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Strong dual space

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5531: 2695: 1666: 257:. The strong dual space plays such an important role in modern functional analysis, that the continuous dual space is usually assumed to have the strong dual topology unless indicated otherwise. To emphasize that the continuous dual space, 996: 3167: 2860: 2167: 3636: 3369: 1864: 1796: 1292: 3730: 2583: 713: 4119: 1350: 1426: 495: 5567: 2007: 247: 4503: 4425: 1528: 3477: 1557: 4741: 4573: 3953: 198: 2302: 919: 349: 3284: 2504: 1958: 3666: 3507: 855: 3831: 3542: 4214: 3401: 2997: 2965: 2907: 317: 4314: 4261: 4147: 2739: 2430: 2382: 1148: 1074: 2358: 574: 432: 5420: 2066: 1174: 1104: 910: 810: 781: 600: 546: 521: 404: 379: 285: 4691: 4664: 4634: 4290: 3860: 3796: 3428: 3194: 3074: 2770: 2574: 2241: 2061: 1924: 1461: 94: 3047: 3571: 1203: 884: 629: 1496: 5560: 3309: 4788: 4337: 3980: 3251: 2547: 2214: 2034: 1715: 1373: 1043: 151: 5083: 4761: 4600: 4523: 4453: 4359: 4236: 4187: 4167: 4057: 4022: 4002: 3907: 3883: 3757: 3566: 3304: 3083: 3021: 2929: 2880: 2715: 2524: 2474: 2454: 2406: 2329: 2267: 2187: 1884: 1735: 1688: 1552: 1124: 1020: 755: 735: 114: 64: 2775: 1207: 5553: 5246: 5373: 5228: 5204: 3760: 1531: 634: 2385: 2190: 1801: 999: 1740: 5017: 4987: 4953: 5809: 4945: 5630: 4836: 4239: 4122: 3671: 5096: 4917: 5185: 5076: 5044: 4428: 5697: 5680: 5455: 4062: 5100: 1302: 5670: 254: 5251: 4979: 1378: 5307: 450: 5804: 5534: 5256: 5241: 5069: 5271: 1963: 203: 5814: 4462: 5725: 5516: 5276: 2690:{\displaystyle B^{\circ }:=\left\{x^{\prime }\in X^{\prime }:\sup _{x\in B}\left|x^{\prime }(x)\right|\leq 1\right\}} 4376: 5470: 5394: 1501: 5511: 3433: 5746: 5327: 4700: 4532: 3912: 157: 5730: 5261: 5702: 5363: 5164: 2332: 250: 43: 5236: 5460: 2272: 5675: 5491: 5435: 5399: 322: 3256: 2479: 1929: 5610: 3641: 3482: 1897: 817: 67: 5005: 3801: 3512: 5709: 5474: 4944:. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: 4826: 4192: 3374: 3213: 2970: 2938: 2885: 1887: 1691: 1661:{\displaystyle |y|_{B}=\sup _{x\in B}|\langle x,y\rangle |,\qquad y\in Y,\qquad B\in {\mathcal {B}}.} 290: 4295: 4242: 4128: 2720: 2411: 2363: 1129: 1055: 5783: 5640: 5615: 5440: 5378: 5092: 4603: 4029: 2338: 554: 412: 31: 1153: 1083: 889: 789: 760: 579: 529: 504: 387: 362: 260: 5660: 5465: 5332: 4971: 4808: 4764: 4669: 4642: 4612: 4362: 4268: 4025: 3838: 3774: 3406: 3172: 3052: 2748: 2552: 2219: 2039: 1902: 1431: 72: 3026: 17: 1670:
The definition of the strong dual topology now proceeds as in the case of a TVS. Note that if
5445: 5050: 5040: 5023: 5013: 4993: 4983: 4959: 4949: 4923: 4913: 1179: 991:{\displaystyle \sup _{x\in B}|\langle x,y\rangle |<\infty \quad {\text{ for all }}y\in Y.} 860: 605: 5762: 5450: 5368: 5337: 5317: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5129: 4817: â€“ Dual space topology of uniform convergence on some sub-collection of bounded subsets 1466: 5687: 5580: 5312: 5266: 5214: 5209: 5180: 5061: 4831: 4820: 4607: 4526: 4456: 3956: 3209: 3162:{\displaystyle \left\|x^{\prime }\right\|:=\sup _{\|x\|\leq 1}\left|x^{\prime }(x)\right|} 5139: 4770: 4319: 3962: 3233: 2529: 2196: 2016: 1697: 1355: 1025: 133: 5625: 5501: 5353: 5154: 4814: 4746: 4585: 4508: 4438: 4344: 4221: 4172: 4152: 4042: 4033: 4007: 3987: 3892: 3886: 3868: 3742: 3551: 3289: 3006: 2932: 2914: 2865: 2855:{\displaystyle \left|x^{\prime }\right|_{B}:=\sup _{x\in B}\left|x^{\prime }(x)\right|} 2700: 2509: 2459: 2439: 2433: 2391: 2314: 2252: 2172: 1869: 1720: 1673: 1537: 1109: 1077: 1046: 1005: 740: 720: 549: 407: 99: 49: 27:
Continuous dual space endowed with the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets
5798: 5665: 5648: 5605: 5506: 5430: 5159: 5144: 5134: 4939: 4798: 4694: 3077: 2162:{\displaystyle |f|_{B}=\sup _{x\in B}|f(x)|,\qquad {\text{ where }}f\in X^{\prime },} 5545: 5496: 5149: 5119: 4982:. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. 4935: 4637: 3768: 3205: 3000: 3631:{\displaystyle X^{\prime \prime }\,:=\,\left(X_{b}^{\prime }\right)_{b}^{\prime }} 5600: 5576: 5425: 5415: 5322: 5124: 4803: 3509:
is usually assumed to be endowed with the strong dual topology induced on it by
3217: 2010: 524: 442: 382: 35: 5595: 5358: 5198: 5194: 5190: 4366: 3364:{\displaystyle X^{\prime \prime }\,:=\,\left(X_{b}^{\prime }\right)^{\prime }} 5027: 4997: 4927: 4912:. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 5767: 5653: 5620: 4963: 2577: 498: 5054: 4370: 2742: 1859:{\displaystyle \left\langle x,x^{\prime }\right\rangle :=x^{\prime }(x).} 1791:{\displaystyle \left(X,X^{\prime },\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle \right)} 1287:{\displaystyle |y|_{B}=\sup _{x\in B}|\langle x,y\rangle |<\infty .} 359:
Throughout, all vector spaces will be assumed to be over the field
2741:). This is a locally convex topology that is given by the set of 3725:{\displaystyle b\left(X^{\prime \prime },X_{b}^{\prime }\right).} 5549: 5065: 4238:
is locally convex, then this topology is finer than all other
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is a metrizable locally convex space, then the strong dual of
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and it coincides with the topology of uniform convergence on
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topology of uniform convergence on bounded subsets of
