1982:
bulk of quark–gluon plasma at the time of breakup. The global description of all produced particles can be attempted based on the picture of hadronizing hot drop of quark–gluon plasma or, alternatively, on the picture of confined and equilibrated hadron matter. In both cases one describes the data within the statistical thermal production model, but considerable differences in detail differentiate the nature of the source of these particles. The experimental groups working in the field also like to develop their own data analysis models and the outside observer sees many different analysis results. There are as many as 10–15 different particles species that follow the pattern predicted for the QGP as function of reaction energy, reaction centrality, and strangeness content. At yet higher LHC energies saturation of strangeness yield and binding to heavy flavor open new experimental opportunities.
879:(sss) and especially their antiparticles is an important cornerstone of the claim that quark–gluon plasma has been formed. This abundant formation is often presented in comparison with the scaled expectation from normal proton–proton collisions; however, such a comparison is not a necessary step in view of the large absolute yields which defy conventional model expectations. The overall yield of strangeness is also larger than expected if the new form of matter has been achieved. However, considering that the light quarks are also produced in gluon fusion processes, one expects increased production of all hadrons. The study of the relative yields of strange and non strange particles provides information about the competition of these processes and thus the reaction mechanism of particle production.
646:
antimatter particles containing more than one strange quark. On the other hand, in a system involving a cascade of nucleon–nucleon collisions, multi-strange antimatter are produced less frequently considering that several relatively improbable events must occur in the same collision process. For this reason one expects that the yield of multi-strange antimatter particles produced in the presence of quark matter is enhanced compared to conventional series of reactions. Strange quarks also bind with the heavier charm and bottom quarks which also like to bind with each other. Thus, in the presence of a large number of these quarks, quite unusually abundant exotic particles can be produced; some of which have never been observed before. This should be the case in the forthcoming exploration at the new
917:. Here results obtained when two colliding systems at 100 A GeV in each beam are considered: in red the heavier gold–gold collisions and in blue the smaller copper–copper collisions. The energy at RHIC is 11 times greater in the CM frame of reference compared to the earlier CERN work. The important result is that enhancement observed by STAR also increases with the number of participating nucleons. We further note that for the most peripheral events at the smallest number of participants, copper and gold systems show, at the same number of participants, the same enhancement as expected.
579:: the gluon collisions here are occurring within the thermal matter phase and thus are different from the high energy processes that can ensue in the early stages of the collisions when the nuclei crash into each other. The heavier, charm and bottom quarks are produced there dominantly. The study in relativistic nuclear (heavy ion) collisions of charmed and soon also bottom hadronic particle production—beside strangeness—will provide complementary and important confirmation of the mechanisms of formation, evolution and hadronization of quark–gluon plasma in the laboratory.
423:
matter is made are easily produced as quark–antiquark pairs in the hot fireball because they have small masses. On the other hand, the next lightest quark flavor—strange quarks—will reach its high quark–gluon plasma thermal abundance provided that there is enough time and that the temperature is high enough. This work elaborated the kinetic theory of strangness production proposed by T. Biro and J. Zimanyi who demonstrated that strange quarks could not be produced fast enough alone by quark-antiquark reactions. A new mechanism operational alone in QGP was proposed.
1633:
hadronization volume. ALICE results display a smooth volume dependence of total yield of all studied particles as function of volume, there is no additional "canonical" suppression. This is so since the yield of strange pairs in QGP is sufficiently high and tracks well the expected abundance increase as the volume and lifespan of QGP increases. This increase is incompatible with the hypothesis that for all reaction volumes QGP is always in chemical (yield) equilibrium of strangeness. Instead, this confirms the theoretical kinetic model proposed by
Rafelski and
987:
111:
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588:
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yield ratio. A possible structure has been predicted, and indeed, an unexpected structure is seen in the ratio of particles comprising the positive kaon K (comprising anti s-quarks and up-quark) and positive pion particles, seen in the figure (solid symbols). The rise and fall (square symbols) of the
1896:
particle are newly produced in the reaction. The WA85 results were in agreement with theoretical predictions. In the published report, WA85 interpreted their results as QGP. NA35 had large systematic errors in its data, which were improved in the following years. Moreover, the collaboration needed to
905:
as shown in the enhancement of antibaryon figure. The gradual rise of the enhancement as a function of the variable representing the amount of nuclear matter participating in the collisions, and thus as a function of the geometric centrality of nuclear collision strongly favors the quark–gluon plasma
234:
dissolve into quarks. This means that the abundance of strange quarks is sensitive to the conditions, structure and dynamics of the deconfined matter phase, and if their number is large it can be assumed that deconfinement conditions were reached. An even stronger signature of strangeness enhancement
1972:
where in particular the STAR detector can search for the onset of production of quark–gluon plasma as a function of energy in the domain where the horn maximum is seen, in order to improve the understanding of these results, and to record the behavior of other related quark–gluon plasma observables.
920:
Another remarkable feature of these results, comparing CERN and STAR, is that the enhancement is of similar magnitude for the vastly different collision energies available in the reaction. This near energy independence of the enhancement also agrees with the quark–gluon plasma approach regarding the
422:
One cannot assume that under all conditions the yield of strange quarks is in thermal equilibrium. In general, the quark-flavor composition of the plasma varies during its ultra short lifetime as new flavors of quarks such as strangeness are cooked up inside. The up and down quarks from which normal
1321:
in his early analysis of particle production and solved by
Rafelski and Danos. In that work it was shown that even if just a few new pairs of strange particles were produced the effect disappears. However, the matter was revived by Hamieh et al. who argued that is possible that small sub-volumes in
896:
The work of Koch, Muller, Rafelski predicts that in a quark–gluon plasma hadronization process the enhancement for each particle species increases with the strangeness content of the particle. The enhancements for particles carrying one, two and three strange or antistrange quarks were measured and
1943:
One of the most interesting questions is if there is a threshold in reaction energy and/or volume size which needs to be exceeded in order to form a domain in which quarks can move freely. It is natural to expect that if such a threshold exists the particle yields/ratios we have shown above should
1981:
The strangeness production and its diagnostic potential as a signature of quark–gluon plasma has been discussed for nearly 30 years. The theoretical work in this field today focuses on the interpretation of the overall particle production data and the derivation of the resulting properties of the
1316:
Collaboration at the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) allows in-depth exploration of lingering challenges, which always accompany new physics, and here in particular the questions surrounding strangeness signature. Among the most discussed challenges has been the question if the abundance of particles
