Surgical mask - Knowledge (XXG)

555: 1003: 1132: 817: 731:. An electret filter increases the chances that smaller particles will veer and hit a fiber, rather than going straight through (electrostatic capture). While there is some development work on making electret filtering materials that can stand being washed and reused, current commercially produced electret filters are ruined by many forms of disinfection, including washing with soap and water or alcohol, which destroys the electric charge. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health authorities issued guidelines on 2898:

mandatory. Another natural experiment study in the US reported a 29% reduction in SARS-CoV-2 transmission (measured as the time-varying reproductive number Rt) (risk ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.75) in states where mask-wearing was mandatory. A comparative study in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region reported a statistically significantly lower cumulative incidence of covid-19 associated with mask-wearing than in selected countries where mask-wearing was not mandatory.

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with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), interventions including positive reinforcement and coaching caregivers to teach mask-wearing have improved participants' ability to wear a face mask. These findings suggest that even children who may have difficulty wearing a mask can do so effectively through targeted interventions.

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n combination with other contextual cues, masks are unlikely to produce serious impairments of children's social interactions. A study of 2-year-old children concluded that they were able to recognize familiar words presented without a mask and when hearing words through opaque masks. Among children

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has an F2100 standard with similar bacterial filtering standard to the European Type II standard but in addition uses a test aerosol of 0.1 micrometre particles. The Level 3 standard F2100 standard requires that these particles must be filtered out with at least 98% efficiency. Neither the European

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that surgical masks reduce infection from diseases such as influenza is weak. Although a recent very large (over 300,000 people) study found some evidence that they reduced transmission in the community, surgical masks can vary greatly in quality which may make these studies less useful. The effect

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Comparison of breathing out without (top) and with (bottom) a mask. Note that without a mask jets of air are exhaled that can carry viruses and bacteria rapidly towards a person in front of the person breathing out. But with a mask these jets are blocked, meaning the air instead mostly rises due to

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In 2014, Firat Güder while he was a research fellow at Harvard University, together with Professor George Whitesides, invented a wireless surgical face mask that can monitor breathing of the individual wearing the mask. Their technology relied on disposal paper-based printed sensors which could be

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In China, two types of masks are common: surgical masks that conform to YY 0469 standard (BFE ≥ 95%, PFE ≥ 30%, splash resistance) and single-use medical masks that conform to YY/T 0969 standard (BFE ≥ 95%). Daily protective masks conforming to GB/T 32610 standard is yet another type of masks that

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due to the ability to customize the strap length and tension comfortably to the wearer's face shape and head movements. Elastic bands come in a pair of loops that can either be horizontally or vertically attached. Horizontal loops go around the head like tied straps, designed to exert tension on

1069:. Air filtering surgical-style masks are quite popular across Asia and as a result, many companies have released masks that not only prevent the breathing in of airborne dust particles but are also fashionable. In Japan, some use masks as fashion statements, at times as a result of influence from 141:

Although the material of which surgical masks are made will filter out some viruses and bacteria by trapping the aerosol suspended in breathed air, they only provide partial protection from airborne diseases because of the typically loose fit between the mask edges and the wearer's face. Surgical

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Experimental and epidemiologic data support community masking to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including alpha and delta variants, among adults and children. Mask use has been found to be safe and is not associated with clinically significant impacts on respiration or gas exchange under most

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The results of additional studies that assessed mask wearing ... indicate a reduction in covid-19 incidence, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. Specifically, a natural experiment across 200 countries showed 45.7% fewer covid-19 related mortality in countries where mask-wearing was

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Matuschek C, Moll F, Fangerau H, Fischer JC, Zänker K, van Griensven M, Schneider M, Kindgen-Milles D, Knoefel WT, Lichtenberg A, Tamaskovics B, Djiepmo-Njanang FJ, Budach W, Corradini S, Häussinger D, Feldt T, Jensen B, Pelka R, Orth K, Peiper M, Grebe O, Maas K, Gerber PA, Pedoto A, Bölke E,

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or allergies. Some younger Japanese people wear masks and audio headsets to signal a desire to avoid interaction. It has been suggested that mask-wearing as a custom appeared in East Asia rather than other parts of the world also facing pollution and disease due to the historical influence of

554: 154: 643:-like design that has significantly shortened side edges — sometimes none at all — to minimize loose gaps that pathogens can leak past. These masks are typically made to the N95/P2 standards, and are commonly used for clinical situations that demand fine 1104:

or better breathability. Some are exploring whether attachments could be added to existing face-masks to make them more effective such as due to virus-deactivating fabrics or impregnations. The COVID-19 pandemic increased efforts to develop such masks.

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in Paris, in the late nineteenth century, as a result of increasing awareness of germ theory and the importance of antiseptic procedures in medicine. In response to a pneumonic plague in Manchuria and Mongolia in 1910, Chinese-Malaysian epidemiologist

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Masks prevent the spread of droplets and aerosols generated by an infected individual, and when correctly worn surgical masks can reduce viral transmission by 95%. Uninfected individuals wearing a surgical mask are about 85% protected against

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During the public health emergency, governments widely recommended and mandated mask-wearing, and prominent national and intergovernmental health agencies and their leaders recommended the use of masks to reduce transmission, including the

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and respiratory secretions to others that could otherwise travel up to 7.9 metres (26 ft). Surgical mask also remind wearers not to touch their mouth or nose, which could otherwise transfer viruses and bacteria after having touched a

