587:(LUN) assigned to it. This is a unique number within the SAN. Every node in the SAN, be it a server or another storage device, can access the storage by referencing the LUN. The LUNs allow for the storage capacity of a SAN to be segmented and for the implementation of access controls. A particular server, or a group of servers, may, for example, be only given access to a particular part of the SAN storage layer, in the form of LUNs. When a storage device receives a request to read or write data, it will check its access list to establish whether the node, identified by its LUN, is allowed to access the storage area, also identified by a LUN. LUN masking is a technique whereby the host bus adapter and the SAN software of a server restrict the LUNs for which commands are accepted. In doing so LUNs that should never be accessed by the server are masked. Another method to restrict server access to particular SAN storage devices is fabric-based access control, or zoning, which is enforced by the SAN networking devices and servers. Under zoning, server access is restricted to storage devices that are in a particular SAN zone.
54:
332:
428:
545:
536:(WWN) address in the host bus adapter (HBA). If a device is connected to the SAN its WWN is registered in the SAN switch name server. In place of a WWN, or worldwide port name (WWPN), SAN Fibre Channel storage device vendors may also hardcode a worldwide node name (WWNN). The ports of storage devices often have a WWN starting with 5, while the bus adapters of servers start with 10 or 21.
487:
859:
network as the storage data. While out-of-band means that management data is transmitted over dedicated links. SAN management software will collect management data from all storage devices in the storage layer. This includes info on read and write failures, storage capacity bottlenecks and failure of storage devices. SAN management software may integrate with the
395:
network was attached to the LAN, and terabytes of data are transferred over a dedicated high speed and bandwidth network. Within the SAN, storage devices are interconnected. Transfer of data between storage devices, such as for backup, happens behind the servers and is meant to be transparent. In a NAS architecture data is transferred using the
855:(DAS), the storage devices in the SAN are not owned and managed by a server. A SAN allows a server to access a large data storage capacity and this storage capacity may also be accessible by other servers. Moreover, SAN software must ensure that data is directly moved between storage devices within the SAN, with minimal server intervention.
478:(GBIC). GBICs are also used on switches and storage devices within the SAN, and they convert digital bits into light impulses that can then be transmitted over the Fibre Channel cables. Conversely, the GBIC converts incoming light impulses back into digital bits. The predecessor of the GBIC was called gigabit link module (GLM).
981:. This is implemented in modern disk arrays, often using vendor-proprietary technology. However, the goal of storage virtualization is to group multiple disk arrays from different vendors, scattered over a network, into a single storage device. The single storage device can then be managed uniformly.
866:
In 1999 Common
Information Model (CIM), an open standard, was introduced for managing storage devices and to provide interoperability, The web-based version of CIM is called Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) and defines SAN storage device objects and process transactions. Use of these protocols
524:
SANs are usually built with redundancy, so SAN switches are connected with redundant links. SAN switches connect the servers with the storage devices and are typically non-blocking allowing transmission of data across all attached wires at the same time. SAN switches are for redundancy purposes set
394:
or storage devices are made available in a LAN. Therefore, the transfer of data, particularly for backup, still takes place over the existing LAN. If more than a terabyte of data was stored at any one time, LAN bandwidth became a bottleneck. Therefore, SANs were developed, where a dedicated storage
858:
SAN management software is installed on one or more servers and management clients on the storage devices. Two approaches have developed in SAN management software: in-band and out-of-band management. In-band means that management data between server and storage devices is transmitted on the same
516:
When SANs were first built, hubs were the only devices that were Fibre
Channel capable, but Fibre Channel switches were developed and hubs are now rarely found in SANs. Switches have the advantage over hubs that they allow all attached devices to communicate simultaneously, as a switch provides a
923:
systems require very high data transfer rates and very low latency. SANs in media and entertainment are often referred to as serverless due to the nature of the configuration which places the video workflow (ingest, editing, playout) desktop clients directly on the SAN rather than attaching to
976:
is the process of abstracting logical storage from physical storage. The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools, from which the logical storage is created. It presents to the user a logical space for data storage and transparently handles the process of mapping it to the
964:
can be used to provide additional capacity to compensate for peak network traffic loads. However, where network loads are not predictable, over-provisioning can eventually cause all bandwidth to be fully consumed and latency to increase significantly resulting in SAN performance degradation.
899:
on their own dedicated, non-shared LUNs on the SAN, as though they were local to themselves. If multiple systems were simply to attempt to share a LUN, these would interfere with each other and quickly corrupt the data. Any planned sharing of data on different computers within a LUN requires
871:(SMI-S), were CIM objects and processes are registered in a directory. Software applications and subsystems can then draw on this directory. Management software applications are also available to configure SAN storage devices, allowing, for example, the configuration of zones and LUNs.