1901:
which characterizes the speed of the source. The peak of emission indicates that the additionally formed antimatter particles do not originate from the colliding nuclei themselves, but from a source that moves at a speed corresponding to one-half of the rapidity of the incident nucleus that is a
891:
Enhancement of antibaryon yield increases with number of newly made quarks (s, anti-s, anti-q) and the size of the colliding system represented by the number of nucleons "damaged=wounded" in the collision of relativistic heavy ions. SPS, RHIC, and ALICE results shown as function of participating
162:
at extremely high speeds, where the energy released in the collision can raise the subatomic particles' energies to an exceedingly high level, sufficient for them to briefly form a tiny amount of quark–gluon plasma that can be studied in laboratory experiments for little more than the time light
478:
figure, shows the new gluon fusion processes: gluons are the wavy lines; strange quarks are the solid lines; time runs from left to right. The bottom section is the process where the heavier quark pair arises from the lighter pair of quarks shown as dashed lines. The gluon fusion process occurs
226:. Unlike the up and down quarks, strange quarks are not brought into the reaction by the colliding nuclei. Therefore, any strange quarks or antiquarks observed in experiments have been "freshly" made from the kinetic energy of colliding nuclei, with gluons being the catalyst. Conveniently, the
217:
The diagnosis and the study of the properties of quark–gluon plasma can be undertaken using quarks not present in matter seen around us. The experimental and theoretical work relies on the idea of strangeness enhancement. This was the first observable of quark–gluon plasma proposed in 1980 by
662:
Universality of transverse mass spectra of strange baryons and antibaryons as measured by CERN-WA97 collaboration. Collisions at 158 A GeV. These results demonstrate that all these particles are produced in explosively hadronizing fireball (of QGP) and do not undergo further interaction once
1641:
is naturally a function of both energy and collision system size. The fact that at extreme LHC energies we cross this boundary also in experiments with the smallest elementary collision systems, such as pp, confirms the unexpected strength of the processes leading to QGP formation. Onset of
645:
These newly cooked strange quarks find their way into a multitude of different final particles that emerge as the hot quark–gluon plasma fireball breaks up, see the scheme of different processes in figure. Given the ready supply of antiquarks in the "fireball", one also finds a multitude of
1632:
result is the observation of same strangeness enhancement, not only on AA (nucleus–nucleus) but also in pA (proton–nucleus) and pp (proton–proton) collisions when the particle production yields are presented as a function of the multiplicity, which, as noted, corresponds to the available
572:—the Wroblewski ratio—is considered a measure of efficacy of strangeness production. This ratio more than doubles in heavy ion collisions, providing a model independent confirmation of a new mechanism of strangeness production operating in collisions that are producing QGP.
591:
Illustration of the two step process of strange antibaryon production, a key signature of QGP: strangeness is produced inside the fireball and later on in an independent process at hadronization several (anti)strange quarks form (anti)baryons. The production of triple strange
2315:
Anikina, M.; Gaździcki, M.; Golokhvastov, A.; Goncharova, L.; Iovchev, K.; Khorozov, S.; Kuznetzova, E.; Lukstins, J.; Okonov, E.; Ostanievich, T.; Sidorin, S. (1983). "Λ Hyperons
Produced in Central Nucleus–Nucleus Interactions at 4.5 GeV/ c Momentum per Incident Nucleon".
1428:
volumes as described by the total produced particle multiplicy. The results show that this ratio assumes the expected value for a large range volumes (two orders of magnitude). At small particle volume or multiplicity, the curve shows the expected reduction: The
1999:, in 1995. The latest edition, 10–15 June 2019, of the conference was held in Bari, Italy, attracting about 300 participants. A more general venue is the Quark Matter conference, which last time took place from 3–9 September 2023 in
1990:
Scientists studying strangeness as signature of quark gluon plasma present and discuss their results at specialized meetings. Well established is the series
International Conference on Strangeness in Quark Matter, first organized in
1625:) that requires two pairs minimum to be made. However, we also see an increase at very high volume—this is an effect at the level of one to two standard deviations. Similar results were already recognized before by Petran et al.
412:
4088:
Abatzis, S.; Barnes, R.P.; Benayoun, M.; Beusch, W.; Bloodworth, I.J.; Bravar, A.; Carney, J.N.; Dufey, J.P.; Evans, D.; Fini, R.; French, B.R. (1991). "Λ and anti-Λ production in S+W and p+W interactions at 200 A GeV/c".
1120:
1306:
1264:
1192:
239:. An early comprehensive review of strangeness as a signature of QGP was presented by Koch, Müller and Rafelski, which was recently updated. The abundance of produced strange anti-baryons, and in particular anti-omega
118:
create an extremely dense environment, in which quarks and gluons may interact as free particles for brief moments. The collisions happened at such extreme velocities that the nuclei are "pancaked" because of
308:
1317:
produced is enhanced or if the comparison base line is suppressed. Suppression is expected when an otherwise absent quantum number, such as strangeness, is rarely produced. This situation was recognized by
479:
almost ten times faster than the quark-based strangeness process, and allows achievement of the high thermal yield where the quark based process would fail to do so during the duration of the "micro-bang".
205:(GSI) and NICA at JINR, are under construction. Strangeness as a signature of QGP was first explored in 1983. Comprehensive experimental evidence about its properties is being assembled. Recent work by the
1953:. The reason the negative kaon particles do not show this "horn" feature is that the s-quarks prefer to hadronize bound in the Lambda particle, where the counterpart structure is observed. Data point from
69:
and not necessarily chemical (abundance) equilibrium. The word plasma signals that color charged particles (quarks and/or gluons) are able to move in the volume occupied by the plasma. The abundance of
167:. This is so since practically all QGP components flow out at relativistic speed. In this way, it is possible to study conditions akin to those in the early Universe at the age of 10–40 microseconds.
2738:
Soff, S.; Bass, S.A.; Bleicher, M.; Bravina, L.; Gorenstein, M.; Zabrodin, E.; Stöcker, H.; Greiner, W. (1999). "Strangeness enhancement in heavy ion collisions – evidence for quark–gluon matter?".
1867:. The data indicates a significant enhancement of the production of this antimatter particle comprising one antistrange quark as well as antiup and antidown quarks. All three constituents of the
921:
mechanism of production of these particles and confirms that a quark–gluon plasma is created over a wide range of collision energies, very probably once a minimal energy threshold is exceeded.
1322:
QGP are of relevance. This argument can be resolved by exploring specific sensitive experimental signatures for example the ratio of double strange particles of different type, such yield of
1044:
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1649:. When QGP is formed, these quarks are embedded in a high density of strangeness present. This should lead to copious production of exotic heavy particles, for example
4072:
Study of strangness production in central nucleus–nucleus collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon by developing a new analysis method for the NA35 streamer chamber pictures
1779:
1752:
1732:
1705:
770:
745:
1064:
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in time for the CERN announcement in 2000 of a possible quark–gluon plasma formation in its experiments. These results were elaborated by the successor collaboration
877:
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857:
834:
790:
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1453:
1346:
4857:
4124:
Abatzis, S.; Antinori, F.; Barnes, R.P.; Benayoun, M.; Beusch, W.; Bloodworth, I.J.; Bravar, A.; Carney, J.N.; de la Cruz, B.; Di Bari, D.; Dufey, J.P. (1991).
