729:
59:
2430:
7584:
6724:
742:
2105:
40:
6268:
1910:
2425:{\displaystyle \eta (A,B)=2{\frac {\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{A}-\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{B}}{\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{A}+\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{B}}}.}
5375:
Kimura, M.; Aghion, S.; Amsler, C.; Ariga, A.; Ariga, T.; Belov, A.; Bonomi, G.; BrÀunig, P.; Bremer, J.; Brusa, R. S.; Cabaret, L.; Caccia, M.; Caravita, R.; Castelli, F.; Cerchiari, G.; Chlouba, K.; Cialdi, S.; Comparat, D.; Consolati, G.; Demetrio, A.; Derking, H.; Di Noto, L.; Doser, M.; Dudarev,
1106:
The strong equivalence principle applies the same constraints as the
Einstein equivalence principle, but allows the freely falling bodies to be massive gravitating objects as well as test particles. Thus this is a version of the equivalence principle that applies to objects that exert a gravitational
904:
in 1907, when he observed that identical physical laws are observed in two systems, one subject to a constant gravitational field causing acceleration and the other subject to constant acceleration like a rocket far from any gravitational field. Since the physical laws are the same, Einstein assumed
5145:
Touboul, Pierre; Métris, Gilles; Rodrigues, Manuel; André, Yves; Baghi, Quentin; Bergé, Joël; Boulanger, Damien; Bremer, Stefanie; Carle, Patrice; Chhun, Ratana; Christophe, Bruno; Cipolla, Valerio; Damour, Thibault; Danto, Pascale; Dittus, Hansjoerg; Fayet, Pierre; Foulon, Bernard; Gageant, Claude;
844:
Very careful experiments have shown that the inertial mass on the left side and gravitational mass on the right side are numerically equal and independent of the material composing the masses. The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that this numerical equality of inertial and gravitational mass
5146:
Guidotti, Pierre-Yves; Hagedorn, Daniel; Hardy, Emilie; Huynh, Phuong-Anh; Inchauspe, Henri; Kayser, Patrick; Lala, Stéphanie; LÀmmerzahl, Claus; Lebat, Vincent; Leseur, Pierre; Liorzou, Françoise; et al. (2017). "MICROSCOPE Mission: First
Results of a Space Test of the Equivalence Principle".
1093:
conjectured that any complete and consistent theory of gravity that embodies the weak equivalence principle implies the
Einstein equivalence principle; the conjecture can't be proven but has several plausibility arguments in its favor. Nonetheless, the two principles are tested with very different
935:
This assumption of exact physical equivalence makes it impossible for us to speak of the absolute acceleration of the system of reference, just as the usual theory of relativity forbids us to talk of the absolute velocity of a system; and it makes the equal falling of all bodies in a gravitational
4583:
Newton, Isaac; "Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica" , translated by Andrew Motte, revised by Florian Cajori, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1934; Newton, Isaac; "The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", translated by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne
3409:
of a violation would be just as profound a result as discovery of a violation. Non-discovery of equivalence principle violation in this range would suggest that gravity is so fundamentally different from other forces as to require a major reevaluation of current attempts to unify gravity with the
983:
1126:
alone determines all of the effects of gravity. If an observer measures a patch of space to be flat, then the strong equivalence principle suggests that it is absolutely equivalent to any other patch of flat space elsewhere in the universe. Einstein's theory of general relativity (including the
1018:
The weak equivalence principle, also known as the universality of free fall or the
Galilean equivalence principle can be stated in many ways. The strong equivalence principle, a generalization of the weak equivalence principle, includes astronomic bodies with gravitational self-binding energy.
892:
Newton, just 50 years after
Galileo, developed the idea that gravitational and inertial mass were different concepts and compared the periods of pendulums composed of different materials to verify that these masses are the same. This form of the equivalence principle became known as "weak
954:
The breakthrough came suddenly one day. I was sitting on a chair in my patent office in Bern. Suddenly a thought struck me: If a man falls freely, he would not feel his weight. I was taken aback. This simple thought experiment made a deep impression on me. This led me to the theory of
2902:
4918:
Stubbs, Christopher W.; Adelberger, Eric G.; Heckel, Blayne R.; Rogers, Warren F.; Swanson, H. Erik; Watanabe, R.; Gundlach, Jens H.; Raab, Frederick J. (1989). "Limits on
Composition-Dependent Interactions Using a Laboratory Source: Is There a "Fifth Force" Coupled to Isospin?".
2050:
2917:
Tests of the weak equivalence principle are those that verify the equivalence of gravitational mass and inertial mass. An obvious test is dropping different objects and verifying that they land at the same time. Historically this was the first approach, though probably not by
1703:
2755:
992:
973:
as part of his program to test general relativity. Two new principles were suggested, the so-called
Einstein equivalence principle and the strong equivalence principle, each of which assumes the weak equivalence principle as a starting point. These are discussed below.
3421:
Testing local
Lorentz invariance amounts to testing special relativity, a theory with vast number of existing tests. Nevertheless, attempts to look for quantum gravity require even more precise tests. The modern tests include looking for directional variations in the
3823:, translated by Masahiro Morikawa from the text recorded in Japanese by Jun Ishiwara, Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPPS) Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 17â19, April 2005. Einstein recalls events of 1907 in a talk in Japan on 14 December 1922.
3374:
With the first successful production of antimatter, in particular anti-hydrogen, a new approach to test the weak equivalence principle has been proposed. Experiments to compare the gravitational behavior of matter and antimatter are currently being developed.
994:
1696:
993:
4962:
Adelberger, Eric G.; Stubbs, Christopher W.; Heckel, Blayne R.; Su, Y.; Swanson, H. Erik; Smith, G. L.; Gundlach, Jens H.; Rogers, Warren F. (1990). "Testing the equivalence principle in the field of the Earth: Particle physics at masses below 1 ÎŒeV?".
991:
990:
1026:"... in a uniform gravitational field all objects, regardless of their composition, fall with precisely the same acceleration." "The weak equivalence principle implicitly assumes that the falling objects are bound by non-gravitational forces."
5548:
Webb, John K.; Murphy, Michael T.; Flambaum, Victor V.; Dzuba, Vladimir A.; Barrow, John D.; Churchill, Chris W.; Prochaska, Jason X.; Wolfe, Arthur M. (2001). "Further
Evidence for Cosmological Evolution of the Fine Structure Constant".
1054:
the outcome of any local, non-gravitational test experiment is independent of the experimental apparatus' velocity relative to the gravitational field and is independent of where and when in the gravitational field the experiment is
2627:
2532:
1411:
1308:
3469:, where nuclear reactions similar to ones we observe today have been shown to have occurred underground approximately two billion years ago. These reactions are extremely sensitive to the values of the fundamental constants.
2762:
4573:
Galilei, Galileo; "Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche Intorno a Due Nuove Scienze", Leida: Appresso gli Elsevirii, 1638; "Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences", Leiden: Elsevier Press,
1917:
989:
987:
984:
988:
2634:
1097:
The Einstein equivalence principle has been criticized as imprecise, because there is no universally accepted way to distinguish gravitational from non-gravitational experiments (see for instance Hadley and Durand).
130:
986:
1569:
798:
is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same trajectories and landing at identical times. The extended form by
5049:
BaeĂler, Stefan; Heckel, Blayne R.; Adelberger, Eric G.; Gundlach, Jens H.; Schmidt, Ulrich; Swanson, H. Erik (1999). "Improved Test of the Equivalence Principle for Gravitational Self-Energy".
7287:
500:
1905:{\displaystyle {\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}m_{1}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{2}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}m_{2}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}}
6335:
3418:
In addition to the tests of the weak equivalence principle, the Einstein equivalence principle requires testing the local Lorentz invariance and local positional invariance conditions.
