550:"Strategic National Stockpile is the nation’s largest supply of life-saving pharmaceuticals and medical supplies for use in a public health emergency severe enough to cause local supplies to run out. When state, local, tribal, and territorial responders request federal assistance to support their response efforts, the stockpile ensures that the right medicines and supplies get to those who need them most during an emergency. Organized for scalable response to a variety of public health threats, this repository contains enough supplies to respond to multiple large-scale emergencies simultaneously."
230:, a fiction book about a mad scientist spreading a virus throughout New York City. As a result, Clinton held a meeting with scientists and cabinet officials to discuss the threat of bioterrorism. He was so impressed that he asked the experts to meet with senior-level aides at the Department of Defense and in the Department of Health and Human Services. At that time, the government had stockpiles of medications for military personnel, but did not have them for civilians. Shortly after,
431:
390:
558:"The Strategic National Stockpile's role is to supplement state and local supplies during public health emergencies. Many states have products stockpiled, as well. The supplies, medicines, and devices for life-saving care contained in the stockpile can be used as a short-term stopgap buffer when the immediate supply of adequate amounts of these materials may not be immediately available."
129:"The Strategic National Stockpile's role is to supplement state and local supplies during public health emergencies. Many states have products stockpiled, as well. The supplies, medicines, and devices for life-saving care contained in the stockpile can be used as a short-term stopgap buffer when the immediate supply of adequate amounts of these materials may not be immediately available."
438:
436:
433:
432:
437:
647:
alleged mismanagement involving the
Strategic National Stockpile, stating, "In one telling example, The Times found, the government approved a plan in 2015 to buy tens of millions of N95 respirators — lifesaving equipment for medical workers that has been in short supply because of Covid-19 — but the
1404:
You also have a situation where, in some states, FEMA allocated ventilators to the states. And you have instances where, in cities, they're running out, but the state still has a stockpile. And the notion of the federal stockpile was it's supposed to be our stockpile; it's not supposed to be state
632:
vaccine supply from their
Strategic National Stockpile for people who are "high-risk". On May 27, 2022, the CDC specified the indications for the Jynneos vaccine: research laboratory personnel, clinical laboratory personnel performing diagnostic testing for orthopoxviruses, designated response team
435:
317:
in
September 2005, the CDC deployed SNS assets, technical assistance and response units, plus the newly developed and rapidly deployable "federal medical contingency stations" to state-approved locations near or in the disaster areas. The contingency stations, later renamed Federal Medical Stations
267:
In 2005 and in preparation for a predictable pandemic influenza, the Bush administration called for the coordination of domestic production and stockpiling of protective personal equipment. In 2006, the US Congress funded the integration of protective equipment to a
Strategic National Stockpile: 52
406:
From 2017 to 2019, the Trump administration failed to replace masks and other supplies used in earlier disasters. In May 2020, in a House subcommittee meeting, whistle-blower Dr. Rick Bright, previous director of
Department of Health and Human Services’ Biomedical Advanced Research and Development
170:
Each push pack weighs about 50 short tons (100,000 lb; 45 t; 45,000 kg). Its contents include broad-spectrum oral and intravenous antibiotics, emergency medicines, IV fluids and kits, airway equipment, bandages, vaccines, antitoxins, and ventilators. The material deploys by unmarked
145:
The actual supply of drugs and supplies that make up the SNS are located in 12 secret locations strategically placed throughout the US. The locations appear to look like ordinary commercial warehouses. Inside the warehouses, supplies are stacked on shelves that can measure five stories high. Armed
648:
masks repeatedly lost out in the competition for funding over the years leading up to the pandemic, according to five former federal health officials involved in the effort. During the same period, Emergent sold the government nearly $ 1 billion in anthrax vaccines, financial disclosures show."
243:
The US Congress appropriated funds for the CDC to create a pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpile to handle biological and chemical threats from disease that could affect large numbers of the US civilian population, in Public Law 105–277 dated
October 21, 1998. The original name was the National
373:
in which tens of millions of masks were distributed, fiscal constraints imposed by the agency's $ 600 million annual budget led officials to decide that replenishing a large inventory of N95 face masks was of less priority than stockpiling other equipment and drugs for diseases and disasters.
