Street light - Knowledge (XXG)

980:. It is a commonly accepted practice to justify and implement a lower luminance level for roadway lighting based on increased scotopic lumens provided by white light. However, this practice fails to provide the context needed to apply laboratory-based visual performance testing to the real world. Critical factors such as visual adaptation are left out of this practice of lowering luminance levels, leading to reduced visual performance. Additionally, there have been no formal specifications written around Photopic/Scotopic adjustments for different types of light sources, causing many municipalities and street departments to hold back on implementation of these new technologies until the standards are updated. Eastbourne in East Sussex, UK is currently undergoing a project to see 6000 of its streetlights converted to LED and will be closely followed by Hastings in early 2014. Many UK councils are undergoing mass-replacement schemes to LED, and though streetlights are being removed along many long stretches of UK motorways (as they are not needed and cause light pollution), LEDs are preferred in areas where lighting installations are necessary. 1654: 1052: 386: 94: 614: 718: 1494:

that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (a freeway junction or exit ramp), the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well-designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is often justified.

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pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On Interstate highways, this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the sides of the road.

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than the level being tested for. Further research is needed to bring additional factors into these models such as visual adaptation and the biological mechanics of rod cells before these models are able to accurately predict visual performance in real world conditions. The current understanding of visual adaptation and rod cell mechanics suggests that any benefits from rod-mediated scotopic vision are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in real world conditions under the presence of high luminance light sources.

1524: 65: 1228: 552: 1618: 1583: 1689: 567: 1064: 1474: 1270:, reducing streetlight power consumption by dimming lights during off-peak hours and switching to LED streetlights which illuminate a smaller area to a lower level of luminance. Many councils are using a part-night lighting scheme to turn off lighting at quieter times of night. This is typically midnight to 5:30 AM, as seen by the sign on the right. There have, however, been questions about the impact on crime rates. Typical collector road lighting in 1136:

they are driving with impaired vision. Additionally, research has shown that pupil reflexes are more pronounced and post-light recovery takes longer after exposure to blue light compared to red light. This poses a continually increasing risk as blue-rich light sources become more common in roadway lighting and vehicle headlights. As a person gets older, the eye's recovery speed gets slower, so driving time and distance under impaired vision increases.

1642: 1376: 921: 601: 876:). In this way, the failed lamp was bypassed and power was restored to the rest of the district. The streetlight circuit contained an automatic current regulator, preventing the current from increasing as lamps burned out, preserving the life of the remaining lamps. When the failed lamp was replaced, a new piece of film was installed, once again separating the contacts in the cutout. This system was recognizable by the large 1607:, which are nonexcludable and nonrival. This means that the producer cannot prevent those who do not pay from consuming, and the consumption of one person cannot prevent the consumption of another person. This becomes a problem for governments, because no private company would have the incentive to produce street lights, which is why most governments are in charge of placing and maintaining street lights. For example, in 1085: 54: 1543: 1292: 1486: 629: 45: 1630: 889: 310:

1730. Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended 20 yards (18 m) apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m); as an English visitor enthused in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!' In London, public street lighting was implemented around the end of the 17th century; a

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vehicle. Preventative maintenance is the scheduled replacement of lighting components, for example, replacing all the discharge lamps in an area of the city when they have reached 85% of their expected life. In the United Kingdom, the Roads Liaison Group has issued a Code of Practice recommending specific reactive and preventative maintenance procedures.

913: 458:, Romania. The year before, in the winter of 1856, Romanian investor Teodor Mehedinteanu started the construction of the first refinery equipped with modern facilities in Ploiesti. He managed to complete the project in 1857", Romania yet to become the world's first country to build an industrial oil refinery according to the 1096:

daylight. At least in the 1980s and 1990s, when automobile crashes were far more common, street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%. Furthermore, in the 1970s, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tended to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.

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that adjust light output based on usage and occupancy, i.e. automating classification of pedestrian versus cyclist, versus automobile, sensing also velocity of movement and illuminating a certain number of streetlights ahead and fewer behind, depending on velocity of movement. Also, the lights adjust

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The loss of night vision due to visual adaptation of retinal cells to a higher luminance level provided by streetlights. Once an individual leaves the illuminated area their retinal cells require adaptation time before they are sensitive to objects and motion under the lower luminance levels of unlit

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Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP) is a method for predicting and measuring three different aspects of light pollution: glow, trespass and glare. Using this method, lighting specifiers can quantify the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or

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Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions, creating a Unified System of Photometry. These mesopic visual performance models are conducted in laboratory conditions in which the viewer is not exposed to higher levels of luminance

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To avoid having the entire system go dark if a single lamp burned out, each streetlamp was equipped with a device that ensured that the circuit would remain intact. Early series streetlights were equipped with isolation transformers. that would allow current to pass across the transformer whether the

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is a traditional design of gas streetlight which remains popular in Spain. Essentially, it is a neoclassical French style of gas lamp dating from the late 18th century. It may be either a wall-bracket or standard lamp. The standard base is cast metal with an escutcheon bearing two intertwined letters

