1120:, the effect of knockback from a handgun and indeed most personal weapons is largely a myth. The momentum of the so-called "manstopper" .45 ACP bullet is approximately that of a 1 pound (0.45 kg) mass dropped from a height of 11.4 feet (3.5 m). or that of a 57 mph (92 km/h) baseball. Such a force is simply incapable of arresting a running target's forward momentum. In addition, bullets are designed to penetrate instead of strike a blunt force blow, because, in penetrating, more severe tissue damage is done. A bullet with sufficient energy to knock down an assailant, such as a high-speed rifle bullet, would be more likely to instead pass straight through, while not transferring the full energy (in fact only a very small percentage of the full energy) of the bullet to the victim. Most energy from a fully stopped rifle round instead goes into formation of the temporary cavity and the destruction of both the round, the wound channel, and some of the surrounding tissues. There is no physical principle preventing a hypervelocity round from causing a splash injury in which the ejecta create rocket-like impulse on their way out to cause knockback, and indeed, no principle preventing a similar effect for exit wounds causing "knockforward", but this is still generally not anywhere near the impulse required to stop the motion of a sprinting person or knock them over from pure momentum.
849:
into the brain of pigs and demonstrated that a significant pressure wave reaches the brain of pigs shot in the thigh. These scientists observed neural damage in the brain caused by the distant effects of the ballistic pressure wave originating in the thigh. The results of
Suneson et al. were confirmed and expanded upon by a later experiment in dogs which "confirmed that distant effect exists in the central nervous system after a high-energy missile impact to an extremity. A high-frequency oscillating pressure wave with large amplitude and short duration was found in the brain after the extremity impact of a high-energy missile ..." Wang et al. observed significant damage in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus regions of the brain due to remote effects of the ballistic pressure wave.
920:
608:-alloy core with a thin gilding metal jacket material will crush tissue in front and to the sides as the bullet expands. Due to the energy expended in bullet expansion, velocity is lost more quickly. This type of bullet (hollow-point hand gun bullet) is conducive to causing more permanent cavitation as the tissue is crushed and accelerated into other tissues by the bullet, causing a shorter and wider wound channel. The exception to this general rule is non-expanding bullets which are long relative to their diameter. These tend to destabilize and yaw (tumble) soon after impact, increasing both temporary and permanent cavitation.
612:
1133:
the history of shooting incidents for a given factory ammunition load and compiles the percentage of "one-shot-stops" achieved with each specific ammunition load. That percentage is then intended to be used with other information to help predict the effectiveness of that load getting a "one-shot-stop". For example, if an ammunition load is used in 10 torso shootings, incapacitating all but two with one shot, the "one-shot-stop" percentage for the total sample would be 80%.
120:
907:
travel, giving only between 9.5 to 12 inches (240 to 300 mm) of effective wide-area penetration. Also, skin is elastic and tough enough to cause a bullet to be retained in the body, even if the bullet had a relatively high velocity when it hit the skin. About 250 feet per second (76 m/s) velocity is required for an expanded hollow point bullet to puncture skin 50% of the time.
32:
1169:
as the heart and liver, while a smaller bullet that penetrates deep enough to strike these organs or vessels will cause faster bleed-out through a smaller hole. The ideal may therefore be a combination: a large bullet that penetrates deeply, which can be achieved with a larger, slower non-expanding bullet, or a smaller, faster expanding bullet such as a hollow point.
73:
802:
other less elastic media have much lower tensile strengths, thus they exhibit more damage after being struck with the same amount of force. At typical handgun velocities, bullets will create temporary cavities with much less than 1 MPa of pressure, and thus are incapable of causing damage to elastic tissues that they do not directly contact.
861:, surrender, or flee when shot or shot at. There are many documented instances where people have instantly dropped unconscious when the bullet only hit an extremity, or even completely missed. Additionally, the muzzle blast and flash from many firearms are substantial and can cause disorientation, dazzling, and stunning effects. Flashbangs (
903:
the most important factors when choosing a bullet (and that the number one factor is shot placement). If the bullet penetrates less than their guidelines, it is inadequate, and if it penetrates more, it is still satisfactory though not optimal. The FBI's penetration requirement is very similar at 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460 mm).
886:, they can simply shrug off the psychological effects of being shot. During the colonial era, when native tribesmen came into contact with firearms for the first time, there was no psychological conditioning that being shot could be fatal, and most colonial powers eventually sought to create more effective manstoppers.
1151:
Critics of this theory point out that bullet placement is a very significant factor, but is only generally used in such one-shot-stop calculations, covering shots to the torso. Others contend that the importance of "one-shot stop" statistics is overstated, pointing out that most gun encounters do not
801:
Temporary cavitation can also cause the tearing of tissues if a very large amount of force is involved. The tensile strength of muscle ranges roughly from 1 to 4 MPa (145 to 580 lbf/in), and minimal damage will result if the pressure exerted by the temporary cavitation is below this. Gelatin and
688:
on impact with the target. This fragmentation is intended to create more trauma to the target, and also to reduce collateral damage caused from ricocheting or overpenetrating of the target and the surrounding environments such as walls. Fragmenting rounds have been shown to be unlikely to obtain deep
664:
Physical incapacitation is primarily a matter of shot location; most persons who are shot in the head are immediately incapacitated, and most who are shot in the extremities are not, regardless of the firearm or ammunition involved. Shotguns will usually incapacitate with one shot to the torso, but
619:
Bullets are constructed to behave in different ways, depending on the intended target. Different bullets are constructed variously to: not expand upon impact, expand upon impact at high velocity, expand upon impact, expand across a broad range of velocities, expand upon impact at low velocity, tumble
1168:
The theory centers on the "permanent cavitation" element of a handgun wound. A big hole damages more tissue. It is therefore valid to a point, but penetration is also important, as a large bullet that does not penetrate will be less likely to strike vital blood vessels and blood-carrying organs such
999:
Kinetic energy is a function of the bullet's mass and the square of its velocity. Generally speaking, it is the intention of the shooter to deliver an adequate amount of energy to the target via the projectiles. All else held equal, bullets that are light and fast tend to have more energy than those
874:
Temporary cavitation can emphasize the impact of a bullet, since the resulting tissue compression is identical to simple blunt force trauma. It is easier for someone to feel when they have been shot if there is considerable temporary cavitation, and this can contribute to either psychological factor
848:
Recent work by
Courtney and Courtney provides compelling support for the role of a ballistic pressure wave in creating remote neural effects leading to incapacitation and injury. This work builds upon the earlier works of Suneson et al. where the researchers implanted high-speed pressure transducers
808:
High velocity fragmentation can also increase the effect of temporary cavitation. The fragments sheared from the bullet cause many small permanent cavities around the main entry point. The main mass of the bullet can then cause a truly massive amount of tearing as the perforated tissue is stretched.
