980:. It is a commonly accepted practice to justify and implement a lower luminance level for roadway lighting based on increased scotopic lumens provided by white light. However, this practice fails to provide the context needed to apply laboratory-based visual performance testing to the real world. Critical factors such as visual adaptation are left out of this practice of lowering luminance levels, leading to reduced visual performance. Additionally, there have been no formal specifications written around Photopic/Scotopic adjustments for different types of light sources, causing many municipalities and street departments to hold back on implementation of these new technologies until the standards are updated. Eastbourne in East Sussex, UK is currently undergoing a project to see 6000 of its streetlights converted to LED and will be closely followed by Hastings in early 2014. Many UK councils are undergoing mass-replacement schemes to LED, and though streetlights are being removed along many long stretches of UK motorways (as they are not needed and cause light pollution), LEDs are preferred in areas where lighting installations are necessary.
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that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (a freeway junction or exit ramp), the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well-designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is often justified.
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pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On
Interstate highways, this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the sides of the road.
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than the level being tested for. Further research is needed to bring additional factors into these models such as visual adaptation and the biological mechanics of rod cells before these models are able to accurately predict visual performance in real world conditions. The current understanding of visual adaptation and rod cell mechanics suggests that any benefits from rod-mediated scotopic vision are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in real world conditions under the presence of high luminance light sources.
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1270:, reducing streetlight power consumption by dimming lights during off-peak hours and switching to LED streetlights which illuminate a smaller area to a lower level of luminance. Many councils are using a part-night lighting scheme to turn off lighting at quieter times of night. This is typically midnight to 5:30 AM, as seen by the sign on the right. There have, however, been questions about the impact on crime rates. Typical collector road lighting in
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they are driving with impaired vision. Additionally, research has shown that pupil reflexes are more pronounced and post-light recovery takes longer after exposure to blue light compared to red light. This poses a continually increasing risk as blue-rich light sources become more common in roadway lighting and vehicle headlights. As a person gets older, the eye's recovery speed gets slower, so driving time and distance under impaired vision increases.
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876:). In this way, the failed lamp was bypassed and power was restored to the rest of the district. The streetlight circuit contained an automatic current regulator, preventing the current from increasing as lamps burned out, preserving the life of the remaining lamps. When the failed lamp was replaced, a new piece of film was installed, once again separating the contacts in the cutout. This system was recognizable by the large
1607:, which are nonexcludable and nonrival. This means that the producer cannot prevent those who do not pay from consuming, and the consumption of one person cannot prevent the consumption of another person. This becomes a problem for governments, because no private company would have the incentive to produce street lights, which is why most governments are in charge of placing and maintaining street lights. For example, in
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1730. Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended 20 yards (18 m) apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m); as an
English visitor enthused in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!' In London, public street lighting was implemented around the end of the 17th century; a
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vehicle. Preventative maintenance is the scheduled replacement of lighting components, for example, replacing all the discharge lamps in an area of the city when they have reached 85% of their expected life. In the United
Kingdom, the Roads Liaison Group has issued a Code of Practice recommending specific reactive and preventative maintenance procedures.
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458:, Romania. The year before, in the winter of 1856, Romanian investor Teodor Mehedinteanu started the construction of the first refinery equipped with modern facilities in Ploiesti. He managed to complete the project in 1857", Romania yet to become the world's first country to build an industrial oil refinery according to the
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daylight. At least in the 1980s and 1990s, when automobile crashes were far more common, street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%. Furthermore, in the 1970s, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tended to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.
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that adjust light output based on usage and occupancy, i.e. automating classification of pedestrian versus cyclist, versus automobile, sensing also velocity of movement and illuminating a certain number of streetlights ahead and fewer behind, depending on velocity of movement. Also, the lights adjust
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The loss of night vision due to visual adaptation of retinal cells to a higher luminance level provided by streetlights. Once an individual leaves the illuminated area their retinal cells require adaptation time before they are sensitive to objects and motion under the lower luminance levels of unlit
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Outdoor Site-Lighting
Performance (OSP) is a method for predicting and measuring three different aspects of light pollution: glow, trespass and glare. Using this method, lighting specifiers can quantify the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or
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Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions, creating a
Unified System of Photometry. These mesopic visual performance models are conducted in laboratory conditions in which the viewer is not exposed to higher levels of luminance
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To avoid having the entire system go dark if a single lamp burned out, each streetlamp was equipped with a device that ensured that the circuit would remain intact. Early series streetlights were equipped with isolation transformers. that would allow current to pass across the transformer whether the
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is a traditional design of gas streetlight which remains popular in Spain. Essentially, it is a neoclassical French style of gas lamp dating from the late 18th century. It may be either a wall-bracket or standard lamp. The standard base is cast metal with an escutcheon bearing two intertwined letters
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Some street lights in New York City have an orange or red light on top of the luminaire (light fixture) or a red light attached to the lamppost. This indicates that near to this lighting pole or in the same intersection, there is a fire alarm pull box. Other street lights have a small red light next
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Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly
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A number of street light control systems have been developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting system. These range from controlling a circuit of street lights and/or individual lights with specific ballasts and network operating protocols. These may include sending
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There are also physical dangers to the posts of streetlamps, other than children climbing them for recreational purposes. Streetlight stanchions (lampposts) pose a collision risk to motorists and pedestrians, particularly those affected by poor eyesight or under the influence of alcohol. This can be
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and temporary blindness when entering and leaving light pools. In this case, the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close, regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The lighting goes
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costs $ 6,400/mile/year for high pressure sodium at 8.5 kW/mile or $ 4,000 for light-emitting diode luminaires at 5.4 kW/mile. Improvements can be made by optimising directionality and shape, however. Transitioning to wide angle lights enabled the doubling of distance between streetlights
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of drivers' eyes is the greatest danger. As drivers emerge from an unlighted area into a pool of light from a streetlight their pupils quickly constrict to adjust to the brighter light, but as they leave the pool of light the dilation of their pupils to adjust to the dimmer light is much slower, so
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was the first to have an extensive system of electrically powered street lighting installed. In 1888, the New South Wales town of
Tamworth installed a large system illuminating a significant portion of the city, with over 13 km of streets lit by 52 incandescent lights and 3 arc lights. Powered
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in
Amsterdam, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588 the Parisian Parliament decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns. Still, in the mid 17th century it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer
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in North
Lancashire. The remains of the works, including a chimney and gas plant, have been put on the National Heritage List for England. Clegg's installation saved the building's owners the cost of up to 1,500 candles every night. It also lit the mill owner's house and the street of millworkers'
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Arc lights had two major disadvantages. First, they emit an intense and harsh light which, although useful at industrial sites like dockyards, was discomforting in ordinary city streets. Second, they are maintenance-intensive, as carbon electrodes burn away swiftly. With the development of cheap,
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were all lit with gas; a
Parisian writer enthused in August 1857: "That which most enchants the Parisians is the new lighting by gas of the boulevards...From the church of the Madeleine all the way to rue Montmartre, these two rows of lamps, shining with a clarity white and pure, have a marvelous
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authorized sweeping reforms in Paris in 1667, which included the installation and maintenance of lights on streets and at intersections, as well as stiff penalties for vandalizing or stealing the fixtures. Paris had more than 2,700 streetlights by the end of the 17th century, and twice as many by
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Street lighting systems require ongoing maintenance, which can be classified as either reactive or preventative. Reactive maintenance is a direct response to a lighting failure, such as replacing a discharge lamp after it has failed or replacing an entire lighting unit after it has been hit by a
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at train stations in the open air. Their purpose is similar to that of beacon lights: they help a train driver see the location of a station at night as the train comes closer to it, so that the driver can adjust the braking and know exactly where to stop. A train station light must never shine
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Street light controllers can be expensive in comparison with normal timers, and can cost between $ 100 and $ 2,500, but most of them return the investment between 6 months and 2 years. As the equipment's lifetime is 7 to 10 years, it saves energy and cost after the initial investment has been
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according to the traffic and to save energy by decreasing lux when there is no traffic. The United States, Canada, India, and many other countries have started introducing street light controllers to their road lighting for energy conservation, street light management and maintenance purpose.