4773: 4749: 4703: 4672: 4645: 4615: 4588: 4535: 4511: 4465: 4441: 4379: 4347: 4322: 4298: 4271: 4245: 4224: 4195: 4175: 4155: 4131: 4065: 4045: 4010: 3990: 3965: 3915: 3909:'s topology is identical to the strong dual topology 3895: 3871: 3841: 3804: 3777: 3745: 3674: 3644: 3574: 3554: 3515: 3485: 3436: 3409: 3377: 3312: 3292: 3259: 3236: 3175: 3086: 3055: 3029: 3009: 2973: 2941: 2917: 2888: 2868: 2778: 2751: 2723: 2703: 2586: 2555: 2532: 2512: 2482: 2462: 2442: 2414: 2394: 2366: 2341: 2317: 2275: 2255: 2222: 2199: 2175: 2069: 2042: 2019: 1966: 1932: 1905: 1872: 1804: 1743: 1723: 1700: 1676: 1560: 1540: 1504: 1469: 1434: 1381: 1358: 1305: 1210: 1182: 1156: 1132: 1112: 1086: 1058: 1028: 1008: 922: 892: 863: 820: 792: 763: 743: 723: 637: 608: 582: 557: 532: 507: 453: 415: 390: 365: 325: 293: 263: 206: 160: 136: 102: 75: 52: 5037:
Schwartz spaces, nuclear spaces, and tensor products
5010:
Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels
1421:{\displaystyle b(Y,X,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )} 5776: 5755: 5739: 5718: 5639: 5588: 5484: 5408: 5387: 5346: 5285: 5227: 5173: 5108: 490:{\displaystyle (X,Y,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )} 5421:Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations 4782: 4755: 4735: 4685: 4658: 4628: 4594: 4567: 4517: 4497: 4447: 4419: 4353: 4331: 4308: 4284: 4255: 4230: 4208: 4181: 4161: 4141: 4113: 4051: 4016: 3996: 3974: 3947: 3901: 3877: 3854: 3825: 3790: 3751: 3724: 3660: 3630: 3560: 3536: 3501: 3471: 3422: 3395: 3363: 3298: 3278: 3245: 3188: 3161: 3068: 3041: 3015: 2991: 2959: 2923: 2901: 2874: 2854: 2764: 2733: 2709: 2689: 2568: 2541: 2518: 2498: 2468: 2448: 2424: 2400: 2376: 2352: 2323: 2296: 2261: 2235: 2208: 2181: 2161: 2055: 2028: 2001: 1952: 1918: 1878: 1858: 1790: 1729: 1709: 1682: 1660: 1546: 1522: 1490: 1455: 1420: 1367: 1344: 1286: 1197: 1168: 1142: 1118: 1098: 1068: 1037: 1014: 990: 904: 878: 849: 804: 775: 749: 729: 707: 623: 594: 568: 540: 515: 489: 426: 398: 373: 343: 311: 279: 241: 192: 145: 108: 88: 58: 4891: 2549:A basis of closed neighborhoods of the origin in 2002:{\displaystyle \beta \left(X^{\prime },X\right),} 242:{\displaystyle \beta \left(X^{\prime },X\right).} 4498:{\displaystyle \beta \left(X,X^{\prime }\right)} 3109: 2808: 2632: 2094: 1585: 1235: 924: 662: 4823: â€“ Locally convex topological vector space 4908:Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). 4420:{\displaystyle X_{b(X^{\prime },X)}^{\prime }} 2526:forms a fundamental system of bounded sets of 5561: 5077: 4879: 4867: 4855: 3479:Unless indicated otherwise, the vector space 1523:{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle } 8: 4763:is identical to the topology induced by the 4636:with the strong topology coincides with the 4125:if and only if there exists a countable set 3472:{\displaystyle b\left(X^{\prime },X\right).} 3119: 3113: 3036: 3030: 1780: 1768: 1617: 1605: 1517: 1505: 1412: 1400: 1336: 1324: 1267: 1255: 956: 944: 694: 682: 481: 469: 4736:{\displaystyle \left(X,X^{\prime }\right).} 4568:{\displaystyle \left(X,X^{\prime }\right).} 3948:{\displaystyle b\left(X,X^{\prime }\right)} 193:{\displaystyle b\left(X^{\prime },X\right)} 5568: 5554: 5546: 5112: 5084: 5070: 5062: 3196:is identical to the strong dual topology. 3169:; the topology that this norm induces on 998:This is equivalent to the usual notion of 4772: 4748: 4719: 4702: 4677: 4671: 4650: 4644: 4620: 4614: 4587: 4551: 4534: 4510: 4484: 4464: 4440: 4411: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4346: 4321: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4276: 4270: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4223: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4174: 4154: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4095: 4064: 4044: 4009: 3989: 3964: 3934: 3914: 3894: 3870: 3846: 3840: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3782: 3776: 3744: 3708: 3703: 3687: 3673: 3668:is endowed with the strong dual topology 3649: 3643: 3622: 3617: 3607: 3602: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3553: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3449: 3435: 3414: 3408: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3355: 3345: 3340: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3311: 3291: 3286:is the strong dual of the strong dual of 3264: 3258: 3235: 3180: 3174: 3139: 3112: 3095: 3085: 3060: 3054: 3028: 3008: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2916: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2867: 2832: 2811: 2798: 2788: 2777: 2756: 2750: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2702: 2656: 2635: 2622: 2609: 2591: 2585: 2560: 2554: 2531: 2511: 2490: 2489: 2481: 2461: 2441: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2393: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2316: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2254: 2227: 2221: 2198: 2174: 2150: 2135: 2126: 2109: 2097: 2084: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2047: 2041: 2018: 1979: 1965: 1946: 1945: 1931: 1910: 1904: 1871: 1838: 1820: 1803: 1759: 1742: 1722: 1699: 1675: 1649: 1648: 1620: 1600: 1588: 1575: 1570: 1561: 1559: 1539: 1503: 1468: 1433: 1380: 1357: 1304: 1270: 1250: 1238: 1225: 1220: 1211: 1209: 1181: 1155: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1111: 1085: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1027: 1007: 971: 959: 939: 927: 921: 891: 862: 835: 830: 821: 819: 791: 762: 742: 722: 697: 677: 665: 652: 647: 638: 636: 607: 581: 559: 558: 556: 534: 533: 531: 509: 508: 506: 452: 417: 416: 414: 392: 391: 389: 367: 366: 364: 335: 330: 324: 303: 298: 292: 268: 262: 219: 205: 173: 159: 135: 101: 80: 74: 51: 5374:Group algebra of a locally compact group 4848: 2063:generated by the seminorms of the form 1554:generated by the seminorms of the form 3430:endowed with the strong dual topology 1022:is given the weak topology induced by 5012:. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. 4059:is Hausdorff locally convex TVS then 2506:; the set of all bounded subsets of 2297:{\displaystyle X_{\beta }^{\prime }.} 1690:is a TVS whose continuous dual space 7: 5039:. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. 4946:McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math 1960:) is defined as the strong topology 344:{\displaystyle X_{\beta }^{\prime }} 5631:Topologies on spaces of linear maps 4837:Topologies on spaces of linear maps 3279:{\displaystyle X^{\prime \prime },} 2499:{\displaystyle B\in {\mathcal {B}}} 1953:{\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {F} } 1737:is part of a canonical dual system 4169:such that every bounded subset of 3661:{\displaystyle X^{\prime \prime }} 3502:{\displaystyle X^{\prime \prime }} 2456:such that every bounded subset of 1278: 967: 850:{\displaystyle |y|_{B}<\infty } 844: 154:where this topology is denoted by 25: 4693:with the topology induced by the 1530:is understood, is defined as the 5530: 5529: 5456:Topological quantum field theory 4189:is contained in some element of 3826:{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }.} 3537:{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime },} 501:of vector spaces over the field 18:Strong topology (polar topology) 4209:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}.} 3835:Every weakly bounded subset of 3544:in which case it is called the 3396:{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }} 2992:{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }} 2960:{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }} 2902:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}.} 2134: 1641: 1628: 970: 757:has a topology so say a subset 312:{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }} 4407: 4388: 4309:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} 4256:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} 4142:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 3151: 3145: 3101: 3088: 2844: 2838: 2734:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 2668: 2662: 2425:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 2377:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 2127: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2080: 2071: 1942: 1850: 1844: 1621: 1601: 1571: 1562: 1485: 1473: 1450: 1438: 1415: 1385: 1339: 1309: 1271: 1251: 1221: 1212: 1143:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 1069:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 960: 940: 831: 822: 698: 678: 648: 639: 484: 454: 287:has the strong dual topology, 1: 5252:Uniform boundedness principle 4892:Narici & Beckenstein 2011 4529:on generated by the pairing 4316:'s whose sets are subsets of 2384:be any fundamental system of 2353:{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} .} 2243:with this topology is called 569:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} .} 437:Definition from a dual system 427:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} .} 4974:; Wolff, Manfred P. (1999). 3023:is a normed space with norm 2189:runs over the family of all 1169:{\displaystyle B\subseteq X} 1099:{\displaystyle B\subseteq X} 905:{\displaystyle B\subseteq X} 805:{\displaystyle C\subseteq Y} 776:{\displaystyle B\subseteq X} 595:{\displaystyle B\subseteq X} 541:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 516:{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} } 399:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 374:{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} } 280:{\displaystyle X^{\prime },} 5810:Topology of function spaces 4686:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 4659:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 4629:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 4285:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 3855:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 3791:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 3423:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 3189:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 3069:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 2765:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 2569:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 2236:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 2056:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 1919:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 1456:{\displaystyle \beta (Y,X)} 89:{\displaystyle X^{\prime }} 5831: 5395:Invariant subspace problem 4666:; that is, with the space 3206:Banach space § Bidual 3203: 3076:has a canonical norm (the 3042:{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|} 2036:i.e. with the topology on 1150:is the set of all subsets 440: 5747:Transpose of a linear map 5525: 5115: 4976:Topological Vector Spaces 4910:Topological Vector Spaces 4880:Schaefer & Wolff 1999 4868:Schaefer & Wolff 1999 4856:Schaefer & Wolff 1999 4032:, if and only if it is a 3771:weakly compact subset of 1866:In the special case when 253:polar topology is called 5364:Spectrum of a C*-algebra 4028:if and only if it is an 2333:topological vector space 44:topological vector space 5461:Noncommutative geometry 4608:(continuous) dual space 3638:where the vector space 1198:{\displaystyle y\in Y,} 1106:bounded by elements of 879:{\displaystyle y\in C.