874:
Ultimately SAN networking and storage devices are available from many vendors and every SAN vendor has its own management and configuration software. Common management in SANs that include devices from different vendors is only possible if vendors make the
847:(SNIA) defines a SAN as "a network whose primary purpose is the transfer of data between computer systems and storage elements". But a SAN does not just consist of a communication infrastructure, it also has a software
867:
involves a CIM object manager (CIMOM), to manage objects and interactions, and allows for the central management of SAN storage devices. Basic device management for SANs can also be achieved through the
564:
protocols may also be found implemented in SANs, but are often bridged into the Fibre
Channel SAN. However, Infiniband and iSCSI storage devices, in particular, disk arrays, are available.
375:(JBODs) were attached to servers. In this architecture, storage devices can be added to increase storage capacity. However, the server through which the storage devices are accessed is a
419:. Therefore, SANs often have their own network and storage devices, which have to be bought, installed, and configured. This makes SANs inherently more expensive than NAS architectures.
1339:
936:
SAN Storage QoS enables the desired storage performance to be calculated and maintained for network customers accessing the device. Some factors that affect SAN QoS are:
995:
323:
Newer SAN configurations enable hybrid SAN and allow traditional block storage that appears as local storage but also object storage for web services through APIs.
517:
dedicated link to connect all its ports with one another. When SANs were first built, Fibre
Channel had to be implemented over copper cables, these days multimode
1352:
548:
Fibre
Channel is a layered technology that starts at the physical layer and progresses through the protocols to the upper-level protocols like SCSI and SBCCS.
529:. A single SAN switch can have as few as 8 ports and up to 32 ports with modular extensions. So-called director-class switches can have as many as 128 ports.
990:
868:
355:
of data, and the monitoring of the storage as well as the backup process. A SAN is a combination of hardware and software. It grew out of data-centric
879:(API) for their devices available to other vendors. In such cases, upper-level SAN management software can manage the SAN devices from other vendors.
557:
583:
which makes a lot of hard disks look and perform like one big storage device. Every storage device, or even partition on that storage device, has a
1381:
844:
379:, and a large part of the LAN network bandwidth is used for accessing, storing and backing up data. To solve the single point of failure issue, a
183:
1244:
851:. This software organizes the servers, storage devices, and the network so that data can be transferred and stored. Because a SAN does not use
1270:
435:
SANs have their own networking devices, such as SAN switches. To access the SAN, so-called SAN servers are used, which in turn connect to SAN
1224:
1191:
1141:
386:
DAS was the first network storage system and is still widely used where data storage requirements are not very high. Out of it developed the
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236:
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1044:
1091:
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servers. Control of data flow is managed by a distributed file system. Per-node bandwidth usage control, sometimes referred to as
553:
532:
In switched SANs, the Fibre
Channel switched fabric protocol FC-SW-6 is used under which every device in the SAN has a hardcoded
777:
952:
Queue depth – The number of outstanding operations waiting to execute to the underlying disks (traditional or
1386:
351:. A SAN is, at its simplest, a dedicated network for data storage. In addition to storing data, SANs allow for the automatic
556:(SCSI) protocol is often used on top of the Fibre Channel switched fabric protocol in servers and SAN storage devices. The
784:
396:
248:
928:(QoS), is especially important in video editing as it ensures fair and prioritized bandwidth usage across the network.
1011:
1000:
797:
789:
690:
615:
505:, routers, protocol bridges, gateway devices, and cables. SAN network devices move data within the SAN, or between an
475:
211:
176:
53:
439:. Within the SAN, a range of data storage devices may be interconnected, such as SAN-capable disk arrays, JBODS and
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135:
760:
659:
130:
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68:
31:
344:
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852:
376:
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973:
750:
745:
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609:
169:
1325:
978:
946:
940:
772:
372:
282:
147:
115:
78:
905:
331:
1240:
887:
In a SAN, data is transferred, stored and accessed on a block level. As such, a SAN does not provide
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698:
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494:
232:
228:
83:
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584:
1334:
1006:
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686:
629:
360:
356:
306:
294:
88:
1293:
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of the SAN. Such servers have host adapters, which are cards that attach to slots on the server
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that store different types of data. To scale storage capacities as the volumes of data grew,
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42:
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architecture was implemented, where several servers could access the same storage device.
1211:
Storage Area
Network Essentials: A Complete Guide to Understanding and Implementing SANs
1083:
Jon Tate; Pall Beck; Hector Hugo Ibarra; Shanmuganathan
Kumaravel; Libor Miklas (2017).