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Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of automobile accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in numerous crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in
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in a small-scale test. If successful, the technology could be used on ships and offshore installations to avoid luring birds towards the open sea at night. Bats can be negatively impacted by streetlights, with evidence showing that red light can be least harmful. As a result, some areas have
238:, to both protect the wanderer from tripping on the path over something and keep potential robbers at bay. At that time, oil lamps were used predominantly, as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. A slave responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of Roman villas was called a
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Towns, cities, and villages can use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners. Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fundraising via lamppost banner sponsorship programs first designed by a US-based lamppost banner manufacturer.
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A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it, so that they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or
323:, was introduced in 1745 and improved in subsequent years. The light shed from these réverbères was considerably brighter, enough that some people complained of glare. These lamps were attached to the top of lampposts; by 1817, there were 4,694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the
2112:'Pall Mall, South Side, Past Buildings: Nos 93–95 Pall Mall, F.A. Winsor and the development of gas lighting', in Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1960), pp. 352–354. British History Online
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Goodman T, Forbes A, Walkey H, Eloholma M, Halonen L, Alferdinck J, Freiding A, Bodrogi P, Varady G, Szalmas A. Mesopic visual efficiency IV: a model with relevance to nighttime driving and other applications. Lighting
Research & Technology 2007;
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As of 2017, globally 70% of all electricity was generated by burning fossil fuels, a source of air pollution and greenhouse gases, and also globally there are approximately 300 million streetlights using that electricity. Cities are exploring more
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If it is desired to light a roadway (perhaps due to heavy and fast multi-lane traffic), to avoid the dangers of casual placement of street lights, it should not be lit intermittently since this requires repeated eye readjustment, which causes
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that activate the lamp automatically when needed, at times when there is little-to-no ambient light, such as at dusk, dawn, or the onset of dark weather conditions. This function in older lighting systems could be performed with the aid of a
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853:. Series circuits were popular since their higher voltage produced more light per watt consumed. Furthermore, before the invention of photoelectric controls, a single switch or clock could control all the lights in an entire district.
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out of their observations and virtually eliminate the interference from nearby urban lighting. Full cutoff streetlights also reduce light pollution by reducing the amount of light that is directed at the sky, which also improves the
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in the city of Lviv, Ukraine, in 1853. His kerosene lamps were later widely used in Bucharest, Paris, and other European cities. He went on to open the world's first mine in 1854 and the world's first kerosene refinery in 1856 in
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Schwab, R.N., Walton, N.E., Mounce, J.M., and Rosenbaum, M.J. (1982) Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Traffic Control and Roadway Elements-Volume 2, Chapter 12: Highway Lighting. Report No. FHWA-TS-82-233. Federal Highway
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found that birds can get disoriented by the red wavelengths in street lighting, and in response developed alternative lighting that only emit in the green and blue wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The lamps were installed on
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could have been the first to use "fixed position lighting" (unlike hand-carried torches and lamps), as far back as 500 B.C., utilizing hollow bamboo as a piping and naturally occurring gas vents to create a kind of streetlamp.
3352:...the main implication of this research is that although improved street lighting might displace crime into nearby neighborhoods, it is just as likely to reduce crime in these neighborhoods because of a diffusion of benefits.
741:'s incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879. Consequently, Newcastle has the first city street in the world to be lit by electric lighting. The first city in the United States to successfully demonstrate electric lighting was
478:, in 1817, private interior gas lighting having been previously demonstrated in a house on the rue Saint-Dominique seventeen years prior. The first gas lamps on the main streets of Paris appeared in January 1829 on the
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In 2007, the Civil Twilight Collective created a variant of the conventional LED streetlight, namely the Lunar-resonant streetlight. These lights increase or decrease the intensity of the streetlight according to the
1399:(GPRS) communication, user adjusted according to latitude and longitude (low cost type), for better street light management and maintenance. Many street light controllers also come with traffic sensors to manage the
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1968:"Art V. Social Life of England and France, A Comparative View of the Social Life of England and France, from the Restoration of Charles II. to the French Revolution. By the Editor of Madame du Deffand's Letters"
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There are three distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Using the wrong types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.
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Ekirch, A. Roger, 1950At day’s close : night in times past / A. Roger Ekirch.—Ist ed. p.72 ISBN 0-393-05089-0, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 Www.wwnorton.com
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Sullivan, J.M., and Flannigan, M.J. (1999) Assessing the Potential Benefit of Adaptive Headlighting Using Crash Databases, Report No. UMTRI-99-21. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
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Rea, M. S., J. D. Bullough, C. R. Fay, J. A. Brons, J. Van Derlofske and E. T. Donnell. 2009. Review of the Safety Benefits and Other Effects of Roadway Lighting . Washington, DC: Transportation Research
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Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP). Professional Lighting Guide PLG03:2012. Lighting for Subsidiary Roads: Using white light sources to balance energy efficiency and visual amenity. Rugby; ILP
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was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas the "spirit" of coal and discovered its flammability by accident.
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reported that streetlights in southern England had detrimental impacts on local insect populations. Streetlights can also impact plant growth and the number of insects that depend on plants for food.
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Elvik, R. (1995) "Meta-Analysis of Evaluations of Public Lighting as Accident Countermeasure." Transportation Research Record 1485, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 112–123.
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was one of the first and largest LED conversion projects, with over 46,000 lights converted to LED technology between 2012 and 2014. It is also one of the first cities in North America to use
447:'s Museum in 1816, and Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore provided the first gas streetlights in the United States. In the 1860s, streetlights were started in the Southern Hemisphere in
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insulator separating the lamp and reflector from the mounting arm. This was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have operated at several thousand volts above ground.
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Akashi, Y., M. S. Rea and J. D. Bullough. 2007. Driver decision making in response to peripheral moving targets under mesopic light levels. Lighting Research and Technology 39(1): 53–67.
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were similarly lit when most of Europe was living in what it is now rather unfashionable to call the Dark Ages but which were, from the point of view of street lighting, exactly that."
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370:(sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to use this gas for the practical application of lighting. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in
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Until 1662, the streets of Paris were so dark and dangerous, that the monopoly of flambeau-bearers and lantern-carriers was established for the security of night visiting in Paris.
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from 45 m to 90 m, cutting annual street lighting electricity expenditures to €9 million for the 2,150 km long network that was retrofitted, corresponding to ca. €4,186/km.
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An enthusiast's guide to street lighting – including many close-up photographs of UK street lighting equipment, as well as information on installations through the ages. (UK)
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810:. The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in a small foundry in Adelaide Street and occupied by
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Spoelstra, Kamiel; van Grunsven, Roy H. A.; Ramakers, Jip J. C.; Ferguson, Kim B.; Raap, Thomas; Donners, Maurice; Veenendaal, Elmar M.; Visser, Marcel E. (31 May 2017).
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is also a concern in many cities. Stray voltage can accidentally electrify lampposts and has the potential to injure or kill anyone who comes into contact with the post.