1147:
rounds appear to have the highest percentage of one-shot stops. Rather than identifying this as an inherent property of the firearm/bullet combination, the situations where these have occurred need to be considered. The 9mm has been the predominantly used caliber of many police departments, so many
902:
and the
International Wound Ballistics Association (IWBA), between 12.5 and 14 inches (320 and 360 mm) of penetration in calibrated tissue simulant is optimal performance for a bullet which is meant to be used defensively, against a human adversary. They also believe that penetration is one of
730:
will instantly interrupt the nerve signals to and from some or all extremities, disabling the target and in many cases also resulting in death (as the nerve signals to and from the heart and lungs are interrupted by a shot high in the chest or to the neck). By contrast, a hole through an arm or leg
647:
Some bullets are constructed by bonding the lead core to the jacket to promote higher weight retention upon impact, causing a larger and deeper wound channel. Some bullets have a web in the center of the bullet to limit the expansion of the bullet while promoting penetration. Some bullets have dual
1132:
This hypothesis, promoted by Evan P. Marshall, is based on statistical analysis of actual shooting incidents from various reporting sources (typically police agencies). It is intended to be used as a unit of measurement and not as a tactical philosophy, as mistakenly believed by some. It considers
1003:
Over-penetration is detrimental to stopping power in regards to energy. This is because a bullet that passes through the target does not transfer all of its energy to the target. Lighter bullets tend to have less penetration in soft tissue and therefore are less likely to over-penetrate. Expanding
623:
To control the expansion of a bullet, meplat design and materials are engineered. The meplat designs are: flat; round to pointed depending on the ogive; hollow pointed which can be large in diameter and shallow or narrow in diameter and deep and truncated which is a long narrow punched hole in the
1083:
that states a penetrating projectile (such as a bullet) can produce a sonic pressure wave that causes "remote neural damage", "subtle damage in neural tissues" and/or "rapid incapacitating effects" in living targets. Proponents of the theory contend that damage to the brain from hydrostatic shock
910:
The IWBA's and FBI's penetration guidelines are to ensure that the bullet can reach a vital structure from most angles, while retaining enough velocity to generate a large diameter hole through tissue. An extreme example where penetration would be important is if the bullet first had to enter and
906:
A penetration depth of 12.5 to 14 inches (320 to 360 mm) may seem excessive, but a bullet sheds velocity—and crushes a narrower hole—as it penetrates deeper, so the bullet might be crushing a very small amount of tissue (simulating an "ice pick" injury) during its last two or three inches of
840:
Unless a bullet directly damages or disrupts the central nervous system, a person or animal will not be instantly and completely incapacitated by physiological damage. However, bullets can cause other disabling injuries that prevent specific actions (a person shot in the femur cannot run) and the
1123:
Sometimes "knockdown power" is a phrase used interchangeably with "knockback", while other times it's used interchangeably with "stopping power". The misuse and fluid meaning of these phrases have done their part in confusing the issue of stopping power. The ability of a bullet to "knock down" a
1104:
The idea of knockback was first widely expounded in ballistics discussions during
American involvement in Philippine insurrections and, simultaneously, in British conflicts in its colonial empire, when front-line reports stated that the .38 Long Colt caliber revolvers carried by U.S. and British
963:
The energy transfer hypothesis states that for small arms in general, the more energy transferred to the target, the greater the stopping power. It postulates that the pressure wave exerted on soft tissues by the bullet's temporary cavity hits the nervous system with a jolt of shock and pain and
1160:
This school of thought says that the bigger the hole in the target, the higher the rate of bleed-out and thus the higher the rate of the aforementioned "one-shot stop". According to this theory, as the bullet does not pass entirely through the body, it incorporates the energy transfer and the
600:
alloy material may crush only the tissue directly in front of the bullet. This type of bullet (monolithic-solid rifle bullet) is conducive to causing more temporary cavitation as the tissue flows around the bullet, resulting in a deep and narrow wound channel. A bullet constructed with a two
836:
from a perforation of a large blood vessel or blood-bearing organ, or the result of damage to the lungs or airway. If blood flow is completely cut off from the brain, a human still has enough oxygenated blood in their brain for 10–15 seconds of wilful action, though with rapidly decreasing
889:
Therefore, such effects are not as reliable as physiological effects at stopping people. Animals will not faint or surrender if injured, though they may become frightened by the loud noise and pain of being shot, so psychological mechanisms are generally less effective against non-humans.
1084:
from a shot to the chest occurs in humans with most rifle cartridges and some higher-velocity handgun cartridges. Hydrostatic shock is not the shock from the temporary cavity itself, but rather the sonic pressure wave that radiates away from its edges through static soft tissue.
844:
Several scientific papers reveal ballistic pressure wave effects on wounding and incapacitation, including central nervous system injuries from hits to the thorax and extremities. These papers document remote wounding effects for both rifle and pistol levels of energy transfer.
656:
and tungsten steel insert. They are constructed to hold up during close range, high velocity impacts. These bullets are expected to impact and penetrate, and transfer energy to the surrounding tissues and vital organs through the entire length of a game animal's body if need be.
1068:(the first derivative of the bullet's kinetic energy with respect to position). The ballistic pressure wave is proportional to this retarding force (Courtney and Courtney), and this retarding force is also the origin of both temporary cavitation and prompt damage (CE Peters).
1148:
of these one-shot-stops were probably made by well-trained police officers, where accurate placement would be a contributory factor. However, Marshall's database of "one-shot-stops" does include shootings from law enforcement agencies, private citizens, and criminals alike.