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as such. Surgical masks are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne bacteria or virus particles and are less effective than respirators, which are designed for this purpose. Collection efficiency of surgical mask

424:, keeping them from entering the wearer's nose and mouth., and conversely are also effective barriers for retaining large droplets released from the wearer's the mouth and nose. Surgical masks help reduce exposure of the wearer's 210:

There are standards for the materials masks are made from. For example, the European EN 14683 Type II standard requires the material of the mask to filter particles (mean diameter close to 3 micrometres) containing the bacterium

1033:. Surgical masks provide some protection against the spread of diseases, and improvised masks provide about half as much protection. People in Japan as well as Korea and China may also wear masks in any season because of 219:(CFUs) when the aerosol is passed through the material. For a Type II mask under this standard, the material must filter enough of the aerosol particles containing the bacteria to achieve a CFU reduction of at least 98%. 260:

countries, masks have often customarily been worn by people who are sick in order to avoid spreading it, to protect against air pollution or allergens, as a fashion statement, or to deter social interaction. The

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Boulos, Leah; Curran, Janet A.; Gallant, Allyson; Wong, Helen; Johnson, Catherine; Delahunty-Pike, Alannah; Saxinger, Lynora; Chu, Derek; Comeau, Jeannette; Flynn, Trudy; Clegg, Julie; Dye, Christopher (2023).

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Surgical masks may also be worn to conceal identity. In the United States banks, convenience stores, etc. have banned their use as a result of criminals repeatedly doing so, but allowed facemasks due to the

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and other contaminants because of the often loose fit between the mask edges and the wearer's face, especially when the mask is worn outright incorrectly (e.g. low with the nose and/or mouth exposed).

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facemasks cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as medical devices. This includes facemasks labeled as surgical, dental, medical procedure, isolation, or laser masks...

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As the pandemic raged on, healthcare workers were required to continue wearing surgical masks for 12 or more hours a day. This caused the ear loops of the masks to chafe the back of their ears.

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nor the ASTM standard tests performance as worn, they just test the material — the difference being the air leakage. This is different to personal protection equipment standards such as

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Healthcare workers are trained in how to put on, handle, remove, and dispose of surgical masks. For healthcare workers, safety guidelines recommend the wearing of a face-fit tested

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integrated into the mask. The technology, which was first published in 2016, led to the formation of a start-up (Spyras Ltd) company to commercialize it which was later acquired.

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In community and home settings, the use of facemasks and respirators generally are not recommended, with other measures preferred such as avoiding close contact, maintaining good

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Koh XQ, Sng A, Chee JY, Sadovoy A, Luo P, Daniel D (February 2022). "Outward and inward protection efficiencies of different mask designs for different respiratory activities".

253:. The colored (usually dark blue, green, or occasionally yellow) side of the mask (fluid-repellant layer) is to be worn outwards, and the white side (absorbent layer) inwards. 158: 880:

and population-based studies have also shown that increased levels of masking in a community reduces the spread of SARS-CoV-2, though there is a paucity of evidence from

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circumstances, except for intense exercise. The limited available data indicate no clear evidence that masking impairs emotional or language development in children.

2851:"Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1092:

Research carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic found that surgical masks increase the attractiveness of the wearer and this is more so than other types of masks.

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Talic S, Shah S, Wild H, Gasevic D, Maharaj A, Ademi Z, Li X, Xu W, Mesa-Eguiagaray I, Rostron J, Theodoratou E, Zhang X, Motee A, Liew D, Ilic D (November 2021).

2090: 747:(mask capture of exhaled aerosols), exposure (transfer of aerosols from outside), mask airflow resistance (pressure difference during breathing, ΔP, also known as 5890: 2127: 1119:

Other research investigated environmental pollution associated with face mask waste management and weak spots of masks with product designs of the widely applied

3678: 915:, plastic straps and hooks that go around wearer's heads, were invented to move the ear loops away from the wearer's ears. They could be made on demand by using 458: 3316: 3309: 5444: 4561: 2935:

Jefferson T, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, van Driel ML, Bawazeer GA, Jones MA, Hoffmann TC, Clark J, Beller EM, Glasziou PP, Conly JM (January 2023).

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greatly improved on the designs he had seen in Europe to develop a face mask of layers of gauze and cotton that would protect both the wearer and others.

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Li Y, Wong T, Chung J, Guo YP, Hu JY, Guan YT, et al. (December 2006). "In vivo protective performance of N95 respirator and surgical facemask".

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Researchers are developing face-masks which may help reduce viral spread better than existing ones and/or have possibly useful properties such as

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Reviews of various kinds of scientific studies have concluded that masking is effective in protecting the individual against COVID-19. Various

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and similar masks, are made. This combined with the poor fit suggests that surgical masks offer some protection to airborne diseases such as

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the top and bottom edges of the mask for firmer contact seal, and are usually seen on duckbill masks; while vertical loops hook around the

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videos of the outer airflow during a sneeze, comparing an unmasked sneeze with several different method of covering one's mouth and nose

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In Taiwan, it is considered courteous to wear a face mask if you have a cold and cough and plan to be in close proximity with others

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convection. Note that although jets are blocked, the same amount of air moves in both cases, allowing the wearer to breathe easily.