2573:"Strangeness and phase changes in hot hadronic matter - 1983: From: "Sixth High Energy Heavy Ion Study" held 28 June - 1 July 1983 at: LBNL, Berkeley, CA, USA"
5176:
2524:"Extreme states of nuclear matter – 1980: From: "Workshop on Future Relativistic Heavy Ion Experiments" held 7–10 October 1980 at: GSI, Darmstadt, Germany"
202:
90:
helps to produce antimatter containing multiple strange quarks, which is otherwise rarely made. Similar considerations are at present made for the heavier
5209:
3836:
Tripathy, Sushanta (2019-07-01). "An insight into strangeness with $ \phi$ (1020) production in small to large collision systems with ALICE at the LHC".
78:
processes in collisions between constituents of the plasma, creating the chemical abundance equilibrium. The dominant mechanism of production involves
3857:
Albuquerque, D.S.D. (2019). "Hadronic resonances, strange and multi-strange particle production in Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC".
317:
1069:
198:
3556:
Heinz, Ulrich; Jacob, Maurice (2000-02-16). "Evidence for a New State of Matter: An
Assessment of the Results from the CERN Lead Beam Programme".
94:
flavor, which is made at the beginning of the collision process in the first interactions and is only abundant in the high-energy environments of
1269:
1227:
1155:
310:, allowed to distinguish fully deconfined large QGP domain from transient collective quark models such as the color rope model proposed by Biró,
2262:
Gazdzicki, Marek; Gorenstein, Mark; Seyboth, Peter (2020-04-05). "Brief history of the search for critical structures in heavy-ion collisions".
5055:
3227:
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into lighter quarks on a timescale that is extremely long compared with the nuclear-collision times. This makes it relatively easy to detect
190:
1308:
TeV are included for comparison. Error bars show the statistical uncertainty, whereas the empty boxes show the total systematic uncertainty.
186:
4167:
Gazdzicki, Marek; Gorenstein, Mark; Seyboth, Peter (2020). "Brief history of the search for critical structures in heavy-ion collisions".
2895:
Hamieh, Salah; Redlich, Krzysztof; Tounsi, Ahmed (2000). "Canonical description of strangeness enhancement from p–A to Pb–Pb collisions".
1822:
Looking back to the beginning of the CERN heavy ion program one sees de facto announcements of quark–gluon plasma discoveries. The CERN-
1781:
and p). This figure is created from actual picture taken at the NA35 CERN experiment. More details at page 28 in
Letessier and Rafelski.
242:
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needs to cross the QGP fireball, thus about 10 s. After this brief time the hot drop of quark plasma evaporates in a process called
2016:
Brief history of the search for critical structures in heavy-ion collisions, Marek
Gazdzicki, Mark Gorenstein, Peter Seyboth, 2020.
1902:
common center of momentum frame of reference source formed when both nuclei collide, that is, the hot quark–gluon plasma fireball.
139:) is mobile and quarks and gluons move around. This is possible because at a high temperature the early universe is in a different
2435:
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obtained in three different collision systems at highest available energy as a function of charged hadron multiplicity produced.
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914:
159:
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5471:
5202:
5003:
3783:
Tripathy, Sushanta (2019). "Energy dependence of ϕ(1020) production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions with ALICE at the LHC".
182:
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yield created in S–S with that in up-scaled p–p (squares) collision as a function of rapidity. Collisions at 200 A GeV.
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of free quarks, antiquarks and gluons. This gas is called quark–gluon plasma (QGP), since the quark-interaction charge (
5140:
3970:
2677:
Koch, Peter; Müller, Berndt; Rafelski, Johann (2017). "From strangeness enhancement to quark–gluon plasma discovery".
26:
2829:
Petráň, Michal; Rafelski, Johann (2010). "Multistrange particle production and the statistical hadronization model".
993:
3912:"Statistical thermodynamics of strong interactions at high energies – III : heavy pair(quark) production rates"
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1668:. Other heavy flavor particles, some which have not even been discovered at this time, are also likely to appear.
1646:
576:
4450:"Pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20A and 30A GeV: Evidence for the onset of deconfinement"
3339:
Kuznetsova, I.; Rafelski, J. (2007). "Heavy flavor hadrons in statistical hadronization of strangeness-rich QGP".
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5195:
466:
Yield equilibration of strangeness yield in QGP is only possible due to a new process, gluon fusion, as shown by
230:
of strange quarks and antiquarks is equivalent to the temperature or energy at which protons, neutrons and other
66:
3968:
I. Kuznetsova; J. Rafelski (2007). "Heavy Flavor
Hadrons in Statistical Hadronization of Strangeness-rich QGP".
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Biro, T.S.; Nielsen, H.B.; Knoll, J. (1984). "Colour rope model for extreme relativistic heavy ion collisions".
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The very high precision of (strange) particle spectra and large transverse momentum coverage reported by the
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produced. This key result shows therefore formation a new state of matter announced at CERN in
February 2000.
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209:
at CERN has opened a new path to study of QGP and strangeness production in very high energy pp collisions.
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through the tracks left by their decay products. Consider as an example the decay of a negatively charged
4635:"Quark Matter 2023 - the XXXth International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus–Nucleus Collisions"
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Rafelski, Johann; Danos, Michael (1980). "The importance of the reaction volume in hadronic collisions".
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nucleons scaled—this represents residual enhancement after removal of scaling with number of participant.
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Dong, Xin; Lee, Yen-Jie; Rapp, Ralf (2019). "Open Heavy-Flavor Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions".
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1637:. The production of QGP in pp collisions was not expected by all, but should not be a surprise. The
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at CERN of the particles that have charm and strange quarks, and even bottom quarks, as components.
82:
only present when matter has become a quark–gluon plasma. When quark–gluon plasma disassembles into
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3405:"Transverse mass spectra of strange and multi–strange particles in Pb–Pb collisions at 158 A GeV/c"
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decays into a proton and another negative pion. In general this is the signature of the decay of a
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Beyond strangeness the great advantage offered by LHC energy range is the abundant production of
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Free quarks probably existed in the extreme conditions of the very early universe until about 30
2216:
Jacak, Barbara; Steinberg, Peter (2010). "Creating the perfect liquid in heavy-ion collisions".
154:
in the laboratory it is necessary to exceed a minimum temperature, or its equivalent, a minimum
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strangeness production processes: gluon fusion, top, dominate the light quark based production.
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4023:
N. Armesto; et al. (2008). "Heavy-ion collisions at the LHC—Last call for predictions".
2468:
Rafelski, Johann; Müller, Berndt (1982). "Strangeness Production in the Quark–Gluon Plasma".
2025:
On the history of multi-particle production in high energy collisions, Marek Gazdzicki, 2012.
2022:
Four heavy-ion experiments at the CERN-SPS: A trip down memory lane, Emanuele Quercigh, 2012.
1672:
S–S and S–W collisions at SPS-CERN with projectile energy 200 GeV per nucleon on fixed target
1049:
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ALICE: Resolution of remaining questions about strangeness as signature of quark–gluon plasma
862:
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P. Koch; B. Müller; J. Rafelski (1986). "Strangeness in relativistic heavy ion collisions".