1147:
Some of the tests of the equivalence principle use names for the different ways mass appears in physical formulae. In nonrelativistic physics three kinds of mass can be distinguished:
810:. The strong form requires Einstein's form to work for stellar objects. Highly precise experimental tests of the principle limit possible deviations from equivalence to be very small.
1463:
1042:
Uniformity of the gravitational field eliminates measurable tidal forces originating from a radial divergent gravitational field (e.g., the Earth) upon finite sized physical bodies.
2054:
In other words, passive gravitational mass must be proportional to inertial mass for objects, independent of their material composition if the weak equivalence principle is obeyed.
3945:
We have seen that the various formulations of the equivalence principle form hierarchy (or rather, a nested sequence of statements narrowing down the type of gravitational theory),
6639:
6664:
773:
5981:, ed. C. MĂžller (Academic Press, New York, 1962). This article outlines the approach to precisely testing general relativity advocated by Dicke and pursued from 1959 onwards.
5084:
Schlamminger, Stephan; Choi, Ki-Young; Wagner, Todd A.; Gundlach, Jens H.; Adelberger, Eric G. (2008). "Test of the Equivalence Principle Using a Rotating Torsion Balance".
1010:
Three main forms of the equivalence principle are in current use: weak (Galilean), Einsteinian, and strong. Some studies also create finer divisions or slight alternative.
852:
under uniform motion. An observer in a windowless room cannot distinguish between being on the surface of the Earth and being in a spaceship in deep space accelerating at 1
6250:
3570:
A tight bound on the effect of nearby gravitational fields on the strong equivalence principle comes from modeling the orbits of binary stars and comparing the results to
5305:
2537:
2442:
1321:
1218:
2100:
1122:
Like the Einstein equivalence principle, the strong equivalence principle requires gravity is geometrical by nature, but in addition it forbids any extra fields, so the
1078:) and (2) independence of "where" known as (local positional invariance) â have far reaching consequences. With these constraints alone Einstein was able to predict the
5272:
152:
3402:
and variation of the fundamental constants. Heuristic arguments suggest that the magnitude of these equivalence principle violations could be in the 10 to 10 range.
1564:
1517:
1490:
1213:
1186:
965:
Since Einstein developed general relativity, there was a need to develop a framework to test the theory against other possible theories of gravity compatible with
6275:
3818:
1034:
3552:
The strong equivalence principle can be tested by 1) finding orbital variations in massive bodies (Sun-Earth-Moon), 2) variations in the gravitational constant (
985:
1537:
357:
2919:
7334:
5974:, 3349 (1959). Explains the value of research on gravitation and distinguishes between the strong (later renamed "Einstein") and weak equivalence principles.
6195:
6059:"...Physicists in Germany have used an atomic interferometer to perform the most accurate ever test of the equivalence principle at the level of atoms..."
7569:
7358:
7104:
6669:
710:
520:
362:
4618:
Smith, G. L.; Hoyle, C. D.; Gundlach, J. H.; Adelberger, E. G.; Heckel, B. R.; Swanson, H. E. (1999). "Short-range tests of the equivalence principle".
3556:) depending on nearby sources of gravity or on motion, or 3) searching for a variation of Newton's gravitational constant over the life of the universe
806:
to also hold in free fall and requires the weak equivalence to be valid everywhere. This form was a critical input for the development of the theory of
475:
6225:
6085:
6052:
1074:
The two additional constraints added to the weak principle to get the Einstein form â (1) the independence of the outcome on relative velocity (local
1082:. Theories of gravity that obey the Einstein equivalence principle must be "metric theories", meaning that trajectories of freely falling bodies are
6709:
819:
766:
6598:
5313:. Gravitation and Cosmology: 2nd Mexican Meeting on Mathematical and Experimental Physics, AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 758. p. 95.
5207:
Touboul, P., Métris, G., Rodrigues, M., Bergé, J., Robert, A., Baghi, Q., André, Y., Bedouet, J., Boulanger, D., Bremer, S. and Carle, P. (2022).
3999:
Wagner, Todd A.; Schlamminger, Stephan; Gundlach, Jens H.; Adelberger, Eric G. (2012). "Torsion-balance tests of the weak equivalence principle".
6003:
Chapter 1 discusses the equivalence principle, but incorrectly, according to modern usage, states that the strong equivalence principle is wrong.
7140:
7094:
6453:
6040:
388:
222:
1032:
Mass (measured with a balance) and weight (measured with a scale) are locally in identical ratio for all bodies (the opening page to Newton's
728:
7278:
4117:
4063:
427:
65:
3582:
orbiting it. The system provided them a chance to test the strong equivalence principle in a strong gravitational field with high accuracy.
6762:
5667:
4082:
Haugen, Mark P.; LĂ€mmerzahl, Claus (2001). "Principles of Equivalence: Their Role in Gravitation Physics and Experiments That Test Them.".
2897:{\displaystyle S_{0,1}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{0}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}-{\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}}
2102:
is the difference of the ratios of gravitational and inertial masses divided by their average for the two sets of test masses "A" and "B".
1019:
Instead, the weak equivalence principle assumes falling bodies are self-bound by non-gravitational forces only (e.g. a stone). Either way:
3455:. For example, Webb et al. reported detection of variation (at the 10 level) of the fine-structure constant from measurements of distant
1131:) is thought to be the only theory of gravity that satisfies the strong equivalence principle. A number of alternative theories, such as
4053:
1023:"All uncharged, freely falling test particles follow the same trajectories, once an initial position and velocity have been prescribed".
759:
7386:
2045:{\displaystyle {\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{m_{1}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}={\frac {M_{2}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{m_{2}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}}
1006:
showed that Galileo was right: acceleration is the same for all bodies subject to gravity on the Moon, even for a hammer and a feather.
7015:
6659:
6482:
6324:
6165:
1123:
139:
3786:
Einstein, Albert. "On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from it." Jahrb Radioaktivitat Elektronik 4 (1907): 411â462.
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6343:
6000:
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3771:
3699:
923:
In 1911 Einstein demonstrated the power of the equivalence principle by using it to predict that clocks run at different rates in a
848:
The equivalence principle can be considered an extension of the principle of relativity, the principle that the laws of physics are
165:
6220:
3629:
2750:{\displaystyle {\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{0}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}={\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}}
7340:
3441:
in the 1960s. The most precise measurement was done in 1976 by flying a hydrogen maser and comparing it to one on the ground. The
445:
7631:
6458:
58:
7053:
6503:
5330:
4551:
Philoponus, John; "Corollaries on Place and Void", translated by David Furley, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987
3466:
3462:
The present best limits on the variation of the fundamental constants have mainly been set by studying the naturally occurring
2436:
865:
352:
6313:
6185:
4703:
Zeeman, Pieter (1918) "Some experiments on gravitation: The ratio of mass to weight for crystals and radioactive substances",
7156:
3654:
3564:
3452:
1418:
1029:"... in a gravitational field the acceleration of a test particle is independent of its properties, including its rest mass."
7234:
6010:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. This is the standard technical reference for tests of general relativity.
3890:
7297:
3795:
Einstein, Albert. "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light." Annalen der Physik 35.898â908 (1911): 906.
485:
7587:
7329:
7164:
6078:
5899:
Voisin, G.; Cognard, I.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Guillemot, L.; Desvignes, G.; Kramer, M.; Theureau, G. (1 June 2020).
439:
147:
31:
6180:
6175:
5820:; et al. (4 July 2018). "Universality of free fall from the orbital motion of a pulsar in a stellar triple system".
2759:
In words, passive gravitational mass must be proportional to active gravitational mass for all objects. The difference,
505:
7151:
6291:
3659:
3433:
Testing local positional invariance divides in to tests in space and in time. Space-based tests use measurements of the
2951:
in 1971. He dropped a falcon feather and a hammer at the same time, showing on video that they landed at the same time.