} 624:{\displaystyle y\in Y,} 5517:Tomita–Takesaki theory 5492:Approximation property 5436:Calculus of variations 4784: 4757: 4737: 4687: 4660: 4630: 4596: 4569: 4519: 4499: 4449: 4421: 4355: 4333: 4310: 4292:when considering only 4286: 4257: 4232: 4210: 4183: 4163: 4149:of bounded subsets of 4143: 4115: 4053: 4018: 3998: 3976: 3949: 3903: 3879: 3856: 3827: 3792: 3753: 3726: 3662: 3632: 3562: 3538: 3503: 3473: 3424: 3397: 3365: 3300: 3280: 3247: 3190: 3163: 3070: 3043: 3017: 2993: 2961: 2925: 2903: 2876: 2856: 2766: 2735: 2711: 2691: 2570: 2543: 2520: 2500: 2470: 2450: 2436:of bounded subsets of 2426: 2402: 2378: 2354: 2325: 2298: 2263: 2237: 2210: 2183: 2163: 2057: 2030: 2003: 1954: 1920: 1880: 1860: 1792: 1731: 1711: 1684: 1662: 1548: 1524: 1492: 1491:{\displaystyle b(Y,X)} 1457: 1422: 1369: 1346: 1288: 1199: 1170: 1144: 1120: 1100: 1070: 1039: 1016: 992: 906: 880: 851: 806: 777: 751: 731: 709: 625: 596: 570: 542: 517: 491: 428: 400: 375: 345: 313: 281: 243: 194: 147: 110: 90: 60: 5512:Banach–Mazur distance 5475:Generalized functions 4785: 4758: 4738: 4688: 4661: 4631: 4597: 4570: 4520: 4500: 4450: 4422: 4356: 4334: 4311: 4287: 4258: 4233: 4211: 4184: 4164: 4144: 4116: 4054: 4019: 3999: 3977: 3950: 3904: 3880: 3857: 3828: 3793: 3754: 3727: 3663: 3633: 3563: 3539: 3504: 3474: 3425: 3398: 3366: 3301: 3281: 3248: 3191: 3164: 3071: 3044: 3018: 2994: 2962: 2926: 2904: 2877: 2857: 2767: 2736: 2712: 2692: 2571: 2544: 2521: 2501: 2471: 2451: 2427: 2403: 2379: 2355: 2335:(TVS) over the field 2326: 2299: 2264: 2238: 2211: 2184: 2164: 2058: 2031: 2004: 1955: 1921: 1881: 1861: 1793: 1732: 1712: 1685: 1663: 1549: 1525: 1493: 1458: 1423: 1370: 1347: 1289: 1200: 1171: 1145: 1121: 1101: 1071: 1045:which is a Hausdorff 1040: 1017: 993: 907: 881: 852: 807: 778: 752: 732: 710: 626: 597: 571: 543: 518: 492: 429: 401: 376: 346: 314: 282: 244: 195: 148: 111: 91: 68:continuous dual space 61: 34:and related areas of 5257:Kakutani fixed-point 5242:Riesz representation 4827:Semi-reflexive space 4771: 4747: 4701: 4670: 4643: 4613: 4586: 4533: 4509: 4463: 4439: 4377: 4345: 4320: 4296: 4269: 4243: 4222: 4193: 4173: 4153: 4129: 4063: 4043: 4008: 3988: 3963: 3913: 3893: 3869: 3862:is strongly bounded. 3839: 3802: 3775: 3743: 3672: 3642: 3572: 3552: 3513: 3483: 3434: 3407: 3375: 3310: 3290: 3257: 3234: 3214:Semi-reflexive space 3173: 3084: 3053: 3027: 3007: 2971: 2939: 2915: 2886: 2866: 2776: 2749: 2721: 2701: 2584: 2553: 2530: 2510: 2480: 2476:is a subset of some 2460: 2440: 2412: 2392: 2364: 2339: 2315: 2273: 2253: 2220: 2197: 2173: 2067: 2040: 2017: 1964: 1930: 1903: 1896:on the (continuous) 1888:locally convex space 1870: 1802: 1741: 1721: 1698: 1674: 1558: 1538: 1502: 1467: 1432: 1379: 1356: 1303: 1208: 1180: 1176:such that for every 1154: 1130: 1110: 1084: 1056: 1026: 1006: 920: 890: 861: 818: 790: 786:bounded by a subset 761: 741: 721: 635: 606: 580: 555: 530: 505: 451: 413: 388: 363: 355:Strong dual topology 323: 291: 261: 204: 158: 134: 100: 73: 50: 5805:Functional analysis 5784:Biorthogonal system 5616:Operator topologies 5441:Functional calculus 5400:Mahler's conjecture 5379:Von Neumann algebra 5093:Functional analysis 4972:Schaefer, Helmut H. 4941:Functional Analysis 4894:, pp. 225–273. 4604:normed vector space 4416: 4030:infrabarreled space 3819: 3713: 3627: 3612: 3530: 3392: 3350: 2988: 2956: 2307:Definition on a TVS 2290: 973: for all  340: 308: 32:functional analysis 5815:Linear functionals 5466:Riemann hypothesis 5165:Topological vector 4809:List of topologies 4783:{\displaystyle X.} 4780: 4753: 4733: 4683: 4656: 4626: 4592: 4565: 4515: 4495: 4445: 4417: 4380: 4363:bornological space 4351: 4332:{\displaystyle X.} 4329: 4306: 4282: 4253: 4228: 4206: 4179: 4159: 4139: 4111: 4049: 4026:bornological space 4014: 3994: 3975:{\displaystyle X.} 3972: 3945: 3899: 3875: 3852: 3823: 3805: 3788: 3749: 3722: 3699: 3658: 3628: 3598: 3593: 3558: 3534: 3516: 3499: 3469: 3420: 3393: 3378: 3361: 3336: 3296: 3276: 3246:{\displaystyle X,} 3243: 3186: 3159: 3129: 3066: 3039: 3013: 2999:will in fact be a 2989: 2974: 2957: 2942: 2921: 2899: 2872: 2852: 2822: 2762: 2731: 2707: 2687: 2646: 2566: 2542:{\displaystyle X.} 2539: 2516: 2496: 2466: 2446: 2422: 2398: 2374: 2350: 2321: 2294: 2276: 2269:and is denoted by 2259: 2233: 2209:{\displaystyle X.