660:
The stopping power of firearms when used against humans is a more complex subject, in part because many persons voluntarily cease hostile actions when shot; they either flee, surrender, or fall immediately. This is sometimes referred to as "psychological incapacitation".
793:
bullet fired by
Michael Platt. While the bullet did not directly contact the spine, and the wound incurred was not ultimately fatal, the temporary cavitation was sufficient to render SA McNeill paralyzed for several hours. Temporary cavitation may similarly fracture the
967:
Proponents of this theory contend that the incapacitation effect is similar to that seen in non-concussive blunt-force trauma events, such as a knock-out punch to the body, a football player "shaken up" as result of a hard tackle, or a hitter being struck by a
1152:
involve a "shoot once and see how the target reacts" situation. Proponents contend that studying one-shot situations is the best way to compare cartridges as comparing a person shot once to a person shot twice does not maintain a control and has no value.
911:
then exit an outstretched arm before impacting the torso. A bullet with low penetration might embed itself in the arm whereas a higher penetrating bullet would penetrate the arm then enter the thorax where it would have a chance of hitting a vital organ.
1113:. The larger cartridges were chosen largely due to the Big Hole Theory (a larger hole does more damage), but the common interpretation was that these were changes from a light, deeply penetrating bullet to a larger, heavier "manstopper" bullet.
1668:
Suneson A, Hansson HA, Seeman T (1990). "Pressure Wave
Injuries to the Nervous System Caused by High Energy Missile extremity Impact: Part II. Distant Effects on the Central Nervous System. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study on Pigs".
1100:
felt by the shooter, and therefore has no use as a weapon. The myth of "knockback" has been spread through its confusion with the phrase "stopping power" as well as by many films, which show bodies flying backward after being shot.
568:
which, as the name implies, is the temporary (instantaneous) displacement caused as the bullet travels through flesh, and is many times larger than the actual diameter of the bullet. These phenomena are unrelated to low-pressure
828:
or spinal cord, immediate loss of consciousness or paralysis, respectively, can result. However, these targets are relatively small and mobile, making them extremely difficult to hit even under optimal circumstances.
1105:
soldiers were incapable of bringing down a charging warrior. Thus, in the early 1900s, the U.S. reverted to the .45 Colt in single action revolvers, and later adopted the .45 ACP cartridge in what was to become the
651:
Bullets that might be considered to have stopping power for dangerous large game animals are usually 11.63 mm (.458 caliber) and larger, including 12-gauge shotgun slugs. These bullets are monolithic-solids;
1007:
Non-penetrating projectiles can also possess stopping power and give support to the energy transfer hypothesis. Notable examples of projectiles designed to deliver stopping power without target penetration are
976:
compression, like the lash of a whip. While the lash only affects a short line of tissue across the back of the victim, the temporary cavity affects a volume of tissue roughly the size and shape of a
746:
The effects of temporary cavitation are less well understood, due to a lack of a test material identical to living tissue. Studies on the effects of bullets typically are based on experiments using
1176:
without expending all of its kinetic energy. So-called "overpenetration" is not an important consideration when it comes to wounding incapacitation or "stopping power" because: (a) while a lower
972:. Pain in general has an inhibitory and weakening effect on the body, causing a person under physical stress to take a seat or even collapse. The force put on the body by the temporary cavity is
516:
deforming on impact while the base opened to seal the round in the barrel. It was introduced in 1898 for use against "savage foes", but fell quickly from favor due to concerns of breaching the
421:
officer Bowman McCalla reported that single rifle shots were not enough: multiple rifle shots were needed to halt a Boxer. Only machine guns were effective in immediately stopping the Boxers.
1066:
832:
Bullets can indirectly disrupt the CNS by damaging the cardiovascular system so that it can no longer provide enough oxygen to the brain to sustain consciousness. This can be the result of
718:
will be similar, with the lung shot having the added effect of reducing blood oxygenation; these effects however are generally slower to arise than damage to the heart. A hole through the
1707:
Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhu P, Jiang J (2004). "Alterations of the Myelin Basic
Protein and Ultrastructure in the Limbic System and the Early Stage of Trauma-Related Stress Disorder in Dogs".
750:, in which temporary cavitation causes radial tears where the gelatin was stretched. Although such tears are visually engaging, some animal tissues (but not bone or liver) are more
1092:
The idea of "knockback" implies that a bullet can have enough force to stop the forward motion of an attacker and physically knock them backwards or downwards. It follows from the
1004:
bullets and other tip variations can increase the friction of the bullet through soft tissue, and/or allow internal ricochets off bone, therefore helping prevent over-penetration.
805:
Rifle bullets that strike a major bone (such as a femur) can expend their entire energy into the surrounding tissue. The struck bone is commonly shattered at the point of impact.
560:
which it penetrates, creating a wound channel. It will also cause nearby tissue to stretch and expand as it passes through tissue. These two effects are typically referred to as
812:
Whether a person or animal will be incapacitated (i.e. "stopped") when shot, depends on a large number of factors, including physical, physiological, and psychological effects.
3790:
680:
Fully jacketed bullets penetrate deeply without much expansion, while soft or hollow point bullets create a wider, shallower wound channel. Pre-fragmented bullets such as
1204:, motivation levels, and gunshot location on the body which may determine which round will kill or at least catastrophically affect a target during any given situation.
4313:
1480:
4102:
3860:
1860:
334:
and permanent tissue damage are in line with this way of thinking. The other prevailing theories focus more on the energy of the bullet and its effects on the
947:
to objects or persons beyond. This happens because the bullet has not released all its energy within the target, according to the energy transfer hypothesis.
919:
500:
round both have firm reputations as "manstoppers". Historically, one type of ammunition has had the specific tradename "Manstopper". Officially known as the
1116:
Though popularized in television and movies, and commonly referred to as "true stopping power" by uneducated proponents of large powerful calibers such as
452:
4006:
824:(CNS) to the point of paralysis, unconsciousness, or death. Bullets can achieve this directly or indirectly. If a bullet causes sufficient damage to the
1172:
In the extreme, a heavier bullet (which preserves momentum greater than a lighter bullet of the same caliber) may "overpenetrate", passing completely
94:
81:
4250:
3316:
1937:; an equivalent kinetic energy of a typical .45 ACP bullet is that of a 60-pound (27 kg) mass dropped from a height of 14 feet (4.3 m)
677:, and rimfire models. More powerful handguns may or may not meet the standard, or may even overpenetrate, depending on what ammunition is used.