396:
395:
392:
391:
397:
398:
2501:
394:
657:
477:
to respond to their surging infection rates. In March 2020, SNS director Steven Adams said it had stockpiled 13 million masks and had placed an order for 500 million more by
September 2021. The SNS was criticized for containing over 5 million expired masks.
538:
commented "The notion of the federal stockpile was it's supposed to be our stockpile. It's not supposed to be states' stockpiles that they then use." The idea that the stockpile was not a backup for states that run out of supplies was disputed by
Governor
1698:"Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022"
2017:
2835:
1405:
stockpiles that they then use. So we're encouraging the states to make sure that they're assessing the needs, they're getting the data from their local — local situations, and then trying to fill it with the supplies that we've given them.
596:, and Vyaire. Additionally, they contracted with Hamilton and Zoll for ventilator production without using the DPA. The seven contracts were expected to produce 137,431 ventilators by the end of 2020 at a total cost of $ 1.435 billion.
1322:
1387:
1355:
1219:
2729:
1591:
434:
2808:
2774:
2032:
2791:
667:
review and revise the contents of the
Stockpile to ensure that the potential depletion of countermeasures currently in the Stockpile is identified and appropriately addressed, including through necessary
252:
The federal government implemented a pandemic blueprint for distribution of
Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E.) from the Strategic National Stockpile, in coordination with public and private efforts.
342:
under the HHS Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. In 2014, responding to stakeholder feedback, a 50-bed FMS cache was developed and made available in addition to the original 250-bed FMS.
1984:
411:
664:
submit to the appropriate congressional committees, to the extent that the disclosure of such information does not compromise national security, the annual review of the contents of the Stockpile; and
175:
provides armed security from these federal sites to local destinations. The SNS has adequate vaccines and countermeasures in its stockpile, including 300 million smallpox treatment courses and enough
208:, the United States accumulated a civil defense medical stockpile at 32 storage facilities. The supplies began to degrade in the 1960s, and were disposed of and the stockpile program closed in 1974.
878:
393:
2100:
1314:
2069:
1560:
1377:
2552:
2354:
1937:
1521:
2155:
2083:
71:
1345:
2149:
2139:
1587:
1556:
1318:
415:
261:
1481:
532:
3041:
828:
612:
in indoor public spaces. The Biden administration announced it would distribute 400 million N95 masks from the SNS which started arriving in late January and early February.
565:
announced on April 5, 2020, that it would return more than 400 ventilators it had received from the Stockpile "... to help states facing higher numbers of COVID-19 cases."
853:
1881:
318:(FMS), are caches of equipment and supplies provided by the SNS, set up in local "buildings of opportunity" and staffed by local or federal medical personnel to provide
1645:
3046:
925:
976:
740:
2840:
2796:
1999:
1583:
240:
had moved to change that. By October, Clinton signed into law a new budget of $ 51 million for pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiling to be carried out by the CDC.
191:
attack or industrial accident. As of 2015, 1,960 CHEMPACKs were forward-deployed in more than 1,340 locations across each state and territory of the United States.
2752:
2165:
257:
154:
global pandemic, "rows of ventilators, which can support people who are having trouble breathing, are kept charged up and ready to roll at a moment's notice."
1922:
2432:
3051:
2757:
2507:
2256:
885:
799:
716:
2270:
2181:
1993:
1976:
910:
692:
419:
134:
1428:
2802:
2276:
237:
407:
Authority, explained that the Trump administration had ignored his early warnings to stock up on masks and other supplies to combat the coronavirus.
2915:
2314:
2038:
1890:
1552:
2574:
2175:
466:
2667:
2282:
2027:
2073:
1942:
524:
513:
1874:
474:
2359:
1529:
2662:
1989:
1965:
1814:
759:
989:
812:
With roughly 200 employees, the SNS maintains 12 sites across the country, but keeps their location classified, citing security concerns.
546:
The description of the stockpile, as listed on its website, was changed the day after Kushner's remarks to better align with them, from:
2929:
2578:
2110:
498:
458:
2780:
2135:
1914:
1471:
470:
244:
Pharmaceutical Stockpile (NPS) program, but additional materials have been added to the stockpile since the original authorization .