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Some street lights in New York City have an orange or red light on top of the luminaire (light fixture) or a red light attached to the lamppost. This indicates that near to this lighting pole or in the same intersection, there is a fire alarm pull box. Other street lights have a small red light next

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Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly

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A number of street light control systems have been developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting system. These range from controlling a circuit of street lights and/or individual lights with specific ballasts and network operating protocols. These may include sending

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There are also physical dangers to the posts of streetlamps, other than children climbing them for recreational purposes. Streetlight stanchions (lampposts) pose a collision risk to motorists and pedestrians, particularly those affected by poor eyesight or under the influence of alcohol. This can be

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and temporary blindness when entering and leaving light pools. In this case, the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close, regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The lighting goes

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costs $ 6,400/mile/year for high pressure sodium at 8.5 kW/mile or $ 4,000 for light-emitting diode luminaires at 5.4 kW/mile. Improvements can be made by optimising directionality and shape, however. Transitioning to wide angle lights enabled the doubling of distance between streetlights

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of drivers' eyes is the greatest danger. As drivers emerge from an unlighted area into a pool of light from a streetlight their pupils quickly constrict to adjust to the brighter light, but as they leave the pool of light the dilation of their pupils to adjust to the dimmer light is much slower, so

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was the first to have an extensive system of electrically powered street lighting installed. In 1888, the New South Wales town of Tamworth installed a large system illuminating a significant portion of the city, with over 13 km of streets lit by 52 incandescent lights and 3 arc lights. Powered

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in Amsterdam, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588 the Parisian Parliament decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns. Still, in the mid 17th century it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer

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in North Lancashire. The remains of the works, including a chimney and gas plant, have been put on the National Heritage List for England. Clegg's installation saved the building's owners the cost of up to 1,500 candles every night. It also lit the mill owner's house and the street of millworkers'

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Arc lights had two major disadvantages. First, they emit an intense and harsh light which, although useful at industrial sites like dockyards, was discomforting in ordinary city streets. Second, they are maintenance-intensive, as carbon electrodes burn away swiftly. With the development of cheap,

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were all lit with gas; a Parisian writer enthused in August 1857: "That which most enchants the Parisians is the new lighting by gas of the boulevards...From the church of the Madeleine all the way to rue Montmartre, these two rows of lamps, shining with a clarity white and pure, have a marvelous

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authorized sweeping reforms in Paris in 1667, which included the installation and maintenance of lights on streets and at intersections, as well as stiff penalties for vandalizing or stealing the fixtures. Paris had more than 2,700 streetlights by the end of the 17th century, and twice as many by

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Street lighting systems require ongoing maintenance, which can be classified as either reactive or preventative. Reactive maintenance is a direct response to a lighting failure, such as replacing a discharge lamp after it has failed or replacing an entire lighting unit after it has been hit by a

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at train stations in the open air. Their purpose is similar to that of beacon lights: they help a train driver see the location of a station at night as the train comes closer to it, so that the driver can adjust the braking and know exactly where to stop. A train station light must never shine

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Street light controllers can be expensive in comparison with normal timers, and can cost between $ 100 and $ 2,500, but most of them return the investment between 6 months and 2 years. As the equipment's lifetime is 7 to 10 years, it saves energy and cost after the initial investment has been

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according to the traffic and to save energy by decreasing lux when there is no traffic. The United States, Canada, India, and many other countries have started introducing street light controllers to their road lighting for energy conservation, street light management and maintenance purpose.

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Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of automobile accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in numerous crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in

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in a small-scale test. If successful, the technology could be used on ships and offshore installations to avoid luring birds towards the open sea at night. Bats can be negatively impacted by streetlights, with evidence showing that red light can be least harmful. As a result, some areas have

238:, to both protect the wanderer from tripping on the path over something and keep potential robbers at bay. At that time, oil lamps were used predominantly, as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. A slave responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of Roman villas was called a 1102:

Towns, cities, and villages can use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners. Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fundraising via lamppost banner sponsorship programs first designed by a US-based lamppost banner manufacturer.

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A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it, so that they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or

323:, was introduced in 1745 and improved in subsequent years. The light shed from these réverbères was considerably brighter, enough that some people complained of glare. These lamps were attached to the top of lampposts; by 1817, there were 4,694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the 2112:'Pall Mall, South Side, Past Buildings: Nos 93–95 Pall Mall, F.A. Winsor and the development of gas lighting', in Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1960), pp. 352–354. British History Online 3011:

Goodman T, Forbes A, Walkey H, Eloholma M, Halonen L, Alferdinck J, Freiding A, Bodrogi P, Varady G, Szalmas A. Mesopic visual efficiency IV: a model with relevance to nighttime driving and other applications. Lighting Research & Technology 2007;

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As of 2017, globally 70% of all electricity was generated by burning fossil fuels, a source of air pollution and greenhouse gases, and also globally there are approximately 300 million streetlights using that electricity. Cities are exploring more