3438: 3359: 2913: 5726: 5133: 4749: 3310:"Interim guidance on planning for the use of surgical masks and respirators in health care settings during an influenza pandemic" 183:. Surgical masks are highly variable but the material of which they are made typically filter out more aerosol particles than do 1628: 5320: 3741:"Unattractive faces are more attractive when the bottom-half is masked, an effect that reverses when the top-half is concealed" 1925:"To mask or not to mask: WHO makes U-turn while US, Singapore abandon pandemic advice and tell citizens to start wearing masks" 1175: 755: 3380: 1155:

process in order to be commercialized. CE marking of surgical masks involves the respect of many obligations indicated in the

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review found that there is no clear evidence that disposable face masks worn by members of the surgical team would reduce the

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and aerosols from the wearer's mouth and nose. Evidence supports the effectiveness of surgical masks in reducing the risk of

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to allow the wearer to expand and curve the mask so it can better cover the entirety of the area from the nose to around the

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in the immediate environment. If worn properly, surgical masks are meant to help block out most (if not all) large-particle

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A surgical mask serves as a mechanical barrier that interferes with direct airflow in and out of respiratory orifices (i.e.

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MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA (April 2015). "Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings".

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MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA (April 2015). "Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings".

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can range from less than 10% to nearly 90% for different manufacturers’ masks when measured using the test parameters for

91: 6273: 6056: 5452: 5209: 4972: 4687: 4484: 3935: 2378: 2028:"Qualitative real-time schlieren and shadowgraph imaging of human exhaled airflows: an aid to aerosol infection control" 1216: 1144: 1039: 759: 732: 3093:"Effectiveness of cough etiquette maneuvers in disrupting the chain of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases" 2400:"Recommended Guidance for Extended Use and Limited Reuse of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings" 2002:"Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Infectious Agents for Health Care Workers: Do surgical masks protect workers?" 6098: 5969: 5905: 5873: 5821: 5118: 5100: 4363: 3696: 965: 881: 816: 602:) and made thicker, tougher, and water impermeable. The inner layers of the mask are made of three-ply (three layers) 454: 171: 1905: 1848: 986:-flu patients, to reduce the exposure of the wearer to potentially infectious aerosols and airborne liquid droplets. 751:), liquid penetration resistance, air and water vapor permeability, water repellency (for outer and inner surfaces). 3320: 5654: 5067: 4807: 1160: 1131: 6283: 6158: 6148: 5843: 5779: 5502: 5467: 4846: 4787: 98:

that serves as a mechanical barrier that interferes with direct airflow in and out of respiratory orifices (i.e.

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deteriorates to toxic levels. Additionally, face masks are used in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore during the

6298: 6293: 5976: 5838: 5713: 5567: 4682: 4672: 3895:"Recent advancements in nonwoven bio-degradable facemasks to ameliorate the post-pandemic environmental impact" 2194:"Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use to Reduce Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Transmission" 1929: 1156: 862: 196: 3420: 2399: 735:

without damaging the filtration efficiency. Standard disposible surgical masks are not designed to be washed.

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dripping from above. Small bendable metal strips are frequently added to the top edge to better fit over the

4432: 3792:"Beyond the beauty of occlusion: medical masks increase facial attractiveness more than other face coverings" 3598: 3229:

Design, Make, Protect: A report on the Open Source Maker and Manufacturer Response to the COVID-19 PPE Crisis

6163: 6081: 5947: 5477: 5275: 5151: 4982: 4920: 4754: 4722: 1577:"Filtration Efficiencies of Nanoscale Aerosol by Cloth Mask Materials Used to Slow the Spread of SARS-CoV-2" 1203:, another mask often worn by healthcare professionals – Particulate respirator meeting the N95 standard 138:

when talking, etc. Surgical masks may be labeled as surgical, isolation, dental or medical procedure masks.

95: 3573: 1085:, some protestors wore surgical masks amongst other types of mask to avoid recognition, and the government 877: 6288: 5750: 5535: 5285: 5158: 4764: 4621: 4611: 1148: 567: 457:. However, a study found that even for surgical masks with "good" filters, 80–100% of subjects failed an 6186: 6071: 5703: 5572: 5080: 4987: 4906: 2001: 870: 775: 215:. The bacterial filtration efficiency of the mask material is the fractional reduction in the number of 212: 180: 107: 5330: 4076:

Nguyen PQ, Soenksen LR, Donghia NM, Angenent-Mari NM, de Puig H, Huang A, et al. (November 2021).

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Skaria S, Smaldone G (2014). "Respiratory Source Control Using Surgical Masks With Nanofiber Media".

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Abaluck J, Kwong LH, Styczynski A, Haque A, Kabir MA, Bates-Jefferys E, et al. (January 2022).

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Sommerstein R, Fux CA, Vuichard-Gysin D, Abbas M, Marschall J, Balmelli C, et al. (July 2020).

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or thickened fabric are often sewn along the top edge of the mask to help better seal away exhaled

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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of the virus and for personal protection to prevent infection. Properly worn masks both limit the

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that are attached to the mask's four corners. Straps come in four free-hanging ribbons that are

