334:β For most international shipping, cargo that cannot be packed within a 40' high cube container is out of gauge. It may be possible to pack such cargo in specialty containers. Open top containers are suitable for too-tall cargo and flat rack containers can accommodate over height, over width or over weight cargo. Container platforms can handle over height, width or length cargo, but require slings to load and unload. Also out of gauge for most ships are containers between 45' and 53' long used in some countries for domestic rail and truck transport. These loads are usually added after planning all other containers and are usually stowed on top of other containers (on deck or in hold) as the planners strive to minimize the number of "lost slots" (unused positions) as much as possible.
305:
173:
20:
254:(the COPRAR) and send information to the container terminals for all the re-stows (discharging containers and re-loading them) which may be required for completing the discharge process. Planners will also classify the loading data according to the kind of cargo in the containers as well as the size and shape of the containers and their destinations. Each container is marked with a series of numbers and codes to identify the container's operator, specifications and what kind of cargo it may hold. The parameters are:
388:
357:β When trying to find a suitable stowage position for containers, the planners must take into consideration the sequence of the ports of call. For example, if the port of calls are A, B and C, for the port A discharge, the planner must take into consideration not to choose a stowage position for a container for ports B or C on top of the container destined for port A.
328:β Containers where certain segregation rules must be followed, for example dangerous cargo that should be kept away from direct sunlight, from reefer container's motors, of some kind of another dangerous cargo or segregated away from all of the above. Accordingly, planners start with reefer units then continue with dangerous cargo units when planning the vessel.
165:
406:. The weight of the cargo should be evenly distributed in the ship. For example, extra heavy weight units should not be stowed in the port side and light weight units in starboard side, but should stow it tier by tier starting with similar weights to avoid any problem may accrue in stability.
200:
Bay β a space on the ship that can hold containers, container ships have several bays, these bays are divided into two parts: on-deck and under-deck (hold). If the bay number is odd it is suitable for 20 feet containers, if the bay number is even it is suitable for 40 feet
363:β A 20 feet container can not be loaded up on a 40 feet container, but the reverse is possible if the vessel structure allows it. Planners can also load a 40 feet container on top of two units of 20 feet container, this known as a "Russian stowage" or "mixed stowage".
58:. The plans are also vital for safety on board the ship and it is recommended that personnel working on ships are familiar with them. Modern stowage plans are executed by computer programs using mathematical calculations similar to those used for solving complicated
227:
In order to stow the cargo on a vessel, planners have specific computer programs to aid them. Planners use ports of call and vessel schedule to adjust vessel's route in the planning program. To plan the stowing the following parameters are essential:
295:
The stowage plan shows cross sections of the ship bay by bay, to indicate where all the containers should be loaded. The plans change with each port of call as container are discharged or re-stowed and new containers are taken on board.
84:
The most common and noted type of containers are the 20 feet and 40 feet containers. There are also containers with an extent in height called "High Cube" containers. The fixed exterior dimension of the standard size boxes are:
340:β Normal containers packed with cargo that may result in some leakage (such as liquid from fresh leather), they are usually stowed in outer road/first tier in order to make the necessary arrangements in case of leakage.
375:β The number of High cube containers shouldn't exceed a set number of High cube containers in each row/bay on-deck. If the number of high cube units exceeded the set number it will prevent the full/clear
204:
Container slot, position or cell β names of the spaces that containers can be loaded in. On a stowage plan their positions are identified by a six-digit coordinate number: Bay-Bay-Row-Row-Tier-Tier.
369:β Hatch cover clearance refers to how many "High Cube" (height over 8.6 ft (2.6 m)) containers allowed to load in the hold without preventing the hatch cover from closing correctly.
447:. These attacks are called Major Criminal Hijacks (MCH) or South China Sea Piracy; pirates board the ship with good knowledge of its layout and where the most coveted cargo is stowed.
