229:
224:
2117:
2102:
1863:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1165:
1143:
992:
951:
912:
906:
695:
537:
249:
96:
16:
This article is about the World War I Stokes 3-inch mortar. For the World War II mortar, see
2097:
2039:
1626:
1338:
1320:
463:
459:
441:
101:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1101:
1987:
1840:
1771:
1639:
1593:
1458:
1328:
1273:
1157:
517:
498:
344:
321:
55:
1117:
Range Table For 3-Inch Stokes Mortar (Report). United
Kingdom War Office. September 1917.
46:
with example of his mortar and bombs. Typical 3-inch bombs used are 2nd and 6th from left
37:
1709:
1269:
1086:
451:
for inventing the modern mortar, and was given several forms of monetary reward by the
400:
364:
325:
180:
81:
43:
2193:
1506:
1453:
1432:
1427:
525:
131:
1949:
1662:
1419:
1353:
1164:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution.
608:
373:
332:
269:
152:
1184:
2155:
1716:
1667:
1386:
505:
436:
It remained in service into the Second World War, when it was superseded by the
411:
157:
147:
111:
1644:
1445:
1310:
509:
448:
356:
1712:
1409:
1394:
521:
162:
1135:
1127:
933:"Brandt mle 27 (Mortier Brandt de 81mm modele 27) Infantry Mortar - France"
481:
soldiers loading a Stokes mortar, on the
Western Front during World War I.
1235:. United States War Department, 1932. via Combined Arms Research Library]
1122:"Stokes' trench howitzer, 3", mark I". US Army War College, January 1918.
494:
363:
mount. When a mortar bomb was dropped into the tube, an impact sensitive
121:
106:
757:"Appendix D. Details of Trench Mortars" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7"
629:
An example with bombs is displayed at l'hotel de ville d'Arras, France.
493:
A 4-inch (102 mm) version was used to fire smoke, poison gas, and
359:
metal tube fixed to a base plate (to absorb recoil) with a lightweight
239:
86:
1075:
Armas para España: la historia no contada de la Guerra Civil Española
732:
730:
728:
458:
The French developed an improved version of the Stokes mortar as the
300:
1227:"Handbook of the M.L. Stokes 3-Inch Trench Mortar Equipments. 1919."
778:"Appendix E. Details of Ammunition" in "Field Artillery Notes No. 7"
766:
745:
1281:
612:
591:
473:
360:
690:
Boselli
Cantero, Cristina and Casabianca, Angel-Francois (2000).
440:, and some remained in use by New Zealand forces until after the
383:
cartridge and gunners discarded the rings that were not needed.
376:
1682:
1242:
692:
Una guerra desconocida: la campaña del Chaco Boreal, 1932–1935
1128:
Field Artillery Notes No. 7. US Army War College August 1917.
950:. No. 54 (New Vanguard). Osprey Publishing. pp. 42–43.
814:"The British Trench Mortar Batteries in the First World War"
1229:
Published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1920.
615:
and placed on a telegraph pole for collection and disposal
532:
in September 1932. Stokes mortars were widely used by the
355:
The Stokes mortar was a simple weapon, consisting of a
1087:
http://blog.awm.gov.au/awm/2008/04/01/trench-mortar/
985:
Report on work of Trench Warfare Supplies Department
2210:
World War II infantry mortars of the United Kingdom
2154:
2116:
2053:
2029:
1986:
1948:
1907:
1838:
1770:
1752:
1723:
1653:
1625:
1592:
1418:
1385:
1352:
1319:
1280:
671:
Mortero Stokes Brandt de 81mm- El mortero del Chaco
520:made extensive use of the Stokes mortar during the
306:
296:
288:
280:
268:
258:
248:
238:
223:
210:
202:
197:
189:
176:
171:
140:
74:
69:
61:
51:
28:
1014:"Surviving 4-in. Stokes trench mortar at Rovereto"
594:fusing Stokes shells near Wieltje, 1 October 1917
1762:1.59-inch breech-loading Vickers Q.F. gun, Mk II
1045:– via Passion & Compassion 1914-1918.
1023:– via Passion & Compassion 1914-1918.
807:
805:
1694:
1254:
8:
1140:U.S. Infantry Weapons of the First World War
911:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 202.
997:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
908:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
894:(Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8795.
787:Stokes's Trench Howitzer 3" Mark I, page 15
2220:World War II infantry weapons of Australia
1701:
1687:
1679:
1261:
1247:
1239:
1036:"Surviving Stokes mortar at Les Invalides"
36:
25:
2215:World War I infantry weapons of Australia
2205:World War I mortars of the United Kingdom
767:Range Table For 3-Inch Stokes Mortar 1917
746:Range Table For 3-Inch Stokes Mortar 1917
970:
872:
860:
848:
836:
607:An intact Stokes shell found during the
1441:Nos. 3, 20, 24, 35 Hales rifle grenades
1300:Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE) rifle
657:
551:
990:
1362:Pattern 1897 infantry officer's sword
1034:Jalabert, Jean-Luc (14 August 2008).