386: 222: 150:, which are more airtight and purposefully designed to protect against finer airborne particles. 3549:"Delhi's rich and beautiful are breathing clean air stylishly, with help from the Nevada desert" 2987:"Effectiveness of face masks for reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid systematic review" 4238:"Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario" 2493: 2004:(OSH Answers Fact Sheets). Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 28 February 2017 6250: 6191: 6051: 6004: 5806: 5308: 4977: 4967: 4957: 4759: 4742: 4527: 4455: 4344: 4275: 4218: 4109: 4002: 3823: 3772: 3504: 3283: 3173: 3124: 3073: 3024: 2966: 2880: 2816: 2755: 2692: 2639: 2569: 2537: 2473: 2263: 2128:"Coronavirus might spread much farther than 6 feet in the air. CDC says wear a mask in public" 2067: 1821:"Does Wearing Surgical Masks With the Wrong Side Out Affect Their Ability to Capture Viruses?" 1778: 1721: 1606: 1549: 1500: 1448: 1391: 1348: 1294: 1078: 831: 821: 795: 710: 707: 390: 266: 250: 2352:. Government of New South Wales Clinical Excellence Commission. February 2020. Archived from 6245: 6181: 6168: 5997: 5986: 5878: 5858: 5693: 5607: 5582: 5313: 5199: 5090: 5033: 4839: 4737: 4665: 4517: 4507: 4447: 4334: 4324: 4265: 4257: 4208: 4200: 4099: 4089: 3992: 3984: 3965:"Metal leaching from antimicrobial cloth face masks intended to slow the spread of COVID-19" 3914: 3813: 3803: 3762: 3752: 3494: 3486: 3275: 3208: 3163: 3155: 3114: 3104: 3063: 3055: 3014: 3006: 2956: 2948: 2870: 2862: 2806: 2798: 2786: 2745: 2735: 2682: 2674: 2631: 2602: 2561: 2527: 2519: 2465: 2255: 2057: 2047: 1768: 1760: 1711: 1703: 1596: 1588: 1539: 1531: 1490: 1482: 1438: 1430: 1383: 1338: 1330: 1284: 1274: 1101: 1030: 953: 524: 375: 4546: 3144:"Assessment of cloth masks ability to limit Covid-19 particles spread: a systematic review" 2153: 6113: 6108: 5952: 5900: 5708: 5685: 5530: 5507: 4891: 4856: 4732: 4677: 4387: 932: 846:, have been employed as public and personal health control measures against the spread of 843: 611: 469: 238: 184: 61:

Procedure mask, medical mask, isolation mask, laser mask, fluid-resistant masks, face mask

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In Japan and Taiwan, surgical masks have commonly been worn in winter months during the

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Face masks for use in surgery were developed in Europe by several physicians, including

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The design of the surgical masks depends on the intended usages. Usually, the masks are

6143: 6076: 6019: 5791: 5680: 5672: 5550: 5545: 5492: 5216: 4997: 4992: 4952: 4901: 4866: 4704: 4640: 4522: 4495: 4339: 4294: 4270: 4237: 4213: 4180: 3997: 3964: 3818: 3791: 3767: 3740: 3499: 3474: 3445: 3168: 3143: 3119: 3092: 3068: 3044:"Face masks against COVID-19: Standards, efficacy, testing and decontamination methods" 3043: 2961: 2936: 2875: 2850: 2811: 2774: 2750: 2723: 2532: 2507: 2062: 2027: 1773: 1740: 1716: 1691: 1601: 1576: 1544: 1519: 1495: 1470: 1443: 1418: 1343: 1318: 1289: 1262: 1200: 1178:(BFE) of more than 95%, for an aerosol of particles of size approximately 3.0 μm. 1164: 1054: 885: 835: 791: 693:

in two pairs horizontally around the back of the head, and are most frequently used in

246: 200: 188: 147: 25: 4078:"Wearable materials with embedded synthetic biology sensors for biomolecule detection" 3475:"Testing the efficacy of homemade masks: would they protect in an influenza pandemic?" 2523: 2026:

Tang JW, Nicolle AD, Pantelic J, Jiang M, Sekhr C, Cheong DK, Tham KW (22 June 2011).

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Cavalcanti G, Cocciole C, Cole C, Forgues A, Jaqua V, Jones-Davis D, Merlo S (2021).

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can also be added to secure the seal and prevent the mask from slipping up and down.

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spread by infected individuals and help protect healthy individuals from infection.

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Zayas G, Chiang MC, Wong E, MacDonald F, Lange CF, Senthilselvan A, King M (2013).

2952: 1520:"Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh" 1486: 1019: 686: 671: 667: 648: 619: 603: 393: 371: 367: 242: 21: 2908: 2906: 2291:"Electrostatic Capture stops a virus smaller than fabric fibers in surgical masks" 944:

during surgery and certain health care procedures to catch microorganisms shed in

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Filtering out confusion. Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection

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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks

4162:"Coronavirus face masks: an environmental disaster that might last generations" 4094: 4077: 3988: 3919: 3894: 3808: 3757: 3159: 2802: 2740: 2560:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 24 July 2006. pp. 6, 36–38. 1387: 1334: 1279: 6066: 6041: 6009: 5786: 5767: 5757: 5745: 5592: 5204: 5176: 5002: 4962: 4834: 3424: 3059: 2665:

Bourouiba L (July 2021). "Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases".

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Davies A, Thompson KA, Giri K, Kafatos G, Walker J, Bennett A (August 2013).

3109: 2607: 2590: 1741:"Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal: Materials, Testing, and Perspectives" 6138: 5617: 4942: 4650: 4645: 4578: 4052:"Self-sanitizing face mask project for COVID-19 research receives NSF grant" 4029:"Scientists are racing to design a face mask that can rip coronavirus apart" 2866: 1764: 1592: 1535: 1206: 1109: 1058: 949: 912: 790:

Modern surgical masks began to be used in the 1960s. Their adoption caused

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In community and healthcare settings, the use of face masks is intended as

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are now frequently used in major cities in India, Nepal and Thailand when

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by those who have respiratory illnesses as a courtesy intended to prevent

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outperform surgical masks, while cloth masks provide marginal protection.