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patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at
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Public street lighting was first developed in the 16th century, and accelerated following the invention of lanterns with glass windows by Edmund Heming in London and
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Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage. (1992) Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure. CIE No. 93. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage.
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Brons, J. A.; J. D. Bullough & M. S. Rea (2008). "Outdoor site-lighting performance: A comprehensive and quantitative framework for assessing light pollution".
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Following this success, gas lighting spread outside London, both within Britain and abroad. The first place outside London in England to have gas lighting, was
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wrote in 1712 that 'All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen's Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.'
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Chapter 3The effect of reduced street lighting on crime and road traffic injuries at night in England and Wales: a controlled interrupted time series analysis
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was invented. This was a small disk of insulating film that separated two contacts connected to the two wires leading to the lamp. If the lamp failed (an
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3364:"The effect of reduced street lighting on crime and road traffic injuries at night in England and Wales: A controlled interrupted time series analysis".
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Box, P.C. (1970) Relationship Between Illumination and Freeway Accidents. IERI Project 85-67 Illuminating Research Institute, New York April, pp. 1–83.
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697:. The United States was quick in adopting arc lighting, and by 1890 over 130,000 were in operation in the US, commonly installed in exceptionally tall
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965:. In Australia, HPS lamp performance needs to be reduced by a minimum value of 75%. In the UK, illuminances are reduced with higher values S/P ratio.
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through the string became zero, causing the voltage of the circuit (thousands of volts) to be imposed across the insulating film, penetrating it (see
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in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on coal-gas as the most effective. He first lit his own house in
3415:"Full-field Chromatic Pupillometry for the Assessment of the Postillumination Pupil Response Driven by Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells"
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directly onto the tracks, and has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any platform for the benefit of passengers waiting there.
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are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments.
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Conventional streetlights are used instead of high-mast lighting near airport runway approaches due to the negative effects caused by the latter.
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Oncoming headlights are more visible against a black background than a grey one. The contrast creates greater awareness of the oncoming vehicle.
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and in Africa to have electric streetlights – with 16 first lit on 2 September 1882. The system was only the second in the world, after that of
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Streetlights can impact biodiversity and ecosystems—for instance, disrupting the migration of some nocturnally migrating bird species. In the
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Rea M, Bullough J, Freyssinier-Nova J, Bierman A. A proposed unified system of photometry. Lighting Research & Technology 2004; 36(2):85.
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designed and built what is now considered the oldest extant gasworks in the world. Gas was used to light the worsted mill in the village of
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Some say lighting reduces crime, as many would expect. However, others say any correlation (let alone causation) is not found in the data.
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effect." The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname "The City of Light."
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https://www.stouchlighting.com/blog/history-of-street-lighting-in-the-usa#:~:text=LED%3A,Alaska%20installed%204%2C000%20LED%20streetlights
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818:, had two lamps installed on the main street by the Long Tunnel (Gold) Mining Company. In 1886, the isolated mining town of Waratah in
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3665:"Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light"
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2897:"Éclairage à la DEL: DimOnOff réalise le plus gros projet de conversion en Amérique | Yves Therrien | Actualité économique"
678:. In 1881, to coincide with the Paris International Exposition of Electricity, streetlights were installed on the major boulevards.
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and was registered as the first country in world oil production statistics. Kerosene streetlamps were invented by Polish pharmacist
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3202:"Trends in Walking and Cycling Safety: Recent Evidence From High-Income Countries, With a Focus on the United States and Germany"
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supports), protecting them by guardrails, or marking the lower portions to increase their visibility. High winds or accumulated
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tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir
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Staff, S. L. (20 November 2015). History of street lighting in the USA. LED Lighting Distributor and Implementation Company.
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and receiving instructions via separate data networks, at high frequency over the top of the low voltage supply or wireless.
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327:(1789–1799), the revolutionaries found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats and other opponents.
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at the end of the 19th century, arc lights passed out of use for street lighting, but remained in industrial use longer.
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3288:"Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City"
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1785:"Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City"
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in 1878. More than 4,000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by
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became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led.
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Domingo-Perez, Francisco (February 2013). "Low-rate wireless personal area networks applied to street lighting".
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to have electric public lighting on 7 June 1882, followed by Berlin on 20 September 1882 (Potsdamer Platz only).
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depending on road conditions, for example, snow produces more reflectance therefore reduced light is required.
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became commonplace after World War II for their low power consumption and long life. Late in the 20th century,
806:, Queensland, Australia was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration of 8 arc lights, erected along
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659:, which ensured that both electrodes were consumed at equal rates. In 1876, the common council of the city of
424:, and the first gas company in the world came into being. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813, the
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and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population.
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439:'s Preston Gaslight Company introduced a new, brighter gas lighting. Another early adopter was the city of
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Boyes, Douglas H.; Evans, Darren M.; Fox, Richard; Parsons, Mark S.; Pocock, Michael J. O. (August 2021).
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3462:"The Relation Between Light-Induced Lacrimation and the Melanopsin-Driven Postillumination Pupil Response"
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to the street light bulb; when the small light flashes, it indicates an issue with the electric current.
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by a municipal power company, this system gave Tamworth the title of "First City of Light" in Australia.
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On 30 May 1878, the first electric streetlights in Paris were installed on the avenue de l'Opera and the
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1379:
A streetlamp with a telecell installed. This communicates with the council's central management system.
1227:
1111:
The major criticisms of street lighting are that it can actually cause accidents if misused, and cause
757:
each, suspended over their courthouse on 2 February 1880, making the town square "as light as midday".
516:
463:
1582:
64:
4928:
4431:
4041:
3772:
3548:
3460:
Lei, Shaobo; Goltz, Herbert C.; Chen, Xingqiao; Zivcevska, Marija; Wong, Agnes M. F. (6 March 2017).
3112:
2167:
1267:
1132:
925:
865:
779:
633:
3842:"Global energy demand grew by 2.1% in 2017, and carbon emissions rose for the first time since 2014"
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1468:
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977:
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734:
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656:
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432:
3712:
1861:
274:" escorted people from one place to another through the murky, winding streets of medieval towns.
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1928:
1749:
1452:
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937:
846:
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479:
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have been proposed and implemented, including lighting bike paths to increase safety at night.
1473:
663:
ordered four arc lights installed in various places in the fledgling town for street lighting.
4748:
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4668:
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4426:
4414:
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1967:
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1216:
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3221:
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3155:
3120:
2781:
2737:
2059:
1920:
1754:
1734:
1709:
1695:
1570:
1254:
1026:
1021:
was the first metropolitan area to fully implement LED street lighting in 2006. Since then,
973:
933:
652:
618:
491:
133:
132:
is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a
4184:
2769:
1123:
There are three optical phenomena that need to be recognized in streetlight installations.
1043:
light. This streetlight design thus reduces energy consumption as well as light pollution.
954:
were preferred, taking further the same virtues. Such lamps provide the greatest amount of
5191:
5150:
5108:
5103:
4938:
4758:
4535:
4264:
4239:
3925:
3401:
2768:
Uchida, T; Ayama, M; Akashi, Y; Hara, N; Kitano, T; Kodaira, Y; Sakai, K (February 2016).