6911:
6200:
6125:
7606:
7192:
6926:
6448:
6407:
4593:
Bessel, Friedrich W.; "Versuche Uber die Kraft, mit welcher die Erde Körper von verschiedner Beschaffenhelt anzieht",
3649:
3606:
3427:
3410:
other forces of nature. A positive detection, on the other hand, would provide a major guidepost towards unification.
910:
746:
237:
157:
6351:
6190:
4790:
Braginski, Vladimir Borisovich; Panov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1971). "ĐŃŃĐœĐ°Đ» ĐĐșŃпДŃĐžĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸĐč Đž ĐąĐ”ĐŸŃĐ”ŃĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐŸĐč ЀОзОĐșĐž".
3438:
3559:
Orbital variations due to gravitational self-energy should cause a "polarization" of solar system orbits called the
2944:
to give precision approaching 1 in a billion. Modern experiments have improved this by another factor of a million.
1050:
What is now called the "Einstein equivalence principle" states that the weak equivalence principle holds, and that:
7611:
7479:
6921:
6874:
6375:
5979:
Evidence for gravitational theories: proceedings of course 20 of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi"
650:
198:
6230:
6210:
450:
7509:
7135:
6816:
6283:
4810:
3442:
931:
in a gravitational field. He connected the equivalence principle to his earlier principle of special relativity:
262:
5753:
3593:
cannot have varied by more than 10% since the creation of the universe. The best data comes from studies of the
525:
7616:
7534:
7084:
6844:
6755:
6728:
6674:
6654:
6644:
6604:
6299:
6155:
6071:
3634:
3586:
3405:
Currently envisioned tests of the weak equivalence principle are approaching a degree of sensitivity such that
3356:
3055:
1691:{\displaystyle a_{1}={\frac {F_{1}}{m_{1}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}=a_{2}={\frac {F_{2}}{m_{2}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}}
905:
the gravitational field and the acceleration were "physically equivalent". Einstein stated this hypothesis as:
685:
675:
342:
7263:
7185:
6679:
404:
3806:
The Principle of Relativity: A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and General Theory of Relativity
1566:
then, by the weak equivalence principle, they fall at the same rate (i.e. their accelerations are the same).
6805:
6796:
6684:
3624:
3509:
3359:
which have placed limits on the differential acceleration of objects towards the Earth, the Sun and towards
2936:
of pendulums made with different materials as an alternative test giving the first precision measurements.
2059:
924:
670:
7352:
7258:
5900:
1132:
470:
7489:
7216:
6890:
6854:
6616:
6524:
6496:
6399:
6258:
4288:
3434:
1136:
1112:
1079:
640:
625:
232:
43:
A falling object behaves exactly the same on a planet or in an equivalent accelerating frame of reference.
6024:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1983. Chapter V discusses the equivalence principle.
5006:
BaeĂler, Stefan; et al. (2001). "Remarks by Heinrich Hertz (1857â94) on the equivalence principle".
4363:
Singh, Vishwa Vijay; MĂŒller, JĂŒrgen; Biskupek, Liliane; Hackmann, Eva; LĂ€mmerzahl, Claus (13 July 2023).
3077:
2937:
7626:
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6689:
6649:
6489:
6438:
6433:
6359:
6170:
6140:
5266:
4584:
Whitman, with the assistance of Julia Budenz, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1999
3963:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
1128:
615:
6058:
5208:
1063:
means that experimental setup must be small compared to variations in the gravitational field, called
7399:
7325:
7169:
6771:
6568:
6517:
6510:
6463:
6135:
6108:
5922:
5839:
5775:
5716:
5633:
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5506:
5449:
5389:
5314:
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5165:
5103:
5058:
5015:
4972:
4928:
4884:
4822:
4730:
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4637:
4386:
4337:
4280:
4207:
4097:
4018:
3970:
3912:
3863:
3733:
3598:
3585:
Most alternative theories of gravity predict a change in the gravity constant over time. Studies of
3574:
timing data. In 2014, astronomers discovered a stellar triple system containing a millisecond pulsar
3387:
1108:
928:
435:
4792:(Zhurnal Ăksperimental'noÄ I TeoreticheskoÄ Fiziki, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics)
4293:
4261:
Hadley, Mark J. (1997). "The Logic of Quantum Mechanics Derived from Classical General Relativity".
7621:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7291:
7240:
7058:
7043:
6869:
6800:
6748:
5430:
Overduin, James; Everitt, Francis; Mester, John; Worden, Paul (2009). "The Science Case for STEP".
3644:
3619:
2923:
849:
838:
630:
610:
600:
595:
580:
347:
7363:
5610:
Rocha, G; Trotta, R; Martins, C.J.A.P; Melchiorri, A; Avelino, P.P; Viana, P.T.P (November 2003).
4084:
Gyros, Clocks, Interferometers...: Testing Relativistic Gravity in Space. Lecture Notes in Physics
3371:
and Galileo Galilei â will test the weak equivalence principle in space, to much higher accuracy.
490:
7539:
7439:
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7196:
7147:
7089:
6998:
6916:
6834:
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6415:
6235:
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5946:
5912:
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5765:
5734:
5706:
5649:
5623:
5611:
5592:
5558:
5530:
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5465:
5439:
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5189:
5155:
5127:
5093:
5031:
4627:
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4376:
4306:
4270:
4197:
4135:
4123:
4087:
4034:
4008:
3958:
3936:
3902:
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3721:
3639:
3395:
3202:
1075:
966:
947:
897:
834:
807:
803:
791:
680:
565:
337:
242:
227:
188:
50:
6391:
5671:
2070:
4564:, Leyden, 1586; Dijksterhuis, Eduard J.; "The Principal Works of Simon Stevin", Amsterdam, 1955
1071:
experiment must be small enough so that its gravitational potential does not alter the result.
30:
This article is about the principle in gravitation. For the principle in electromagnetism, see
7549:
7419:
7381:
7373:
6974:
6931:
6622:
5996:
5938:
5901:"An improved test of the strong equivalence principle with the pulsar in a triple star system"
5855:
5791:
5584:
5522:
5376:
A.; Ereditato, A.; Ferragut, R.; Fontana, A.; Gerber, S.; Giammarchi, M.; et al. (2015).
5246:
5181:
5119:
4988:
4944:
4900:
4466:
4456:
4433:
4410:
4402:
4243:
4225:
4113:
4059:
3928:
3767:
3695:
3691:
1090:
560:
510:
285:
4758:
Renner, JĂĄnos (1935). "KĂsĂ©rleti vizsgĂĄlatok a tömegvonzĂĄs Ă©s tehetetlensĂ©g arĂĄnyossĂĄgĂĄrĂłl".
909:
we ... assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and a corresponding
7514:
7454:
7444:
7391:
7368:
6946:
6580:
6562:
6240:
5988:, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1973, Chapter 16 discusses the equivalence principle.
5930:
5926:
5847:
5783:
5724:
5641:
5576:
5514:
5457:
5407:
5397:
5322:
5238:
5173:
5111:
5066:
5023:
4980:
4936:
4892:
4830:
4738:
4684:
4645:
4607:
4394:
4345:
4298:
4233:
4215:
4105:
4026:
3978:
3920:
3871:
3840:
Clifton, Timothy; Ferreira, Pedro G.; Padilla, Antonio; Skordis, Constantinos (March 2012).