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If it is desired to light a roadway (perhaps due to heavy and fast multi-lane traffic), to avoid the dangers of casual placement of street lights, it should not be lit intermittently since this requires repeated eye readjustment, which causes

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that activate the lamp automatically when needed, at times when there is little-to-no ambient light, such as at dusk, dawn, or the onset of dark weather conditions. This function in older lighting systems could be performed with the aid of a

1653: 853:. Series circuits were popular since their higher voltage produced more light per watt consumed. Furthermore, before the invention of photoelectric controls, a single switch or clock could control all the lights in an entire district. 1214:

out of their observations and virtually eliminate the interference from nearby urban lighting. Full cutoff streetlights also reduce light pollution by reducing the amount of light that is directed at the sky, which also improves the

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in the city of Lviv, Ukraine, in 1853. His kerosene lamps were later widely used in Bucharest, Paris, and other European cities. He went on to open the world's first mine in 1854 and the world's first kerosene refinery in 1856 in

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Schwab, R.N., Walton, N.E., Mounce, J.M., and Rosenbaum, M.J. (1982) Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Traffic Control and Roadway Elements-Volume 2, Chapter 12: Highway Lighting. Report No. FHWA-TS-82-233. Federal Highway

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found that birds can get disoriented by the red wavelengths in street lighting, and in response developed alternative lighting that only emit in the green and blue wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The lamps were installed on

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could have been the first to use "fixed position lighting" (unlike hand-carried torches and lamps), as far back as 500 B.C., utilizing hollow bamboo as a piping and naturally occurring gas vents to create a kind of streetlamp.

3352:...the main implication of this research is that although improved street lighting might displace crime into nearby neighborhoods, it is just as likely to reduce crime in these neighborhoods because of a diffusion of benefits. 741:'s incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879. Consequently, Newcastle has the first city street in the world to be lit by electric lighting. The first city in the United States to successfully demonstrate electric lighting was 478:, in 1817, private interior gas lighting having been previously demonstrated in a house on the rue Saint-Dominique seventeen years prior. The first gas lamps on the main streets of Paris appeared in January 1829 on the 1038:

In 2007, the Civil Twilight Collective created a variant of the conventional LED streetlight, namely the Lunar-resonant streetlight. These lights increase or decrease the intensity of the streetlight according to the

1399:(GPRS) communication, user adjusted according to latitude and longitude (low cost type), for better street light management and maintenance. Many street light controllers also come with traffic sensors to manage the 2857: 2356: 1968:"Art V. Social Life of England and France, A Comparative View of the Social Life of England and France, from the Restoration of Charles II. to the French Revolution. By the Editor of Madame du Deffand's Letters" 1438:

There are three distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Using the wrong types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.

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Ekirch, A. Roger, 1950At day’s close : night in times past / A. Roger Ekirch.—Ist ed. p.72 ISBN 0-393-05089-0, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 Www.wwnorton.com

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Sullivan, J.M., and Flannigan, M.J. (1999) Assessing the Potential Benefit of Adaptive Headlighting Using Crash Databases, Report No. UMTRI-99-21. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

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Rea, M. S., J. D. Bullough, C. R. Fay, J. A. Brons, J. Van Derlofske and E. T. Donnell. 2009. Review of the Safety Benefits and Other Effects of Roadway Lighting . Washington, DC: Transportation Research

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Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP). Professional Lighting Guide PLG03:2012. Lighting for Subsidiary Roads: Using white light sources to balance energy efficiency and visual amenity. Rugby; ILP

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was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas the "spirit" of coal and discovered its flammability by accident.

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reported that streetlights in southern England had detrimental impacts on local insect populations. Streetlights can also impact plant growth and the number of insects that depend on plants for food.

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Elvik, R. (1995) "Meta-Analysis of Evaluations of Public Lighting as Accident Countermeasure." Transportation Research Record 1485, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 112–123.

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was one of the first and largest LED conversion projects, with over 46,000 lights converted to LED technology between 2012 and 2014. It is also one of the first cities in North America to use

447:'s Museum in 1816, and Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore provided the first gas streetlights in the United States. In the 1860s, streetlights were started in the Southern Hemisphere in 880:

insulator separating the lamp and reflector from the mounting arm. This was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have operated at several thousand volts above ground.

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Akashi, Y., M. S. Rea and J. D. Bullough. 2007. Driver decision making in response to peripheral moving targets under mesopic light levels. Lighting Research and Technology 39(1): 53–67.

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were similarly lit when most of Europe was living in what it is now rather unfashionable to call the Dark Ages but which were, from the point of view of street lighting, exactly that."

2670: 370:(sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to use this gas for the practical application of lighting. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in 1976:

Until 1662, the streets of Paris were so dark and dangerous, that the monopoly of flambeau-bearers and lantern-carriers was established for the security of night visiting in Paris.

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from 45 m to 90 m, cutting annual street lighting electricity expenditures to €9 million for the 2,150 km long network that was retrofitted, corresponding to ca. €4,186/km.