4307:
1124:
metal or otherwise inanimate target falls under the category of momentum, as explained above, and has little correlation with stopping power.
1554:
1437:
1410:
1213:
386:
were not able to stop charging native tribesmen. This led to the introduction or reintroduction of larger caliber weapons (such as the older
253:
in that it pertains only to a weapon's ability to make the target cease action, regardless of whether or not death ultimately occurs. Which
310:
Despite much disagreement, the most popular theory of stopping power is that it is usually caused not by the force of the bullet but by the
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1453:
20:
1983:
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517:
472:
221:
203:
59:
4045:
4023:
3630:
2137:
468:
295:
and thus traditionally been widely associated with higher stopping power, the physics involved are multifactorial, with caliber,
1950:
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2563:
782:
137:
45:
4238:
4179:
4057:
4028:
3980:
3810:
3765:
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3440:
2265:
184:
141:
1491:
283:), the biology of the target, and the wound location, but the issue is complicated and not easily studied. Although higher-
156:
4067:
3223:
1349:
4303:
4287:
4152:
4107:
1023:
The force exerted by a projectile upon tissue is equal to the bullet's local rate of kinetic energy loss, with distance
1570:
Kieser, David; Carr, Debra; Leclair, Sandra; Horsfall, Ian; Theis, Jean-Claude; Swain, Michael; Kieser, Jules. (2013).
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1794:"Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities"
1323:
163:
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end of a monolithic-solid type bullet. The materials used to make bullets are: pure lead; alloyed lead for hardness;
1620:
Wound
Ballistic Workshop: "9mm vs. .45 Auto", FBI Academy, Quantico, VA, September 1987. Conclusion of the Workshop.
980:. Giving further credence to this theory is the support from the aforementioned effects of drugs on incapacitation.
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3820:
3403:
2025:
2000:
363:
1630:
Göransson AM, Ingvar DH, Kutyna F (January 1988). "Remote
Cerebral Effects on EEG in High-Energy Missile Trauma".
611:
523:
Some sporting arms are also referred to as "stoppers" or "stopping rifles". These powerful arms are often used by
520:
international laws on military ammunition, and was replaced in 1900 by re-issued Mk II pointed-bullet ammunition.
130:
86:
4162:
3785:
3321:
2409:
170:
3928:
3722:
3445:
3408:
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653:
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that can reliably incapacitate, or "stop", a human target immediately. For example, the .45 ACP round and the
3918:
3717:
3358:
3299:
2663:
2648:
2522:
2277:
2133:
1218:
1165:
round, arguing that it has a better ballistic profile than the .45 ACP, and more stopping power than a 9mm.
786:
152:
4184:
4147:
3923:
3435:
3198:
3075:
2953:
2916:
2599:
2476:
2336:
2272:
2037:
1976:
928:
883:
821:
331:
249:– to cause a target (human or animal) to be incapacitated or immobilized. Stopping power contrasts with
3855:
3780:
3750:
3475:
3284:
2852:
2436:
2353:
2260:
1894:
935:
occurs when a bullet passes through its intended target and out of the other side, with enough residual
410:
871:
is another psychological factor, and can be enough to dissuade a person from continuing their actions.
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3875:
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3122:
3015:
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751:
375:
257:
735:
will cause a great deal of pain but is unlikely to be fatal, unless one of the large blood vessels (
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4013:
3996:
3898:
3840:
3562:
3545:
3306:
3294:
3289:
3267:
3153:
3117:
3020:
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2958:
2896:
2812:
2321:
1173:
1144:
1080:
547:
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319:
264:
51:
4228:
4174:
4135:
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1834:
1808:
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together hard enough to either sever the spinal cord, or damage it enough to knock out, stun, or
762:
can be damaged by temporary cavitation, creating a stun effect, but this has not been confirmed.
681:
512:(14 g) cylindrical bullet with hemispherical depressions at both ends. The front acted as a
418:
402:
398:
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and increase a person's resistance to incapacitation, all while having no effect on blood loss.
1454:"Juramentados and the development of the Colt .45 caliber Model 1911 – The Manila Times Online"
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As mentioned earlier, there are many factors, such as drug and alcohol levels within the body,
702:
Permanent and temporary cavitation cause very different biological effects. A hole through the
413:, who were equipped with rifles. At point-blank range, a British soldier had to fire four .303
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2004:
1969:
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1406:
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339:
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409:, armed with swords and spears, conducted a massed infantry charge against the forces of the
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2091:
1996:
1818:
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1639:
1593:
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1298:
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physiological pain response from severe injuries will temporarily disable most individuals.
766:
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than gelatin. In most cases, temporary cavitation is unlikely to cause anything more than a
557:
479:
448:
436:
continued to charge against
American soldiers even after being shot. Panglima Hassan in the
379:
177:
1276:
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rifles and especially handguns are less reliable, particularly those which do not meet the
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1907:
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820:
The only way to immediately incapacitate a person or animal is to damage or disrupt their
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531:
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1934:
1598:
1571:
1544:
1201:
1137:
985:
936:
899:
879:
790:
736:
707:
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The degree to which permanent and temporary cavitation occur is dependent on the mass,
433:
425:
371:
347:
335:
323:
1720:
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penetration necessary to disrupt vital organs located at the back of a hostile human.
440:
had to be shot dozens of times before he died. This forced the Americans to phase out
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4001:
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242:
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2126:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2082:
1883:
981:
940:
765:
One exception to this is when a very powerful temporary cavity intersects with the
509:
280:
1184:
of energy is shed than in partial penetration, and (b) overpenetration creates an
1749:[Causes of pericapillar brain haemorrhages accompanying gunshot wounds].
865:) and other less-lethal "distraction devices" rely exclusively on these effects.
4216:
4211:
3908:
3755:
3695:
3567:
3550:
3423:
3398:
3311:
3248:
3218:
3188:
3163:
3127:
3102:
3070:
3060:
3055:
2943:
2921:
2755:
2723:
2628:
2527:
2448:
2168:
993:
727:
524:
501:
497:
460:
456:
429:
414:
367:
358:
The concept of stopping power appeared in the tail end of the 19th century when
119:
1771:
Courtney M, Courtney A (2007). "A method for testing handgun bullets in deer".