} 2206: 2179: 2159: 2108: 2053: 2029:{\displaystyle X,} 2026: 1999: 1950: 1916: 1876: 1856: 1788: 1727: 1710:{\displaystyle X,} 1707: 1680: 1658: 1599: 1544: 1520: 1488: 1453: 1418: 1368:{\displaystyle Y,} 1365: 1342: 1284: 1249: 1195: 1166: 1140: 1116: 1096: 1066: 1038:{\displaystyle Y,} 1035: 1012: 988: 938: 902: 876: 847: 802: 773: 747: 727: 705: 676: 621: 592: 566: 538: 513: 487: 424: 396: 371: 341: 326: 309: 294: 277: 239: 190: 146:{\displaystyle X,} 143: 116:equipped with the 106: 86: 56: 5792: 5791: 5681:in Hilbert spaces 5543: 5542: 5446:Integral operator 5223: 5222: 5019:978-0-486-45352-1 4989:978-1-4612-7155-0 4955:978-0-07-054236-5 4756:{\displaystyle X} 4638:Banach dual space 4595:{\displaystyle X} 4518:{\displaystyle X} 4448:{\displaystyle X} 4354:{\displaystyle X} 4231:{\displaystyle X} 4182:{\displaystyle X} 4162:{\displaystyle X} 4052:{\displaystyle X} 4017:{\displaystyle X} 3997:{\displaystyle X} 3902:{\displaystyle X} 3878:{\displaystyle X} 3752:{\displaystyle X} 3561:{\displaystyle X} 3299:{\displaystyle X} 3253:often denoted by 3108: 3016:{\displaystyle X} 2924:{\displaystyle X} 2875:{\displaystyle B} 2807: 2710:{\displaystyle B} 2631: 2519:{\displaystyle X} 2469:{\displaystyle X} 2449:{\displaystyle X} 2401:{\displaystyle X} 2324:{\displaystyle X} 2262:{\displaystyle X} 2246:strong dual space 2182:{\displaystyle B} 2138: 2137: where  2093: 1879:{\displaystyle X} 1730:{\displaystyle X} 1683:{\displaystyle X} 1584: 1547:{\displaystyle Y} 1234: 1119:{\displaystyle Y} 1015:{\displaystyle X} 974: 923: 750:{\displaystyle Y} 730:{\displaystyle X} 661: 351:may be written. 109:{\displaystyle X} 59:{\displaystyle X} 40:strong dual space 16:(Redirected from 5822: 5763:Saturated family 5661:Ultraweak/Weak-* 5570: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5533: 5532: 5451:Jones polynomial 5369:Operator algebra 5113: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5058: 5031: 5006:Trèves, François 5001: 4967: 4931: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4399: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3813: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3695: 3694: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3587: 3586: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3453: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3325: 3324: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3128: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3014: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2821: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2660: 2645: 2627: 2626: 2614: 2613: 2596: 2595: 2576:is given by the 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2289: 2284: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2113: 2107: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2074: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1983: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1843: 1842: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1764: 1763: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1624: 1604: 1598: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1565: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1375:also denoted by 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1274: 1254: 1248: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1215: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1013: 997: 995: 994: 989: 975: 972: 963: 943: 937: 916:if and only if 911: 909: 908: 903: 885: 883: 882: 877: 856: 854: 853: 848: 840: 839: 834: 825: 811: 809: 808: 803: 782: 780: 779: 774: 756: 754: 753: 748: 736: 734: 733: 728: 714: 712: 711: 706: 701: 681: 675: 657: 656: 651: 642: 630: 628: 627: 622: 601: 599: 598: 593: 575: 573: 572: 567: 562: 547: 545: 544: 539: 537: 522: 520: 519: 514: 512: 496: 494: 493: 488: 433: 431: 430: 425: 420: 405: 403: 402: 397: 395: 380: 378: 377: 372: 370: 350: 348: 347: 342: 339: 334: 318: 316: 315: 310: 307: 302: 286: 284: 283: 278: 273: 272: 248: 246: 245: 240: 235: 231: 224: 223: 199: 197: 196: 191: 189: 185: 178: 177: 152: 150: 149: 144: 115: 113: 112: 107: 95: 93: 92: 87: 85: 84: 65: 63: 62: 57: 21: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5772: 5751: 5735: 5714: 5635: 5584: 5574: 5544: 5539: 5521: 5485:Advanced topics 5480: 5404: 5383: 5342: 5308:Hilbert–Schmidt 5281: 5272:Gelfand–Naimark 5219: 5169: 5104: 5090: 5047: 5034: 5020: 5004: 4990: 4970: 4956: 4934: 4920: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4832:Strong topology 4821:Reflexive space 4795: 4769: 4768: 4745: 4744: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4547: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4527:Mackey topology 4507: 4506: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4460: 4457:barrelled space 4437: 4436: 4391: 4375: 4374: 4343: 4342: 4318: 4317: 4294: 4293: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4241: 4240: 4220: 4219: 4191: 4190: 4171: 4170: 4151: 4150: 4127: 4126: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4041: 4040: 4006: 4005: 3986: 3985: 3961: 3960: 3957:Mackey topology 3930: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3891: 3890: 3867: 3866: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3800: 3799: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3594: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3550: 3549: 3511: 3510: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3373: 3372: 3332: 3331: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3288: 3287: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3210:Reflexive space 3202: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3025: 3024: 3005: 3004: 2969: 2968: 2937: 2936: 2913: 2912: 2884: 2883: 2864: 2863: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2719: 2718: 2699: 2698: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2528: 2527: 2508: 2507: 2478: 2477: 2458: 2457: 2438: 2437: 2410: 2409: 2390: 2389: 2362: 2361: 2337: 2336: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2271: 2270: 2251: 2250: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2195: 