3741:
3683:
3560:
3492:
3368:
655:
635:
590:
570:
515:
17:
5287:"The Eöt-Wash Group | Laboratory Tests of Gravitational and sub-Gravitational Physics"
1542:
1495:
1468:
1191:
1164:
7529:
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7429:
7424:
7307:
7268:
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7174:
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6984:
6610:
6592:
6542:
6307:
6215:
6160:
6130:
6094:
5882:"Even Phenomenally Dense Neutron Stars Fall like a Feather â Einstein Gets It Right Again"
4364:
4147:
3575:
3379:
3364:
3180:
3015:
2977:
2941:
970:
901:
870:
799:
690:
665:
550:
545:
409:
290:
252:
7312:
6550:
6035:
5402:
4030:
460:
5843:
5779:
5720:
5693:
Viswanathan, V; Fienga, A; Minazzoli, O; Bernus, L; Laskar, J; Gastineau, M (May 2018).
5637:
5572:
5510:
5453:
5393:
5318:
5234:
5169:
5107:
5062:
5019:
4976:
4932:
4888:
4826:
4734:
4680:
4641:
4390:
4341:
4284:
4211:
4101:
4022:
3974:
3916:
3867:
3737:
7554:
7226:
7210:
7206:
7109:
7079:
6936:
6839:
6367:
6145:
5817:
4326:"An amusing analogy: modelling quantum-type behaviours with wormhole-based time travel"
4238:
4185:
3423:
1522:
733:
700:
695:
383:
247:
5027:
4365:"Equivalence of Active and Passive Gravitational Mass Tested with Lunar Laser Ranging"
3982:
3745:
7600:
7544:
7524:
7519:
7434:
7302:
7130:
7074:
6906:
6859:
6586:
6556:
6443:
5950:
5738:
5534:
5485:"The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status"
5484:
5258:
5035:
4852:
Keiser, George M.; Faller, James E. (1979). "New approach to the Eötvös experiment".
3940:
3684:
3449:
3390:
predict violations of the weak equivalence principle because they contain many light
3383:
826:
660:
620:
575:
555:
480:
378:
257:
5867:
5596:
5131:
4349:
4310:
4127:
4038:
2622:{\displaystyle F_{0}={\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{0}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}}
2527:{\displaystyle F_{1}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}}
1406:{\displaystyle F_{2}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{2}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}}
1303:{\displaystyle F_{1}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}}
7564:
7484:
7449:
6979:
6941:
6694:
6574:
5881:
5803:
5653:
5469:
5377:
5242:
5193:
5177:
5115:
4398:
3602:
3391:
3037:
2993:
2929:
1064:
878:
830:
605:
585:
5934:
5580:
3875:
4460:
3805:
2432:
Values of this parameter are used to compare tests of the equivalence principle.
7348:
7317:
6864:
6699:
6383:
6205:
5645:
5070:
3579:
3399:
3360:
2948:
2922:
but earlier by Simon Stevin who dropped lead balls of different masses off the
1116:
1003:
882:
495:
465:
6017:, Basic Books (1993). This is a popular account of tests of general relativity.
4940:
4896:
4834:
4649:
39:
7559:
7125:
6969:
6964:
6704:
5851:
5518:
5461:
4486:
3341:
950:) and in later years Einstein recalled the role of the equivalence principle:
874:
705:
267:
193:
6046:
5942:
5695:"The new lunar ephemeris INPOP17a and its application to fundamental physics"
5526:
4984:
4406:
4229:
4109:
3932:
6956:
5209:"MICROSCOPE Mission: Final Results of the Test of the Equivalence Principle"
4838:
4665:"A Determination of the Ratio of Mass to Weight for a Radioactive Substance"
3594:
2933:
1083:
999:
276:
5859:
5795:
5729:
5694:
5588:
5250:
5185:
5123:
4992:
4948:
4904:
4743:
4718:
4689:
4664:
4414:
4247:
6036:
Gravity and the principle of equivalence â The Feynman Lectures on Physics
3445:
requires compensation for this redshift to give accurate position values.
7499:
6849:
5628:
5563:
5307:
Experimental Tests of the Equivalence Principle and Newton's Law in Space
5286:
4809:
Shapiro, Irwin I.; Counselman, III; Charles, C.; King, Robert W. (1976).
4275:
3889:
Di Casola, Eolo; Liberati, Stefano; Sonego, Sebastiano (1 January 2015).
3720:
Everitt, C.W.F.; Damour, T.; Nordtvedt, K.; Reinhard, R. (October 2003).
3525:
645:
455:
295:
5787:
5378:"Testing the Weak Equivalence Principle with an antimatter beam at CERN"
4220:
3589:, analysis of pulsars, and the lunar laser ranging data have shown that
1151:
Inertial mass intrinsic to an object, the sum of all of its massâenergy.
5501:
5412:
4491:
4302:
2435:
A similar parameter can be used to compare passive and active mass. By
1157:
Active mass, the mass that determines the objects gravitational effect.
1119:. It is much more restrictive than the Einstein equivalence principle.
946:
Immediately after completing his work on a theory of gravity (known as
125:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
5326:
4780:, Annals of Physics, Volume 26, Issue 3, 20 February 1964, pp. 442â517
4542:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 117â119
4092:
3924:
7179:
5347:
4705:
Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
3571:
3529:
3456:
1161:
By definition of active and passive gravitational mass, the force on
5361:
4872:
27:
The hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
5917:
5834:
5711:
5225:
5160:
4632:
4381:
6063:
5770:
5444:
5098:
4871:
Niebauer, Timothy M.; McHugh, Martin P.; Faller, James E. (1987).
4325:
4202:
4013:
3907:
3858:
3567:. Up to the limit of one part in 10 there is no Nordtvedt effect.
1115:
be the same everywhere in the universe and is incompatible with a
981:
38:
4811:"Verification of the principle of equivalence for massive bodies"
2947:
A popular exposition of this measurement was done on the Moon by
2904:
is used to quantify differences between passive and active mass.
7160:
3463:
886:
795:
6744:
6067:
856:
and the laws of physics are unable to distinguish these cases.
6740:
4186:"The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment"
3722:"Historical perspective on testing the Equivalence Principle"
4719:"Some Experiments on the Proportionality of Mass and Weight"
4609:
Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Berichte aus Ungarn
1107:
force on themselves, such as stars, planets, black holes or
6015:
Was Einstein Right?: Putting General Relativity to the Test
1154:
Passive mass, the response to gravity, the object's weight.
5984:
Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; and Wheeler, John A.;
4778:
The equivalence of inertial and passive gravitational mass
5977:
Dicke, Robert H.; "Mach's Principle and Equivalence", in
4462:'Magic Is No Magic': The Wonderful World of Simon Stevin
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
2926:
and listened for the sound they made on a wooden plank.
3426:(called "clock anisotropy tests") and new forms of the
1310:
Likewise the force on a second object of arbitrary mass
896:
A version of the equivalence principle consistent with
6336:
Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen RelativitÀts-Theorie
5967:
Dicke, Robert H.; "New Research on Old Gravitation",
4330:
Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics
3994:
3992:
2765:
2637:
2540:
2445:
2108:
2073:
1920:
1706:
1572:
1545:
1525:
1498:
1471:
1421:
1324:
1221:
1194:
1167:
68:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
3430:. The anisotropy measures less than one part in 10.
820:
Newton's equation of motion in a gravitational field
7412:
7277:
7249:
7118:
7067:
7029:
7008:
6997:
6955:
6899:
6883:
6825:
6789:
6778:
6632:
6541:
6472:
6426:
6323:
6249:
6101:
4776:Roll, Peter G.; Krotkov, Robert; Dicke, Robert H.;
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
3764:
A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity
790:is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of
5668:"Fundamental Physics of Space â Technical Details"
3597:of Mars, based on three successive NASA missions,
2896:
2749:
2621:
2526:
2424:
2094:
2044:
1904:
1690:
1558:
1531:
1511:
1484:
1457:
1405:
1302:
1207:
1180:
124:
6269:Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement
6041:Introducing The Einstein Principle of Equivalence
5754:"A millisecond pulsar in a stellar triple system"
5699:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3677:
3675:
3563:. This effect has been sensitively tested by the
4432:(Facsim. ed.). Mineola (N.Y.): Dover publ.