2686:"Several views of metal halide and high pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications"
2603:
2520:
1894:
1834:
1739:
1558:
1392:
1375:
1179:
1112:
920:
796:
750:
698:
682:
671:
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444:
367:
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294:
256:
3100:
1013:, was chosen as a Smart City partner for this project. In the United States, the city of
827:
3776:
3552:
3116:
2494:
5079:
4970:
4861:
4825:
4798:
4768:
4635:
4407:
4254:
4249:
4178:, an example of a street lighting system with integrated solar and wind generator from
3793:
3760:
3689:
3664:
3577:
3536:
3226:
3201:
2258:""Ya a la venta el libro "Las farolas fernandinas por los cuatro costados" book review"
1271:
474:
In Paris, public street lighting was first installed on a covered shopping street, the
195:. Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one
4189:
3413:
Lei, Shaobo; Goltz, Herbert C.; Chandrakumar, Mano; Wong, Agnes M. F. (21 July 2014).
2731:
2127:"Remains of World's Earliest Surviving Gasworks Now Protected | Historic England"
5238:
5160:
4890:
4793:
4788:
4710:
4611:
4518:
4496:
4322:
4303:
4259:
3982:
3535:
Cabrera-Cruz, Sergio A.; Smolinsky, Jaclyn A.; Buler, Jeffrey J. (19 February 2018).
3309:
3167:
2967:
2801:
2572:
1235:, UK indicating part-night lighting, meant to save energy and reduce light pollution.
1207:
1146:
990:
786:
483:
346:
278:
231:
227:
2985:
2547:"Mount Bischoff Tin Mines: Pioneers of water power in the Tasmanian mining industry"
1253:
installed red LED streetlights to minimise disruption to bats. A study published in
725:, showing the position of leads and lights along the network of city streets in 1888
624:
on the Avenue de l'Opera in Paris (1878), the first form of electric street lighting
5170:
5066:
5061:
5036:
5026:
4987:
4763:
4491:
4456:
4392:
4350:
4335:
4291:
2442:
1993:"How Paris Became the City of Light: Louis XIV hires the city's first police chief"
1719:
1660:
1199:
1128:
1084:
772:
534:
409:
405:
379:
336:
290:
216:
196:
4016:"BREAKING THE RULES. Odd placements of fire alarm indicators – Forgotten New York"
2968:"Lunar resonant streetlights as winner of Metropolis Next Generation Design Prize"
2770:"Adaptation luminance simulation for CIE mesopic photometry system implementation"
2168:"Romanian city, first in the world illuminated with kerosene lamps, 160 years ago"
2141:
961:
Two national standards now allow for variation in illuminance when using lamps of
873:
792:
3641:
2094:
The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story of William Murdoch Inventor of Gas Lighting
5211:
5165:
5041:
4900:
4820:
4628:
4623:
4583:
4555:
4550:
4481:
4476:
4461:
4340:
3365:
2702:
Fotios S and Goodman T. Proposed UK Guidance for Lighting in Residential Roads.
2382:
1783:
Chalfin, Aaron; Hansen, Benjamin; Lerner, Jason; Parker, Lucie (24 April 2019).
1542:
1291:
1240:
1195:
1191:
1010:
994:
764:
754:
738:
660:
286:
53:
3560:
1611:, building and maintaining infrastructure is the duty of local self-governance.
1485:
628:
5155:
5021:
5016:
4905:
4868:
4851:
4783:
4778:
4753:
4448:
4146:
3626:"Impacts of artificial lighting on bats: a review of challenges and solutions"
2741:
1714:
1664:
1499:
1347:
Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic
1211:
1002:
782:, Costa Rica, lit 25 lamps powered by a hydroelectric plant on 9 August 1884.
371:
192:
3974:
3649:
3568:
3487:
3438:
3287:
3217:
3159:
3132:
3101:"Saturation of the Rod Mechanism of the Retina at High Levels of Stimulation"
2793:
2785:
2308:
2257:
830:
became the first town in Sweden with electric street lighting, following the
5201:
5098:
5051:
4640:
4616:
4545:
4525:
1511:
1187:
1183:
1155:
1014:
986:, Italy, is the first major city to have entirely switched to LED lighting.
877:
799:
to have electric public lighting, on 12 November 1884; 731 lamps were used.
742:
644:
455:
440:
306:
187:
3928:" New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, July 2014, p.27
3802:
3784:
3698:
3680:
3586:
3495:
3446:
3414:
3235:
2282:
William H. Workman, The City That Grew (1929) Mirror-Press, Los Angeles, p.
845:
were primarily used for street lighting until the advent of high-intensity
378:, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the
44:
17:
3478:
3461:
3430:
888:
4933:
4873:
4578:
4570:
4540:
4501:
4466:
4436:
4419:
4225:
3938:
3056:"Driver response to peripheral moving targets under mesopic light levels"
1527:
Lights similar to street lights are used at train stations; these are at
1276:
1018:
955:
819:
803:
681:
The first streets in London lit with the electrical arc lamp were by the
637:
577:
468:
342:
271:
212:
2331:"Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle"
1055:
Old-style streetlight with lamps near the Mönchbruch hunting lodge near
4885:
4830:
4530:
4508:
1932:
1608:
1315: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1249:
1244:
1089:
912:
504:
375:
360:
260:
248:
3124:
2114:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp352-354
454:
The world's first city with kerosene public streetlamps, in 1857, was
4513:
4471:
4176:
Example Installation of Integrated Renewable Power in Street Lighting
4170:
3761:"Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations"
1554:
1356:
998:
305:
if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. King
282:
164:
1924:
900:
285:
lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a
3867:"Global LED and Smart Street Lighting: Market Forecast (2017–2027)"
3301:
3024:"Mesopic street lighting demonstration and evaluation final report"
1586:
New York City fire alarm pull box indicator mounted on street light
1351:
previously used for street light ON-OFF operation. They come with
1198:
may be used. These lamps are advantageous over other lamps such as
5196:
4560:
4486:
1915:
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang (1987). "The Policing of Street Lighting".
1679:
1581:
1541:
1533:
1522:
1505:
1484:
1472:
1446:
1374:
1348:
1232:
1226:
1083:
1062:
1050:
983:
919:
911:
899:
887:
716:
627:
612:
384:
351:
311:
259:, "Romans illuminated the streets with oil lamps, and cities from
176:
170:
156:
150:
142:
3624:
Stone, Emma Louise; Harris, Stephen; Jones, Gareth (1 May 2015).
1888:
BARTON, Henry (d.1435), of London. – History of Parliament Online
1367:(GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving.
2195:"Ignacy Łukasiewicz: The Generous Inventor of the Kerosene Lamp"
1040:
180:
4198:
3331:"Major study finds outdoor lighting cut crime by 39% (UPDATED)"
2070:(3). New York City: Illuminating Engineering Society: 185–202.
1400:
1286:
969:
647:, initially the "electric candle", "Jablotchkoff candle", or "
393:
The first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in
4068:"THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ON LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT"
1897:, The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421.
795:(Timișoara in present-day Romania) was the first city in the
1862:"Architecture: how street lights have illuminated city life"
541:
and commemorates the date of the birth of his daughter, the
363:, UK, the first domestic house in the world to be lit by gas
199:
to another. Street lights are an important source of public
4194:
2020:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 41.
1154:
reduced by designing them to break away when hit (known as
234:
civilizations, where light primarily served the purpose of
2469:"Is Costa Rica Different? A Treasure Chest of Discoveries"
1813:"The History of Street Lights from Fire to LED Lamp Posts"
341:
The first widespread system of street lighting used piped
3817:"Light pollution shown to affect plant growth, food webs"
2688:. Lighting Research and Technology. p. 31: 297–320.
2260:. Amigos de las farolas ferdinandinas. 7 September 2009.