4117:
4112:
4084:
3972:
3865:
3805:
3795:
3678:
3605:
3577:
3505:
3343:
3279:
3107:
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2822:
2797:
2760:
2713:
2294:
2238:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2042:
1822:
1663:
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1185:
1162:
1117:
973:
674:
570:
493:
304:
268:
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1529:
482:
was developed to maximize the likelihood of a target's quick incapacitation.
3712:
3707:
3690:
3615:
3572:
3393:
3348:
3183:
2983:
2889:
2884:
2862:
2718:
2638:
2573:
2512:
2211:
2143:
2101:
955:
These hypotheses are a matter of some debate among scientists in the field:
774:
250:
1830:
1747:"Příčiny vzniku perikapilárních hemoragií v mozku při střelných poraněních"
1728:
1607:
1588:
72:
1690:
1651:
4169:
4157:
3700:
3584:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3501:
3253:
3238:
2842:
2733:
2397:
2248:
2206:
2158:
2111:
1930:
1109:
pistol, and the British adopted the .455 Webley caliber cartridge in the
1093:
969:
833:
789:, Special Agent Gordon McNeill was struck in the neck by a high-velocity
778:
685:
641:
602:
581:
577:
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475:
of 1899, although the prohibition only applied to international warfare.
387:
292:
1777:
4040:
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3555:
3535:
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3353:
3080:
2740:
2490:
2414:
2198:
2153:
2148:
2116:
2071:
2020:
1992:
1751:
Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
1106:
489:
391:
284:
246:
16:
Ability of a firearm or other weapon to cause immediate incapacitation
3850:
3742:
3657:
3455:
2221:
2121:
2052:
1097:
923:
Overpenetration of a projectile through a synthetic ordnance gelatin.
755:
732:
670:
637:
629:
597:
593:
588:
tissue, and do not cut it. A bullet constructed with a half diameter
553:
527:
383:
272:
238:
1956:
1746:
706:
will cause loss of pumping efficiency, loss of blood, and eventual
2673:
2668:
2653:
2608:
2304:
1813:
918:
825:
795:
759:
719:
711:
703:
610:
589:
530:(or their guides) for stopping a suddenly charging animal, like a
464:
311:
1161:
overpenetration ideals. Those that support this theory cite the
868:
715:
633:
620:
upon impact, fragment upon impact, or disintegrate upon impact.
605:
300:
3966:
3499:
2690:
2069:
1965:
2658:
2618:
2047:
2032:
1240:
Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military
1180:
of the bullet's energy is transferred to the target, a higher
113:
66:
25:
1572:"Clothing increases the risk of indirect ballistic fractures"
857:
Emotional shock, terror, or surprise can cause a person to
636:
to promote higher velocities; pure copper; copper alloy of
303:, bullet shape and bullet material all contributing to the
1481:"Any "Kalibre 45" At Ang Pakikibaka Mandirigmang Pilipino"
837:
effectiveness as the victim begins to lose consciousness.
564:(the track left by the bullet as it penetrates flesh) and
260:
have the greatest stopping power is a much-debated topic.
263:
Stopping power is related to the physical properties and
781:
the target. For instance, in the shootout between eight
488:
is an informal term used to refer to any combination of
743:
arteries, for example) is also severed in the process.
726:
and will likely kill the recipient. A hole through the
1350:"World events (1900–1920) Sulu Panglima Hassan Revolt"
444:
revolvers and start using .45 Colt against the Moros.
1136:
Some argue that this hypothesis ignores any inherent
1029:
684:
and MagSafe ammunition are designed to fragment into
601:
diameter, hollow point ogive designed meplat and low-
508:
in the early 20th century. The ammunition used a 220-
478:
In response to addressing stopping power issues, the
394:) capable of stopping opponents with a single round.
4296:
4237:
4198:
4126:
4078:
3987:
3884:
3741:
3677:
3593:
3512:
3336:
3266:
3140:
3041:
2700:
2598:
2546:
2489:
2447:
2303:
2197:
314:effects of the bullet, which are typically a rapid
144:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1060:
417:bullets into a Boxer before he stopped charging.
1889:. Quantico: Firearms Training Unit, FBI Academy.
471:voted against a prohibition on their use at the
4288:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
1882:Patrick, Special Agent Urey W. (14 July 1989).
1061:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E_{k}/\mathrm {d} x}
992:have all been known to decrease the effects of
330:. The "Big Hole School" and the principles of
1740:
1738:
1546:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs
1012:(commonly known as "beanbag bullets") and the
1977:
8:
1884:"Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness"
1518:"Police handgun cartridges of South Africa"
1426:Green Muse Writers Collective, The (2008).
453:various conflicts in the Northwest Frontier
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4243:
3963:
3683:
3518:
3496:
3272:
3146:
2706:
2687:
2500:
2314:
2066:
2013:
1984:
1970:
1962:
1402:Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor
1096:that no "knockback" could ever exceed the
1812:
1776:
1597:
1587:
1324:"Sultanate History 1904: Panglima Hassan"
1050:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1028:
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
1543:Chris McNab & Hunter Keeler (2008).
97:of all important aspects of the article.
19:For the concept in nuclear physics, see
1923:
1229:
644:steel alloy inserts to promote weight.
584:of the bullet. This is because bullets
1903:
1892:
1243:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
798:if it is narrowly missed by a bullet.
504:, these were made to suit the British
93:Please consider expanding the lead to
1214:Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
878:However, if a person is sufficiently
382:) at close quarters found that their
7:
1429:Keep Calm Carry on: A Survival Guide
142:adding citations to reliable sources
1957:One Shot Drops – Surviving the Myth
1861:"Police Puzzle: Subduing PCP Users"
785:agents and two bank robbers in the
21:stopping power (particle radiation)
1303:Philippine-American War, 1899–1902
1051:
1031:
628:jacket which is a copper alloy of
615:High velocity bullet fragmentation
14:
1721:10.1097/01.TA.0000058122.57737.0E
287:ammunitions usually have greater
41:This article has multiple issues.