2830:
2474:
2339:
2324:
2171:
1957:
454:
2491:
2329:
741:"The Trump administration just changed its description of the national stockpile to jibe with Jared Kushner's controversial claim"
2960:
2866:
2696:
2588:
2479:
1867:
1124:
162:
The SNS holds a variety of items that would be helpful to the general population in the event of a widespread disease outbreak.
3015:
2910:
2436:
2230:
2022:
509:
1503:
1635:
660:
reauthorized the Strategic National Stockpile for FY2014-FY2018. It required the Secretary of Health and Human Services to:
577:
339:
172:
633:
members, and health care personnel who administer live smallpox Vaccine or care for patients infected with orthopoxviruses.
133:
In at least 10 government reports published from 2003 to 2015, federal officials predicted that the U.S. would experience a
2344:
322:, low acuity care, and temporary holding of displaced patients for whom local acute care systems are damaged or destroyed.
2871:
2735:
2618:
2533:
2266:
2131:
1947:
1623:
512:
officials told reporters that the cache of personal protective equipment stored by the SNS was almost depleted due to the
505:
later withdrew Emergency Use Authorization for these drugs after studies found they had no benefit for treating COVID-19.
355:
2495:
2161:
1927:
1833:
502:
1762:
1261:
3036:
2570:
2384:
1244:
625:
1612:
1451:"President Donald Trump and White House Coronavirus Task Force Daily Press Briefing | FULL — 4/2/2020 - YouTube"
576:
suits to be delivered to the SNS to be used as PPE for frontline healthcare workers. By April 13, 2020, HHS used the
497:
Pharmaceuticals for use in treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients or in clinical trials. The SNS will work with the
950:
418:
has managed the Strategic National Stockpile since October 1, 2018. Prior to that, the stockpile was managed by the
2925:
1854:
462:
383:
2145:
2440:
977:"CDC's CHEMPACK Program—The Stockpile that may protect you from a chemical attack | | Blogs | CDC"
1315:"HHS accepts donations of medicine to Strategic National Stockpile as possible treatments for COVID-19 patients"
791:
2892:
2225:
2209:
2009:
1378:"Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing"
1192:
256:
On March 1, 2003, the NPS was renamed the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) program with joint management by
1418:
3005:
2582:
2363:
2348:
2319:
621:
1419:"Trump rips CBS reporter over question on Kushner stockpile remarks: 'You ought to be ashamed of yourself'"
386:, Trump falsely claimed his administration inherited an ‘empty’ stockpile from the previous administration.
2626:
2374:
1085:
1005:
3000:
2995:
2881:
2785:
2762:
2115:
1150:
1672:"US in process of releasing monkeypox vaccine from national stockpile for 'high-risk' people, CDC says"
2394:
2340:
Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
2876:
2544:
2527:
2451:
1288:
295:
291:
1289:"States Need Medical Supplies to Fight Coronavirus. Can the National Stockpile Keep Up With Demand?"
1828:
1350:
1346:"Protective gear in national stockpile is nearly depleted, DHS officials say — The Washington Post"
1060:
232:
527:, states criticized the lack of availability of medical supplies from the federal stockpile. At a
2975:
2887:
1767:
1743:
1671:
1658:
1266:
1032:
1010:
643:
562:
482:
279:
Public Health Emergency lists large-scale deployments from the SNS in response to emergencies.
2970:
2691:
2562:
2456:
2389:
1789:
1735:
1717:
1158:
904:
450:
370:
363:
331:
302:
2965:
2920:
2657:
2333:
1725:
1709:
658:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (H.R. 307; 113th Congress)
629:
581:
287:
122:
1859:
2980:
2723:
2686:
2466:
2446:
1636:"Biden administration to distribute 400 million N95 masks to the public for free Politics"
605:
335:
226:
221:
176:
2950:
2678:
1730:
1382:
306:
1697:
1584:"HHS Announces New Ventilator Contracts, Orders Now Totaling Over 130,000 Ventilators"
3030:
1747:
1659:
Free N95 masks are arriving at pharmacies and grocery stores. Here's how to get yours
1450:
1248:
1220:"Face masks in national stockpile have not been substantially replenished since 2009"
1116:
693:"Trump administration changes definition of national stockpile after Kushner remarks"
535:
283:
269:
3010:
2990:
2985:
2077:
1843:
1507:
517:
217:
81:
2836:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
402:
Video produced by HHS in October 2019 about the 20th anniversary of the stockpile.