686:
684:
682:
647: : approximate German equivalent
7:
2200:World War I British infantry weapons
2045:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector
665:
663:
661:
1098:Bernard Plumier : his web page
1012:Plumier, Bernard (20 August 2008).
796:
694:. Volumes 4 and 5. Lector, p. 176.
1130:via Combined Arms Research Library
1124:via Combined Arms Research Library
1057:"The Sandino Rebellion, 1927-1934"
823:– via The long, long trail.
508:and helped American forces defeat
504:The Stokes mortar was used in the
14:
626:Australian War Memorial, Canberra
1295:Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) rifle
948:Infantry Mortars of World War II
600:
582:
568:
554:
414:mortar, which was in use on the
343:, during the latter half of the
281:Effective firing range
2141:BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun
1899:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII
1329:Webley .455" Revolver Mk. IV–VI
127:Commonwealth of the Philippines
2230:Weapons of the Philippine Army
2131:QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III
1344:Smith & Wesson Triple Lock
1136:"The Three Inch Stokes Mortar"
479:Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
341:Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
289:Maximum firing range
1:
1978:QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer
812:Baker, Chris (24 July 2015).
2068:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II
1915:BL 7.5-inch Mk III naval gun
2174:BL 12-inch railway howitzer
1894:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk I – V
1207:(PhD). University of Exeter
1134:Canfield, Bruce N. (2000).
1077:. Península, Madrid, p. 394
514:Second Battle of Las Cruces
2246:
2136:BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun
2030:Smoke and chemical weapons
1963:BL 10-pounder mountain gun
1925:BL 9.2-inch Mk X naval gun
1372:Pattern 1908 cavalry sword
1198:Saunders, Anthony (2008).
983:The 4-inch Stokes mortar,
15:
1973:QF 2.95-inch mountain gun
1968:BL 2.75-inch mountain gun
1958:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
1935:BL 12-inch Mk X naval gun
1889:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
1884:BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer
1334:Webley .455" Pistol Mk. I
462:, further refined as the
438:Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar
218:
62:Place of origin
35:
18:Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar
2006:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
1602:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
1061:www.sandinorebellion.com
640:List of infantry mortars
276:6-8 rpm (sustained)
206:104 lbs (47.17 kg) total
2164:BL 9.2-inch railway gun
576:No. 145 percussion fuze
516:on 1 January 1928. The
331:that was issued to the
2179:BL 14-inch railway gun
2169:BL 12-inch railway gun
2021:9.45-inch Heavy Mortar
1739:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1142:. Andrew Mowbray Pub.
482:
409:Imperial German Army's
270:Rate of fire
117:Second Polish Republic
1996:Garland trench mortar
1635:Leach trench catapult
1612:Garland trench mortar
1162:Western Front 1914–18
905:Chris Bishop (2002).
542:sold mostly by Poland
477:
453:Ministry of Munitions
427:Minister of Munitions
274:25 rpm (maximum)
92:French Third Republic
30:3 inch Stokes mortar
2126:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2078:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2063:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
2036:4-inch Stokes Mortar
2016:Newton 6-inch mortar
2011:2-inch medium mortar
2001:3-inch Stokes mortar
1920:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
1879:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
1874:BL 6-inch gun Mk VII
1869:BLC 6-inch siege gun
1859:BL 5.4-inch howitzer
1830:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
1825:BL 4-inch gun Mk VII
1820:QF 4-inch gun Mk III
1790:QF 12-pounder 18 cwt
1734:QF 3-pounder Vickers
1617:3-inch Stokes mortar
1607:2-inch medium mortar
1563:No. 32 "Spherical E"
1377:Pattern 1913 bayonet
1367:Pattern 1907 bayonet
1305:Pattern 1914 Enfield
946:John Norris (2002).
2093:QF 13-pounder 9 cwt
2088:QF 13-pounder Mk IV
2083:QF 13-pounder 6 cwt
1940:BL 15-inch howitzer
1930:BL 12-inch howitzer
1785:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
1780:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt
1558:No. 32 Night Signal
1400:Vickers machine gun
1181:"The Stokes Mortar"
1073:Howson, G. (2000).
645:7.58 cm Minenwerfer
562:High explosive bomb
307:Filling weight
2055:Anti-aircraft guns
1950:Mountain artillery
1854:BL 5-inch howitzer
1744:QF 6-pounder 6 cwt
1517:No. 21 "Spherical"
1272:small arms of the
891:The London Gazette
621:Surviving examples
530:Battle of Boquerón
524:, especially as a
512:rebels during the
490:at the Armistice.