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Ataei M, Shirazi FM, Nakhaee S, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O (October 2021).

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Xiao J, Shiu EY, Gao H, Wong JY, Fong MW, Ryu S, Cowling BJ (May 2020).

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from penetrating and exiting the mask. Some masks have an attached thin

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F2100 and EN 14683 respectively. In both standards, a mask must have a

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Performance of surgical masks is evaluated based on such parameters as

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during talking, or certain aerosol-generating medical procedures (e.g.

304: 176: 115: 4329: 3235:. Open Source Medical Supplies & Nation of Makers. pp. 22, 46 6133: 5698: 5351: 4947: 4364:"Comparison of Mask Standards, Ratings, and Filtration Effectiveness" 3279: 2635: 2557:

Reusability of Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu

2251:

Reusability of Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu

1666: 762:(PFE) using particles of size 0.3 μm is only measured in China. 599: 441: 430: 425: 359: 4381:中华人民共和国医药行业标准：YY/T 0969–2013 一次性使用医用口罩（Single-use medical face mask） 3624: 1945:"Not Enough Face Masks Are Made In America To Deal With Coronavirus" 1739:

Chua MH, Cheng W, Goh SS, Kong J, Li B, Lim JY, et al. (2020).

1629:"BS EN 14683:2019 Medical face masks. Requirements and test methods" 590:. The outward-facing side of the mask is typically colored (usually 4311: 2565: 2555: 2259: 1971:"Chinese mask makers use loopholes to speed up regulatory approval" 175:

of surgical masks is partially attributed to filtering out some of

5362: 4874: 4401:"GB/T 32610–2016 Technical specification of daily protective mask" 3936:"New antiviral masks from Israel may help stop deadly coronavirus" 1130: 1070: 1001: 993: 961: 936:

A medical professional wearing a surgical mask during an operation

931: 815: 682: 595: 583: 553: 417: 401: 355: 286: 152: 4136:"Japanese scientists develop glowing masks to detect coronavirus" 3661:"New mask against air pollution offers six times more protection" 2773:

Catching A, Capponi S, Yeh MT, Bianco S, Andino R (August 2021).

2508:"A history of the medical mask and the rise of throwaway culture" 2174:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2112:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1692:"A history of the medical mask and the rise of throwaway culture" 5346: 4815: 4712: 3599:"How to choose the right mask to protect yourself from the haze" 2208:

Facemasks should be used once and then thrown away in the trash.

1046: 976: 957: 952:

among other healthcare workers and in the community. However, a

900: 714: 690: 655: 591: 587: 517: 397: 378:). Surgical masks also cannot provide complete protection from 29: 4550: 3893:

Khan J, Momin SA, Mariatti M, Vilay V, Todo M (November 2021).

350:). Most commonly used surgical masks are designed to only trap 4160:

Bowyer C, Roberts KP, Kolstoe S, Fletcher S (14 August 2020).

3843:"Queensland researchers hit sweet spot with new mask material" 2406:. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. CDC. 27 March 2020. 1575:

Zangmeister CD, Radney JG, Vicenzi EP, Weaver JL (July 2020).

892: 699: 630: 303:. Surgical masks (when used correctly) can retain most of the 245:

process. They came into use in the 1960s and largely replaced

3958: 3956: 1849:"A quick history of why Asians wear surgical masks in public" 636:

A different type of mask, known as "duckbill" masks, uses a

2724:"Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis" 2202:

Unless otherwise specified, the term "facemasks" refers to

1366:

Peeples L (October 2020). "Face masks: what the data say".

307:

released from the wearer, thus reducing airborne spread of

16:

For the mask approved for the prevention of infection from

3715:"Face masks make people look more attractive, study finds" 3148:

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

1108:

There also is an experimental face mask with an embedded

998:

A face mask with Disney characters, designed for children

574:, all wearing masks with integral protective face shields 1170:

Surgical masks for use in the US and the EEA conform to

614:. The melt-blown material acts as the filter that stops 3869:"New mask material can remove virus-size nanoparticles" 2379:"KAIST Researchers Develop Highly Reusable Mask Filter" 1151:(EEA), surgical masks have to be certified through the 1143:, surgical masks are cleared for marketing by the U.S. 1112:

that can detect a pathogenic signature (such as one of

3697:"Hong Kong protesters defy face mask ban — with humor" 3338:"Working with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus" 733:

how to save, disinfect and reuse electret-filter masks

727:

with an electrostatic charge; that is, the fibers are

118:

contaminants between the wearer and nearby people via

4496:"Cleaning and sterilisation of anaesthetic equipment" 4489:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

820:

A supermarket shopper wearing a face mask during the

4293:

Verma S, Dhanak M, Frankenfield J (September 2020).