760:"Federal officials repeatedly warned that US hospitals lacked enough ventilators"
717:"Strategic National Stockpile description altered online after Kushner's remarks"
171:
trucks and airplanes within 12 hours of the receipt of a request by the CDC. The
2768:
2652:
2636:
2518:
2399:
608:, the CDC updated its guidance to emphasize the greater protection from wearing
540:
528:
490:
310:
188:
1553:"HHS to Provide Millions of TYVEK Protective Suits for U.S. Healthcare Workers"
520:. PPE from the SNS was sent directly to health facilities across the country.
2955:
1848:
334:, FMSs have been deployed to support other major disaster responses including
106:
1763:"How One Firm Put an 'Extraordinary Burden' on the U.S.'s Troubled Stockpile"
1721:
1162:
829:"Inside the secret U.S. stockpile meant to save us all in a bioterror attack"
358:), and respiratory protection devices, to help every US state respond to the
589:
314:
118:
1739:
1713:
854:"Why Even A Huge Medical Stockpile Will Be Of Limited Use Against COVID-19"
2315:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
1624:
Ready for an N95? Here's how to find a high-quality one that fits you well
1151:"Opinion | How the World's Richest Country Ran Out of a 75-Cent Face Mask"
2631:
2485:
1931:
1423:
954:
609:
486:
273:
205:
151:
114:
1262:"Lives Were Lost' as Warnings Went Unheeded, Whistle-Blower Tells House"
453:, SNS was involved in providing supplies to the repatriation efforts of
1455:
604:
In January 2022, amidst a surge in cases caused by the more contagious
585:
351:
347:
236:
wrote that Clinton surprised many in Washington at how fast he and his
110:
926:"Inside A Secret Government Warehouse Prepped For Health Catastrophes"
294:, and managed inventory (MI) to numerous locations in response to the
1196:
990:
Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this
593:
569:
442:
319:
2730:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
2105:
573:
494:
481:
On March 29, 2020, HHS accepted a donation of 30 million doses of
429:
388:
187:
CHEMPACKs contain nerve agent antidotes to help in the event of a
2809:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
2775:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
2033:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
1061:"The Surprising Origins of the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile"
792:"Coronavirus outbreak tests nation's emergency medical stockpile"
2792:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
2260:
2250:
2246:
2084:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
1850:"Strategic National Stockpile: A Look Back at the Last 20 Years"
1399:
359:
1985:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
1863:
1522:"We're in this together – Washington state to send ventilators"
412:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2247:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
1640:
1476:
764:
346:
The SNS released one-quarter of its antiviral drug inventory (
147:
1506:. U.S. Department Health & Human Services. Archived from
1472:"Jared Kushner's Role In Coronavirus Response Draws Scrutiny"
137:
if a large-scale infectious disease outbreak were to occur.
2668:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
2283:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
2101:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
2028:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
2070:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
465:. It also shipped thousands of N95 masks to the states of
1123:. United States Department of Health and Human Services.
1006:"Inside the Chaotic, Cutthroat Gray Market for N95 Masks"
338:. The FMS program is a collaboration between CDC and the
282:
The SNS successfully deployed 12-hour "push packages" to
146:
personnel guard the warehouse contents and, according to
2553:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
2355:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
1938:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
1670:
Howard, Jacqueline; Langmaid, Virginia (May 23, 2022).
2360:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
2156:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
72:
Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response
1588:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1557:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1386:. James S. Brady Press Briefing Room. April 3, 2020.
1319:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
60:
Steven Adams, Deputy Assistant Secretary and Director
1761:
Hamby, Chris; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (March 6, 2021).