180:
On container ships the position of containers are identified by a bay-row-tier coordinate system. The bays illustrate the cross sections of the ship and are numbered from
764:"Concentrating on the cargo: the concentration of cargo on tomorrow's huge container ships is rewriting the rules of ocean-marine transport.(RISK REPORT: MARINE CARGO)"
54:
In order to maximize the economy of handling and shipping of containers on a container ship, stowage plans, sometimes known as bay plans, have become essential in the
976:
1194:
Avriel, Mordecai; Penn, Michal; Shpirer, Naomi (15 July 2000). "Container ship stowage problem: complexity and connection to the coloring of circle graphs".
589:
Cargo
Handling and Stowage: A Guide for Loading, Handling, Stowage, Securing, and Transportation of Different Types of Cargoes, Except Liquid Cargoes and Gas
265:
346:β Usually stowed according to next port of calls depending on container size and weight of cargo, the heavy weights below and the lighter weights on top.
676:
Tavares de
Azevedo, Anibal; Fernandes de Arruda, Edilson; Leduino de Salles Neto, Luiz; Au-gusto Chaves, AntΓ΄nio; Carlos Moretti, AntΓ΄nio (2013).
409:
Stack weights violation. Each bay/row has a stack weight that should not be exceed as it may cause damage to other containers or vessel structure.
322:
known as "reefers", hence, the reefer containers places are known and are usually the first type of containers to consider in the stowage plan.
1291:
1261:
1223:
Taleb-Ibrahimi, Mounira; de
Castilho, Bernardo; Daganzo, Carlos F. (February 1993). "Storage space vs handling work in container terminals".
1019:
597:
555:
511:
466:
1035:
1168:
268:, which includes categories such as explosives, radioactive materials, and others which could be potentially harmful to the crew.
794:
649:
Ambrosino, Daniela; Sciomachen, Anna; Tanfani, Elena (February 2004). "Stowing a containership: the master bay plan problem".
1320:
763:
89:
20 feet container size is: 20 ft (6.1 m) length by 8 ft (2.4 m) width by 8.6 ft (2.6 m) height.
92:
40 feet container size is: 40 ft (12 m) length by 8 ft (2.4 m) width by 8.6 ft (2.6 m) height.
96:
Container vessels are built to contain as many containers as possible, accordingly the vessels are divided into sections:
1325:
1196:
814:
1310:
439:
As stowage plans are transmitted electronically as data files between ships and terminals, they can be intercepted by
251:
304:
172:
188:. The rows run the length of the ship and are numbered from the middle of the ship outwards, even numbers on the
1315:
19:
897:
319:
1094:
412:
Weight inversion. Weight inversion should be avoided; heavier cargo should be stored below lighter cargo.
685:
176:
Bay-Row-Tier stowage system for container ships. Six digit code represents a precise volume of the ship.
1008:
Stowage
Planning of Large Containership with Tradeoff between Crane Workload Balance and Ship Stability
1006:
926:
1005:
Fan, Liu; Yoke Hean Low, Malcolme; Shell Ying, Huang; Wen Jing, Hsu; Min, Zeng; Cho Aye, Win (2010).
39:
1014:. Hong Kong: International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2010. pp. 1β7.
678:"Solution of the 3D Stochastic Stowage Planning for Container Ships through Representation by Rules"
1149:
834:
193:
189:
123:
1132:
Avriel, Mordecai (1998). "Stowage planning for container ships to reduce the number of shifts".
677:
261:- Any cargo that needs to be kept at a certain temperature, usually kept cold via refrigeration.
1287:
1257:
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620:
593:
277:
103:
55:
43:
519:
415:
Unused slots under deck should be avoided and the planning should be done from bottom to top.
1232:
1205:
1141:
658:
461:
387:
264:
Dangerous cargo - Cargo that fits one of the 9 types of dangerous cargo, as defined by the
846:
456:
444:
156:
The cargo hold and on-deck are the spaces where the cargo, stored in containers, is kept.