1886:
Roskell, J. S. and Clark, L. and Rawcliffe, C. (editors)
3713:"Bat-friendly street lights for Worcestershire crossing"
1451:
Decorative but functional lamps in the plaza at sunset,
1206:
because low-pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity,
4185:
Transportation Lighting at the Lighting Research Center
3669:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2733:
Road Lighting: Fundamentals, Technology and Application
1550:
or bicycle path in the Netherlands with street lighting
1538:
A man performing maintenance on a street light in Tokyo
958:
illumination for the least consumption of electricity.
507:
appeared in the field as a rival of coal-gas. In 1815,
4139:
Road Lighting Fundamentals, Technology and Application
1076:
obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property.
3917:
Humayun Kabir, John D. Bullough, Leora C. Radetsky. "
3382:"Street Lights and Crime: A Seemingly Endless Debate"
1974:(XII). Charleston: A. E. Miller: 395. November 1830.
2064:
Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society
5179:
5134:
5075:
4998:
4914:
4839:
4709:
4649:
4597:
4569:
4447:
4349:
4321:
4312:
4232:
2645:(in Swedish). Härnösand energi och miljö. June 2016
2621:. Peel-Cunningham County Council. pp. 35–63.
2429:"Today in Kimberley's History History 2 September"
976:, emit a white light that provides high levels of
3919:Sustainable Roadway Lighting Seminar Final Report
2234:(in Spanish). Esa Sevilla blogspot. 22 May 2010.
1839:"From pillar to lamp post: lighting city streets"
892:The distinctive monochromatic yellow glow from a
767:(modern South Africa), was the first city in the
443:, where the gaslights were first demonstrated at
4190:Lighting Research at the University of Sheffield
3466:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
3419:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
2669:. Vol. 23. General Electric Company. 1920.
420:granted a charter to the London and Westminster
2684:Bullough, John; MS Rea & Y. Akashi (2009).
1725:History of street lighting in the United States
3200:Buehler, Ralph; Pucher, John (February 2017).
655:in 1875. This was a carbon arc lamp employing
543:Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
4210:
3735:"This Bat-Friendly Town Turned the Night Red"
1359:. Many street light controllers come with an
8:
3342:
3340:
3105:Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics
1569:Lights similar to street lights are used on
1425:A number of companies are now manufacturing
1355:options like twilight saving, staggering or
643:The first electric street lighting employed
591:Streetlight in Ferdinand VII style near the
318:
27:Raised source of light beside a road or path
3348:"How Might Improved Lighting Affect Crime?"
2736:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1210:light. Observatories can filter the sodium
849:. They were often operated at high-voltage
745:, Ohio, with 12 electric lights around the
239:
4318:
4217:
4203:
4195:
3893:"Street Lighting :: City of Edmonton"
3099:Aguilar, M.; Stiles, W.S. (January 1954).
2333:. rsc.org. 3 February 2009. Archived from
1659:Street light from the 1950s attached to a
968:New street lighting technologies, such as
297:though there is no firm evidence of this.
3792:
3688:
3603:Birds get migration-friendly streetlights
3576:
3477:
3225:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1986:
1984:
1331:Learn how and when to remove this message
3370:. NIHR Journals Library. September 2015.
2018:What We Did in Bed: A Horizontal History
1387:street light controllers also come with
2397:"Cleveland was the First City of Light"
2140:The London Gasketeers (15 March 2019).
1772:
1613:
1603:Street lights are the basic example of
1389:Global System for Mobile Communications
1166:also occasionally topple streetlights.
547:
494:, and rue de Castiglione. By 1857, the
3395:"Lamppost Banner Sponsorship Programs"
2881:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2874:
2599:
2589:
2554:Journal of Australasian Mining History
2449:from the original on 28 September 2010
2291:
2218:
2080:
2060:"Historical Sketch of Street Lighting"
2040:
1954:
1182:can hide the stars and interfere with
737:. The street was lit for one night by
317:A much-improved oil lantern, called a
3940:Straatverlichting kost 9 miljoen euro
3899:from the original on 22 February 2016
3873:from the original on 25 February 2016
3094:
3092:
2831:from the original on 21 November 2015
2763:
2761:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2016:Fagan, Brian; Durrani, Nadia (2019).
942:Today, street lighting commonly uses
7:
3293:National Bureau of Economic Research
3068:from the original on 4 December 2010
3036:from the original on 4 December 2010
2986:"Civil Twilight Collective homepage"
2974:from the original on 27 August 2010.
2948:from the original on 4 December 2010
2903:from the original on 11 October 2016
2058:Millar, Preston S. (30 April 1920).
1815:. Brandon Industries. 26 August 2021
1778:
1776:
1313:adding citations to reliable sources
3384:. Bloomberg News. 12 February 2014.
2863:from the original on 9 October 2016
2383:"Encyclopedia of Cleveland History"
1635:Polish street lights from the 1930s
1469:Pedestrian crossing § Lighting
1033:Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires
753:, lit 4 Brush arc lamps with 3,000
147:Detail of a street light from Paris
4115:. Peel-Cunningham County Council.
4048:from the original on 25 April 2016
4022:from the original on 30 March 2016
3963:Lighting Research & Technology
3510:"Stray Voltage Still on the Loose"
3148:Lighting Research & Technology
2774:Lighting Research & Technology
2704:Lighting Research & Technology
2571:Correspondent (12 November 1888).
2307:. home.frognet.net. Archived from
1005:technology to control the lights.
916:An unlit high-pressure sodium lamp
674:, to celebrate the opening of the
25:
4094:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
3516:from the original on 22 June 2008
3206:American Journal of Public Health
3022:Peter Morante (31 January 2008).
2992:from the original on 14 May 2011.
2692:from the original on 9 June 2010.
2673:from the original on 11 May 2011.
2545:Preston, Keith (September 2010).
1860:Edwin Heathcote (13 March 2015).
1792:Crime Labs: University of Chicago
729:The first street to be lit by an
557:Typical base and escutcheon of a
389:Streetlights from an 1871 catalog
102:Various examples of street lights
3846:International Energy Association
2573:"STREET LIGHTING BY ELECTRICITY"
2264:from the original on 17 May 2014
2238:from the original on 6 June 2014
1687:
1671:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1421:Image-based street light control
1290:
1186:. In settings near astronomical
952:high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
785:Nuremberg was the first city in
599:
584:
565:
550:
186:Many lamps have light-sensitive
92:
83:
72:
63:
52:
43:
4734:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1991:Tucker, Holly (22 March 2017),
1363:for a particular location or a
1300:needs additional citations for
1067:A streetlight during a snowfall
948:Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps
175:A wind powered street light in
4679:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
3613:– via Electronics Weekly
3512:. Scienceline. 4 August 2006.
2814:ESCC Highways/Colas Electrical
1510:Safe cycling with a dedicated
1025:were slowly being replaced by
944:high-intensity discharge lamps
749:road system on 29 April 1879.
155:Detail of a street light with
1:
1599:Street lights as public goods
775:, to be powered municipally.
691:Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck
226:Early lamps were used in the
3642:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.02.004
2643:"Elens historia i Härnösand"
1623:A historical Slovak lamppost
1514:with street lights in London
1397:General Packet Radio Service
1283:Street light control systems
161:Austrian Parliament Building
32:Streetlight (disambiguation)
4924:Automotive light bulb types
4774:Intelligent street lighting
3600:Bush, Steve (10 May 2017),
3286:Chalfin, Aaron (May 2019).