1504:"Strategic National Stockpile (April 3 web archive)"
1111:
1109:
2943:
2901:
2857:
2850:
2821:
2745:
2716:
2709:
2677:
2645:
2617:
2608:
2561:
2543:
2517:
2465:
2425:
2416:
2373:
2305:
2296:
2239:
2218:
2202:
2195:
2124:
2093:
2060:
2051:
2008:
1975:
1956:
1913:
1904:
1897:
1245:
Trump Falsely Claims He Inherited ‘Empty’ Stockpile
628:confirmed the United States released some of their
77:
67:
53:
39:
31:
26:
135:shortage of ventilators and other medical supplies
2781:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
105:), is the United States' national repository of
2841:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
2797:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
2433:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
2000:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
2325:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
1930:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
999:
997:
445:of unknown materials being moved in March 2020
2753:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
2492:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
1875:
8:
2330:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
1923:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
822:
820:
21:
16:United States Government Emergency Stockpile
2758:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
2257:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
1702:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
580:to contract for ventilator production with
3042:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2854:
2713:
2614:
2422:
2302:
2199:
2182:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
2057:
1910:
1901:
1882:
1868:
1860:
710:
708:
706:
499:Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
420:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2803:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
2277:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
2231:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
2106:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
2018:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
1729:
686:
684:
682:
2916:United States biological weapons program
2039:National Center for Medical Intelligence
1891:United States biological defense program
1792:. United States Congress. March 13, 2013
1182:HHS, ASPR FMS Concept of Operation, 2014
620:The stockpile was again used during the
516:. This was later confirmed by President
330:Since the original deployment following
3047:Strategic reserves of the United States
2575:National Strategy for Homeland Security
924:Greenfieldboyce, Nell (June 27, 2016).
678:
416:Department of Health and Human Services
262:Department of Health and Human Services
2074:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
1943:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
1004:Clark, Doug Bock (November 17, 2020).
909:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
902:
758:de Puy Kamp, Majlie (March 27, 2020).
734:
732:
730:
568:On April 8, 2020, HHS contracted with
514:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
20:
2345:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
1417:Wulfsohn, Joseph A. (April 3, 2020).
1390:from the original on January 20, 2021
1260:Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 14, 2020).
1144:
1142:
301:Following the landfall of Hurricanes
7:
2663:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
1990:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
1968:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
1966:National Counterproliferation Center
1948:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
1582:ASPR Press Office (April 13, 2020).
1313:ASPR Press Office (March 29, 2020).
786:
784:
782:
501:to deliver the doses to states. The
2111:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
1551:ASPR Press Office (April 8, 2020).
691:Weixel, Nathaniel (April 3, 2020).
531:press conference on April 2, 2020,
489:and one million doses of Resochin (
3052:Trump administration controversies
2496:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
2162:Homeland Security Research Program
1648:from the original on May 23, 2023.
1594:from the original on July 17, 2020
1563:from the original on June 25, 2020
1325:from the original on July 20, 2020
1127:from the original on July 15, 2020
1086:"PUBLIC LAW 105–277—OCT. 21, 1998"
1033:"PUBLIC LAW 105–277—OCT. 21, 1998"
802:from the original on June 17, 2020
354:), personal protective equipment (
14:
2831:Global Health Security Initiative
2475:National Biosurveillance Strategy
2172:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1484:from the original on May 14, 2020
1470:Ordoñez, Franco (April 3, 2020).
1431:from the original on June 4, 2020
1358:from the original on July 8, 2020
1149:Manjoo, Farhad (March 25, 2020).
626:Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
503:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
296:anthrax terrorist attacks of 2001
179:to handle a three-city incident.
99:National Pharmaceutical Stockpile
46:National Pharmaceutical Stockpile
2961:Biosecurity in the United States
2867:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
2697:Positive pressure personnel suit
2589:National Disaster Medical System
3016:Smallpox virus retention debate
2911:United States Army Medical Unit
2437:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2023:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
715:Forgey, Quint (April 3, 2020).
510:Department of Homeland Security
258:Department of Homeland Security
204:During the first decade of the
1613:Types of Masks and Respirators
1218:Beth Reinhard and Emma Brown.
340:Office of Emergency Management
1:
2872:1989 California medfly attack
2736:Biological Weapons Convention
2534:Personnel Reliability Program
2267:Epidemic Intelligence Service
2132:Galveston National Laboratory
364:2009 swine influenza outbreak
2595:Strategic National Stockpile
2146:Integrated Research Facility
1928:DHS Office of Health Affairs
1834:Resources in other libraries
1820:Strategic National Stockpile
827:Sun, Lena (April 24, 2018).