1683:10.1097/00005373-199003000-00007
1644:10.1097/00005373-198801001-00042
1405:. DK Publishing. pp. 290–.
666:
118:
71:
30:
1792:Courtney A, Courtney M (2007).
1094:law of conservation of momentum
964:thereby forces incapacitation.
758:. Some speculation states that
129:needs additional citations for
85:may be too short to adequately
49:or discuss these issues on the
1859:Bruske, Ed (2 December 1984).
769:. In this case, the resulting
648:cores to promote penetration.
95:provide an accessible overview
1:
4153:Firearms by country
4068:Civilian Marksmanship Program
1140:. For example, high-velocity
1079:is a controversial theory of
1432:. iUniverse. pp. 138–.
1018:reduced-lethality ammunition
943:and risk causing unintended
506:Webley .455 service revolver
4324:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
4222:Campaign Against Arms Trade
1951:What We Didn't Know Hurt Us
1638:(1 Supplement): S204–S205.
1237:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
556:will destroy or damage any
4371:
4278:High-capacity magazine ban
3404:Mean time between failures
1375:"The Past Is Another Land"
1299:"Stalling Moro Resistance"
1192:Other contributing factors
667:FBI's penetration standard
545:
322:, which leads to impaired
18:
4246:
4007:Household ownership rates
3962:
3686:
3521:
3495:
3275:
3149:
2709:
2686:
2503:
2317:
2078:
2065:
2016:
2012:
1823:10.1080/02699050701481571
1000:that are heavy and slow.
1328:Claimsabah.wordpress.com
939:to continue flying as a
401:in China, at one of the
390:and the newly developed
4308:by U.S. state
3718:Overpressure ammunition
3653:Improved Military Rifle
3359:Circular error probable
2278:Personal defence weapon
1219:Taylor knock-out factor
787:1986 FBI Miami shootout
580:, material, design and
4002:Civilian gun ownership
3531:Firing (Shooting)
1902:Cite journal requires
1589:10.1186/1749-799X-8-42
1062:
924:
822:central nervous system
616:
346:, which is similar to
3476:Handgun effectiveness
3409:Minute of Angle (MOA)
3285:Ballistic coefficient
2261:Semi-automatic pistol
1753:. Brno Czech Republic
1709:The Journal of Trauma
1671:The Journal of Trauma
1632:The Journal of Trauma
1549:. Osprey Publishing.
1063:
1010:Flexible baton rounds
922:
710:. A hole through the
614:
411:Eight-Nation Alliance
4093:in the United States
3751:Armour piercing
3312:Rangefinding/keeping
3224:Push/Controlled feed
3016:Synchronization gear
2751:Blank-firing adapter
2602: or famous
1488:Bagongkasaysayan.org
1354:History of animation
1027:
447:British troops used
237:is the ability of a
138:improve this article
4185:Privately made
4148:Firearm brands
4034:State firearms
4014:Exhibition shooting
3997:Celebratory gunfire
3856:Plastic tipped
3786:High explosive
3307:Physics of firearms
1745:Krajsa, J. (2009).
1279:on 12 February 2017
1273:Morolandhistory.com
1269:"5.The Moros c1900"
1081:terminal ballistics
875:of incapacitation.
682:Glaser Safety Slugs
654:full metal jacketed
548:Terminal ballistics
542:Dynamics of bullets
403:battles at Langfang
320:circulatory failure
4283:Right to bear arms
4229:Featureless rifles
4175:Improvised firearm
4136:3D printed firearm
4024:United States
3919:Fully powered
3826:Total metal jacket
3466:Stock measurements
2189:Underwater firearm
2085: versus
1933:is different from
1174:through the target
1058:
925:
900:Dr. Martin Fackler
722:can cause instant
617:
518:Hague Convention's
469:British government
399:Seymour Expedition
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4297:United States Gun
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3841:Hollow point
3766:Full metal jacket
3673:
3672:
3631:Tubes and Primers
3491:
3490:
3441:Power factor
3379:Gun harmonisation
3332:
3331:
3262:
3261:
3136:
3135:
3118:Night vision
2682:
2681:
2594:
2593:
2508:Automatic shotgun
2485:
2484:
2072:Types of firearms
2061:
2060:
1863:. Washington Post
1576:J Orthop Surg Res
1556:978-1-84603-225-7
1497:on 9 October 2016
1439:978-1-4401-0249-3
1412:978-0-7566-4219-8
1142:9×19mm Parabellum
1077:Hydrostatic shock
1072:Hydrostatic shock
945:collateral damage
882:, determined, or
748:ballistic gelatin
566:temporary cavity,
449:expanding bullets
340:hydrostatic shock
265:terminal behavior
232:
231:
224:
214:
213:
206:
188:
112:
111:
64:
4360:
4244:
4190:Small arms trade
4128:Firearm industry
3979:, and
3964:
3836:Hollow base
3684:
3663:Smokeless powder
3519:
3497:
3446:Precision-guided
3273:
3147:
2954:Rail system
2828:Flash suppressor
2707:
2688:
2634:Winchester rifle
2624:Antique firearms
2554:20-gauge shotgun
2501:
2315:
2067:
2014:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1938:
1928:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1841:. Archived from
1816:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1742:
1733:
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1618:
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1601:
1591:
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1540:
1534:
1533:
1516:Scarlata, Paul.