2955:Chronology of weak equivalence principles tests
845:is a consequence of their fundamental identity.
5425:
5423:
4597:, Berlin: J. Ch. Poggendorff, 25 401â408 (1832)
952:
933:
907:
6276:Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
6008:Theory and experiment in gravitational physics
6756:
6079:
4487:"Weak Equivalence Principle test on the moon"
4077:
4075:
3757:
3755:
3355:Experiments are still being performed at the
767:
8:
5362:""GALILEO GALILEI" GG Small Mission Project"
5304:Dittus, Hansjörg; LÄmmerzahl, Claus (2005).
5271:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4179:
4177:
3459:. Other researchers dispute these findings.
4760:Mathematikai Ă©s TermĂ©szettudomĂĄnyi ĂrtesĂtĆ
4451:
4449:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
3808:. United Kingdom, Dover Publications, 1923.
3766:. Vol. 2. Courier Dover Publications.
3414:Tests of the Einstein equivalence principle
3369:Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle
1035:PhilosophiĂŠ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
7005:
6786:
6763:
6749:
6741:
6086:
6072:
6064:
4723:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
4669:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
3891:"Nonequivalence of equivalence principles"
3820:How I Constructed the Theory of Relativity
3473:Tests of changes in fundamental constants
2940:'s approach in 1908 used a very sensitive
2920:Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
774:
760:
326:
216:
46:
5916:
5833:
5769:
5728:
5710:
5627:
5562:
5500:
5443:
5411:
5401:
5224:
5159:
5097:
4854:Bulletin of the American Physical Society
4742:
4688:
4631:
4430:Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography
4380:
4292:
4274:
4237:
4219:
4201:
4091:
4012:
3957:Ghins, Michel; Budden, Tim (March 2001).
3906:
3857:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3548:Tests of the strong equivalence principle
3448:Time-based tests search for variation of
2876:
2875:
2870:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2611:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2516:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2410:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2339:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2269:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2198:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2107:
2072:
2021:
2020:
2015:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1550:
1544:
1524:
1503:
1497:
1476:
1470:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1395:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1292:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1199:
1193:
1172:
1166:
113:
104:
92:
73:
67:
6710:Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
3762:Whittaker, Sir Edmund (1 January 1989).
3471:
2953:
6055:at Living Reviews on General Relativity
3671:
2913:Tests of the weak equivalence principle
1458:{\displaystyle F=m^{\mathrm {inert} }a}
396:
370:
329:
275:
49:
6454:Albert Einstein World Award of Science
5752:Ransom, Scott M.; et al. (2014).
5264:
4538:Ciufolini, Ignazio; Wheeler, John A.;
4499:from the original on 21 December 2021.
4143:
4133:
1314:due to the gravitational field of mass
5993:Gravitation and Spacetime 2nd edition
5382:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
7:
5483:Uzan, Jean-Philippe (7 April 2003).
3487:Limit on fractional change per year
1143:Active, passive, and inertial masses
911:acceleration of the reference system
7335:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff equation
7288:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker
4873:"Galilean test for the fifth force"
4184:Will, Clifford M. (December 2014).
4086:. Vol. 562. pp. 195â212.
6483:Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel
6196:EinsteinâInfeldâHoffmann equations
6166:Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
6053:The Einstein Equivalence Principle
6022:Foundations of Space-Time Theories
5991:Ohanian, Hans; and Ruffini, Remo;
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1188:due to the gravitational field of
85:
25:
7105:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein equation
6344:The Einstein Theory of Relativity
3367:. Future satellite experiments â
7583:
7582:
6723:
6722:
6459:Einstein Prize for Laser Science
4058:. World Scientific. p. 82.
3842:"Modified gravity and cosmology"
3804:Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, et al.
885:is independent of the amount of
741:
740:
727:
57:
6504:Einstein: His Life and Universe
4459:; Vanden Berghe, Guido (2008).
3467:natural nuclear fission reactor
1415:By definition of inertial mass:
866:History of gravitational theory
6912:Massâenergy equivalence (E=mc)
6126:Massâenergy equivalence (E=mc)
5612:"New constraints on varying α"
5403:10.1088/1742-6596/631/1/012047
5243:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121102
5178:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.231101
5116:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.041101
4562:De Beghinselen der Weeghconst
4399:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.021401
4263:Foundations of Physics Letters
4031:10.1088/0264-9381/29/18/184002
3959:"The Principle of Equivalence"
3655:Unsolved problems in astronomy
3630:Einstein's thought experiments
3565:Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment
2534:must be equal and opposite to
2124:
2112:
2089:
2077:
1046:Einstein equivalence principle
936:field seem a matter of course.
1:
5581:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.091301
5008:Classical and Quantum Gravity
4595:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
4001:Classical and Quantum Gravity
3983:10.1016/S1355-2198(00)00038-1
3876:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.01.001
3746:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90335-8
3378:Proposals that may lead to a
873:compared different materials
32:surface equivalence principle
5905:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4190:Living Reviews in Relativity
3660:Unsolved problems in physics
3289:Adelberger, Eric G.; et al.
2437:Newton's third law of motion
1102:Strong equivalence principle
18:Strong equivalence principle
6927:Relativistic Doppler effect
6449:Albert Einstein Peace Prize
6226:Unsuccessful investigations
5935:10.1051/0004-6361/202038104
5646:10.1016/j.newar.2003.07.018
5071:10.1103/physrevlett.83.3585
5028:10.1088/0264-9381/18/13/301
4663:Southerns, Leonard (1910).
3895:American Journal of Physics
3650:Tests of general relativity
3607:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3428:Michelson-Morley experiment
1002:mission in 1971, astronaut
822:, written out in full, is:
238:Gravitational time dilation
7648:
7398:In computational physics:
6922:Relativity of simultaneity
6376:Picasso at the Lapin Agile
6314:RussellâEinstein Manifesto
6186:BoseâEinstein correlations
5995:, New York: Norton, 1994,
5886:Charles Blue, Paul Vosteen
5432:Advances in Space Research
4941:10.1103/physrevlett.62.609
4897:10.1103/physrevlett.59.609
4835:10.1103/physrevlett.36.555
4717:Potter, Harold H. (1923).
4650:10.1103/PhysRevD.61.022001
4465:. WIT Press. p. 154.
3726:Advances in Space Research
2095:{\displaystyle \eta (A,B)}
1014:Weak equivalence principle
863:
358:MathissonâPapapetrouâDixon
199:Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
29:
7580:
7235:LenseâThirring precession
6817:Doubly special relativity
6718:
6284:The Meaning of Relativity
6047:The Equivalence Principle
5852:10.1038/s41586-018-0265-1
5519:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.403
5489:Reviews of Modern Physics
5462:10.1016/j.asr.2009.02.012
4707:, Amsterdam 20(4) 542â553
4350:10.1088/1464-4266/4/4/319
4324:Durand, Stéphane (2002).
3686:The Meaning of Relativity
3682:Einstein, Albert (2003).
3453:constants and mass ratios
3443:Global positioning system
3380:quantum theory of gravity
7095:Post-Newtonian formalism
7085:Einstein field equations
7021:Mathematical formulation
6845:Hyperbolic orthogonality
6675:Albert Einstein Archives
6605:Bernhard Caesar Einstein
6352:Relics: Einstein's Brain
6300:The Evolution of Physics
6181:BoseâEinstein statistics
6176:BoseâEinstein condensate
6156:Einstein field equations
6043:from Syracuse University
4985:10.1103/physrevd.42.3267
4879:(Submitted manuscript).