578:Defense Production Act (DPA)
91:Strategic National Stockpile
82:Strategic National Stockpile
22:Strategic National Stockpile
2658:Biological Materials MASINT
2571:National Response Framework
2480:Laboratory Response Network
2441:Biological Threat Reduction
2385:Battelle Memorial Institute
3068:
2926:Aeromedical Isolation Team
483:hydroxychloroquine sulfate
1829:Resources in your library
543:of Kansas, among others.
276:were acquired and added.
238:National Security Council
216:In April 1998, President
97:), originally called the
2498:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
2226:State Health Departments
2210:Local Health Departments
449:At the beginning of the
274:N95 air-filtration masks
3006:Isolation (health care)
2976:Biological warfare (BW)
2349:University of Rochester
2320:Henry L. Stimson Center
622:2022 monkeypox outbreak
616:2022 monkeypox outbreak
1714:10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1
641:In March of 2021, the
560:
552:
446:
426:2020 COVID-19 pandemic
403:
366:in the United States.
212:Clinton administration
131:
125:. Its website states:
3001:Entomological warfare
2902:Defunct organizations
2882:Wood Green ricin plot
2786:Project Bioshield Act
2763:Executive Order 13139
2116:Dugway Proving Ground
1696:Rao, Agam K. (2022).
1117:"Stockpile Responses"
891:on September 23, 2020
556:
548:
491:chloroquine phosphate
441:
401:
309:on the Gulf coast of
290:, in response to the
173:U.S. Marshals Service
127:
121:, and other critical
2877:2001 anthrax attacks
2545:Medical intelligence
2528:Select Agent Program
2452:Project Clear Vision
1644:. January 19, 2022.
979:. February 19, 2015.
957:on September 8, 2021
600:Biden administration
384:Trump administration
378:Trump administration
326:Obama administration
292:September 11 attacks
150:in 2020, during the
1351:The Washington Post
1224:The Washington Post
833:The Washington Post
656:Section 403 of the
652:Related legislation
624:. In May 2022, the
248:Bush administration
233:The Washington Post
23:
3037:Biological warfare
2893:2013 ricin letters
2888:2003 ricin letters
2435:, implemented the
2364:George Mason Univ.
1768:The New York Times
1267:The New York Times
1155:The New York Times
1011:The New York Times
951:"Chempack - Chemm"
798:. March 10, 2020.
745:washingtonpost.com
508:On April 1, 2020,
447:
404:
3024:
3023:
2971:Biological hazard
2939:
2938:
2817:
2816:
2705:
2704:
2692:Biosafety cabinet
2604:
2603:
2563:Disaster response
2457:Project Jefferson
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2390:SRI International
2292:
2291:
2191:
2190:
2047:
2046:
1815:Library resources
1586:(Press release).
1555:(Press release).
1510:on April 3, 2020.
1400:National Archives
1317:(Press release).
1199:on April 30, 2009
630:Jynneos monkeypox
572:for 2.25 million
525:COVID-19 pandemic
451:COVID-19 pandemic
439:
399:
371:2009 flu pandemic
332:Hurricane Katrina
166:12-hour push pack
87:
86:
3059:
2966:Biological agent
2921:Sunshine Project
2855:
2714:
2615:
2577:(DHS; including
2426:Threat reduction
2423:
2395:Idaho Technology
2334:Brown University
2306:Academic centers
2303:
2200:
2058:
1911:
1902:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1851:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:on April 8, 2020
1528:. Archived from
1518:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1459:. April 2, 2020.
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1397:
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1374:
1368:
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1341:
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1279:
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1257:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1113:
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1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1001:
992:
987:
981:
980:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:. Archived from
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
921:
915:
914:
908:
900:
898:
896:
890:
884:. Archived from
883:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
815:
814:
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755:
749:
748:
736:
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724:
712:
701:
700:
688:
582:General Electric
563:Washington State
455:State Department
440:
400:
336:Superstorm Sandy
288:Washington, D.C.