2194: 2171: 2170: 2146: 2078: 2065: 2064: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2015: 2014: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1928: 1927: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1893:strong topology 1868: 1867: 1834: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1719: 1718: 1696: 1695: 1692:separates point 1672: 1671: 1569: 1556: 1555: 1536: 1535: 1500: 1499: 1498:if the pairing 1465: 1464: 1430: 1429: 1377: 1376: 1354: 1353: 1301: 1300: 1297:strong topology 1219: 1206: 1205: 1178: 1177: 1152: 1151: 1128: 1127: 1108: 1107: 1082: 1081: 1080:of all subsets 1054: 1053: 1024: 1023: 1004: 1003: 1000:bounded subsets 918: 917: 888: 887: 859: 858: 829: 816: 815: 788: 787: 759: 758: 739: 738: 719: 718: 646: 633: 632: 604: 603: 578: 577: 553: 552: 550:complex numbers 528: 527: 503: 502: 449: 448: 445: 439: 411: 410: 408:complex numbers 386: 385: 361: 360: 357: 321: 320: 289: 288: 264: 259: 258: 215: 214: 210: 202: 201: 169: 168: 164: 156: 155: 132: 131: 98: 97: 76: 71: 70: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5777:Other concepts 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5726:Banach–Alaoglu 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5698:polar topology 5690: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5645: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5626:Polar topology 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5589:Basic concepts 5586: 5585: 5579:and spaces of 5575: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Choquet theory 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5354:Banach algebra 5350: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5277:Banach–Alaoglu 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Locally convex 5202: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5045: 5032: 5018: 5002: 4988: 4968: 4954: 4932: 4919:978-1584888666 4918: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4884: 4882:, p. 153. 4872: 4870:, p. 142. 4860: 4858:, p. 141. 4847: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4815:Polar topology 4812: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4791: 4779: 4776: 4752: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4680: 4676: 4653: 4649: 4623: 4619: 4591: 4579: 4576: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4514: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4444: 4433: 4432: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4350: 4339: 4328: 4325: 4303: 4279: 4275: 4250: 4227: 4216: 4205: 4200: 4178: 4158: 4136: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4048: 4037: 4034:barreled space 4013: 3993: 3982: 3971: 3968: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3898: 3887:barreled space 3874: 3863: 3849: 3845: 3833: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3798:is bounded in 3785: 3781: 3761:locally convex 3748: 3736: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3557: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3417: 3413: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3295: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3242: 3239: 3201: 3198: 3183: 3179: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3063: 3059: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3012: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2920: 2898: 2893: 2871: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2759: 2755: 2728: 2706: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2563: 2559: 2538: 2535: 2515: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2465: 2445: 2419: 2397: 2371: 2349: 2345: 2320: 2308: 2305: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2258: 2247: 2230: 2226: 2205: 2202: 2178: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2050: 2046: 2025: 2022: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1913: 1909: 1894: 1875: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1726: 1706: 1703: 1679: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1543: 1532:locally convex 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1364: 1361: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1298: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1137: 1115: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1063: 1047:locally convex 1034: 1031: 1011: 987: 984: 981: 978: 969: 966: 962: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 942: 936: 933: 930: 926: 915: 901: 898: 895: 875: 872: 869: 866: 846: 843: 838: 833: 828: 824: 812: 801: 798: 795: 783:is said to be 772: 769: 766: 746: 726: 704: 700: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 680: 674: 671: 668: 664: 660: 655: 650: 645: 641: 620: 617: 614: 611: 591: 588: 585: 565: 561: 536: 511: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 441:Main article: 438: 435: 423: 419: 394: 381:of either the 369: 356: 353: 338: 333: 329: 306: 301: 297: 276: 271: 267: 238: 234: 230: 227: 222: 218: 213: 209: 188: 184: 181: 176: 172: 167: 163: 142: 139: 105: 83: 79: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5827: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5649:Norm topology 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Dual topology 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Weak topology 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5431:Index theorem 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388:Open problems 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5046:3-540-09513-6 5042: 5038: 5035:Wong (1979). 