2592:
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2395:
2366:"Enhanced production of multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions"
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evaluate the pp-background. These results are presented as function of the variable called
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typically approach chemical equilibrium in a dynamic evolution process. QGP (also known as
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deconfinement in pp and other "small" system collisions remains an active research topic.
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5311:
5306:
5060:
5015:
4993:
4881:
3158:
2028:
Strangeness and the quark–gluon plasma: thirty years of discovery, Berndt Müller, 2012.
1932:
155:
151:
147:(able to exist independently as separate unbound particles). In order to recreate this
115:
3503:
2926:
2769:
5711:
5663:
5643:
5566:
5526:
5461:
5393:
5316:
4825:
4776:
4711:
4493:
4416:
4408:
4257:
4206:
4153:
4110:
4056:
4001:
3954:
3896:
3822:
3769:
3630:
3622:
3444:
3370:
3311:
3174:
3015:
2976:
2876:
2812:
2724:
2660:
2301:
2048:
1954:
1425:
1318:
910:
749:
727:
223:
164:
148:
144:
71:
46:
4314:
4009:
3888:
3814:
3703:
3386:
3237:
3101:
2777:
1785:
658:
587:
431:
110:
5688:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5516:
5466:
5383:
5095:
4791:
4726:
4685:
3753:
2934:
2043:
816:
has a similar final state decay topology, it can be clearly distinguished from the
813:
140:
136:
3288:(1991). "Strangeness enhancement in central S + S collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon".
2104:
2079:
3722:
Rafelski, Johann (2020). "Discovery of Quark–Gluon Plasma: Strangeness Diaries".
3219:
2597:
2572:
2548:
2523:
5597:
5491:
5403:
5271:
4076:
The figure is a re-work of the original figure appearing on the top of page 271.
3083:
3030:
2508:
2489:
2337:
407:{\displaystyle \phi (s{\bar {s}})/{\bar {\Xi }}({\bar {q}}{\bar {s}}{\bar {s}})}
185:(BNL). Preparatory work, allowing for these discoveries, was carried out at the
128:
91:
50:
20:
4485:
4272:
2860:
1527:) as the number of produced strange pairs decreases and thus it easier to make
887:
5536:
5511:
5438:
5408:
5342:
5321:
5115:
5105:
4241:
4198:
2708:
2293:
2053:
1961:
1115:{\displaystyle \operatorname {d} \!N_{ch}/\operatorname {d} \!\eta _{<0.5}}
170:
54:
42:
4817:
4768:
4760:
4702:
4249:
3761:
3436:
3378:
3166:
2868:
2716:
2606:
2557:
2497:
2409:
2345:
2245:
2194:
2113:
1859:
formation in heavy ion reactions in May 1990 at the Quark Matter Conference,
414:
resolves questions raised by the canonical model of strangeness enhancement.
4966:
4835:
4541:
4298:
3478:"Strangeness enhancement at mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at 158 A GeV/c"
2019:
Discovery of quark–gluon plasma: strangeness diaries, Johann Rafelski, 2020.
1916:
699:
2202:
1944:
indicate that. One of the most accessible signatures would be the relative
1301:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {s_{\operatorname {N} \!\operatorname {N} \!}}}=5.02}
1259:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {s_{\operatorname {N} \!\operatorname {N} \!}}}=5.44}
1187:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {s_{\operatorname {N} \!\operatorname {N} \!}}}=5.02}
929:
33:
in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is a signature and diagnostic tool of
5187:
4306:
3428:
143:, in which normal matter cannot exist but quarks and gluons can; they are
5673:
5501:
2439:
1898:
38:
4634:
4391:
3605:
3562:
2752:
2078:
Margetis, Spyridon; Safarík, Karel; Villalobos Baillie, Orlando (2000).
5633:
5521:
5456:
5373:
5368:
4727:"On the history of multi-particle production in high energy collisions"
4348:
3984:
3353:
2909:
2000:
1996:
194:
3581:(2006). "Enhancement of hyperon production at central rapidity in 158
2400:
2365:
2237:
1680:
Illustration of self-analyzing strange hadron decay: a double strange
5242:
5070:
4686:"Four heavy-ion experiments at the CERN-SPS: A trip down memory lane"
4660:"Why hundreds of Sheldon Coopers are descending on Houston next week"
4449:
3662:(2009). "Overview of strangeness production at the STAR experiment".
3190:"Color deconfinement and charmonium production in nuclear collisions"
2185:
2160:
1936:
1864:
1860:
1424:
obtained this ratio for several collision systems in a wide range of
231:
83:
4125:
3911:
3477:
3404:
2991:
45:, from which everyday matter is made, heavier quark flavors such as
4792:"Strangeness and the quark–gluon plasma: thirty years of discovery"
4523:
Strangeness in hadronic matter : S'95, Tucson, AZ January 1995
4181:
3871:
3842:
3797:
3736:
3141:
3031:"On the strange quark suppression factor in high-energy collisions"
2691:
2382:
2276:
5251:
5237:
4808:
4743:
4468:
4039:
3678:
3266:
3202:
3066:
2843:
435:
Feynman diagrams for the lowest order in strong coupling constant
87:
79:
62:
58:
4220:
Becattini, F. (2012). "Strangeness and onset of deconfinement".
3052:
Becattini, Francesco; Fries, Rainer J. (2010), Stock, R. (ed.),
1969:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1122:, is reported for several systems and energies, including pp at
703:
303:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Omega }}({\bar {s}}{\bar {s}}{\bar {s}})}
227:
178:
95:
5191:
4839:
2161:"CERN claims first experimental creation of quark–gluon plasma"
5247:
4589:
3196:, vol. 23, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 373–423,
3060:, vol. 23, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 208–239,
2004:
132:
106:
Quark–gluon plasma in the early universe and in the laboratory
4134:
production in sulphur–tungsten interactions at 200 GeV/
236:
1928:
as a function of collision energy in collisions of two
1920:
The ratio of mean multiplicities of positively charged
86:
in a breakup process, the high availability of strange
3188:
Kluberg, Louis; Satz, Helmut (2010), Stock, R. (ed.),
2950:"Quarkochemistry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions"
1194:
TeV, and also the ALICE preliminary results for pp at
1873:
1836:
1795:
1760:
1740:
1713:
1686:
1611:
1585:
1565:
1533:
1513:
1481:
1461:
1435:
1406:
1374:
1354:
1328:
1272:
1230:
1200:
1158:
1128:
1072:
1052:
996:
939:
883:
Systematics of strange matter and antimatter creation
865:
845:
822:
798:
778:
758:
733:
685:
618:
598:
520:
488:
441:
320:
245:
4074:. Thesis number 2723. Geneva: University of Geneva.
641:
is the strongest signature to date of QGP formation.