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An enthusiast's guide to street lighting – including many close-up photographs of UK street lighting equipment, as well as information on installations through the ages. (UK)

1051: 810:. The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in a small foundry in Adelaide Street and occupied by 2922: 2850: 4216: 3870: 585: 3663:

Spoelstra, Kamiel; van Grunsven, Roy H. A.; Ramakers, Jip J. C.; Ferguson, Kim B.; Raap, Thomas; Donners, Maurice; Veenendaal, Elmar M.; Visser, Marcel E. (31 May 2017).

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is also a concern in many cities. Stray voltage can accidentally electrify lampposts and has the potential to injure or kill anyone who comes into contact with the post.

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patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at

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Public street lighting was first developed in the 16th century, and accelerated following the invention of lanterns with glass windows by Edmund Heming in London and

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Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage. (1992) Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure. CIE No. 93. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage.

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Brons, J. A.; J. D. Bullough & M. S. Rea (2008). "Outdoor site-lighting performance: A comprehensive and quantitative framework for assessing light pollution".

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Following this success, gas lighting spread outside London, both within Britain and abroad. The first place outside London in England to have gas lighting, was

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wrote in 1712 that 'All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen's Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.'

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Chapter 3The effect of reduced street lighting on crime and road traffic injuries at night in England and Wales: a controlled interrupted time series analysis

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was invented. This was a small disk of insulating film that separated two contacts connected to the two wires leading to the lamp. If the lamp failed (an

3918: 3364:"The effect of reduced street lighting on crime and road traffic injuries at night in England and Wales: A controlled interrupted time series analysis". 2882: 3896: 3276:

Box, P.C. (1970) Relationship Between Illumination and Freeway Accidents. IERI Project 85-67 Illuminating Research Institute, New York April, pp. 1–83.

2330: 697:. The United States was quick in adopting arc lighting, and by 1890 over 130,000 were in operation in the US, commonly installed in exceptionally tall 2942: 965:. In Australia, HPS lamp performance needs to be reduced by a minimum value of 75%. In the UK, illuminances are reduced with higher values S/P ratio. 872:

through the string became zero, causing the voltage of the circuit (thousands of volts) to be imposed across the insulating film, penetrating it (see

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in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on coal-gas as the most effective. He first lit his own house in

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directly onto the tracks, and has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any platform for the benefit of passengers waiting there.

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are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments.

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Conventional streetlights are used instead of high-mast lighting near airport runway approaches due to the negative effects caused by the latter.

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Oncoming headlights are more visible against a black background than a grey one. The contrast creates greater awareness of the oncoming vehicle.

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and in Africa to have electric streetlights – with 16 first lit on 2 September 1882. The system was only the second in the world, after that of

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Streetlights can impact biodiversity and ecosystems—for instance, disrupting the migration of some nocturnally migrating bird species. In the

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Rea M, Bullough J, Freyssinier-Nova J, Bierman A. A proposed unified system of photometry. Lighting Research & Technology 2004; 36(2):85.

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designed and built what is now considered the oldest extant gasworks in the world. Gas was used to light the worsted mill in the village of

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Some say lighting reduces crime, as many would expect. However, others say any correlation (let alone causation) is not found in the data.

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effect." The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname "The City of Light."

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https://www.stouchlighting.com/blog/history-of-street-lighting-in-the-usa#:~:text=LED%3A,Alaska%20installed%204%2C000%20LED%20streetlights

2410: 1688: 4923: 3381: 3513: 818:, had two lamps installed on the main street by the Long Tunnel (Gold) Mining Company. In 1886, the isolated mining town of Waratah in 613: 4678: 4120: 3665:"Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light" 2626: 1032: 2897:"Éclairage à la DEL: DimOnOff réalise le plus gros projet de conversion en Amérique | Yves Therrien | Actualité économique" 678:. In 1881, to coincide with the Paris International Exposition of Electricity, streetlights were installed on the major boulevards. 4202: 4154: 3347: 2101: 1902: 1617: 1330: 462:

and was registered as the first country in world oil production statistics. Kerosene streetlamps were invented by Polish pharmacist

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supports), protecting them by guardrails, or marking the lower portions to increase their visibility. High winds or accumulated

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tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir

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Staff, S. L. (20 November 2015). History of street lighting in the USA. LED Lighting Distributor and Implementation Company.

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and receiving instructions via separate data networks, at high frequency over the top of the low voltage supply or wireless.

1312: 327:(1789–1799), the revolutionaries found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats and other opponents. 4943: 4743: 4650: 1308: 943: 690: 675: 459: 448: 143: 709:

at the end of the 19th century, arc lights passed out of use for street lighting, but remained in industrial use longer.

5113: 4274: 3288:"Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City" 2304: 2261: 1785:"Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City" 1396: 850: 508: 160: 31: 2546: 1641: 73: 5005: 4773: 1729: 1426: 1404: 807: 436: 137: 2664: 1887: 689:

in 1878. More than 4,000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by

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became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led.