133:
860:
391:
A badly executed stowage plan may cause the cargo to shift and cause damages as the ship
403:
35:
1209:
427:
Once a ship has arrived in port, other plans for handling, sorting and storage at the
318:β Container vessels are equipped with power source for specific places to plug in the
106:, the command center of the ship, the space which contains steering wheel, telegraph,
1304:
1236:
392:
707:
1153:
950:
771:
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1251:
587:
271:
Out of gauge cargo - Cargo which does not fit into a standard shipping container.
736:
485:
258:
149:
139:
117:
196:
side. The tiers are the layers of containers, numbered from the bottom and up.
1145:
1111:
662:
181:
168:
Example: Bay 53-55 is for 20 feet containers, bay 54 is for 40 feet containers
1064:
376:
128:
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73:
42:
of specific standard sizes. The plans are used to maximize the economy of
144:
977:"Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Container Refrigeration Unit"
440:
208:
In the example image the position coordinates of the containers are:
60:
1283:
Complexity
Management in Supply Chains: Concepts, Tools and Methods
120:, the space which the engine and machines can be served, maintained
386:
303:
185:
111:
107:
65:
18:
556:"Handling Containers On Ships: Dimensions, Markings and Bay Plan"
250:
After that, planners get discharge lists/plans in the form of an
428:
235:
69:
379:
of the ship from the bridge or other vital vantage points.
243:
Current cargo in the vessel, in an EDI format called BAPLIE
1112:"Patent US5809489 β Method for determining a stowage plan"
1169:"How to Plan Cargo Containers Stowage on Container Ship?"
274:
Dry hide container - Cargo containing hides or leather.
100:
Accommodation, the space which contains all crew cabins
1286:. Vol. 2. Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co KG.
621:"Cargo work: Loading, discharging & stowing cargo"
795:"Supersized container ships leading to overcapacity"
651:
Transportation
Research Part A: Policy and Practice
492:. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 2005
34:is the plan and method by which different types of
1100:. Faculty of Maritime Studies β SPLIT. p. 50.
688:-2013. Fourth International Workshop Proceedings
1225:Transportation Research Part B: Methodological
1280:Blecker, Thorsten; Kersten, Wolfgang (2006).
1000:
998:
996:
994:
64:problems. One such system of programs is the
8:
16:Methods of organizing and loading containers
1074:. American Institute of Marine Underwriters
808:
806:
804:
731:
729:
266:International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
1095:"Lashing forces β Easeacon lashing module"
951:"What Does Out Of Gauge Cargo Mean (OOG)?"
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
554:Mukherjee, Paromita (28 September 2015).
549:
547:
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543:
541:
539:
537:
171:
163:
114:, charts for navigation and publications
615:
613:
611:
609:
581:
579:
577:
477:
399:Other factors included at stowing are:
842:
832:
630:. SveuΔiliΕ‘te u Rijeci. pp. 16β22
1256:. Captain Peter Corbett. p. 38.
793:Shimomura, Yasuteru (11 April 2016).
7:
1250:Corbett, Peter; Hill, Peter (2009).
518:. BusinessDictionary. Archived from
467:Roll-on/roll-off discharge facility
1045:. Shipping Australia Limited. 2012
14:
1036:"Carriage of hides in containers"
907:. Interschalt maritime systems AG
762:Tuohy, Cyril (1 September 2011).
714:. INTERSCHALT maritime systems AG
28:Stowage plan for container ships
1065:"On deck stowage of containers"
815:"1.3.3 Container stowage plans"
1:
1210:10.1016/S0166-218X(99)00245-0
1134:Annals of Operations Research
23:The holds of a container ship
1237:10.1016/0191-2615(93)90009-Y
1197:Discrete Applied Mathematics
192:side and odd numbers on the
80:Containers and ship sections
1342:
1253:A Modern Plague of Pirates
927:"Dangerous Goods Handling"
516:www.businessdictionary.com
445:organized crime syndicates
1093:Belamaric, Goran (2011).
1043:www.shippingaustralia.com
975:Anish (28 October 2010).