5621:
5575:
5447:
5361:
5335:
5279:
5230:
5149:
5086:
5014:
4930:
4902:
4874:
1066:. The evolution with multiplicity at mid-rapidity,
4330:"On the Early Stage of Nucleus–Nucleus Collisions"
3258:Strangeness and charm in quark–gluon hadronization
3054:"The QCD Confinement Transition: Hadron Formation"
2992:"Strangeness production in the quark gluon plasma"
1960:In view of these results the objective of ongoing
1906:Horn in K → π ratio and the onset of deconfinement
1888:
1851:
1810:
1773:
1754:which decays making a characteristic V-signature (
1746:
1726:
1699:
1617:
1597:
1571:
1551:
1519:
1499:
1467:
1447:
1412:
1392:
1360:
1340:
1300:
1258:
1216:
1186:
1144:
1114:
1058:
1038:
974:
871:
851:
828:
804:
784:
764:
739:
691:
633:
604:
564:
506:
454:
406:
302:
1287:
1283:
1245:
1241:
1173:
1169:
1098:
1076:
2080:"Strangeness Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions"
1957:(red stars) in figure agree with the CERN data.
418:Equilibrium of strangeness in quark–gluon plasma
4526:. Rafelski, Johann. New York: AIP Press. 1995.
1039:{\displaystyle p,K_{s}^{0},\Lambda ,\phi ,\Xi }
5203:
4851:
3129:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
2084:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
8:
4570:"History – Strangeness in Quark Matter 2019"
3724:The European Physical Journal Special Topics
514:pairs with the normalized light quark pairs
4610:"Quark-matter mysteries on the run in Bari"
4506:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4429:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3643:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3516:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3457:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3324:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2432:Statistical mechanics of quarks and hadrons
203:GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
5210:
5196:
5188:
4858:
4844:
4836:
975:{\displaystyle ({\bar {\Xi }}+\Xi /\phi )}
909:A similar enhancement was obtained by the
836:because its decay products are different.
57:) is an interacting localized assembly of
4807:
4742:
4701:
4467:
4390:
4347:
4180:
4038:
3983:
3870:
3841:
3796:
3735:
3677:
3604:
3561:
3352:
3265:
3201:
3140:
3065:
2908:
2842:
2751:
2690:
2679:International Journal of Modern Physics A
2650:
2596:
2547:
2399:
2381:
2275:
2184:
2103:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1765:
1759:
1739:
1718:
1712:
1691:
1685:
1610:
1584:
1564:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1512:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1460:
1434:
1405:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1353:
1327:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1201:
1199:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1129:
1127:
1103:
1090:
1081:
1071:
1051:
1012:
1007:
995:
961:
944:
943:
938:
897:this effect was demonstrated by the CERN
864:
844:
821:
797:
777:
757:
732:
684:
620:
619:
617:
597:
565:{\displaystyle {\bar {u}}u+{\bar {d}}d/2}
554:
540:
539:
522:
521:
519:
490:
489:
487:
446:
440:
390:
389:
378:
377:
366:
365:
351:
350:
345:
331:
330:
319:
286:
285:
274:
273:
262:
261:
247:
246:
244:
1915:
1784:
1675:
985:
928:
886:
702:(green in figure, dss), into a negative
657:
586:
430:
109:
2070:
1968:and the proposed low energy run at BNL
990:Ratio to pion of integrated yields for
114:Collision between two highly-energetic
37:(QGP) formation and properties. Unlike
5056:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
4547:
4499:
4422:
4328:M. Gazdzicki; M.I. Gorenstein (1999).
4271:N.K. Glendenning; J. Rafelski (1985).
3636:
3509:
3450:
3317:
2824:
2822:
1830:experimental collaborations announced
3717:
3715:
3713:
3532:"New State of Matter created at CERN"
3398:
3396:
3279:
3277:
3122:
3120:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2672:
2670:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2125:
2123:
2007:, attracting about 800 participants.
906:source over normal matter reactions.
839:Measurement of abundant formation of
583:Strangeness (and charm) hadronization
314:and Knoll. The relative abundance of
235:is the highly enhanced production of
191:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
7:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2425:"From Hadron Gas to Quark Matter II"
2359:
2357:
2355:
2257:
2255:
1949:ratio has been reported by the CERN
654:Strange hadron decay and observation
187:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
4590:"Strangeness in Quark Matter 2019"
3159:10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023806
2130:J. Letessier; J. Rafelski (2002).
1877:
1840:
1799:
1741:
1688:
1612:
1462:
1355:
1284:
1280:
1242:
1238:
1170:
1166:
1095:
1073:
1053:
1033:
1021:
958:
946:
866:
846:
823:
799:
779:
759:
734:
686:
622:
599:
353:
249:
131:after the Big Bang, in a very hot
14:
2423:J. Rafelski; R. Hagedorn (1981).
1889:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Lambda }}}
1852:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Lambda }}}
1811:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Lambda }}}
213:Strangeness in quark–gluon plasma
5270:
2948:Biró, T.S.; Zimányi, J. (1982).
634:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Omega }}}
158:. Scientists achieve this using
5177:Timeline of physics discoveries
3889:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2018.08.033
3815:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2018.09.078
3409:The European Physical Journal C
3403:The WA97 Collaboration (2000).
3341:The European Physical Journal C
2577:The European Physical Journal A
2528:The European Physical Journal A
1475:) must be smaller compared to
197:. New experimental facilities,
4273:"Kaons and quark–gluon plasma"
4002:10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0268-9
3371:10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0268-9
3260:(PhD). University of Arizona.
3194:Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics
3058:Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics
2132:Hadrons and Quark–Gluon Plasma
1880:
1843:
1802:
1540:
1488:
1381:
1217:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {s}}=13}
969:
949:
940:
625:
545:
527:
495:
401:
395:
383:
371:
362:
356:
342:
336:
324:
297:
291:
279:
267:
258:
252:
183:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1:
5659:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
4049:10.1088/0954-3899/35/5/054001
3696:10.1088/0954-3899/36/6/064006
3504:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00140-9
2927:10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00762-0
2770:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01318-0
2105:10.1146/annurev.nucl.50.1.299
1145:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {s}}=7}
667:Strange quarks are naturally
427:Gluon fusion into strangeness
5669:Order and disorder (physics)
4375:(2004). "Report from NA49".
4154:10.1016/0370-2693(91)91548-A
4111:10.1016/0375-9474(91)90361-9
3955:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90601-2
3916:Supplemento al Nuovo Cimento
3754:10.1140/epjst/e2019-900263-x
3312:10.1016/0375-9474(91)90328-4
3220:10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_13
3016:10.1016/0375-9474(84)90551-7
2977:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90097-1
2813:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90441-3
2661:10.1016/0370-1573(86)90096-7
2364:ALICE Collaboration (2017).