440:
305:. A SAN typically is a dedicated network of storage devices not accessible through the
120:
705:(SATA) technologies. SAS evolved from SCSI direct-attached storage. SATA evolved from
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1209:
920:
819:
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603:
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518:
464:
408:
199:
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17:
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706:
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348:
313:
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278:
108:
98:
1037:"Water Panther Expanse SAN Series | Enterprise Data Center Hard Drives & SSDs"
451:
Servers that allow access to the SAN and its storage devices are said to form the
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672:
456:
391:
63:
486:
474:
In Fibre channel deployments, a cable connects to the host adapter through the
811:
702:
663:
561:
502:
416:
368:
286:
335:
The Fibre
Channel SAN connects servers to storage via Fibre Channel switches.
888:
676:
634:
572:
829:
824:
460:
404:
152:
949: – The time delay for a read/write operation to execute.
943: – The rate of data throughput available on the system.
27:
Network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage
1331:
Introduction to
Storage Area Networks Exhaustive Introduction into SAN
1350:
SAS and SATA, solid-state storage lower data center power consumption
709:
direct-attached storage. SAS and SATA devices can be networked using
654:
644:
490:
352:
579:
devices that store data. In SANs, disk arrays are joined through a
471:
of the server can communicate with the storage devices in the SAN.
316:
built on top of SANs do provide file-level access and are known as
755:
650:
625:
621:
485:
412:
330:
501:
The fabric layer consists of SAN networking devices that include
727:
640:
580:
103:
595:
A mapping layer to other protocols is used to form a network:
895:
and operations. Server operating systems maintain their own
567:
The various storage devices in a SAN are said to form the
339:
Storage area networks (SANs) are sometimes referred to as
1340:
SAN vs. DAS: A Cost Analysis of Storage in the Enterprise
904:
have been developed to work with SAN software to provide
407:. Distinct protocols were developed for SANs, such as
359:, where clients in a network can connect to several
254:
242:
222:
217:
205:
198:
459:(usually PCI slots) and run with a corresponding
312:Although a SAN provides only block-level access,
1182:Christopher Poelker; Alex Nikitin, eds. (2009).
390:(NAS) architecture, where one or more dedicated
996:List of storage area network management systems
497:with optical Fibre Channel connectors installed
177:
8:
1134:Special Edition: Using Storage Area Networks
991:List of networked storage hardware platforms
431:Dual port 8 Gb FC host bus adapter card
612:(FCP), a mapping of SCSI over Fibre Channel
1177:
1175:
1173:
869:Storage Management Interface Specification
184:
170:
38:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
717:Examples of stacked protocols using SCSI
697:Storage networks may also be built using
558:Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
509:, such as an HBA port of a server, and a
715:
543:
513:, such as the port of a storage device.
426:
1207:Richard Barker; Paul Massiglia (2002).
1085:"Introduction to Storage Area Networks"
1028:
845:Storage Networking Industry Association
689:(SRP), another SCSI implementation for
277:which provides access to consolidated,
41:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
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1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
195:
1326:What Is a Storage Area Network (SAN)?
7:
977:physical location, a concept called
343:and historically developed out of a
281:. SANs are primarily used to access
237:Registered state change notification
1304:from the original on 30 August 2019
1097:from the original on 1 January 2020
206:Layer 4. Protocol mapping
861:Simple Network Management Protocol
297:so that the devices appear to the
218:Layer 3. Common services
25:
1273:from the original on 9 April 2009
1247:from the original on 9 April 2009
1215:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
1184:Storage Area Networks For Dummies
1047:from the original on 18 July 2022
877:application programming interface
467:. Through the host adapters the
554:Small Computer Systems Interface
52:
637:, mapping of SCSI over Ethernet
1382:Telecommunications engineering
1241:"TechEncyclopedia: IP Storage"
662:(iSER), mapping of iSCSI over
571:. It can include a variety of
560:(iSCSI) over Ethernet and the
381:direct-attached shared storage
1:
249:Fibre Channel 8b/10b encoding
243:Layer 1. Data link
1012:Storage resource management
1001:Massive array of idle disks
691:remote direct memory access
616:Fibre Channel over Ethernet
476:gigabit interface converter
367:(DAS) was developed, where
255:Layer 0. Physical
1403:
1346: (archived 2011-10-30)
1267:"TechEncyclopedia: SANoIP"
916:In media and entertainment
341:network behind the servers
223:Layer 2. Network
29:
1186:. John Wiley & Sons.
828:
823:
806:
801:
788:
783:
764:
759:
754:
739:
734:
726:
721:
660:iSCSI Extensions for RDMA
247:
227:
210:
1298:PC Magazine Encyclopedia
1136:. Que Publishing. 2002.