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4936:Rudin, Walter 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Dual topology 4797: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4777: 4774: 4766: 4750: 4743:-topology on 4730: 4726: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4697:. Conversely 4696: 4695:operator norm 4674: 4647: 4639: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4589: 4577: 4575: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4525:and with the 4512: 4491: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4442: 4430: 4404: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4348: 4340: 4326: 4323: 4273: 4264: 4225: 4217: 4203: 4176: 4156: 4124: 4107: 4102: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4046: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4011: 3991: 3983: 3969: 3966: 3958: 3941: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3896: 3888: 3872: 3864: 3843: 3834: 3820: 3810: 3806: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3746: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3646: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3576: 3555: 3547: 3546:strong bidual 3531: 3521: 3517: 3487: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3411: 3383: 3379: 3351: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3314: 3293: 3273: 3261: 3240: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3177: 3155: 3148: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3078:operator norm 3057: 3033: 3010: 3002: 2979: 2975: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2918: 2909: 2896: 2869: 2848: 2841: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2753: 2744: 2704: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2557: 2536: 2533: 2513: 2486: 2483: 2463: 2443: 2435: 2395: 2387: 2347: 2334: 2318: 2311:Suppose that 2306: 2304: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2256: 2249:of the space 2248: 2245: 2224: 2203: 2200: 2192: 2176: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2120: 2114: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2044: 2023: 2020: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1873: 1853: 1847: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1724: 1704: 1701: 1693: 1677: 1668: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1581: 1576: 1566: 1541: 1533: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1362: 1359: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1281: 1275: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1113: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1079: 1050: 1048: 1032: 1029: 1009: 1001: 985: 982: 979: 976: 964: 953: 950: 947: 934: 931: 928: 913: 899: 896: 893: 873: 870: 867: 864: 841: 836: 826: 813: 799: 796: 793: 785: 770: 767: 764: 744: 724: 715: 702: 691: 688: 685: 672: 669: 666: 658: 653: 643: 618: 615: 612: 609: 589: 586: 583: 563: 551: 526: 500: 478: 475: 472: 466: 463: 460: 457: 444: 436: 434: 421: 409: 384: 354: 352: 331: 327: 299: 295: 274: 265: 256: 255:weak topology 252: 236: 232: 228: 225: 216: 211: 207: 186: 182: 179: 170: 165: 161: 153: 140: 137: 127: 123: 119: 103: 77: 69: 53: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5731:Mackey–Arens 5719:Main results 5692: 5497:Balanced set 5471:Distribution 5409:Applications 5262:Krein–Milman 5247:Closed graph 5036: 5009: 4975: 4940: 4909: 4902:Bibliography 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4581: 4434: 3738: 3568:; that is, 3545: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3001:Banach space 2910: 2882:ranges over 2717:ranges over 2408:; that is, 2386:bounded sets 2310: 2244: 2191:bounded sets 2011:bounded sets 1891: 1669: 1534:topology on 1295: 1051: 886:So a subset 784: 716: 525:real numbers 446: 383:real numbers 358: 129: 125: 121: 117: 39: 29: 5710:Ultrastrong 5693:Strong dual 5601:Dual system 5426:Heat kernel 5416:Hardy space 5323:Trace class 5237:Hahn–Banach 5199:Topological 4804:Dual system 4606:, then its 4263:-topologies 3955:and to the 3228:second dual 3218:Double dual 3080:) given by 2935:then so is 1126:; that is, 1076:denote the 1049:topology. 443:Dual system 36:mathematics 5799:Categories 5641:Topologies 5596:Dual space 5359:C*-algebra 5174:Properties 4843:References 4367:metrizable 4123:metrizable 3735:Properties 3204:See also: 2216:The space 1898:dual space 1428:or simply 912:is called 5768:Total set 5654:Dual norm 5621:Polar set 5333:Unbounded 5328:Transpose 5286:Operators 5215:Separable 5210:Reflexive 5195:Algebraic 5181:Barrelled 5028:853623322 5008:(2006) . 4998:840278135 4928:144216834 4721:′ 4679:′ 4652:′ 4622:′ 4553:′ 4486:′ 4467:β 4413:′ 4397:′ 4278:′ 4097:′ 3936:′ 3848:′ 3816:′ 3784:′ 3767:A convex 3710:′ 3692:′ 3689:′ 3654:′ 3651:′ 3624:′ 3609:′ 3584:′ 3581:′ 3527:′ 3495:′ 3492:′ 3451:′ 3416:′ 3389:′ 3357:′ 3347:′ 3322:′ 3319:′ 3269:′ 3266:′ 3230:of a TVS 3182:′ 3141:′ 3123:≤ 3120:‖ 3114:‖ 3097:′ 3062:′ 3037:‖ 3034:⋅ 3031:‖ 2985:′ 2953:′ 2834:′ 2816:∈ 2790:′ 2758:′ 2743:seminorms 2677:≤ 2658:′ 2640:∈ 2624:′ 2616:∈ 2611:′ 2593:∘ 2562:′ 2487:∈ 2287:′ 2282:β 2229:′ 2152:′ 2144:∈ 2102:∈ 2049:′ 1981:′ 1968:β 1943:→ 1912:′ 1840:′ 1822:′ 1781:⟩ 1778:⋅ 1772:⋅ 1769:⟨ 1761:′ 1646:∈ 1633:∈ 1618:⟩ 1606:⟨ 1593:∈ 1518:⟩ 1515:⋅ 1509:⋅ 1506:⟨ 1436:β 1413:⟩ 1410:⋅ 1404:⋅ 1401:⟨ 1337:⟩ 1334:⋅ 1328:⋅ 1325:⟨ 1307:β 1294:Then the 1279:∞ 1268:⟩ 1256:⟨ 1243:∈ 1187:∈ 1161:⊆ 1091:⊆ 980:∈ 968:∞ 957:⟩ 945:⟨ 932:∈ 897:⊆ 868:∈ 845:∞ 797:⊆ 768:⊆ 695:⟩ 683:⟨ 670:∈ 613:∈ 587:⊆ 499:dual pair 482:⟩ 479:⋅ 473:⋅ 470:⟨ 337:′ 332:β 305:′ 270:′ 221:′ 208:β 175:′ 82:′ 5703:operator 5676:operator 5535:Category 5347:Algebras 5229:Theorems 5186:Complete 5155:Schwartz 5101:glossary 4964:21163277 4938:(1991). 