482:The ratio of newly produced
5141:Quantum information science
3971:European Physical Journal C
3084:10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_8
2509:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.2334
2490:10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1066
2338:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1971
1789:Quantitative comparison of
1552:{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}s}
1500:{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}s}
1393:{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}s}
507:{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}s}
455:{\displaystyle \alpha _{s}}
177:has been announced both at
27:high-energy nuclear physics
5759:
4972:Classical electromagnetism
4486:10.1103/PhysRevC.77.024903
4409:10.1088/0954-3899/30/8/008
3623:10.1088/0954-3899/32/4/003
2861:10.1103/PhysRevC.82.011901
2598:10.1140/epja/i2015-15116-x
2571:Rafelski, Johann (2015) .
2549:10.1140/epja/i2015-15115-y
2522:Rafelski, Johann (2015) .
2136:Cambridge University Press
1909:
18:
5268:
4242:10.1134/S106377881205002X
4199:10.5506/APhysPolB.51.1033
2990:Rafelski, Johann (1984).
2709:10.1142/S0217751X17300241
2294:10.5506/APhysPolB.51.1033
474:. The top section of the
5694:Thermo-dielectric effect
5593:Enthalpy of vaporization
5287:Bose–Einstein condensate
5078:Condensed matter physics
4818:10.5506/APhysPolB.43.761
4761:10.5506/APhysPolB.43.791
4703:10.5506/APhysPolB.43.771
4222:Physics of Atomic Nuclei
1986:Conferences and meetings
1774:{\displaystyle \pi ^{-}}
1747:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
1727:{\displaystyle \pi ^{-}}
1700:{\displaystyle \Xi ^{-}}
792:. Although the negative
765:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
740:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
577:charm and bottom flavour
5588:Enthalpy of sublimation
4796:Acta Physica Polonica B
4731:Acta Physica Polonica B
4690:Acta Physica Polonica B
4335:Acta Physica Polonica B
4299:10.1103/PhysRevC.31.823
4169:Acta Physica Polonica B
3910:Hagedorn, Rolf (1968).
3256:Petran, Michal (2013).
3029:Wroblewski, A. (1985).
2470:Physical Review Letters
2318:Physical Review Letters
2264:Acta Physica Polonica B
2159:Abbott, Alison (2000).
1647:charm and bottom flavor
1628:Another highly praised
1059:{\displaystyle \Omega }
872:{\displaystyle \Omega }
805:{\displaystyle \Omega }
605:{\displaystyle \Omega }
5743:Quantum chromodynamics
5603:Latent internal energy
5353:Color-glass condensate
5162:Nobel Prize in Physics
5024:Relativistic mechanics
4725:Gazdzicki, M. (2012).
4554:: CS1 maint: others (
2452:. CERN-TH-2969 (1980).
1940:
1912:Onset of deconfinement
1890:
1853:
1819:
1812:
1782:
1775:
1748:
1728:
1701:
1639:onset of deconfinement
1619:
1599:
1573:
1553:
1521:
1501:
1469:
1449:
1414:
1394:
1362:
1342:
1309:
1302:
1260:
1218:
1188:
1146:
1116:
1060:
1040:
983:
976:
933:LHC-ALICE results for
893:
873:
853:
830:
806:
786:
766:
741:
693:
664:
642:
635:
606:
566:
508:
463:
456:
408:
304:
124:
31:strangeness production
5413:Magnetically ordered
5167:Philosophy of physics
4684:Quercigh, E. (2012).
3429:10.1007/s100520000386
1939:–proton interactions.
1919:
1891:
1854:
1813:
1788:
1776:
1749:
1729:
1702:
1679:
1620:
1600:
1574:
1572:{\displaystyle \phi }
1554:
1522:
1520:{\displaystyle \phi }
1502:
1470:
1450:
1415:
1413:{\displaystyle \phi }
1395:
1363:
1343:
1303:
1261:
1219:
1189:
1147:
1117:
1061:
1041:
989:
977:
932:
890:
874:
854:
831:
807:
787:
767:
742:
694:
661:
648:Large Hadron Collider
636:
607:
590:
567:
509:
457:
434:
409:
305:
113:
100:Large Hadron Collider
5292:Fermionic condensate
5126:Mathematical physics
4664:Houston Public Media
4378:Journal of Physics G
4026:Journal of Physics G
3665:Journal of Physics G
3592:Journal of Physics G
2442:. pp. 253–272.
2430:. In H. Satz (ed.).
1871:
1834:
1793:
1758:
1738:
1711:
1684:
1618:{\displaystyle \Xi }
1609:
1583:
1563:
1531:
1511:
1479:
1468:{\displaystyle \Xi }
1459:
1433:
1404:
1372:
1361:{\displaystyle \Xi }
1352:
1326:
1270:
1228:
1198:
1156:
1126:
1070:
1050:
994:
937:
863:
852:{\displaystyle \Xi }
843:
829:{\displaystyle \Xi }
820:
796:
785:{\displaystyle \Xi }
776:
756:
752:. Subsequently, the
731:
692:{\displaystyle \Xi }
683:
616:
596:
518:
486:
439:
318:
243:
5507:Chemical ionization
5399:Programmable matter
5389:Quantum spin liquid
5257:Supercritical fluid
5101:Atmospheric physics
4940:Classical mechanics
4868:branches of physics
4790:Müller, B. (2012).
4753:2012arXiv1201.0485G
4478:2008PhRvC..77b4903A
4401:2004JPhG...30S.701G
4358:1999AcPPB..30.2705G
4291:1985PhRvC..31..823G
4234:2012PAN....75..646B
4191:2020AcPPB..51.1033G
4103:1991NuPhA.525..445A
3994:2007EPJC...51..113K
3947:1980PhLB...97..279R
3881:2019NuPhA.982..823A
3807:2019NuPhA.982..180T
3746:2020EPJST.229....1R
3688:2009JPhG...36f4006T
3615:2006JPhG...32..427N
3589:Pb+Pb collisions".
3496:1999PhLB..449..401W
3421:2000EPJC...14..633W
3363:2007EPJC...51..113K
3304:1991NuPhA.525..221S
3212:2010LanB...23..373K
3151:2019ARNPS..69..417D
3076:2010LanB...23..208B
3035:Acta Phys. Polon. B
3008:1984NuPhA.418..215R
2969:1982PhLB..113....6B
2919:2000PhLB..486...61H
2853:2010PhRvC..82a1901P
2805:1984NuPhB.245..449B
2762:1999PhLB..471...89S
2701:2017IJMPA..3230024K
2685:(31): 1730024–272.