6205: 6097: 5889: 5738: 5725: 5630: 5521: 5443: 5415: 5401: 5387: 5371: 5339: 5301: 5230: 5192: 5185: 5167: 5099: 5066: 5059: 5023: 5016: 4928: 4919: 4806: 4703: 4597: 4590: 3963:Pollard ZA, Karod M, Goldfarb JL (September 2021). 3625:"Face Masks, Anyone? Singapore Struggles With Haze" 2589:Chughtai AA, Seale H, MacIntyre CR (19 June 2013). 982:mask instead of a surgical mask in the vicinity of 723:Filter material in the middle layer may be made of 625:(known as a "splash shield") to provide additional 468:Modern surgical masks are made from paper or other 389:device that creates a physical barrier between the 57: 40: 3381:FDA clears first single-use face mask for children 681:The masks are typically fastened to the head with 2394: 2392: 2091:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)" 1906:"How K-Pop Revived Black Sickness Masks In Japan" 1798:"Which Way Round Should a Surgical Face Mask Go?" 1237:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)" 1123:, in particular variants with exhalation valves. 884:(RCTs). Masks vary in how well they work. Fitted 754:Filtration and exposure is typically measured in 465:, and a quantitative test showed 12–25% leakage. 3479:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2494:中华人民共和国医药行业标准：YY 0469–2011 医用外科口罩（Surgical mask） 2330:, "Method Of Charging Electret Filter Media" 4179:Chowdhury H, Chowdhury T, Sait SM (July 2021). 2254:. The National Academies Press. 17 March 2006. 1877:"How surgical masks became a fashion statement" 1182:can have similar appearance to surgical masks. 35:Mouth and nose cover against bacterial aerosols 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3317:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2225:"How Surgical Masks are Made, Tested and Used" 1267:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 187:but much less than does the material of which 4562: 436:A surgical mask is not to be confused with a 8: 3867:Technology (QUT), Queensland University of. 3523:"Why are face masks selling out in Bangkok?" 2188: 2186: 2184: 4433:"Paper-Based Electrical Respiration Sensor" 2941:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1475:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 907:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 758:(BFE) using particles of size 3.0 μm. 404:) of the wearer and potentially pathogenic 5735: 5189: 5063: 5020: 4925: 4594: 4569: 4555: 4547: 3399:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3364:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2595:International Journal of Infection Control 2422:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2198:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1319:"Surgical mask filter and fit performance" 1045:More recently, due to the rising issue of 940:A surgical mask is intended to be worn by 46: 4521: 4511: 4338: 4328: 4310: 4269: 4212: 4103: 4093: 3996: 3918: 3817: 3807: 3766: 3756: 3498: 3167: 3118: 3108: 3067: 3048:Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 3018: 2960: 2874: 2810: 2749: 2739: 2686: 2606: 2531: 2489: 2487: 2219: 2217: 2061: 2051: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1772: 1715: 1600: 1543: 1494: 1442: 1342: 1288: 1278: 3739:Pazhoohi F, Kingstone A (January 2022). 3042:Ju JT, Boisvert LN, Zuo YY (June 2021). 2347:"PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASKS" 2310:"What is PM0.3 and Why Is It Important?" 479: 472:and should be discarded after each use. 5643:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 4816:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 4440:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 3649:Delhi residents brave the smog in style 2667:Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2458:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2126:Padilla R, Zarracina J (3 April 2020). 1228: 812:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic 6226:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 6118:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 3547:Thomas M, Punit IS (8 November 2016). 2152:Brosseau L, Ann RB (14 October 2009). 481:Physical properties of surgical masks 82:, also known by other names such as a 37: 3395:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 2418:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 2085: 2083: 2081: 2021: 2019: 1900: 1898: 1871: 1869: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1661: 1659: 1323:American Journal of Infection Control 834:, face masks or coverings, including 702:with less tension (due to the weaker 440:(which is specifically rated for sub- 234:, which do test performance as worn. 146:, such as those made to the American 52:A surgical mask with hand-tied straps 7: 5473:Compartmental models in epidemiology 2728:European Journal of Medical Research 2679:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 2506:Strasser BJ, Schlich T (July 2020). 2154:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks" 1690:Strasser BJ, Schlich T (July 2020). 1622: 1620: 1464: 1462: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1163:2017/745 of 5 April 2017 concerning 1022:, and wearing cloth face coverings. 666:and faceshields) and soak up excess 1469:Vincent M, Edwards P (April 2016). 64: 1042:and its ideas about air and wind. 1006:Passengers on public transport in 14: 3790:Hies O, Lewis MB (January 2022). 3421:"Japan's war on germs and smells" 2095:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1317:Oberg T, Brosseau LM (May 2008). 760:Particulate filtration efficiency 181:airborne diseases are transmitted 6222:Economics of Infectious Diseases 3340:. 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Archived from 3213:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105905 2953:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6 2438:Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1487:10.1002/14651858.CD002929.pub3 1010:wearing face masks during the 1: 5648:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 5423:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 4784:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 4500:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 4362:Robertson P (15 March 2020). 2524:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31207-1 1708:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31207-1 514:Liquid penetration resistance 237:Surgical masks are made of a 92:personal protective equipment 5210:Aerosol-generating procedure 4988:Silent/Subclinical infection 4688:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 2053:10.1371/journal.pone.0021392 1702:(10243). The Lancet: 19–20. 