743:. ShipsBusiness.com. 2015
663:10.1016/j.tra.2003.09.002
592:. BoD β Books on Demand.
490:www.thefreedictionary.com
821:. German Marine Insurers
316:Refrigerated cargo units
1146:10.1023/A:1018956823693
418:Decrease lashing force.
320:refrigerated containers
218:Green container: 551184
682:www.atlantis-press.com
586:Grunau, Peter (2015).
396:
312:
246:Expected cargo to load
212:Blue container; 530788
177:
169:
24:
1321:Intermodal containers
1173:www.marineinsight.com
741:www.shipsbusiness.com
560:www.marineinsight.com
390:
367:Hatch cover clearance
307:
288:Hatch cover clearance
215:Red Container: 531212
175:
167:
46:and safety on board.
22:
898:"Case Study StowMan"
768:Risk & Insurance
344:Dry cargo containers
1326:Port infrastructure
867:. 1 EDI Source, Inc
774:on 18 November 2018
712:www.interschalt.com
431:go into operation.
338:Dry hide containers
308:Container stack on
223:Preloading planning
1311:Maritime transport
905:www.interschalt.de
865:www.1edisource.com
819:Container handbook
397:
383:Additional factors
350:Logistical factors
332:Out of gauge cargo
313:
259:Refrigerated cargo
178:
170:
25:
1293:978-3-503-09737-1
1263:978-0-9562107-0-8
1021:978-988-18210-5-8
737:"Container sizes"
628:www.pfri.uniri.hr
599:978-3-7392-6636-7
355:Port of discharge
278:Port of discharge
36:container vessels
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404:Vessel stability
38:are loaded with
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522:on 1 July 2016
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486:"stowage plan"
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1177:. Retrieved
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1076:. Retrieved
1072:www.aimu.org
1071:
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1047:. Retrieved
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981:. Retrieved
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959:. Retrieved
957:. 2019-08-22
954:
945:
934:. Retrieved
931:www.oocl.com
930:
921:
909:. Retrieved
904:
869:. Retrieved
864:
861:"EDI BAPLIE"
855:
823:. Retrieved
818:
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776:. Retrieved
772:the original
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716:. Retrieved
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654:
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520:the original
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282:Cargo weight
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232:Vessel route
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152:(below deck)
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83:
59:
53:
31:
27:
26:
423:Discharging
300:Cargo units
201:containers.
150:Cargo holds
118:Engine room
1305:Categories
961:2021-06-23
936:2021-06-23
512:"Bay plan"
473:References
373:Visibility
291:Visibility
129:Fuel tanks
70:Cloud CASP
40:containers
1140:: 55β71.
955:ICE Cargo
845:ignored (
835:cite book
194:starboard
124:Generator
1167:Karanc.
1117:22 April
778:22 April
451:See also
435:Problems
429:terminal
252:EDI file
44:shipping
32:bay plan
1154:3334905
871:5 April
145:Hatches
140:On-deck
50:Purpose
1290:
1260:
1179:21 May
1152:
1078:22 May
1049:22 May
1018:
983:21 May
911:21 May
825:22 May
747:21 May
718:22 May
692:22 May
686:Eureka
634:21 May
596:
566:21 May
526:22 May
496:22 May
108:radars
104:Bridge
61:Tetris
1150:S2CID
1098:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
393:lists
186:stern
136:tanks
112:ECDIS
66:MACS3
1288:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1181:2016
1119:2016
1080:2016
1051:2016
1016:ISBN
985:2016
913:2016
873:2016
847:help
827:2016
780:2016
749:2016
720:2016
694:2016
636:2016
594:ISBN
568:2016
528:2016
498:2016
190:port
74:CASP
1233:doi
1206:doi
1202:103
1142:doi
659:doi
184:to
182:bow
30:or
1307::
1229:27
1227:.
1200:.
1171:.
1148:.
1138:76
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1070:.
1041:.
993:^
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881:^
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837:}}
833:{{
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655:38
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