388:network-attached storage
347:model, but with its own
345:centralized data storage
318:shared-disk file systems
279:block-level data storage
136:Municipal wireless (MWN)
32:network-attached storage
30:Not to be confused with
1355:18 October 2010 at the
910:shared-disk file system
853:direct attached storage
653:, mapping of SCSI over
377:single point of failure
365:direct-attached storage
357:mainframe architectures
303:direct-attached storage
158:Interplanetary Internet
974:Storage virtualization
969:Storage virtualization
647:mapping of FCP over IP
610:Fibre Channel Protocol
549:
498:
432:
336:
1387:Storage area networks
979:location transparency
908:. These are known as
547:
489:
430:
373:just a bunch of disks
334:
327:Storage architectures
699:Serial Attached SCSI
669:Network block device
624:over Fibre Channel (
519:optical fibre cables
263:storage area network
233:Fibre Channel zoning
229:Fibre Channel fabric
18:Storage Area Network
893:block-level storage
883:Filesystems support
832:or InfiniBand Link
718:
630:mainframe computers
606:(ATA) over Ethernet
585:logical unit number
1090:. Red Books, IBM.
1007:Storage hypervisor
954:solid-state drives
932:Quality of service
926:quality of service
891:abstraction, only
716:
687:SCSI RDMA Protocol
602:(AoE), mapping of
550:
521:are used in SANs.
499:
433:
337:
307:local area network
131:Metropolitan (MAN)
1294:"Virtual Storage"
1226:978-0-471-26711-9
1193:978-0-470-47134-0
1143:978-0-7897-2574-5
1018:Converged storage
962:over-provisioning
906:file-level access
836:
835:
693:(RDMA) transports
677:UNIX-like systems
600:ATA over Ethernet
591:Network protocols
285:devices, such as
259:
258:
194:
193:
16:(Redirected from
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849:management layer
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469:operating system
299:operating system
275:computer network
196:
186:
179:
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69:Near-field (NFC)
56:
43:Computer network
39:
21:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
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1393:
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1377:Data management
1367:
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1357:Wayback Machine
1344:Wayback Machine
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987:
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960:Alternatively,
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552:The serialized
542:
534:World Wide Name
527:meshed topology
484:
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403:protocols over
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271:storage network
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99:Wireless (WLAN)
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1362:SAN NAS Videos
1359:
1347:
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1321:
1320:External links
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1041:Water Panther
1038:
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722:Applications
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711:SAS Expanders
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604:AT Attachment
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577:magnetic tape
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569:storage layer
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540:Storage layer
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437:host adapters
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409:Fibre Channel
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1306:. Retrieved
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1101:15 September
1099:. Retrieved
1049:. Retrieved
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902:File systems
897:file systems
886:
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707:Parallel ATA
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675:requests on
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121:Campus (CAN)
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1335:IBM Redbook
683:like TCP/IP
673:device node
628:), used by
457:motherboard
392:file server
369:disk arrays
287:disk arrays
212:LUN masking
89:Local (LAN)
1371:Categories
1308:17 October
1277:9 December
1251:9 December
1024:References
900:software.
812:InfiniBand
792:Transport
703:Serial ATA
701:(SAS) and
671:, mapping
664:InfiniBand
562:Infiniband
453:host layer
447:Host layer
423:Components
417:Infiniband
143:Wide (WAN)
109:Home (HAN)
941:Bandwidth
889:data file
635:HyperSCSI
573:hard disk
507:initiator
64:Nanoscale
1353:Archived
1302:Archived
1271:Archived
1245:Archived
1092:Archived
1045:Archived
985:See also
863:(SNMP).
839:Software
830:Ethernet
825:Ethernet
814:Network
525:up in a
461:firmware
405:Ethernet
153:Internet
126:Backbone
116:Building
47:by scale
1342:at the
1051:18 July
947:Latency
361:servers
309:(LAN).
295:servers
84:Near-me
1223:
1190:
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1003:(MAID)
730:Layer
655:TCP/IP
645:SANoIP
618:(FCoE)
511:target
495:switch
491:Qlogic
353:backup
1095:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
1014:(SRM)
756:iSCSI
679:over
651:iSCSI
626:FICON
622:ESCON
413:iSCSI
293:from
273:is a
269:) or
148:Cloud
45:types
1310:2017
1279:2007
1253:2007
1221:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1103:2011
1053:2022
843:The
798:FCoE
790:RDMA
778:iFCP
773:FCIP
761:iSER
728:SCSI
641:iFCP
581:RAID
575:and
493:SAN-
463:and
399:and
289:and
74:Body
1217:198
810:or
785:TCP
766:SRP
751:FCP
746:FCP
741:FCP
736:FCP
643:or
397:TCP
371:or
301:as
267:SAN
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