483:
447:Stokes received a
423:David Lloyd George
326:Sir Wilfred Stokes
181:Sir Wilfred Stokes
172:Production history
2187:
2186:
2118:Coastal artillery
1864:BL 60-pounder gun
1676:
1675:
1627:Grenade launchers
1553:No. 31 Day Signal
1171:978-1-870114-00-4
957:978-1-84176-414-6
918:978-1-58663-762-0
538:Spanish Civil War
339:, as well as the
314:
313:
292:800 yards (731 m)
284:750 yards (686 m)
97:Kingdom of Greece
2237:
2098:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2040:Livens Projector
1725:Armoured vehicle
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1405:Hotchkiss Mark I
1339:Colt New Service
1263:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1194:
1189:. Archived from
1175:
1153:
1118:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
988:
980:
974:
968:
962:
961:
943:
937:
936:
929:
923:
922:
902:
896:
895:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
827:
822:
820:
809:
800:
794:
788:
785:
779:
776:
770:
764:
758:
755:
749:
743:
737:
734:
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
704:
688:
677:
676:
667:
604:
586:
572:
558:
442:Second World War
102:Kingdom of Italy
40:
31:
26:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2150:
2112:
2049:
2025:
1982:
1944:
1908:Siege artillery
1903:
1849:QF 4.7-inch gun
1841:heavy artillery
1834:
1772:Field artillery
1766:
1748:
1719:
1717:First World War
1707:
1677:
1672:
1649:
1640:West Spring Gun
1621:
1588:
1583:Steuart Pattern
1543:No. 28 Chemical
1446:Nos. 5, 23, 36
1414:
1381:
1348:
1315:
1276:
1274:First World War
1267:
1223:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1179:Ruffell, W. L.
1178:
1172:
1156:
1150:
1133:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1006:
989:
982:
981:
977:
969:
965:
958:
945:
944:
940:
931:
930:
926:
919:
904:
903:
899:
884:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
818:
816:
811:
810:
803:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
773:
765:
761:
756:
752:
744:
740:
735:
726:
721:
717:
712:
708:
702:
689:
680:
674:
668:
659:
654:
636:
623:
616:
605:
596:
595:
587:
578:
577:
573:
564:
563:
559:
550:
534:Republican Army
518:Paraguayan Army
499:Royal Engineers
472:
397:
353:
345:First World War
310:2lb 4 oz (1 kg)
275:
233:
219:
167:
136:
70:Service history
47:
29:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2108:QF 4-inch Mk V
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:BLC 15-pounder
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1710:British Empire
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1519:
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1387:Machine guns
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:the original
1185:
1161:
1158:Farndale, M.
1139:
1111:Bibliography
1093:
1082:
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1039:. Retrieved
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1017:. Retrieved
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978:
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817:. Retrieved
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703:(in Spanish)
691:
675:(in Spanish)
670:
609:iron harvest
526:siege weapon
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374:hand grenade
370:
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324:designed by
317:
315:
153:World War II
75:Used by
56:Light mortar
23:Light mortar
1668:.455 Webley
1290:Lee–Metford
1211:27 February
1041:26 February
886:"No. 30250"
819:26 February
590:Men of the
536:during the
506:Banana Wars
412:Minenwerfer
337:U.S. armies
232:10 lb 11 oz
158:Banana Wars
148:World War I
112:Netherlands
2194:Categories
2146:RML 9-inch
1655:Cartridges
1645:Sauterelle
1548:No. 29 Gas
1459:Nos. 8, 9
1311:Ross Rifle
1186:The Mortar
1102:photograph
510:Sandinista
470:Combat use
449:knighthood
357:smoothbore
1713:artillery
1501:Opera hat
1410:Lewis gun
1395:Maxim gun
522:Chaco War
260:Elevation
234:(4.84 kg)
163:Chaco War
1532:Sangster
1321:Sidearms
1160:(1986).
993:citation
634:See also
495:thermite
190:Designed
177:Designer
122:Portugal
107:Paraguay
1988:Mortars
1715:of the
1594:Mortars
1581:No. 39
1568:No. 34
1530:No. 25
1522:No. 22
1499:No. 17
1491:No. 16
1483:No. 15
1477:Pitcher
1475:No. 14
1467:No. 13
1461:Jam Tin
1019:1 March
797:Ruffell
528:in the
395:History
333:British
297:Filling
264:45°-75°
240:Calibre
87:Belgium
1576:No. 37
1538:No. 27
1512:No. 19
1507:No. 18
1469:Battye
1433:No. 2
1282:Rifles
1168:
1146:
954:
915:
698:
365:primer
351:Design
301:amatol
250:Action
1454:No. 6
1448:Mills
1428:No. 1
1307:rifle
1205:(PDF)
652:Notes
613:Ypres
592:KOYLI
361:bipod
225:Shell
1727:guns
1493:Oval
1485:Ball
1213:2023
1166:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1043:2023
1021:2023
999:link
952:ISBN
913:ISBN
821:2023
696:ISBN
377:fuse
335:and
316:The
254:Trip
211:Crew
203:Mass
193:1915
141:Wars
52:Type
42:Sir
1570:Egg
329:KBE
184:KBE
2196::
1183:.
1138:.
1100:,
1059:.
995:}}
991:{{
888:.
804:^
727:^
681:^
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455:.
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418:.
230:HE
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1001:)
960:.
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799:.
214:2
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