2643:1986PhR...142..167K
2589:2015EPJA...51..116R
2540:2015EPJA...51..115R
2482:1982PhRvL..48.1066R
2392:2017NatPh..13..535A
2330:1983PhRvL..50.1971A
2286:2020AcPPB..51.1033G
2230:2010PhT....63e..39J
2177:2000Natur.403..581A
2096:2000ARNPS..50..299S
1964:experiment at CERN
1707:decays producing a
1598:{\displaystyle ssq}
1448:{\displaystyle ssq}
1341:{\displaystyle ssq}
1017:
237:strange antibaryons
207:ALICE collaboration
160:particle collisions
121:Lorentz contraction
16:Subatomic signature
5654:Leidenfrost effect
5583:Enthalpy of fusion
5348:Quark–gluon plasma
5157:History of physics
4446:NA49 Collaboration
4373:NA49 Collaboration
3660:STAR Collaboration
3579:NA57 Collaboration
3538:. 10 February 2000
3474:WA97 Collaboration
3286:NA35 Collaboration
2039:Quark–gluon plasma
1941:
1886:
1849:
1820:
1808:
1783:
1771:
1744:
1724:
1697:
1615:
1595:
1569:
1549:
1517:
1497:
1465:
1445:
1410:
1390:
1358:
1338:
1310:
1298:
1256:
1214:
1184:
1142:
1112:
1056:
1036:
1003:
984:
972:
913:experiment at the
894:
869:
849:
826:
802:
782:
762:
737:
689:
665:
643:
631:
602:
562:
504:
464:
452:
404:
300:
125:
35:quark–gluon plasma
5702:
5701:
5684:Superheated vapor
5679:Superconductivity
5649:Equation of state
5497:Flash evaporation
5449:Phase transitions
5434:String-net liquid
5327:Photonic molecule
5297:Degenerate matter
5185:
5184:
5172:Physics education
5121:Materials science
5088:Interdisciplinary
5046:Quantum mechanics
4455:Physical Review C
4278:Physical Review C
4142:Physics Letters B
4091:Nuclear Physics A
4070:Foka, P. (1994).
3935:Physics Letters B
3859:Nuclear Physics A
3785:Nuclear Physics A
3483:Physics Letters B
3291:Nuclear Physics A
3229:978-3-642-01538-0
3093:978-3-642-01538-0
2996:Nuclear Physics A
2957:Physics Letters B
2897:Physics Letters B
2831:Physical Review C
2793:Nuclear Physics B
2740:Physics Letters B
2476:(16): 1066–1069.
2401:10.1038/nphys4111
2324:(25): 1971–1974.
2238:10.1063/1.3431330
2145:978-0-521-38536-7
1883:
1846:
1805:
1543:
1491:
1384:
1290:
1266:TeV and Pb–Pb at
1248:
1206:
1176:
1134:
952:
726:d) and a neutral
677:strange particles
673:weak interactions
628:
548:
530:
498:
398:
386:
374:
359:
339:
294:
282:
270:
255:
67:thermal (kinetic)
5750:
5738:Phases of matter
5639:Compressed fluid
5274:
5219:States of matter
5212:
5205:
5198:
5189:
5111:Chemical physics
5051:Particle physics
4977:Classical optics
4860:
4853:
4846:
4837:
4830:
4829:
4811:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4746:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4545:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4497:
4471:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4420:
4394:
4385:(8): S701–S708.
4368:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4184:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4042:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3987:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3874:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3800:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3739:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3681:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3608:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3356:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3205:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3144:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3069:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2912:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2846:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2694:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2385:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2279:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2186:10.1038/35001196
2156:
2150:
2149:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2075:
2059:Strange particle
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1422:ALICE experiment
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1016:
1011:
981:
979:
978:
973:
965:
954:
953:
945:
878:
876:
875:
870:
858:
856:
855:
850:
835:
833:
832:
827:
811:
809:
808:
803:
791:
789:
788:
783:
771:
769:
768:
763:
746:
744:
743:
738:
725:
724:
723:
717:
714:
713:
698:
696:
695:
690:
640:
638:
637:
632:
630:
629:
621:
611:
609:
608:
603:
571:
569:
568:
563:
558:
550:
549:
541:
532:
531:
523:
513:
511:
510:
505:
500:
499:
491:
476:Feynman diagrams
461:
459:
458:
453:
451:
450:
413:
411:
410:
405:
400:
399:
391:
388:
387:
379:
376:
375:
367:
361:
360:
352:
349:
341:
340:
332:
309:
307:
306:
301:
296:
295:
287:
284:
283:
275:
272:
271:
263:
257:
256:
248:
173:of this new QGP
5758:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5733:Nuclear physics
5708:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5629:Baryonic matter
5617:
5571:
5542:Saturated fluid
5482:Crystallization
5443:
5417:Antiferromagnet
5357:
5331:
5275:
5266:
5226:
5216:
5186:
5181:
5145:
5131:Medical physics
5082:
5041:Nuclear physics
5010:
5004:Non-equilibrium
4926:
4898:
4870:
4864:
4834:
4833:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4546:
4534:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4498:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4421:
4392:nucl-ex/0403023
4370:
4369:
4365:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4022:
4021:
4017:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3635:
3606:nucl-ex/0601021
3576:
3575:
3571:
3563:nucl-th/0002042
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3508:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3449:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3316:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3028:
3027:
3023:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2753:nucl-th/9907026
2737:
2736:
2732:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2652:10.1.1.462.8703
2630:Physics Reports
2626:
2625:
2614:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2503:(Erratum:
2502:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2035:
2013:
2011:Further reading
1988:
1979:
1914:
1908:
1869:
1868:
1832:
1831:
1791:
1790:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1736:
1735:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1607:
1606:
1581:
1580:
1561:
1560:
1529:
1528:
1509:
1508:
1477:
1476:
1457:
1456:
1431:
1430:
1402:
1401:
1370:
1369:
1350:
1349:
1324:
1323:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1196:
1195:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1124:
1123:
1099:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1048:
1047:
992:
991:
935:
934:
927:
899:WA97 experiment
885:
861:
860:
841:
840:
818:
817:
794:
793:
774:
773:
754:
753:
729:
728:
722:
720:
719:
718:
715:
712:
710:
709:
708:
707:
681:
680:
656:
614:
613:
594:
593:
585:
516:
515:
484:
483:
442:
437:
436:
429:
420:
316:
315:
241:
240:
220:Johann Rafelski
215:
175:state of matter
152:phase of matter
108:
76:pair-production
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5756:
5754:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5710:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5608:Trouton's rule
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5477:Critical point
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5379:Liquid crystal
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Strange matter
5309:
5307:Rydberg matter
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4994:Thermodynamics
4991:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4782:
4717:
4676:
4651:
4626:
4601:
4581:
4561:
4532:
4513:
4436:
4371:M. Gazdzicki;
4363:
4349:hep-ph/9803462
4320:
4285:(3): 823–827.
4263:
4228:(5): 646–649.
4212:
4159:
4148:(1): 123–127.
4116:
4080:
4062:
4015:
3985:hep-ph/0607203
3978:(1): 113–133.
3960:
3941:(2): 279–282.
3925:
3902:
3849:
3828:
3775:
3709:
3658:A.R. Timmins;
3650:
3599:(4): 427–442.
3569:
3548:
3523:
3464:
3415:(4): 633–641.
3392:
3354:hep-ph/0607203
3347:(1): 113–133.
3331:
3273:
3248:
3228:
3180:
3135:(1): 417–445.