272:and 104 million
177:anthrax vaccines
123:medical supplies
54:Agency executive
40:Preceding agency
24:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
2996:Decontamination
2981:Biosurveillance
2935:
2903:
2897:
2859:
2858:Past biological
2846:
2823:
2813:
2741:
2724:Geneva Protocol
2701:
2687:Biosafety level
2673:
2641:
2610:
2600:
2557:
2539:
2513:
2467:Biosurveillance
2461:
2447:Project Bacchus
2418:
2404:
2376:
2369:
2308:and think tanks
2307:
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2004:
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1952:
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1795:
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1760:
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1708:(22): 734–742.
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1526:governor.wa.gov
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1193:"2009 H1N1 Flu"
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879:"Archived copy"
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738:
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728:
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690:
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654:
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618:
606:Omicron variant
602:
457:employees from
430:
428:
389:
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328:
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227:The Cobra Event
222:Richard Preston
214:
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27:Agency overview
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2951:Agro-terrorism
2947:
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2944:Related topics
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1907:administrative
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1809:External links
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1383:whitehouse.gov
1369:
1344:Miroff, Nick.
1336:
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1280:
1252:
1247:April 3, 2020
1243:D'Angelo Gore
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739:Blake, Aaron.
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668:replenishment.
665:
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644:New York Times
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533:senior advisor
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414:(ASPR) of the
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2746:Legislation
2653:Cell CANARY
2637:Respirators
2519:Biosecurity
2400:Phoenix Air
2377:contractors
697:thehill.com
541:Laura Kelly
529:White House
523:During the
382:During the
311:Mississippi
189:nerve agent
158:Composition
113:, chemical
107:antibiotics
3031:Categories
2956:Biodefense
2619:Protection
2609:Technology
2597:(CDC, DHS)
2521:/Biosurety
2510:(Civilian)
2488:(EPA, CDC)
2443:(DoD) plus
2375:Government
2086:(DHHS/DoD)
2035:(JPEO-CBD)
1790:"H.R. 307"
673:References
467:Washington
369:After the
362:Influenza
119:antitoxins
2860:incidents
2646:Detection
1796:April 10,
1748:249142212
1722:0149-2195
1298:March 12,
1203:April 27,
1168:March 25,
1163:0362-4331
1070:March 18,
863:March 18,
806:March 18,
637:Criticism
610:N95 masks
590:Medtronic
315:Louisiana
220:read the
141:Locations
115:antidotes
2717:Treaties
2670:(JBAIDS)
2632:NBC suit
2494:(GBTI),
2486:BioWatch
2417:Programs
2362:(NCBID;
2196:Response
2125:Civilian
2094:Military
2054:research
1932:BioWatch
1774:March 8,
1740:35653347
1646:Archived
1598:July 30,
1592:Archived
1567:July 30,
1561:Archived
1536:April 6,
1488:July 30,
1482:Archived
1435:July 30,
1429:Archived
1424:Fox News
1394:July 30,
1388:Archived
1362:April 1,
1356:Archived
1329:July 30,
1323:Archived
1131:July 30,
1125:Archived
1098:April 4,
1093:Congress
1045:April 4,
1040:Congress
961:April 3,
935:June 29,
905:cite web
895:April 3,
800:Archived
771:March 5,
586:Hill-Rom
475:New York
268:million
206:Cold War
183:CHEMPACK
152:COVID-19
111:vaccines
2851:History
2573:of the
2502:ESSENCE
2240:Federal
2052:Federal
1905:Federal
1855:YouTube
1731:9169520
1681:May 24,
1456:YouTube
1121:phe.gov
930:NPR.org
858:NPR.org
493:) from
443:Pallets
422:(CDC).
352:Relenza
348:Tamiflu
303:Katrina
195:History
78:Website
2884:(2002)
2843:(2004)
2805:(2006)
2799:(2005)
2788:(2004)
2777:(2002)
2771:(2001)
2765:(1999)
2738:(1972)
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2184:(USDA)
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2482:(CDC)
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2279:(CDC)
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2203:Local
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2150:NIAID
2148:(HHS/
2140:NIAID
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1036:(PDF)
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495:Bayer
485:from
463:Japan
459:China
2627:MOPP
2581:and
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2297:Non-
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2251:NDMS
2176:USDA
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1776:2022
1736:PMID
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1600:2020
1569:2020
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