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1490:. Archived from
1485:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:. 30 August 2011
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1258:
1234:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1034:
951:Other hypotheses
941:stray projectile
731:which hits only
693:Wounding effects
596:and hard, solid
562:permanent cavity
502:Mk III cartridge
480:Mozambique Drill
473:Hague Convention
380:New Zealand Wars
376:British soldiers
227:
220:
209:
202:
198:
195:
189:
187:
153:"Stopping power"
146:
122:
114:
107:
104:
98:
75:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4328:
4292:
4261:Concealed carry
4256:Assault weapons
4251:Air travel
4233:
4210: and
4194:
4122:
4082:
4074:
4063:Shooting sports
4053:Pistol duelling
3983:
3950:
3914:Rifle cartridge
3880:
3821:Supercavitating
3816:Soft point
3737:
3669:
3643:Ball propellant
3589:
3508:
3487:
3483:Twist rate
3374:Gun chronograph
3364:Effective range
3328:
3258:
3229:Recoil-operated
3132:
3037:
2696:
2678:
2664:Colt Peacemaker
2590:
2564:Dragon's breath
2559:Breaching round
2542:
2523:Double-barreled
2481:
2457:General purpose
2443:
2299:
2193:
2134:Multiple-barrel
2074:
2057:
2008:
1990:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:physics/0702107
1770:
1769:
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1744:
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1736:
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1659:
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1615:
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1458:Manilatimes.net
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1297:
1296:
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1282:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1210:
1198:body mass index
1194:
1182:absolute amount
1158:
1156:Big hole school
1130:
1111:Webley Revolver
1090:
1074:
1035:
1025:
1024:
961:
959:Energy transfer
953:
933:overpenetration
917:
915:Overpenetration
896:
855:
818:
724:unconsciousness
700:
695:
550:
544:
438:Hassan uprising
434:suicide attacks
364:American troops
360:colonial troops
356:
344:energy transfer
328:unconsciousness
297:muzzle velocity
228:
217:
216:
215:
210:
199:
193:
190:
147:
145:
135:
123:
108:
102:
99:
92:
80:This article's
76:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4270:
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4226:
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4172:
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4143:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Assassinations
4095:
4089:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4043:
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4016:
4011:
4010:
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3999:
3993:
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3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Percussion cap
3618:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3471:Stopping power
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Length of pull
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Out-of-battery
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
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2692:Mechanics and
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2518:Combat shotgun
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2017:
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1945:External links
1943:
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1935:kinetic energy
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1920:
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1913:
1904:|journal=
1874:
1851:
1848:on 2008-02-16.
1807:(7): 657–662.
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1715:(3): 604–610.
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1677:(3): 295–306.
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1479:Lorenz Lasco.
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1460:. 29 June 2014
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1138:selection bias
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708:cardiac arrest
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428:, Moro Muslim
426:Moro Rebellion
372:Moro Rebellion
355:
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348:kinetic energy
336:nervous system
324:motor function
241:– typically a
235:Stopping power
230:
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124:
117:
110:
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89:the key points
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4180:Most-produced
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3209:Muzzleloading
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3174:Breechloading
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2927:Stripper clip
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2917:High-capacity
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2322:Anti-materiel
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1379:Pinterest.com
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1014:rubber bullet
1011:
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898:According to
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863:stun grenades
860:
853:Psychological
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773:can slam the
772:
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626:gilding metal
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442:.38 Long Colt
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155: –
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149:Find sources:
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127:This article
125:
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4200:Arms control
4080:Gun violence
4047:Jungle style
4046:
4019:Gun cultures
3924:Intermediate
3601:Fire forming
3470:
3451:Rate of fire
3322:Stadiametric
3300:Transitional
3244:Self-loading
3199:Gas-operated
3159:Blow-forward
3091:Red dot
3001:Squeeze bore
2949:Pistol slide
2934:Muzzle brake
2902:Bottom metal
2449:Machine guns
2107:Line thrower
2087:muzzleloader
2083:Breechloader
1926:
1895:cite journal
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1854:
1843:the original
1804:
1801:Brain Injury
1800:
1787:
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1750:
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1545:
1538:
1522:Shotgun News
1521:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1487:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
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1394:
1382:. Retrieved
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1357:. Retrieved
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1327:
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1306:. Retrieved
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1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1272:
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1145:hollow point
1135:
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982:Pain killers
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816:Neurological
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771:blunt trauma
764:
745:
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622:
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585:
575:
573:in liquids.
565:
561:
551:
522:
514:hollow point
486:"Manstopper"
485:
484:
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446:
430:Juramentados
423:
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357:
338:, including
309:
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136:Please help
131:verification
128:
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84:
82:lead section
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
4314:Legislation
4266:in the U.S.
4217:Disarmament
4212:Gun control
3909:Handloading
3696:Dummy round
3568:Cooking off
3563:Malfunction
3551:Field strip
3546:Maintenance
3436:Penetration
3399:Match grade
3317:Mathematics
3249:Single-shot
3189:Closed bolt
3103:Scope mount
3066:Holographic
3056:Finderscope
2944:Pistol grip
2922:Speedloader
2776:Telescoping
2756:Breechblock
2629:Gatling gun
2528:Pump action
2169:Single-shot
2092:Combination
1867:18 November
1399:DK (2006).
1163:.40 S&W
1016:, types of
994:nociception
929:penetration
894:Penetration
884:intoxicated
728:spinal cord
675:.32 S&W
498:.357 Magnum
461:Mahdist War
415:Lee-Metford
397:During the
378:during the
370:during the
368:Philippines
362:(including
332:penetration
4353:Ballistics
4118:Gun safety
4113:Gunfighter
3904:Centrefire
3886:Cartridges
3866:Snake shot
3806:Round shot
3796:Projectile
3781:Incendiary
3679:Ammunition
3638:Propellant
3606:Obturation
3578:Squib load
3506:ammunition
3344:Accurizing
3280:Ballistics
3194:Electronic
3113:Telescopic
2964:Recoil pad
2823:Firing pin
2798:Bump stock
2761:Breechface
2702:Components
2694:components
2547:Ammunition
2295:Wallet gun
2239:Pepper-box
2184:Spring-gun
2179:Smoothbore
2174:Sleeve gun
1757:2010-07-13
1225:References
1186:exit wound
1178:proportion
1118:.44 Magnum
974:supersonic
927:Excessive
669:, such as
571:cavitation
546:See also:
494:ammunition
459:, and the
405:, Chinese
318:causing a
305:ballistics
269:projectile
258:cartridges
255:ammunition
245:such as a
164:newspapers
46:improve it
4158:Gun shops
4108:Forensics
4083:and
4029:Gun shows
3771:Frangible
3761:Expanding
3713:Gas check
3708:Flechette
3691:Cannelure
3616:Gunpowder
3573:Hang fire
3541:Firefight
3394:Lock time
3384:Headspace
3349:Bore axis
3234:Repeating
3184:Open bolt
3098:Magnifier
2984:Auto sear
2890:Wheellock
2885:Flintlock
2863:Half-cock
2818:Extractor
2719:Feed ramp
2649:Tommy Gun
2639:M1 Garand
2574:.410 bore
2538:Sawed-off
2513:Coach gun
2427:Repeating
2420:Polygonal
2344:Automatic
2327:Anti-tank
2212:Derringer
2102:Flare gun
1814:0808.1443
1530:0049-0415
1501:8 January
1464:8 January
1384:8 January
1359:8 January
1334:8 January
1308:8 January
1283:8 January
1088:Knockback
775:vertebrae
592:designed
419:U.S. Army
350:deposit.