2359:. ncl.ac.uk. Archived from
1730:Intelligent street lighting
1647:German streetlight at night
1427:intelligent street lighting
1088:Decorative street light in
797:Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy
397:, London on 4 June 1807 by
138:electric power distribution
5281:
4687:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
3715:. BBC News. 31 August 2019
3561:10.1038/s41598-018-21577-6
1466:
931:
908:running at full brightness
676:Paris Universal Exposition
632:Heritage lamp post in the
422:Gas Light and Coke Company
334:
210:
203:intended to reduce crime.
29:
5126:Stage lighting instrument
4147:10.1007/978-3-319-11466-8
4137:van Bommel, Wout (2015).
4042:"NYC DOT – Street Lights"
3943:(in Dutch), 23 March 2005
2742:10.1007/978-3-319-11466-8
2730:van Bommel, Wout (2015).
2521:"Early Electric Lighting"
1760:Street light interference
1477:High-mast lighting along
1365:Global Positioning System
723:Tamworth, New South Wales
5187:Battlefield illumination
4944:high-intensity discharge
4376:Electrochemiluminescence
3975:10.1177/1477153511431129
3400:25 December 2011 at the
3296:. Working Paper Series.
3218:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303546
3160:10.1177/1477153508094048
2786:10.1177/1477153515626210
2305:"Sir Joseph Wilson Swan"
1694:Streetlights in Finnish
906:low-pressure sodium lamp
894:low-pressure sodium lamp
707:incandescent light bulbs
651:", developed by Russian
593:Royal Palace of Aranjuez
413:houses in Dolphinholme.
5047:Electroluminescent wire
4092:Fierro, Alfred (1996).
4002:ukroadsliaisongroup.org
3924:26 January 2017 at the
2666:General Electric review
2142:"The London Gasketeers"
1565:Usage on rail transport
399:Frederick Albert Winsor
4729:Multifaceted reflector
3785:10.1126/sciadv.abi8322
3681:10.1098/rspb.2017.0075
1893:16 August 2014 at the
1841:. Architectural Review
1587:
1551:
1539:
1531:
1515:
1490:
1482:
1455:
1380:
1236:
1092:
1068:
1060:
929:
917:
909:
897:
834:being taken into use.
733:was Mosley Street, in
731:incandescent lightbulb
726:
640:
625:
539:Ferdinand VII of Spain
517:Taylor & Martineau
390:
364:
319:
240:
183:
168:
148:
5119:ellipsoidal reflector
4724:Ellipsoidal reflector
4408:Fluorescent induction
4386:field-induced polymer
3479:10.1167/iovs.16-21285
3431:10.1167/iovs.14-14103
3154:(3): 40(3): 201–224.
2525:Queen's Wharf History
2146:The London Gasketeers
1745:List of light sources
1585:
1545:
1537:
1526:
1509:
1488:
1476:
1467:Further information:
1450:
1378:
1230:
1087:
1066:
1054:
1009:, a company based in
923:
915:
903:
891:
826:On 10 December 1885,
720:
713:Incandescent lighting
631:
616:
476:Passage des Panoramas
388:
355:
247:However, denizens of
174:
154:
146:
4956:Rear position lights
4929:Daytime running lamp
4857:Mechanically powered
4744:Aviation obstruction
4180:Panasonic/Matsushita
4111:Lobsey, Ian (1988).
2988:. 6 September 2016.
2706:, 2012; 44(1); 69–83
2617:Lobsey, Ian (1988).
2443:"Timeline of Firsts"
2411:"Brush Arc Lighting"
1837:(7 September 2021).
1309:improve this article
1268:efficient energy use
1133:accommodation reflex
857:bulb worked or not.
812:J. W. Sutton and Co.
802:On 9 December 1882,
778:In Central America,
705:reliable and bright
695:Siemens & Halske
634:City Botanic Gardens
460:World Record Academy
30:For other uses, see
4364:Electron-stimulated
3998:"Codes of Practice"
3777:2021SciA....7.8322B
3553:2018NatSR...8.3261C
3117:1954AcOpt...1...59A
2431:. 2 September 2015.
2357:"Electric lighting"
2337:on 1 September 2011
2172:Romania-Insider.com
1957:, pp. 835–836.
1917:Yale French Studies
1529:London King's Cross
1503:from curb to curb.
1353:energy conservation
1217:luminous efficiency
1057:Rüsselsheim am Main
847:gas-discharge lamps
832:Gådeå power station
769:Southern Hemisphere
657:alternating current
433:Preston, Lancashire
118:lamp pole, lamppost
5207:Luminous gemstones
4381:Electroluminescent
4359:Cathodoluminescent
4096:. Robert Laffont.
3675:(1855): 20170075.
3541:Scientific Reports
2602:has generic name (
1997:Lapham's Quarterly
1750:Solar street light
1588:
1552:
1540:
1532:
1516:
1491:
1483:
1481:in Ontario, Canada
1456:
1453:Samaipata, Bolivia
1381:
1361:astronomical clock
1261:Energy consumption
1237:
1204:metal halide lamps
1158:, collapsible, or
1093:
1069:
1061:
1023:sodium-vapor lamps
938:Solar street light
930:
918:
910:
898:
843:Incandescent lamps
838:Later developments
816:Walhalla, Victoria
727:
641:
626:
480:place du Carrousel
464:Ignacy Łukasiewicz
426:Westminster Bridge
404:In 1811, Engineer
391:
365:
302:Jan van der Heyden
184:
169:
149:
5232:
5231:
4749:Balanced-arm lamp
4705:
4704:
4589:Yablochkov candle
4457:Acetylene/Carbide
4427:Radioluminescence
4299:Luminous efficacy
4245:Color temperature
4103:978-2-221-07862-4
4018:. 25 March 2011.
3630:Mammalian Biology
3125:10.1080/713818657
2751:978-3-319-11465-1
2232:"Las fernandinas"
2174:. Romania Insider
2027:978-0-300-22388-0
1571:railway platforms
1519:Cycle path lights
1341:
1340:
1333:
1119:Health and safety
963:different spectra
808:Queen Street Mall
687:Thames Embankment
668:Place de l'Étoile
649:Yablochkov candle
617:Demonstration of
574:farola fernandina
559:farola fernandina
530:Farola fernandina
524:Farola fernandina
513:Apothecary's Hall
497:Grands Boulevards
331:Gas lamp lighting
325:French Revolution
222:Preindustrial era
201:security lighting
16:(Redirected from
5272:
5260:Street furniture
5032:Christmas lights
4966:Safety reflector
4961:Reversing lights
4896:Navigation light
4847:Bicycle lighting
4737:
4690:
4682:
4656:
4415:Photoluminescent
4398:Fluorescent lamp
4371:Chemiluminescent
4319:
4287:Bi-pin lamp base
4282:Lightbulb socket
4219:
4212:
4205:
4196:
4160:
4126:
4107:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3929:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3765:Science Advances
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3481:
3472:(3): 1449–1454.
3457:
3451:
3450:
3425:(7): 4496–4903.
3410:
3404:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3350:. 2 March 2016.
3344:
3335:
3334:
3333:. 13 March 2018.
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3096:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2417:on 24 July 2008.
2413:. Archived from
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1972:Southern Journal
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1755:Street furniture
1735:Lighting-up time
1710:Charging station
1691:
1678:Streetlights in
1675:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1294:
1287:
1255:Science Advances
974:induction lights
934:LED street light
699:moonlight towers
653:Pavel Yablochkov
603:
588:
569:
554:
428:was lit by gas.