4616:(Leipzig) 68 11 (1922);
4428:Drake, Stillman (2003).
4110:10.1007/3-540-40988-2_10
4055:Five-dimensional Physics
4052:Wesson, Paul S. (2006).
3635:Gauge gravitation theory
3587:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
3398:, which should generate
3357:University of Washington
3056:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
969:. This was developed by
818:In classical mechanics,
363:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein
343:Einstein field equations
166:Mathematical formulation
7632:Philosophy of astronomy
6806:Galilean transformation
6797:Principle of relativity
6685:Einstein Papers Project
6201:Einsteinâde Haas effect
5927:2020A&A...638A..24V
5551:Physical Review Letters
5213:Physical Review Letters
5148:Physical Review Letters
5086:Physical Review Letters
5051:Physical Review Letters
4921:Physical Review Letters
4877:Physical Review Letters
4815:Physical Review Letters
4540:Gravitation and Inertia
4369:Physical Review Letters
3510:fine-structure constant
1139:add additional fields.
1111:. It requires that the
925:gravitational potential
6891:Lorentz transformation
6617:Thomas Martin Einstein
6525:Introducing Relativity
6497:Einstein for Beginners
6400:Einstein and Eddington
6191:EinsteinâCartan theory
5291:www.npl.washington.edu
4744:10.1098/rspa.1923.0130
4690:10.1098/rspa.1910.0078
3439:PoundâRebka experiment
3435:gravitational redshift
2898:
2751:
2623:
2528:
2426:
2096:
2046:
1906:
1692:
1560:
1533:
1519:are the same distance
1513:
1486:
1459:
1407:
1304:
1209:
1182:
1137:Einstein-aether theory
1113:gravitational constant
1094:kinds of experiments.
1080:gravitational redshift
1007:
963:
944:
921:
877:to determine that the
233:Gravitational redshift
126:
44:
7359:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
7100:Raychaudhuri equation
7039:Equivalence principle
6690:Einstein refrigerator
6680:Einstein's Blackboard
6559:(second wife; cousin)
6490:Einstein and Religion
6439:Albert Einstein Medal
6434:Albert Einstein Award
6292:The World as I See It
6231:Waveâparticle duality
6211:BohrâEinstein debates
6171:Cosmological constant
6151:Equivalence principle
6141:Einstein coefficients
5616:New Astronomy Reviews
3690:. Routledge. p.
3437:, the classic is the
3325:Schlamminger, et al.
3029:Pendulum, drop tower
2899:
2752:
2624:
2529:
2427:
2097:
2047:
1907:
1693:
1561:
1559:{\displaystyle m_{0}}
1534:
1514:
1512:{\displaystyle m_{2}}
1487:
1485:{\displaystyle m_{1}}
1460:
1408:
1305:
1210:
1208:{\displaystyle M_{0}}
1183:
1181:{\displaystyle M_{1}}
1129:cosmological constant
1109:Cavendish experiments
1086:of symmetric metric.
997:
788:equivalence principle
521:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
476:KerrâNewmanâde Sitter
296:EinsteinâRosen bridge
228:Gravitational lensing
184:Equivalence principle
127:
42:
7400:Numerical relativity
7241:pulsar timing arrays
6569:Hans Albert Einstein
6518:I Am Albert Einstein
6464:Einstein Prize (APS)
6136:Photoelectric effect
6109:Theory of relativity
5888:. NRAO. 4 July 2018.
5730:10.1093/mnras/sty096
5336:on 17 December 2008.
3599:Mars Global Surveyor
3388:loop quantum gravity
3229:Lunar laser ranging
2763:
2635:
2538:
2443:
2106:
2071:
1918:
1704:
1570:
1543:
1523:
1496:
1469:
1419:
1322:
1219:
1192:
1165:
451:EinsteinâRosen waves
177:Fundamental concepts
66:
7292:Friedmann equations
7186:HulseâTaylor binary
7148:Gravitational waves
7044:Riemannian geometry
6870:Proper acceleration
6855:Maxwell's equations
6801:Galilean relativity
6221:Thought experiments
6020:Friedman, Michael;
6013:Will, Clifford M.;
6006:Will, Clifford M.;
5844:2018Natur.559...73A
5788:10.1038/nature12917
5780:2014Natur.505..520R
5721:2018MNRAS.476.1877V
5674:on 28 November 2016
5638:2003NewAR..47..863R
5573:2001PhRvL..87i1301W
5511:2003RvMP...75..403U
5454:2009AdSpR..43.1532O
5394:2015JPhCS.631a2047K
5319:2005AIPC..758...95D
5235:2022PhRvL.129l1102T
5170:2017PhRvL.119w1101T
5108:2008PhRvL.100d1101S
5063:1999PhRvL..83.3585B
5020:2001CQGra..18.2393B
4977:1990PhRvD..42.3267A
4933:1989PhRvL..62..609S
4889:1987PhRvL..59..609N
4841:on 22 January 2014.
4827:1976PhRvL..36..555S
4735:1923RSPSA.104..588P
4681:1910RSPSA..84..325S
4642:1999PhRvD..61b2001S
4391:2023PhRvL.131b1401S
4342:2002JOptB...4S.351D
4285:1997FoPhL..10...43H
4221:10.12942/lrr-2014-4
4212:2014LRR....17....4W
4102:2001LNP...562..195H
4023:2012CQGra..29r4002W
3975:2001SHPMP..32...33G
3917:2015AmJPh..83...39D
3868:2012PhR...513....1C
3738:2003AdSpR..32.1297E
3620:Classical mechanics
3474:
3396:Compton wavelengths
2956:
2891:
2865:
2835:
2809:
2744:
2718:
2688:
2662:
2605:
2579:
2510:
2484:
2039:
2010:
1977:
1948:
1898:
1857:
1831:
1799:
1758:
1732:
1685:
1626:
1389:
1363:
1286:
1260:
889:being accelerated.
839:gravitational field
837:Ă intensity of the
405:KaluzaâKlein theory
291:Minkowski spacetime
243:Gravitational waves
7607:General relativity
7341:ReissnerâNordström
7259:BransâDicke theory
7090:Linearized gravity
6917:Length contraction
6835:Frame of reference
6812:Special relativity
6670:Things named after
6532:Subtle is the Lord
6355:(1994 documentary)
6347:(1923 documentary)
6339:(1922 documentary)
6236:Gravitational wave
6119:General relativity
6114:Special relativity
4614:Annalen der Physik
4606:R. v. Eötvös 1890
4457:Devreese, Jozef T.
4303:10.1007/BF02764119
3817:Einstein, Albert,
3640:General covariance
3472:
2954:
2908:Experimental tests
2894:
2866:
2843:
2810:
2787:
2747:
2719:
2696:
2663:
2640:
2619:
2580:
2557:
2524:
2485:
2462:
2422:
2092:
2057:The dimensionless
2042:
2011:
1985:
1949:
1923:
1902:
1870:
1832:
1809:
1771:
1733:
1710:
1688:
1657:
1598:
1556:
1529:
1509:
1482:
1455:
1403:
1364:
1341:
1300:
1261:
1238:
1205:
1178:
1133:BransâDicke theory
1076:Lorentz invariance
1008:
967:special relativity
948:general relativity
900:was introduced by
898:special relativity
835:gravitational mass
808:general relativity
804:special relativity
734:Physics portal
506:OppenheimerâSnyder
446:ReissnerâNordström
338:Linearized gravity
286:Spacetime diagrams
189:Special relativity
122:
51:General relativity
45:
7612:Fictitious forces
7594:
7593:
7408:
7407:
7387:OzsvĂĄthâSchĂŒcking
6993:
6992:
6975:Minkowski diagram
6932:Thomas precession
6875:Relativistic mass
6738:
6737:
6640:Awards and honors
6623:Siegbert Einstein
6511:Einstein's Cosmos
5818:Anne M. Archibald
5764:(7484): 520â524.