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Domingo-Perez, Francisco (February 2013). "Low-rate wireless personal area networks applied to street lighting".

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to have electric public lighting on 7 June 1882, followed by Berlin on 20 September 1882 (Potsdamer Platz only).

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depending on road conditions, for example, snow produces more reflectance therefore reduced light is required.

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became commonplace after World War II for their low power consumption and long life. Late in the 20th century,

806:, Queensland, Australia was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration of 8 arc lights, erected along 760: 746: 592: 1629: 1447: 659:, which ensured that both electrodes were consumed at equal rates. In 1876, the common council of the city of 424:, and the first gas company in the world came into being. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813, the 382:

and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population.

352: 4067: 3892: 3537:"Light pollution is greatest within migration passage areas for nocturnally-migrating birds around the world" 5264: 5249: 5046: 4718: 4330: 2334: 1604: 1384: 706: 667: 398: 2935: 512: 439:'s Preston Gaslight Company introduced a new, brighter gas lighting. Another early adopter was the city of 4803: 4728: 3759:

Boyes, Douglas H.; Evans, Darren M.; Fox, Richard; Parsons, Mark S.; Pocock, Michael J. O. (August 2021).

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to the street light bulb; when the small light flashes, it indicates an issue with the electric current.

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by a municipal power company, this system gave Tamworth the title of "First City of Light" in Australia.

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On 30 May 1878, the first electric streetlights in Paris were installed on the avenue de l'Opera and the

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A streetlamp with a telecell installed. This communicates with the council's central management system.

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The major criticisms of street lighting are that it can actually cause accidents if misused, and cause

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each, suspended over their courthouse on 2 February 1880, making the town square "as light as midday".

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Lei, Shaobo; Goltz, Herbert C.; Chen, Xingqiao; Zivcevska, Marija; Wong, Agnes M. F. (6 March 2017).

3112: 2167: 1267: 1132: 925: 865: 779: 633: 3842:"Global energy demand grew by 2.1% in 2017, and carbon emissions rose for the first time since 2014" 5056: 4982: 4977: 4960: 4955: 4915: 4380: 4358: 1468: 1352: 977: 768: 734: 694: 656: 496: 432: 3712: 1861: 274:" escorted people from one place to another through the murky, winding streets of medieval towns. 5206: 4878: 4663: 4606: 4598: 3978: 3816: 3305: 3163: 3023: 2797: 2591: 2231: 1928: 1749: 1452: 1360: 1163: 937: 846: 815: 479: 425: 301: 1063: 1561:

have been proposed and implemented, including lighting bike paths to increase safety at night.

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ordered four arc lights installed in various places in the fledgling town for street lighting.

4748: 4696: 4668: 4588: 4426: 4414: 4370: 4298: 4244: 4150: 4116: 4097: 3798: 3694: 3645: 3582: 3564: 3491: 3483: 3442: 3434: 3231: 3128: 2876: 2789: 2745: 2622: 2414: 2097: 2021: 1967: 1898: 1216: 1203: 1022: 1006: 951: 947: 905: 893: 842: 686: 648: 621: 394: 324: 264: 235: 200: 5031: 4965: 4895: 4846: 4397: 4286: 4281: 4142: 3970: 3788: 3780: 3684: 3676: 3637: 3572: 3556: 3509: 3473: 3426: 3297: 3221: 3213: 3155: 3120: 2781: 2737: 2059: 1920: 1754: 1734: 1709: 1695: 1570: 1254: 1026: 1021:

was the first metropolitan area to fully implement LED street lighting in 2006. Since then,

973: 933: 652: 618: 491: 133: 132:

is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a

4184: 2769: 1123:

There are three optical phenomena that need to be recognized in streetlight installations.

1043:

light. This streetlight design thus reduces energy consumption as well as light pollution.

954:

were preferred, taking further the same virtues. Such lamps provide the greatest amount of

5191: 5150: 5108: 5103: 4938: 4758: 4535: 4264: 4239: 3925: 3401: 2768:

Uchida, T; Ayama, M; Akashi, Y; Hara, N; Kitano, T; Kodaira, Y; Sakai, K (February 2016).

2686:"Several views of metal halide and high pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications" 2603: 2520: 1894: 1834: 1739: 1558: 1392: 1375: 1179: 1112: 920: 796: 750: 698: 682: 671: 600: 444: 367: 356: 294: 256: 3100: 1013:, was chosen as a Smart City partner for this project. In the United States, the city of 827: 3776: 3552: 3116: 2494: 5079: 4970: 4861: 4825: 4798: 4768: 4635: 4407: 4254: 4249: 4178:, an example of a street lighting system with integrated solar and wind generator from 3793: 3760: 3689: 3664: 3577: 3536: 3226: 3201: 2258:""Ya a la venta el libro "Las farolas fernandinas por los cuatro costados" book review" 1271: 474:

In Paris, public street lighting was first installed on a covered shopping street, the

195:. Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one 4189: 3413:

Lei, Shaobo; Goltz, Herbert C.; Chandrakumar, Mano; Wong, Agnes M. F. (21 July 2014).