3116:
3092:
3044:
3021:
2982:
2940:
2910:hep-ph/0006024
2903:(1–2): 61–66.
2882:
2818:
2783:
2730:
2666:
2612:
2563:
2514:
2455:
2448:
2415:
2376:(6): 535–539.
2370:Nature Physics
2351:
2307:
2251:
2208:
2151:
2144:
2119:
2090:(1): 299–342.
2069:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1907:
1904:
1882:
1879:
1845:
1842:
1804:
1801:
1768:
1764:
1743:
1734:and invisible
1721:
1717:
1694:
1690:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1614:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1579:) compared to
1568:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1464:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1368:) compared to
1357:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1297:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1255:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1224:TeV, Xe–Xe at
1213:
1210:
1205:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1055:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
926:
923:
884:
881:
868:
848:
825:
801:
781:
761:
736:
721:
711:
688:
655:
652:
627:
624:
601:
584:
581:
561:
557:
553:
547:
544:
538:
535:
529:
526:
503:
497:
494:
449:
445:
428:
425:
419:
416:
403:
397:
394:
385:
382:
373:
370:
364:
358:
355:
348:
344:
338:
335:
329:
326:
323:
299:
293:
290:
281:
278:
269:
266:
260:
254:
251:
214:
211:
193:(LBNL) at the
156:energy density
107:
104:
72:strange quarks
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5755:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Exotic matter
5726:
5724:
5723:Strange quark
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5706:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Mpemba effect
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Cooling curve
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5567:Vitrification
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Recombination
5530:
5528:
5527:Melting point
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Critical line
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Boiling point
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5394:Exotic matter
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:Ocean physics
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5071:Modern optics
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4920:Computational
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4533:1-56396-489-9
4529:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4462:(2): 024903.
4461:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4033:(5): 054001.
4032:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3672:(6): 064006.
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:F. Antinori;
3573:
3570:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3472:E. Andersen;
3468:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2837:(1): 011901.
2836:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:0-444-86227-7
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:North-Holland
2433:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:Physics Today
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:(6770): 581.
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Hadronization
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1955:BNL–RHIC–STAR
1952:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1866:
1862:
1829:
1825:
1787:
1766:
1762:
1719:
1715:
1692:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1537:
1514:
1494:
1485:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1427:
1426:hadronization
1423:
1407:
1387:
1378:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1295:
1292:
1276:
1253:
1250:
1234:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1181:
1178:
1162:
1152:TeV, p-Pb at
1139:
1136:
1131:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
988:
966:
962:
955:
931:
924:
922:
918:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
889:
882:
880:
837:
815:
751:
747:
705:
701:
678:
674:
671:and decay by
670:
660:
653:
651:
649:
589:
582:
580:
578:
573:
559:
555:
551:
542:
536:
533:
524:
501:
492:
480:
477:
473:
469:
447:
443:
433:
426:
424:
417:
415:
392:
380:
368:
346:
333:
327:
321:
313:
288:
276:
264:
238:
233:
229:
225:
224:Rolf Hagedorn
221:
212:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
165:hadronization
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
117:
112:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:is formed in
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
5718:Quark matter
5704:
5689:Superheating
5562:Vaporization
5557:Triple point
5552:Supercooling
5517:Lambda point
5467:Condensation
5384:Time crystal
5362:Other states
5302:Quantum Hall
5096:Astrophysics
4910:Experimental
4799:
4795:
4785:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4668:. Retrieved
4666:. 2023-09-01
4663:
4654:
4643:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4618:. Retrieved
4616:. 2019-09-11
4614:CERN Courier
4613:
4604:
4593:. Retrieved
4584:
4573:. Retrieved
4564:
4522:
4516:
4502:cite journal
4459:
4453:
4439:
4425:cite journal
4382:
4376:
4366:
4339:
4333:
4323:
4282:
4276:
4266:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4145:
4141:
4138:per nucleon"
4135:
4119:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4030:
4024:
4018:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3831:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3730:(1): 1–140.
3727:
3723:
3669:
3663:
3653:
3639:cite journal
3596:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3551:
3540:. Retrieved
3535:
3526:
3512:cite journal
3490:(3–4): 401.
3487:
3481:
3467:
3453:cite journal
3412:
3408:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3320:cite journal
3295:
3289:
3257:
3251:
3241:, retrieved
3193:
3183:
3132:
3128:
3111:
3105:, retrieved
3057:
3047:
3038:
3034:
3024:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2900:
2896:
2834:
2830:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2746:(1): 89–96.
2743:
2739:
2733:
2682:
2678:
2634:
2628:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2473:
2469:
2431:
2418:
2373:
2369:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2267:
2263:
2224:(5): 39–43.
2221:
2217:
2211:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2131:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2044:Quark matter
1989:
1980:
1959:
1942:
1821:
1644:
1627:
1311:
919:
908:
895:
838:
666:
644:
574:
481:
465:
421:
216:
169:
141:vacuum state
137:color charge
129:microseconds
126:
55:quark matter
30:
24:
5598:Latent heat
5547:Sublimation
5492:Evaporation
5427:Ferromagnet
5422:Ferrimagnet
5404:Dark matter
5336:High energy
4999:Statistical
4915:Theoretical
4892:Engineering
4342:(9): 2705.
4175:(5): 1033.
4097:: 445–448.
3865:: 823–826.
3791:: 180–182.
3298:: 221–226.
3002:: 215–235.
2963:(1): 6–10.
2799:: 449–468.
2270:(5): 1033.
859:(uss/dss),
669:radioactive
189:(JINR) and
43:down quarks
21:Strangeness
5712:Categories
5613:Volatility
5576:Quantities
5537:Regelation
5512:Ionization
5487:Deposition
5439:Superglass
5409:Antimatter
5343:QCD matter
5322:Supersolid
5317:Superfluid
5280:Low energy
5116:Geophysics
5106:Biophysics
4950:Analytical
4903:Approaches
4802:(4): 761.
4737:(4): 791.
4696:(4): 771.
4670:2023-12-14
4645:2023-12-14
4620:2020-05-05
4595:2020-05-05
4575:2020-05-01
4182:2004.02255
3922:: 311–354.
3872:1807.08727
3843:1907.00842
3798:1807.11186
3737:1911.00831
3542:2020-04-24
3284:R. Stock;
3243:2020-04-20
3142:1903.07709
3107:2020-04-20
3041:: 379–392.
2692:1708.08115
2637:(4): 167.
2583:(9): 116.
2534:(9): 115.
2383:1606.07424
2277:2004.02255
2065:References
2054:Strangelet
1962:NA61/SHINE
1910:See also:
575:Regarding
149:deconfined
145:deconfined
88:antiquarks
19:See also:
5066:Molecular
4967:Acoustics
4960:Continuum
4955:Celestial
4945:Newtonian
4932:Classical
4875:Divisions
4826:119280137
4809:1112.5382
4777:118418649
4769:0587-4254
4744:1201.0485
4712:126317771
4550:cite book
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