5622:(8â10): 863â869.
5438:(10): 1532â1537.
5327:10.1063/1.1900510
4971:(10): 3267â3292.
4965:Physical Review D
4620:Physical Review D
4119:978-3-540-41236-6
4065:978-981-256-661-4
3925:10.1119/1.4895342
3625:Eötvös experiment
3545:
3544:
3353:
3352:
3305:Baessler, et al.
3257:Niebauer, et al.
2924:Delft churchtower
2892:
2836:
2745:
2689:
2631:It follows that:
2617:
2522:
2417:
2404:
2387:
2364:
2333:
2316:
2293:
2263:
2246:
2223:
2192:
2175:
2152:
2040:
1978:
1900:
1801:
1686:
1627:
1532:{\displaystyle r}
1401:
1298:
1091:Leonard I. Schiff
995:
927:, and light rays
784:
783:
417:
416:
303:
302:
16:(Redirected from
7639:
7586:
7585:
7369:van Stockum dust
7141:Two-body problem
7059:Mach's principle
7006:
6947:Terrell rotation
6787:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6742:
6726:
6725:
6625:(distant cousin)
6619:(great-grandson)
6581:Hermann Einstein
6563:Lieserl Einstein
6241:Tea leaf paradox
6088:
6081:
6074:
6065:
5955:
5954:
5920:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5837:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5773:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5732:
5714:
5705:(2): 1877â1888.
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5670:. Archived from
5664:
5658:
5657:
5631:
5629:astro-ph/0309205
5607:
5601:
5600:
5566:
5564:astro-ph/0012539
5545:
5539:
5538:
5504:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5447:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5405:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5329:. Archived from
5312:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5270:
5262:
5228:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5163:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5101:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4837:. Archived from
4806:
4800:
4799:
4787:
4781:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4729:(728): 588â610.
4714:
4708:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4675:(571): 325â344.
4660:
4654:
4653:
4635:
4604:
4598:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4501:
4500:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4384:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4336:(4): S351âS357.
4321:
4315:
4314:
4296:
4278:
4276:quant-ph/9706018
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4223:
4205:
4181:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4095:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4016:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3861:
3837:
3824:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3732:(7): 1297â1300.
3717:
3706:
3705:
3689:
3679:
3645:Mach's principle
3561:Nordtvedt effect
3493:weak interaction
3475:
3333:Torsion balance
3330:
3317:Torsion balance
3314:
3312:
3297:Torsion balance
3294:
3281:Torsion balance
3278:
3262:
3246:
3244:
3226:
3221:Shapiro, et al.
3213:Torsion balance
3210:
3194:Torsion balance
3191:
3189:
3171:Torsion balance
3168:
3166:
3148:
3146:
3131:Torsion balance
3128:
3126:
3108:
3106:
3091:Torsion balance
3088:
3086:
3066:
3064:
3044:
3026:
3024:
3004:
3002:
2957:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2795:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2639:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1708:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:
996:
961:
942:
919:
776:
769:
762:
749:
744:
743:
736:
732:
731:
516:van Stockum dust
501:RobertsonâWalker
327:
217:
131:
129:
128:
123:
121:
120:
108:
100:
99:
81:
80:
61:
47:
21:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7617:Albert Einstein
7597:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7576:
7404:
7308:BKL singularity
7298:LemaĂźtreâTolman
7273:
7269:Quantum gravity
7251:
7245:
7231:geodetic effect
7205:(together with
7175:LISA Pathfinder
7114:
7063:
7049:Penrose diagram
7031:
7025:
7000:
6989:
6985:Minkowski space
6951:
6895:
6879:
6827:
6821:
6781:
6774:
6769:
6739:
6734:
6714:
6665:Religious views
6660:Political views
6628:
6613:(granddaughter)
6611:Evelyn Einstein
6599:Robert Einstein
6593:Eduard Einstein
6537:
6474:
6468:
6422:
6392:Einstein's Gift
6326:
6319:
6260:Annus mirabilis
6245:
6216:Teleparallelism
6161:Einstein radius
6131:Brownian motion
6097:
6095:Albert Einstein
6092:
6032:
6027:
5963:
5961:Further reading
5958:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5828:(7712): 73â76.
5816:
5815:
5811:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5429:
5428:
5421:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5310:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5263:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4821:(11): 555â558.
4808:
4807:
4803:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4771:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4698:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4617:
4605:
4601:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4560:Stevin, Simon;
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4504:
4495:. 18 May 2007.
4485:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4294:10.1.1.252.6335
4260:
4259:
4255:
4183:
4182:
4155:
4142:
4132:
4120:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4051:
4050:
4046:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3846:Physics Reports
3839:
3838:
3827:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3719:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3615:
3550:
3416:
3365:Galactic Center
3328:
3310:
3308:
3292:
3276:
3273:Stubbs, et al.
3260:
3242:
3240:
3237:Keiser, Faller
3224:
3208:
3187:
3185:
3179:Roll, Krotkov,
3164:
3162:
3144:
3142:
3124:
3122:
3104:
3102:
3084:
3082:
3062:
3060:
3042:
3022:
3020:
3016:Galileo Galilei
3000:
2998:
2978:John Philoponus
2942:torsion balance
2915:
2910:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2633:
2632:
2607:
2556:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2512:
2461:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2378:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2307:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2237:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2166:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2104:
2103:
2069:
2068:
1916:
1915:
1860:
1859:
1808:
1761:
1760:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1647:
1632:
1588:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1521:
1520:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1391:
1340:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1288:
1237:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1145:
1104:
1057:
1048:
1016:
982:
980:
962:
959:
943:
940:
920:
917:
902:Albert Einstein
868:
862:
816:
800:Albert Einstein
780:
739:
726:
725:
718:
717:
541:
540:
531:
530:
486:LemaĂźtreâTolman
431:
430:
419:
418:
410:Quantum gravity
397:Advanced theory
324:
323:
322:
305:
304:
253:Geodetic effect
214:
213:
204:
203:
179:
178:
162:
132:
109:
88:
69:
64:
63:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7645:
7643:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7599:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7495:Choquet-Bruhat
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7347:Axisymmetric:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7286:Cosmological:
7283:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7255:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7227:frame-dragging
7224:
7219:
7214:
7211:Einstein rings
7207:Einstein cross
7200:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7154:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7110:Ernst equation
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7080:BSSN formalism
7077:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7012:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Ladder paradox
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6840:Speed of light
6837:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6793:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6403:(2008 TV film)
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6368:Young Einstein
6364:
6360:Insignificance
6356:
6348:
6340:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6311:
6308:Why Socialism?
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6146:Einstein solid
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6031:
6030:External links
6028:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5891:
5873:
5809:
5744:
5685:
5659:
5602:
5540:
5502:hep-ph/0205340
5495:(2): 403â455.
5475:
5419:
5367:
5353:
5339:
5296:
5278:
5219:(12): 121102.
5199:
5154:(23): 231101.
5137:
5076:
5041:
4998:
4954:
4927:(6): 609â612.
4910:
4883:(6): 609â612.
4863:
4844:
4801:
4782:
4769:
4750:
4709:
4696:
4655:
4599:
4586:
4576:
4566:
4553:
4544:
4502:
4478:
4471:
4445:
4438:
4420:
4355:
4316:
4253:
4153:
4144:|journal=
4118:
4071:
4064:
4044:
4007:(18): 184002.
3988:
3949:
3881:
3852:(1â3): 1â189.