2731: 2127:"Remains of World's Earliest Surviving Gasworks Now Protected | Historic England" 5238: 5160: 4890: 4793: 4788: 4710: 4611: 4518: 4496: 4322: 4303: 4259: 3982: 3535:

Cabrera-Cruz, Sergio A.; Smolinsky, Jaclyn A.; Buler, Jeffrey J. (19 February 2018).

3309: 3167: 2967: 2801: 2572: 1235:, UK indicating part-night lighting, meant to save energy and reduce light pollution. 1207: 1146: 990: 786: 483: 346: 278: 231: 227: 2985: 2547:"Mount Bischoff Tin Mines: Pioneers of water power in the Tasmanian mining industry" 1253:

installed red LED streetlights to minimise disruption to bats. A study published in

725:, showing the position of leads and lights along the network of city streets in 1888 624:

on the Avenue de l'Opera in Paris (1878), the first form of electric street lighting

5170: 5066: 5061: 5036: 5026: 4987: 4763: 4491: 4456: 4392: 4350: 4335: 4291: 2442: 1993:"How Paris Became the City of Light: Louis XIV hires the city's first police chief" 1719: 1660: 1199: 1128: 1084: 772: 534: 409: 405: 379: 336: 290: 216: 196: 4016:"BREAKING THE RULES. Odd placements of fire alarm indicators – Forgotten New York" 2968:"Lunar resonant streetlights as winner of Metropolis Next Generation Design Prize" 2770:"Adaptation luminance simulation for CIE mesopic photometry system implementation" 2168:"Romanian city, first in the world illuminated with kerosene lamps, 160 years ago" 2141: 961:

Two national standards now allow for variation in illuminance when using lamps of

873: 792: 3641: 2094:

The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story of William Murdoch Inventor of Gas Lighting

5211: 5165: 5041: 4900: 4820: 4628: 4623: 4583: 4555: 4550: 4481: 4476: 4461: 4340: 3365: 2702:

Fotios S and Goodman T. Proposed UK Guidance for Lighting in Residential Roads.

2382: 1783:

Chalfin, Aaron; Hansen, Benjamin; Lerner, Jason; Parker, Lucie (24 April 2019).

1542: 1291: 1240: 1195: 1191: 1010: 994: 764: 754: 738: 660: 286: 53: 3560: 1611:, building and maintaining infrastructure is the duty of local self-governance. 1485: 628: 5155: 5021: 5016: 4905: 4868: 4851: 4783: 4778: 4753: 4448: 4146: 3626:"Impacts of artificial lighting on bats: a review of challenges and solutions" 2741: 1714: 1664: 1499: 1347:

Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic

1211: 1002: 782:, Costa Rica, lit 25 lamps powered by a hydroelectric plant on 9 August 1884. 371: 192: 3974: 3649: 3568: 3487: 3438: 3287: 3217: 3159: 3132: 3101:"Saturation of the Rod Mechanism of the Retina at High Levels of Stimulation" 2793: 2785: 2308: 2257: 830:

became the first town in Sweden with electric street lighting, following the

5201: 5098: 5051: 4640: 4616: 4545: 4525: 1511: 1187: 1183: 1155: 1014: 986:, Italy, is the first major city to have entirely switched to LED lighting. 877: 799:

to have electric public lighting, on 12 November 1884; 731 lamps were used.

742: 644: 455: 440: 306: 187: 3928:" New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, July 2014, p.27 3802: 3784: 3698: 3680: 3586: 3495: 3446: 3414: 3235: 2282:

William H. Workman, The City That Grew (1929) Mirror-Press, Los Angeles, p.

845:

were primarily used for street lighting until the advent of high-intensity

378:, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the 44: 3478: 3461: 3430: 888: 17: 4933: 4873: 4578: 4570: 4540: 4501: 4466: 4436: 4419: 4225: 3938: 3056:"Driver response to peripheral moving targets under mesopic light levels" 1527:

Lights similar to street lights are used at train stations; these are at

1276: 1018: 955: 819: 803: 681:

The first streets in London lit with the electrical arc lamp were by the

637: 577: 468: 342: 271: 212: 2331:"Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle" 1055:

Old-style streetlight with lamps near the Mönchbruch hunting lodge near

4885: 4830: 4530: 4508: 1932: 1608: 1315: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1249: 1244: 1089: 912: 504: 375: 360: 260: 248: 3124: 2114:

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp352-354

454:

The world's first city with kerosene public streetlamps, in 1857, was

4513: 4471: 4176:

Example Installation of Integrated Renewable Power in Street Lighting

4170: 3761:"Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations" 1554: 1356: 998: 305:

if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. King

282: 164: 1924: 900: 285:

lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a

3867:"Global LED and Smart Street Lighting: Market Forecast (2017–2027)" 3301: 3024:"Mesopic street lighting demonstration and evaluation final report" 1586:

New York City fire alarm pull box indicator mounted on street light

1351:

previously used for street light ON-OFF operation. They come with

1198:

may be used. These lamps are advantageous over other lamps such as

5196: 4560: 4486: 1915:

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang (1987). "The Policing of Street Lighting".