299:, bullet
251:lethality
87:summarize
52:talk page
4347:Category
4319:Politics
4239:Gun laws
4170:Gunsmith
4058:Politics
3977:industry
3899:Caseless
3701:Snap cap
3594:Ignition
3585:Ricochet
3526:Dry fire
3502:Shooting
3429:Velocity
3295:Terminal
3290:External
3254:Slamfire
3239:Revolver
3154:Blowback
3021:Tapering
2996:Silencer
2959:Receiver
2897:Magazine
2853:Foregrip
2843:Freebore
2813:Cylinder
2771:Rotating
2734:Trunnion
2600:Historic
2491:Shotguns
2410:Marksman
2388:Elephant
2290:Starting
2249:Revolver
2217:Duelling
2207:Cane gun
2199:Handguns
2159:Riot gun
2127:Takedown
2112:Long gun
2097:Elephant
2001:glossary
1993:Firearms
1931:Momentum
1839:37322276
1831:17653939
1729:15128132
1608:24267379
1208:See also
978:football
970:fastball
834:bleeding
779:paralyze
741:brachial
698:Physical
686:birdshot
642:tungsten
603:antimony
582:velocity
578:diameter
536:elephant
388:.45 Colt
312:wounding
293:momentum
194:May 2018
103:May 2018
4306: (
4273:License
4041:Hunting
3989:Society
3969:Society
3946:Wildcat
3941:Pinfire
3871:Spitzer
3801:Raufoss
3743:Bullets
3733:Wadding
3648:Cordite
3626:Rimfire
3556:Fouling
3536:Gunshot
3514:Gunshot
3354:Caliber
3337:Metrics
3268:Physics
3169:Boxlock
3142:Actions
3128:Zeroing
3123:Thermal
3081:Reticle
3051:Diopter
3026:Trigger
2873:Striker
2848:Forearm
2833:Fluting
2803:Chamber
2791:Tilting
2781:Flapper
2741:Bayonet
2729:Threads
2493: (
2415:Rifling
2403:Varmint
2393:Express
2383:Buffalo
2378:Hunting
2361:Carbine
2332:Assault
2307: (
2234:Machine
2154:Pen gun
2149:Net gun
2144:Needler
2136: (
2117:Carbine
2038:History
2021:Firearm
1995: (
1691:2313748
1652:3339687
1599:4222043
1107:M1911A1
986:alcohol
880:enraged
752:elastic
737:femoral
558:tissues
532:buffalo
528:hunters
490:firearm
451:during
424:In the
392:.45 ACP
384:pistols
366:in the
354:History
326:and/or
285:caliber
267:of the
247:firearm
178:scholar
4103:Deaths
4085:safety
3973:safety
3851:Meplat
3831:Tracer
3658:Ramrod
3611:Primer
3456:Recoil
3419:Energy
3414:Muzzle
3086:Reflex
3043:Sights
2991:Shroud
2974:Safety
2868:Linear
2858:Hammer
2786:Roller
2714:Barrel
2467:Medium
2432:Sniper
2373:Double
2349:Battle
2305:Rifles
2244:Pocket
2222:Pistol
2164:Rotary
2122:Musket
2053:Weapon
2043:Safety
2005:topics
2003:, and
1837:
1829:
1727:
1689:
1650:
1606:
1596:
1582:: 42.
1553:
1528:
1436:
1409:
1251:
1098:recoil
988:, and
756:bruise
733:muscle
671:.25ACP
638:bronze
630:nickel
598:copper
594:meplat
554:bullet
534:or an
467:. The
407:Boxers
374:, and
273:bullet
239:weapon
180:
173:
166:
159:
151:
3936:Paper
3894:Blank
3861:ABCBC
3846:Minié
3791:HEIAP
3776:Green
3728:Sabot
3461:Group
3369:Gauge
3204:Lever
3179:Break
3076:Laser
3061:Globe
3031:guard
3011:Stock
3006:Choke
2674:Glock
2669:M1911
2654:MP 40
2614:AR-15
2609:AK-47
2472:Heavy
2462:Light
2026:lists
1953:(PDF)
1918:Notes
1887:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1835:S2CID
1809:arXiv
1797:(PDF)
1773:arXiv
1495:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
859:faint
826:brain
796:femur
767:spine
720:brain
712:liver
704:heart
640:with
590:ogive
586:crush
510:grain
465:Sudan
457:India
279:, or
185:JSTOR
171:books
4304:Laws
4208:Arms
4163:list
4141:list
3981:laws
3929:list
3811:SLAP
3756:Cast
3504:and
3424:Rise
3219:Pump
3164:Bolt
3108:Tang
3071:Iron
2979:Sear
2912:Drum
2907:Clip
2880:Lock
2766:Bolt
2746:Belt
2724:Slug
2586:Slug
2581:Shot
2533:Riot
2495:list
2437:list
2398:Punt
2366:list
2354:list
2337:list
2309:list
2266:list
2254:list
2227:list
2138:list
1997:list
1908:help
1869:2018
1827:PMID
1725:PMID
1687:PMID
1648:PMID
1604:PMID
1551:ISBN
1526:ISSN
1503:2018
1466:2018
1434:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1386:2018
1361:2018
1336:2018
1310:2018
1285:2018
1249:ISBN
869:Pain
791:.223
716:lung
634:zinc
632:and
606:lead
525:game
492:and
342:and
301:mass
291:and
281:slug
277:shot
157:news
3876:VLD
3723:PCA
2969:Rim
2659:Uzi
2619:M16
2477:SAW
2048:War
2033:Gun
1819:doi
1717:doi
1679:doi
1640:doi
1594:PMC
1584:doi
990:PCP
931:or
783:FBI
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714:or
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