1423:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1217:Sterilization (microbiology) 1145:Food and Drug Administration 1040:Traditional Chinese Medicine 882:randomized controlled trials 269:was a subject of debate, as 172:randomized controlled trials 5874:Vaccine-preventable disease 5822:Monoclonal antibody therapy 3623:Holliday K (20 June 2013). 2722:Haussmann J (August 2020). 1847:Yang J (19 November 2014). 1067:Southeast Asian haze season 6320: 6015:Respiratory source control 4236:Aragaw TA (October 2020). 4095:10.1038/s41587-021-00950-3 3989:10.1038/s41598-021-98577-6 3899:Materials Research Express 3809:10.1186/s41235-021-00351-9 3758:10.1186/s41235-022-00359-9 3193:Journal of Aerosol Science 3160:10.1007/s11356-021-16847-2 2803:10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5 2741:10.1186/s40001-020-00430-5 1388:10.1038/d41586-020-02801-8 1335:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.008 1280:10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0 1083:2019–20 Hong Kong protests 809: 15: 6159:Global Health Initiatives 6149:Evolutionary epidemiology 5844:Post-exposure prophylaxis 5780:Antimicrobial stewardship 5503:Multiplicity of infection 5468:Basic reproduction number 5244:Percutaneous inoculation 4728:Host–pathogen interaction 4242:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4185:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4050:Vavra C (18 April 2020). 3060:10.1016/j.cis.2021.102435 2916:. 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Archived from 3011:10.1098/rsta.2023.0133 1435:10.3201/eid2605.190994 1149:European Economic Area 1136: 1015: 999: 937: 825: 575: 444:particles) and is not 167: 6072:Universal precautions 5030:Endogenous overgrowth 4882:Poultry and livestock 4431:Güder, Firat (2016). 2308:Wei NK (6 May 2019). 1823:. SmartAirFilters.com 1819:Min J (1 June 2020). 1800:. SmartAirFilters.com 1796:Min J (1 June 2020). 1765:10.34133/2020/7286735 1627:Standards, European. 1134: 1057:, surgical masks and 1005: 997: 935: 819: 776:University of Breslau 557: 385:A surgical mask is a 273:was a central issue. 263:use of surgical masks 213:Staphylococcus aureus 164: 144:filtering respirators 108:airborne transmission 106:). This helps reduce 6279:Culture of East Asia 6174:Genomic reassortment 6154:Genetic epidemiology 5993:Health communication 5921:Flattening the curve 5911:Disease surveillance 5694:Systemic/Generalized 5458:Animal disease model 4938:Asymptomatic carrier 4082:Nature Biotechnology 3370:on 11 November 2009. 942:health professionals 867:respiratory droplets 800:developing countries 772:Jan Mikulicz-Radecki 647:protection, such as 629:protection over the 463:qualitative fit test 431:contaminated surface 352:respiratory droplets 297:respiratory droplets 217:colony-forming units 120:respiratory droplets 6274:1960s introductions 6241:Pandemic prevention 6197:Viral phylodynamics 6178:Re-emerging disease 6067:Travel restrictions 5271:Postoperative wound 5240:Blood-borne disease 5222:Respiratory droplet 5134:Vertical/Congenital 5119:Nosocomial/Hospital 5076:Spillover infection 4321:2020PhFl...32i1701V 4254:2020MarPB.15911517A 4197:2021MarPB.16812419C 4056:Control Engineering 3981:2021NatSR..1119216P 3911:2021MRE.....8k2001K 3667:. December 1, 2016. 3491:10.1017/dmp.2013.43 3205:2022JAerS.16005905K 3003:2023RSPTA.38130133B 2795:2021NatSR..1115998C 2424:. 11 February 2020. 2044:2011PLoSO...621392T 1912:. February 7, 2019. 1757:2020Resea202086735C 1380:2020Natur.586..186P 966:surgical procedures 708:elastocartilaginous 695:surgical operations 482: 455:NIOSH certification 251:developed countries 207:and similar masks. 134:or unintentionally 6187:Selection pressure 5483:Force of infection 5111:Contagious disease 5046:Endogenous seeding 4943:Chain of infection 4867:Injection drug use 4778:Vaccination status 4661:Case fatality rate 4579:infectious disease 4386:2021-02-25 at the 3969:Scientific Reports 3796:Cognitive Research 3745:Cognitive Research 3685:. 21 January 2021. 3451:on 14 January 2020 2779:Scientific Reports 2470:10.1002/ajim.20395 2297:. 28 January 2022. 2158:NIOSH Science Blog 1883:. 24 December 2015 1633:www.en-standard.eu 1530:(6577): eabi9069. 1137: 1031:viral transmission 1016: 1000: 938: 928:Healthcare workers 826: 662:(which can fog up 576: 480: 470:non-woven material 223:ASTM International 168: 6261: 6260: 6251:Tropical medicine 6192:Synthetic biology 6093: 6092: 6052:Social distancing 6005:Outbreak response 5626: 5625: 5453:Agent-based model 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 4978:Natural reservoir 4968:Infectious period 4958:Incubation period 4915: 4914: 4871:Natural disaster 4840:Tropical diseases 4823:Biodiversity loss 4760:Risk of infection 4750:Microbiome health 4743:Immunosuppression 4446:(19): 5727–5732. 4368:Smart Air Filters 4330:10.1063/5.0022968 4299:Physics of Fluids 4088:(11): 1366–1374. 3578:kathmandupost.com 3256:nursingcenter.com 3097:BMC Public Health 2630:(apr09 1): h694. 2575:978-0-309-10182-0 2464:(12): 1056–1065. 2314:Smart Air Filters 2269:978-0-309-10182-0 1374:(7828): 186–189. 1079:COVID-19 pandemic 832:COVID-19 pandemic 822:COVID-19 pandemic 806:COVID-19 pandemic 610:) placed between 552: 551: 391:respiratory tract 376:dental procedures 327: 267:COVID-19 pandemic 199:but less than do 162: 84:medical face mask 76: 75: 6311: 6284:Culture of Japan 6246:Tropical disease 6182:Reverse zoonosis 6169:One Health Model 5998:Health education 5987:Community health 5906:Cordon sanitaire 5879:Ring vaccination 5849:Repurposed drugs 5736: 5655:Gastrointestinal 5498:Machine learning 5302:Gastrointestinal 5253:Intravenous line 5190: 5104:/Cross-infection 5091:Reverse zoonosis 5064: 5021: 4926: 4907:War and conflict 4775:Nutrition status 4738:Immunodeficiency 4595: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4472: 4471: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4406:. 