322:
255:In the words of
243:
134:railway platform
96:
87:
76:
67:
56:
47:
21:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5255:Light pollution
5245:Street lighting
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5192:Bioluminescence
5175:
5144:
5130:
5087:
5071:
5010:
4994:
4910:
4835:
4759:Emergency light
4735:
4701:
4688:
4680:
4654:
4652:
4645:
4593:
4565:
4536:Magnesium torch
4443:
4345:
4314:
4308:
4265:Light pollution
4240:Accent lighting
4228:
4223:
4167:
4157:
4136:
4133:
4131:Further reading
4123:
4110:
4104:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3926:Wayback Machine
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
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3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
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3810:
3758:
3757:
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3741:
3733:
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3728:
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3711:
3710:
3706:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3402:Wayback Machine
3393:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:Administration.
3247:
3243:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:. lrc.rpi.edu.
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:. lrc.rpi.edu.
3026:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:. lrc.rpi.edu.
2938:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2851:"Archived copy"
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2598:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2577:Melbourne Argus
2570:
2569:
2565:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2501:. 14 April 2016
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2475:. 20 April 2024
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2385:. 18 June 2018.
2381:
2380:
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2329:
2328:
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2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:Marica, Irina.
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:. 15 July 2020.
2125:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2092:Janet Thomson;
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1925:10.2307/2930197
1914:
1913:
1909:
1895:Wayback Machine
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1866:Financial Times
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1835:Edwin Heathcote
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1740:Light pollution
1705:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1601:
1580:
1567:
1559:utility cycling
1557:that encourage
1521:
1471:
1465:
1445:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1393:Radio frequency
1373:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1306:
1285:
1263:
1225:
1194:, low-pressure
1180:Light pollution
1177:
1172:
1170:Light pollution
1131:because of the
1121:
1113:light pollution
1109:
1082:
1049:
978:scotopic lumens
940:
928:street lighting
886:
851:series circuits
840:
751:Wabash, Indiana
715:
683:Holborn Viaduct
672:Arc de Triomphe
611:
604:
595:
589:
580:
570:
561:
555:
527:
445:Rembrandt Peale
435:in 1816, where
368:William Murdoch
357:William Murdoch
339:
333:
295:Mayor of London
257:Edwin Heathcote
224:
219:
211:Main articles:
209:
106:
105:
104:
103:
99:
98:
97:
89:
88:
79:
78:
77:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5278:
5276:
5268:
5267:
5265:Urban planning
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Light fixtures
5247:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5180:Related topics
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4971:retroreflector
4963:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4826:Track lighting
4823:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4801:
4799:Recessed light
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Gooseneck lamp
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4726:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4651:High-intensity
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
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4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
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4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4420:Laser headlamp
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Electric light
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4173:
4166:
4165:External links
4163:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:978-0731657780
4121:
4108:
4102:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4059:
4033:
4007:
3996:Ward, Justin.
3988:
3953:
3930:
3910:
3884:
3858:
3833:
3808:
3751:
3726:
3704:
3655:
3636:(3): 213–219.
3616:
3592:
3527:
3501:
3452:
3405:
3387:
3373:
3356:
3336:
3322:
3302:10.3386/w25798
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3241:
3212:(2): 281–287.
3192:
3183:
3173:
3138:
3088:
3079:
3047:
3014:
3004:
2995:
2977:
2959:
2927:
2914:
2888:
2842:
2816:
2807:
2757:
2750:
2717:
2708:
2695:
2676:
2656:
2634:
2628:978-0731657780
2627:
2609:
2563:
2537:
2512:
2499:Transelectrica
2495:"History-1884"
2486:
2460:
2434:
2420:
2402:
2388:
2374:
2363:on 6 June 2014
2348:
2322:
2311:on 10 May 2011
2296:
2294:, p. 628.
2284:
2275:
2249:
2223:
2221:, p. 838.
2211:
2185:
2158:
2132:
2118:
2105:
2085:
2083:, p. 836.
2073:
2045:
2043:, p. 837.
2033:
2026:
2008:
1980:
1959:
1947:
1938:
1907:
1879:
1852:
1826:
1804:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1600:
1597:
1579:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1520:
1517:
1464:
1463:Roadway lights
1461:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1372:
1369:
1339:
1338:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1272:New York State
1262:
1259:
1224:
1221:
1219:of the light.
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1160:passively safe
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1081:
1078:
1048:
1045:
993:, the city of
885:
882:
839:
836:
714:
711:
610:
607:
606:
605:
598:
596:
590:
583:
581:
571:
564:
562:
556:
549:
526:
521:
488:rue de la Paix
486:, then on the
335:Main article:
332:
329:
223:
220:
208:
205:
126:light standard
101:
100:
91:
90:
82:
81:
80:
71:
70:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5277:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Infrared lamp
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Laser pointer
4889:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Pendant light
4792:
4790:
4789:Neon lighting
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Mercury-vapor
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Deuterium arc
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4599:Gas discharge
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:Task lighting
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Light fixture
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4156:9783319114651
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4113:City of light
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:(1): 90–101.
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:City of light
2613:
2610:
2605:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2193:Kępa, Marek.
2189:
2186:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:0-9530013-2-6
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:(73): 61–74.
1918:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1903:9780862999438
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:regional road
1690:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1443:Beacon lights
1442:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:level of the
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:This section
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:monochromatic
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:observatories
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1164:metal fatigue
1161:
1157:
1148:
1147:Stray voltage
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1107:Disadvantages
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:North America
987:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
935:
927:
922:
914:
907:
902:
895:
890:
884:Modern lights
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
837:
835:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:Public Square
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
719:
712:
710:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
670:, around the
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
635:
630:
623:
620:
615:
608:
602:
597:
594:
587:
582:
579:
575:
568:
563:
560:
553:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
525:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:
498:
493:
492:place Vendôme
489:
485:
484:Rue de Rivoli
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
414:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:
347:Stephen Hales
344:
338:
330:
328:
326:
321:
315:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
250:
245:
242:
237:
233:
232:Ancient Roman
229:
228:Ancient Greek
221:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
182:
178:
173:
166:
162:
158:
153:
145:
141:
139:
136:. When urban
135:
131:
130:lamp standard
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
95:
86:
75:
66:
55:
46:
37:
33:
19:
5067:Strobe light
5062:Plasma globe
5037:Crackle tube
5027:Bubble light
4988:trafficators
4983:Turn signals
4809:Street light
4808:
4764:Gas lighting
4697:Sodium vapor
4669:Metal-halide
4571:Electric arc
4323:Incandescent
4292:Edison screw
4141:. Springer.
4138:
4112:
4093:
4086:Bibliography
4071:. Retrieved
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4010:
4001:
3991:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3945:, retrieved
3939:
3933:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3845:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3821:ScienceDaily
3820:
3811:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3744:19 September
3742:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3719:19 September
3717:. Retrieved
3707:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3607:, retrieved
3602:
3595:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3504:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3390:
3376:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3291:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3244:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3186:
3176:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3111:(1): 59–65.
3108:
3104:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3017:
3007:
2998:
2980:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2936:"Field Test"
2930:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2891:
2865:. Retrieved
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2780:(1): 14–25.