4793:See also 4578:Examples 4429:complete 4371:LF-space 3769:balanced 3403:denotes 3102:‖ 3089:‖ 2933:normable 1828:⟩ 1807:⟨ 857:for all 717:Neither 631:define 602:and any 576:For any 251:coarsest 126:topology 5756:Subsets 5688:Mackey 5611:Duality 5577:Duality 5338:Unitary 5318:Nuclear 5303:Compact 5298:Bounded 5293:Adjoint 5267:Min–max 5160:Sobolev 5145:Nuclear 5135:Hilbert 5130:FrĂ©chet 5095: ( 5055:5126158 4373:) then 914:bounded 128:or the 66:is the 5581:linear 5313:Normal 5150:Orlicz 5140:Hölder 5120:Banach 5109:Spaces 5097:topics 5053:  5043:  5026:  5016:  4996:  4986:  4962:  4952:  4926:  4916:  4365:(e.g. 3763:TVS. 3371:where 3224:bidual 3216:, and 3200:Bidual 3003:. If 2578:polars 2434:family 2169:where 1890:, the 1798:where 1078:family 118:strong 46:(TVS) 38:, the 5671:polar 5125:Besov 4602:is a 4455:is a 4361:is a 4024:is a 3889:then 3885:is a 3759:be a 3049:then 2432:is a 2331:is a 1886:is a 1717:then 1002:when 497:be a 42:of a 5740:Maps 5666:Weak 5583:maps 5473:(or 5191:Dual 5051:OCLC 5041:ISBN 5024:OCLC 5014:ISBN 4994:OCLC 4984:ISBN 4960:OCLC 4950:ISBN 4924:OCLC 4914:ISBN 4765:norm 3739:Let 3222:The 2967:and 2360:Let 1276:< 1052:Let 965:< 842:< 737:nor 447:Let 249:The 122:dual 4980:GTM 4767:on 4582:If 4505:on 4435:If 4427:is 4369:or 4341:If 4265:on 4218:If 4121:is 4039:If 3984:If 3959:on 3865:If 3548:of 3226:or 3110:sup 2931:is 2911:If 2862:as 2809:sup 2745:on 2697:as 2633:sup 2580:: 2388:of 2193:in 2095:sup 2013:in 1694:on 1586:sup 1463:or 1352:on 1236:sup 925:sup 814:if 663:sup 548:or 523:of 406:or 319:or 200:or 96:of 30:In 5801:: 5099:– 5049:. 5022:. 4992:. 4978:. 4958:. 4948:. 4922:. 3590::= 3328::= 3306:: 3212:, 3208:, 3106::= 2805::= 2772:: 2598::= 1832::= 124:) 5569:e 5562:t 5555:v 5477:) 5201:) 5197:/ 5193:( 5103:) 5085:e 5078:t 5071:v 5057:. 5030:. 5000:. 4966:. 4930:. 4778:. 4775:X 4751:X 4731:. 4727:) 4717:X 4713:, 4710:X 4706:( 4675:X 4648:X 4618:X 4590:X 4563:. 4559:) 4549:X 4545:, 4542:X 4538:( 4513:X 4492:) 4482:X 4478:, 4475:X 4471:( 4443:X 4431:. 4408:) 4405:X 4402:, 4393:X 4389:( 4386:b 4382:X 4349:X 4327:. 4324:X 4302:G 4274:X 4249:G 4226:X 4204:. 4199:B 4177:X 4157:X 4135:B 4108:) 4103:) 4093:X 4089:, 4086:X 4082:( 4078:b 4075:, 4072:X 4068:( 4047:X 4036:. 4012:X 3992:X 3970:. 3967:X 3942:) 3932:X 3928:, 3925:X 3921:( 3917:b 3897:X 3873:X 3844:X 3821:. 3811:b 3807:X 3780:X 3747:X 3720:. 3716:) 3705:b 3701:X 3697:, 3685:X 3680:( 3676:b 3647:X 3619:b 3614:) 3604:b 3600:X 3596:( 3577:X 3556:X 3532:, 3522:b 3518:X 3488:X 3467:. 3463:) 3459:X 3456:, 3447:X 3442:( 3438:b 3412:X 3384:b 3380:X 3352:) 3342:b 3338:X 3334:( 3315:X 3294:X 3274:, 3262:X 3241:, 3238:X 3178:X 3156:| 3152:) 3149:x 3146:( 3137:x 3132:| 3126:1 3117:x 3093:x 3058:X 3011:X 2980:b 2976:X 2948:b 2944:X 2919:X 2897:. 2892:B 2870:B 2849:| 2845:) 2842:x 2839:( 2830:x 2825:| 2819:B 2813:x 2800:B 2795:| 2786:x 2782:| 2754:X 2727:B 2705:B 2684:} 2680:1 2673:| 2669:) 2666:x 2663:( 2654:x 2649:| 2643:B 2637:x 2629:: 2620:X 2607:x 2602:{ 2589:B 2558:X 2537:. 2534:X 2514:X 2492:B 2484:B 2464:X 2444:X 2418:B 2396:X 2370:B 2348:. 2344:F 2319:X 2292:. 2278:X 2257:X 2225:X 2204:. 2201:X 2177:B 2157:, 2148:X 2141:f 2132:, 2128:| 2124:) 2121:x 2118:( 2115:f 2111:| 2105:B 2099:x 2091:= 2086:B 2081:| 2076:f 2072:| 2045:X 2024:, 2021:X 1997:, 1993:) 1989:X 1986:, 1977:X 1972:( 1947:F 1940:X 1937:: 1934:f 1908:X 1874:X 1854:. 1851:) 1848:x 1845:( 1836:x 1818:x 1814:, 1811:x 1785:) 1775:, 1766:, 1757:X 1753:, 1750:X 1746:( 1725:X 1705:, 1702:X 1678:X 1656:. 1651:B 1643:B 1639:, 1636:Y 1630:y 1626:, 1622:| 1615:y 1612:, 1609:x 1602:| 1596:B 1590:x 1582:= 1577:B 1572:| 1567:y 1563:| 1542:Y 1512:, 1486:) 1483:X 1480:, 1477:Y 1474:( 1471:b 1451:) 1448:X 1445:, 1442:Y 1439:( 1416:) 1407:, 1398:, 1395:X 1392:, 1389:Y 1386:( 1383:b 1363:, 1360:Y 1340:) 1331:, 1322:, 1319:X 1316:, 1313:Y 1310:( 1282:. 1272:| 1265:y 1262:, 1259:x 1252:| 1246:B 1240:x 1232:= 1227:B 1222:| 1217:y 1213:| 1193:, 1190:Y 1184:y 1164:X 1158:B 1136:B 1114:Y 1094:X 1088:B 1062:B 1033:, 1030:Y 1010:X 986:. 983:Y 977:y 961:| 954:y 951:, 948:x 941:| 935:B 929:x 900:X 894:B 874:. 871:C 865:y 837:B 832:| 827:y 823:| 800:Y 794:C 771:X 765:B 745:Y 725:X 703:. 699:| 692:y 689:, 686:x 679:| 673:B 667:x 659:= 654:B 649:| 644:y 640:| 619:, 616:Y 610:y 590:X 584:B 564:. 560:C 535:R 510:F 485:) 476:, 467:, 464:Y 461:, 458:X 455:( 422:. 418:C 393:R 368:F 328:X 300:b 296:X 275:, 266:X 237:. 233:) 229:X 226:, 217:X 212:( 187:) 183:X 180:, 171:X 166:( 162:b 141:, 138:X 120:( 104:X 78:X 54:X 20:)

Index

Strong topology (polar topology)
functional analysis
mathematics
topological vector space
continuous dual space
coarsest
weak topology
real numbers
complex numbers
Dual system
dual pair
real numbers
complex numbers
bounded subsets
locally convex
family
locally convex
separates point
locally convex space
dual space
bounded sets
bounded sets
topological vector space
bounded sets
family
polars
seminorms
normable
Banach space
operator norm

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