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Occasionally 654:Small strips of 612:non-woven fabric 545:Water repellency 525:Air permeability 483: 362:, unintentional 329: 328: 289: 241:created using a 163: 69:edit on Wikidata 50: 38: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6299:Medical devices 6294:Medical hygiene 6264: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6201: 6114:Antigenic shift 6109:Antigenic drift 6100: 6089: 5953:Barrier nursing 5901:Contact tracing 5892: 5885: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5632: 5622: 5523: 5517: 5508:Serial interval 5427: 5411: 5402:Cervico-vaginal 5397: 5388:Trans-placental 5383: 5367: 5335: 5297: 5233:Vascular system 5232: 5226: 5181: 5169: 5163: 5103: 5095: 5055: 5012: 4930: 4911: 4802: 4733:Immune response 4699: 4678:Drug resistance 4622:Infectious dose 4586: 4575: 4544: 4493: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4388:Wayback Machine 4379: 4375: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4014: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3360:"N95 Factsheet" 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3254:Procedure mask. 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3041: 3040: 3036: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2947:(1): CD006207. 2934: 2933: 2929: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2485: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2295:maskenplanet.de 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2200:. 27 May 2009. 2192: 2191: 2182: 2170: 2162: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2097:. 11 March 2020 2089: 2088: 2079: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1975:Financial Times 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1481:(4): CD002929. 1468: 1467: 1460: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1316: 1315: 1306: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1197: 1188: 1165:medical devices 1129: 1098: 1087:banned such use 992: 946:liquid droplets 930: 925: 909: 908: 814: 808: 796:developed world 792:cloth facemasks 785:Dr. Wu Lien-teh 768: 741: 529:ml/s⋅cm at 100 500: 478: 340: 339: 338: 337: 336: 330: 317: 313: 312: 290: 279: 247:cloth facemasks 239:nonwoven fabric 153: 72: 53: 36: 33: 12: 11: 5: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Emergent virus 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6079: 6077:Vector control 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6020:N95 respirator 6012: 6007: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5893:pharmaceutical 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5742: 5740: 5739:Pharmaceutical 5733: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690:Cardiovascular 5688: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5669:Nervous system 5667: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5493:Infection rate 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5248:Injection site 5242: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5217:Dental aerosol 5214: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5101:Human-to-human 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4998:Super-spreader 4995: 4993:Superinfection 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4902:Vector control 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4831:Climate zones 4829: 4827:Climate change 4824: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4643: 4641:Quorum sensing 4638: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4506:(5): 541–550. 4491: 4480: 4479:External links 4477: 4474: 4473: 4423: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4285: 4228: 4171: 4152: 4127: 4068: 4042: 4031:. Fast Company 4012: 3952: 3926: 3905:(11): 112001. 3885: 3859: 3847:Brisbane Times 3833: 3782: 3731: 3706: 3688: 3670: 3652: 3641: 3615: 3590: 3565: 3539: 3514: 3485:(4): 413–418. 3465: 3430: 3411: 3385: 3373: 3351: 3329: 3301: 3258: 3246: 3218: 3183: 3134: 3083: 3034: 2976: 2927: 2902: 2838: 2765: 2710: 2673:(1): 547–577. 2657: 2614: 2581: 2574: 2566:10.17226/11637 2547: 2498: 2483: 2448: 2445:(58): 771–781. 2427: 2409: 2388: 2383:KoreaTechToday 2369: 2338: 2319: 2300: 2282: 2268: 2260:10.17226/11637 2241: 2213: 2180: 2144: 2118: 2077: 2015: 1988: 1977:. 1 April 2020 1962: 1951:. 5 March 2020 1936: 1915: 1894: 1865: 1834: 1811: 1788: 1731: 1682: 1655: 1638: 1616: 1567: 1510: 1458: 1429:(5): 967–975. 1409: 1358: 1329:(4): 276–282. 1304: 1253: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1201:N95 respirator 1196: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1128: 1125: 1097: 1094: 1055:Southeast Asia 991: 990:General public 988: 929: 926: 924: 921: 859:source control 828: 827: 810:Main article: 807: 804: 767: 764: 740: 737: 676:adhesive tapes 550: 549: 546: 542: 541: 538: 534: 533: 527: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510: 507: 503: 502: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 477: 474: 331: 315: 314: 291: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 278: 275: 170:Evidence from 88:procedure mask 74: 73: 66: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 34: 26:N95 respirator 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6316: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:Medical masks 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6057:Sterilization 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025:Surgical mask 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5982:Public health 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:Phage therapy 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5817:Immunotherapy 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5775:Antimicrobial 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5666:Genitourinary 5665: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524:in population 5520: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Herd immunity 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372:Genitourinary 5370: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5314:Contamination 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282:Vector-borne 5281: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5068:Cross-species 5065: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5008:Window period 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973:Latent period 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Deforestation 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4797:Stress levels 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4629:Pathogenicity 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4413:on 2020-12-06 4409: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4305:(9): 091701. 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4153: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4105:1721.1/131278 4101: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2688:1721.1/131115 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2658: 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