2777:
2773:
2732:
2711:
2698:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2637:
2618:
2612:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2472:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2437:
2423:
2415:the original
2405:
2391:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2325:
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2309:the original
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1865:
1855:
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1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1720:Gas lighting
1661:utility pole
1605:public goods
1602:
1593:
1589:
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1512:bicycle path
1496:
1492:
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1342:
1327:
1318:
1307:Please help
1302:verification
1299:
1264:
1238:
1196:sodium lamps
1178:
1159:
1152:
1129:night vision
1127:The loss of
1122:
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1101:
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866:open circuit
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773:Philadelphia
759:
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680:
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619:Yablochkov's
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535:Royal cypher
529:
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430:
415:
410:Dolphinholme
406:Samuel Clegg
403:
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380:Soho Foundry
366:
359:'s house in
340:
337:Gas lighting
316:
299:
291:Henry Barton
279:incandescent
276:
269:
254:
246:
241:lanternarius
225:
217:Gas lighting
197:utility post
185:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:street light
109:
107:
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5212:Signal lamp
5166:Stroboscope
5042:DJ lighting
4978:Stop lights
4949:sealed beam
4901:Searchlight
4641:Xenon flash
4584:Klieg light
4432:Solid-state
4393:Fluorescent
4351:Luminescent
4073:19 December
3903:15 February
3877:18 February
3547:(1): 3261.
2835:20 November
2649:20 February
2600:|last=
2292:Fierro 1996
2219:Fierro 1996
2081:Fierro 1996
2041:Fierro 1996
2002:17 February
1955:Fierro 1996
1578:Maintenance
1479:Highway 401
1385:intelligent
1371:Accessories
1241:Netherlands
1047:Measurement
1011:Quebec City
995:Mississauga
862:film cutout
860:Later, the
765:Cape Colony
755:candlepower
739:Joseph Swan
661:Los Angeles
509:John Taylor
449:New Zealand
437:Joseph Dunn
287:lamplighter
270:So-called "
18:Street lamp
5239:Categories
5156:Grow light
5151:Germicidal
5141:Scientific
5138:Industrial
5094:Floodlight
5080:Theatrical
5022:Blacklight
5017:Aroma lamp
5006:Decorative
4916:Automotive
4906:Solar lamp
4869:Glow stick
4852:Flashlight
4784:Nightlight
4779:Light tube
4754:Chandelier
4711:Stationary
4653:discharge
4579:Carbon arc
4449:Combustion
4315:generation
4313:Methods of
3826:7 November
3739:Treehugger
3072:16 October
3040:16 October
3012:39(4):365.
2952:16 October
2582:9 November
2560:: 148–171.
2453:11 January
2341:16 October
2315:16 October
2199:Culture.pl
1797:29 October
1767:References
1715:Floodlight
1665:New Jersey
1417:recouped.
1321:March 2017
1223:Ecosystems
1212:wavelength
1188:telescopes
1080:Advantages
1003:Smart City
932:See also:
471:, Poland.
418:Parliament
372:tin mining
193:solar dial
188:photocells
122:streetlamp
114:light pole
5222:Reflected
5202:Light art
5114:Spotlight
5099:Footlight
5084:Cinematic
5052:Lava lamp
4814:in the US
4719:Reflector
4636:Xenon arc
4617:Neon lamp
4546:Rushlight
4526:Limelight
4275:Hong Kong
3983:111175671
3947:21 August
3650:1616-5047
3609:21 August
3569:2045-2322
3488:1552-5783
3439:1552-5783
3310:155976490
3168:109408921
3133:0030-3909
2802:112710450
2794:1477-1535
2592:cite news
2204:26 August
2178:26 August
1500:eyestrain
1412:Economics
1184:astronomy
1175:Astronomy
1156:frangible
1059:, Germany
1027:LED lamps
1015:Ann Arbor
896:in the UK
878:porcelain
874:Ohm's law
828:Härnösand
814:In 1884,
761:Kimberley
743:Cleveland
735:Newcastle
645:arc lamps
609:Arc lamps
533:'F', the
456:Bucharest
441:Baltimore
416:In 1812,
395:Pall Mall
345:as fuel.
320:réverbère
307:Louis XIV
272:link boys
159:, at the
4934:Headlamp
4874:Headlamp
4862:Tactical
4840:Portable
4821:Torchère
4502:Petromax
4497:Kerosene
4467:Campfire
4437:LED lamp
4233:Concepts
4226:Lighting
4052:22 April
4046:Archived
4026:22 April
4020:Archived
3922:Archived
3897:Archived
3871:Archived
3803:34433571
3699:28566484
3587:29459760
3514:Archived
3496:28264100
3447:24925879
3398:Archived
3236:27997241
3063:Archived
3031:Archived
2990:Archived
2972:Archived
2943:Archived
2901:Archived
2877:cite web
2858:Archived
2829:Archived
2690:Archived
2671:Archived
2447:Archived
2262:Archived
2236:Archived
2096:; 2003;
1891:Archived
1868:. London
1703:See also
1555:Policies
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1277:Flanders
1231:Sign in
1019:Michigan
1007:DimOnOff
956:photopic
820:Tasmania
804:Brisbane
793:Temesvár
780:San Jose
685:and the
638:Brisbane
622:arc lamp
578:Aranjuez
537:of King
482:and the
343:coal gas
236:security
213:Oil lamp
5217:Sources
5171:Tanning
5057:Marquee
5002:Display
4886:Lantern
4879:outdoor
4831:Troffer
4674:ceramic
4531:Luchina
4509:Lantern
4402:compact
4400: (
4336:Halogen
4331:Regular
3794:8386932
3773:Bibcode
3690:5454258
3578:5818656
3549:Bibcode
3520:19 July
3227:5227927
3113:Bibcode
2907:16 July
2867:16 July
2825:"Sorry"
2530:12 July
2505:12 July
2479:12 July
2473:ReVista
2242:19 June
2151:12 July
1933:2930197
1905:. 1993.
1609:Armenia
1434:Purpose
1391:(GSM),
1357:dimming
1250:Ameland
1245:Philips
1200:mercury
1090:Jakarta
870:current
868:), the
787:Germany
721:Map of
505:Oil-gas
376:Redruth
361:Redruth
312:diarist
281:lamps,
277:Before
265:Cordoba
261:Baghdad
249:Beijing
207:History
4939:hidden
4804:Sconce
4629:Sulfur
4624:Plasma
4556:Tilley
4551:Safety
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4472:Candle
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1349:timers
1140:areas.
999:Canada
283:candle
165:Vienna
5197:Laser
5109:Scoop
4736:(PAR)
4689:(HQI)
4681:(HMI)
4655:(HID)
4561:Torch
4519:Paper
4487:Flare
4255:Glare
3979:S2CID
3315:7 May
3306:S2CID
3164:S2CID
3066:(PDF)
3059:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
3027:(PDF)
2946:(PDF)
2939:(PDF)
2861:(PDF)
2854:(PDF)
2798:S2CID
2550:(PDF)
1929:JSTOR
1788:(PDF)
1680:Ystad
1383:Some
1233:Leeds
1041:lunar
984:Milan
515:, by
469:Jasło
177:Urmia
157:Cupid
128:, or
5104:Gobo
4612:Neon
4482:Diya
4151:ISBN
4117:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4075:2021
4054:2016
4028:2016
3949:2020
3905:2016
3879:2016
3853:2018
3828:2022
3799:PMID
3746:2021
3721:2021
3695:PMID
3646:ISSN
3611:2020
3583:PMID
3565:ISSN
3522:2008
3492:PMID
3484:ISSN
3443:PMID
3435:ISSN
3317:2019
3232:PMID
3129:ISSN
3074:2010
3042:2010
2954:2010
2909:2016
2883:link
2869:2016
2837:2015
2790:ISSN
2746:ISBN
2651:2021
2623:ISBN
2604:help
2584:2018
2532:2024
2507:2024
2481:2024
2455:2010
2369:2014
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2270:2014
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2180:2024
2153:2024
2098:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2004:2020
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1405:lamp
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230:and
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