3825:
3810:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3772:
3751:
3707:
3700:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3576:PSR J0337+1715
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3424:speed of light
3415:
3412:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:Fluid support
3247:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1553:
1549:
1528:
1506:
1502:
1479:
1475:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1202:
1198:
1175:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1103:
1100:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1012:
979:
976:
960:Einstein, 1922
957:
941:Einstein, 1911
938:
918:Einstein, 1907
915:
893:equivalence".
875:experimentally
861:
858:
842:
841:
815:
812:
782:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
737:
720:
719:
716:
715:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
538:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
432:
426:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
391:
389:Post-Newtonian
386:
381:
373:
372:
368:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
332:
331:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
288:
280:
279:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Frame-dragging
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
223:Kepler problem
215:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
142:
134:
133:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
72:
62:
54:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7644:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7589:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Chandrasekhar
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7440:Schwarzschild
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7326:Schwarzschild
7323:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7222:Shapiro delay
7220:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7165:collaboration
7162:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7131:Event horizon
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:ADM formalism
7073:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:Biquaternions
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6907:Time dilation
6905:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:Proper length
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6587:Maja Einstein
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6557:Elsa Einstein
6555:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:Kalinga Prize
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:(2017 series)
6410:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:0-393-96501-5
5998:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5686:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5557:(9): 091301.
5556:
5552:
5544:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5388:(1): 012047.
5387:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5309:
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5300:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
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5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
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5179:
5175:
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5167:
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5157:
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5149:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5092:(4): 041101.
5091:
5087:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
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5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4999:
4994:
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4974:
4970:
4966:
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4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
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4906:
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4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
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4864:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4845:
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4828:
4824:
4820:
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4805:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4765:
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4754:
4751:
4745:
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4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4626:(2): 022001.
4625:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4580:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4533:
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4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4472:9781845643911
4468:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4439:9780486495422
4435:
4431:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4375:(2): 021401.
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4286:
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4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
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4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
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4217:
4213:
4209:
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4199:
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4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
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4162:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4093:gr-qc/0103067
4089:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3773:0-486-26126-3
3769:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3701:9781134449798
3697:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:dimensionless
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:non-discovery
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:scalar fields
3389:
3385:
3384:string theory
3381:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3078:Lorånd Eötvös
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:Investigator
2962:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:Lorånd Eötvös
2935:
2932:measured the
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2871:
2867:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2815:
2811:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2724:
2720:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2668:
2664:
2645:
2641:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2585:
2581:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2517:
2513:
2490:
2486:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2433:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2285:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2016:
2012:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1954:
1950:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1837:
1833:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1738:
1734:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1551:
1547:
1526:
1504:
1500:
1477:
1473:
1452:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1396:
1392:
1369:
1365:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1293:
1289:
1266:
1262:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1200:
1196:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1001:
977:
975:
972:
968:
956:
951:
949:
937:
932:
930:
926:
914:
912:
906:
903:
899:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:inertial mass
825:
824:
823:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:inertial mass
793:
792:gravitational
789:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
755:
754:
748:
738:
735:
730:
724:
723:
722:
721:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:Chandrasekhar
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:Schwarzschild
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
535:
534:
527:
526:HartleâThorne
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
441:
437:
436:Schwarzschild
434:
433:
429:
423:
422:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
318:
315:
314:
309:
308:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Event horizon
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
208:
207:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
173:
172:
167:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
117:
114:
110:
105:
101:
96:
93:
89:
82:
77:
74:
70:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7627:Acceleration
7570:
7264:KaluzaâKlein
7038:
7016:Introduction
6942:Twin paradox
6727:
6695:Einsteinhaus
6575:Pauline Koch
6553:(first wife)
6551:Mileva MariÄ
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6358:
6350:
6342:
6334:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6259:
6150:
6049:at MathPages
6021:
6014:
6007:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5968:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5885:
5876:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5761:
5757:
5747:
5702:
5698:
5688:
5676:. Retrieved
5672:the original
5662:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5435:
5431:
5385:
5381:
5370:
5356:
5342:
5331:the original
5306:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5267:cite journal
5216:
5212:
5202:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5057:(18): 3585.
5054:
5050:
5044:
5014:(13): 2393.
5011:
5007:
5001:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4839:the original
4818:
4814:
4804:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4539:
4490:
4481:
4461:
4429:
4423:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4269:(1): 43â60.
4266:
4262:
4256:
4193:
4189:
4083:
4054:
4047:
4004:
4000:
3969:(1): 33â51.
3966:
3962:
3952:
3944:
3901:(1): 39â46.
3898:
3894:
3884:
3849:
3845:
3819:
3813:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3763:
3729:
3725:
3685:
3603:Mars Odyssey
3590:
3584:
3580:white dwarfs
3569:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3461:
3447:
3432:
3420:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3400:fifth forces
3377:
3373:
3354:
3349:Earth orbit
3074:1908 (1922)
3038:Isaac Newton
2994:Simon Stevin
2966:Sensitivity
2946:
2930:Isaac Newton
2928:
2916:
2758:
2630:
2434:
2066:Eötvös ratio
2065:
2058:
2056:
2053:
1913:
1699:
1414:
1160:
1146:
1121:
1105:
1096:
1089:Around 1960
1088:
1073:
1068:
1065:tidal forces
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1017:
1009:
971:Robert Dicke
964:
953:
945:
934:
922:
908:
895:
891:
879:acceleration
869:
853:
847:
843:
831:acceleration
817:
787:
785:
711:
671:Raychaudhuri
183:
140:Introduction
36:
7353:KerrâNewman
7324:Spherical:
7193:Other tests
7136:Singularity
7068:Formulation
7030:Fundamental
6884:Formulation
6865:Proper time
6826:Fundamental
6700:Einsteinium
6473:Books about
6419:(2023 film)
6416:Oppenheimer
6395:(2003 play)
6387:(1994 film)
6379:(1993 play)
6371:(1988 film)
6363:(1985 film)
6206:EPR paradox
5986:Gravitation
5413:2434/457743
3532:mass ratio
3361:dark matter
3265:Drop tower
3007:Drop tower
2985:Drop tower
2949:David Scott
1914:Therefore:
1117:fifth force
1004:David Scott
998:During the
978:Definitions
883:gravitation
686:van Stockum
616:Oppenheimer
471:KerrâNewman
263:Singularity
7622:Principles
7601:Categories
7505:Zel'dovich
7413:Scientists
7392:Alcubierre
7199:of Mercury
7197:precession
7126:Black hole
7009:Background
7001:relativity
6970:World line
6965:Light cone
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6772:Relativity
6705:Max Talmey
6607:(grandson)
6565:(daughter)
6325:In popular
5918:2005.01388
5835:1807.02059
5712:1710.09167
5226:2209.15487
5161:1712.01176
4633:2405.10982
4382:2212.09407
3667:References
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3342:MICROSCOPE
3099:Southerns
2062:-parameter
1055:performed.
864:See also:
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371:Formalisms
319:Formalisms
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7475:Robertson
7460:Friedmann
7455:Eddington
7445:de Sitter
7279:Solutions
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7119:Phenomena
7054:Geodesics
6957:Spacetime
6900:Phenomena
5951:218486794
5943:0004-6361
5771:1401.0535
5739:119454879
5535:118684485
5527:0034-6861
5445:0902.2247
5348:"S T e P"
5259:252468544
5099:0712.0607
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4612:, 8, 65;
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4289:CiteSeerX
4230:2367-3613
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3941:119110646
3933:0002-9505
3908:1310.7426
3859:1106.2476
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3111:Pendulum
3069:Pendulum
3047:Pendulum
2839:−
2205:−
2110:η
2075:η
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1000:Apollo 15
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581:Nordström
571:de Sitter
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7588:Category
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7380:Others:
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6310:" (1949)
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