1679: 1581: 1541: 1533: 1522: 1505: 1484: 1472: 1446: 1374: 1348: 1232: 1226: 1083: 1062: 1050: 983: 919: 911: 899: 887: 716: 627: 612: 384: 351: 311: 259:, "Romans illuminated the streets with oil lamps, and cities from 176: 170: 156: 150: 142: 3624:

Stone, Emma Louise; Harris, Stephen; Jones, Gareth (1 May 2015).

1888:

BARTON, Henry (d.1435), of London. – History of Parliament Online

1367:(GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving. 2195:"Ignacy Łukasiewicz: The Generous Inventor of the Kerosene Lamp" 1040: 180: 4198: 3331:"Major study finds outdoor lighting cut crime by 39% (UPDATED)" 2070:(3). New York City: Illuminating Engineering Society: 185–202. 1400: 1286: 969: 647:, initially the "electric candle", "Jablotchkoff candle", or " 393:

The first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in

4068:"THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ON LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT" 1897:, The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421. 795:(Timișoara in present-day Romania) was the first city in the 1862:"Architecture: how street lights have illuminated city life" 541:

and commemorates the date of the birth of his daughter, the

363:, UK, the first domestic house in the world to be lit by gas 199:

to another. Street lights are an important source of public

4194: 2020:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 41. 1154:

reduced by designing them to break away when hit (known as

234:

civilizations, where light primarily served the purpose of

2469:"Is Costa Rica Different? A Treasure Chest of Discoveries" 1813:"The History of Street Lights from Fire to LED Lamp Posts" 341:

The first widespread system of street lighting used piped

3817:"Light pollution shown to affect plant growth, food webs" 2688:. Lighting Research and Technology. p. 31: 297–320. 2260:. Amigos de las farolas ferdinandinas. 7 September 2009. 1886:

Roskell, J. S. and Clark, L. and Rawcliffe, C. (editors)

3713:"Bat-friendly street lights for Worcestershire crossing" 1451:

Decorative but functional lamps in the plaza at sunset,

1206:

because low-pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity,

4185:

Transportation Lighting at the Lighting Research Center

3669:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2733:

Road Lighting: Fundamentals, Technology and Application

1550:

or bicycle path in the Netherlands with street lighting

1538:

A man performing maintenance on a street light in Tokyo

958:

illumination for the least consumption of electricity.

507:

appeared in the field as a rival of coal-gas. In 1815,

4139:

Road Lighting Fundamentals, Technology and Application

1076:

obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property.

3917:

Humayun Kabir, John D. Bullough, Leora C. Radetsky. "

3382:"Street Lights and Crime: A Seemingly Endless Debate" 1974:(XII). Charleston: A. E. Miller: 395. November 1830. 2064:

Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society

5179: 5134: 5075: 4998: 4914: 4839: 4709: 4649: 4597: 4569: 4447: 4349: 4321: 4312: 4232: 2645:(in Swedish). Härnösand energi och miljö. June 2016 2621:. Peel-Cunningham County Council. pp. 35–63. 2429:"Today in Kimberley's History History 2 September" 976:, emit a white light that provides high levels of 3919:Sustainable Roadway Lighting Seminar Final Report 2234:(in Spanish). Esa Sevilla blogspot. 22 May 2010. 1839:"From pillar to lamp post: lighting city streets" 892:The distinctive monochromatic yellow glow from a 767:(modern South Africa), was the first city in the 443:, where the gaslights were first demonstrated at 4190:Lighting Research at the University of Sheffield 3466:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 3419:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2669:. Vol. 23. General Electric Company. 1920. 420:granted a charter to the London and Westminster 2684:Bullough, John; MS Rea & Y. Akashi (2009). 1725:History of street lighting in the United States 3200:Buehler, Ralph; Pucher, John (February 2017). 655:in 1875. This was a carbon arc lamp employing 543:Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier 4210: 3735:"This Bat-Friendly Town Turned the Night Red" 1359:. Many street light controllers come with an 8: 3342: 3340: 3105:Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics 1569:Lights similar to street lights are used on 1425:A number of companies are now manufacturing 1355:options like twilight saving, staggering or 643:The first electric street lighting employed 591:Streetlight in Ferdinand VII style near the 318: 27:Raised source of light beside a road or path 3348:"How Might Improved Lighting Affect Crime?" 2736:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 1210:light. Observatories can filter the sodium 849:. They were often operated at high-voltage 745:, Ohio, with 12 electric lights around the 239: 4318: 4217: 4203: 4195: 3893:"Street Lighting :: City of Edmonton" 3099:Aguilar, M.; Stiles, W.S. (January 1954). 2333:. rsc.org. 3 February 2009. Archived from 1659:Street light from the 1950s attached to a 968:New street lighting technologies, such as 297:though there is no firm evidence of this. 3792: 3688: 3603:Birds get migration-friendly streetlights 3576: 3477: 3225: 2053: 2051: 2049: 1986: 1984: 1331:Learn how and when to remove this message 3370:. NIHR Journals Library. September 2015. 2018:What We Did in Bed: A Horizontal History 1387:street light controllers also come with 2397:"Cleveland was the First City of Light" 2140:The London Gasketeers (15 March 2019). 1772: 1613: 1603:Street lights are the basic example of 1389:Global System for Mobile Communications 1166:also occasionally topple streetlights. 547: 494:, and rue de Castiglione. By 1857, the 3395:"Lamppost Banner Sponsorship Programs" 2881:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2874: 2599: 2589: 2554:Journal of Australasian Mining History 2449:from the original on 28 September 2010 2291: 2218: 2080: 2060:"Historical Sketch of Street Lighting" 2040: 1954: 1182:can hide the stars and interfere with 737:. The street was lit for one night by 317:A much-improved oil lantern, called a 3940:Straatverlichting kost 9 miljoen euro 3899:from the original on 22 February 2016 3873:from the original on 25 February 2016 3094: 3092: 2831:from the original on 21 November 2015 2763: 2761: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2016:Fagan, Brian; Durrani, Nadia (2019). 942:Today, street lighting commonly uses 7: 3293:National Bureau of Economic Research 3068:from the original on 4 December 2010 3036:from the original on 4 December 2010 2986:"Civil Twilight Collective homepage" 2974:from the original on 27 August 2010. 2948:from the original on 4 December 2010 2903:from the original on 11 October 2016 2058:Millar, Preston S. (30 April 1920). 1815:. Brandon Industries. 26 August 2021 1778: 1776: 1313:adding citations to reliable sources 3384:. Bloomberg News. 12 February 2014. 2863:from the original on 9 October 2016 2383:"Encyclopedia of Cleveland History" 1635:Polish street lights from the 1930s 1469:Pedestrian crossing § Lighting 1033:Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires 753:, lit 4 Brush arc lamps with 3,000 147:Detail of a street light from Paris 4115:. Peel-Cunningham County Council. 4048:from the original on 25 April 2016 4022:from the original on 30 March 2016 3963:Lighting Research & Technology 3510:"Stray Voltage Still on the Loose" 3148:Lighting Research & Technology 2774:Lighting Research & Technology 2704:Lighting Research & Technology 2571:Correspondent (12 November 1888). 2307:. home.frognet.net. Archived from 1005:technology to control the lights. 916:An unlit high-pressure sodium lamp 674:, to celebrate the opening of the 25: 4094:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris 3516:from the original on 22 June 2008 3206:American Journal of Public Health 3022:Peter Morante (31 January 2008). 2992:from the original on 14 May 2011. 2692:from the original on 9 June 2010. 2673:from the original on 11 May 2011. 2545:Preston, Keith (September 2010). 1860:Edwin Heathcote (13 March 2015). 1792:Crime Labs: University of Chicago 729:The first street to be lit by an 557:Typical base and escutcheon of a 389:Streetlights from an 1871 catalog 102:Various examples of street lights 3846:International Energy Association 2573:"STREET LIGHTING BY ELECTRICITY" 2264:from the original on 17 May 2014 2238:from the original on 6 June 2014 1687: 1671: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1421:Image-based street light control 1290: 1186:. In settings near astronomical 952:high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps 785:Nuremberg was the first city in 599: 584: 565: 550: 186:Many lamps have light-sensitive 92: 83: 72: 63: 52: 43: 4734:Parabolic aluminized reflector 1991:Tucker, Holly (22 March 2017), 1363:for a particular location or a 1300:needs additional citations for 1067:A streetlight during a snowfall 948:Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps 175:A wind powered street light in 4679:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 3613:– via Electronics Weekly 3512:. Scienceline. 4 August 2006. 2814:ESCC Highways/Colas Electrical 1510:Safe cycling with a dedicated 1025:were slowly being replaced by 944:high-intensity discharge lamps 749:road system on 29 April 1879. 155:Detail of a street light with 1: 1599:Street lights as public goods 775:, to be powered municipally. 691:Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck 226:Early lamps were used in the 3642:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.02.004 2643:"Elens historia i Härnösand" 1623:A historical Slovak lamppost 1514:with street lights in London 1397:General Packet Radio Service 1283:Street light control systems 161:Austrian Parliament Building 32:Streetlight (disambiguation) 4924:Automotive light bulb types 4774:Intelligent street lighting 3600:Bush, Steve (10 May 2017), 3286:Chalfin, Aaron (May 2019). 2359:. ncl.ac.uk. Archived from 1730:Intelligent street lighting 1647:German streetlight at night 1427:intelligent street lighting 1088:Decorative street light in 797:Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy 397:, London on 4 June 1807 by 138:electric power distribution 5281: 4687:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3715:. BBC News. 31 August 2019 3561:10.1038/s41598-018-21577-6 1466: 931: 908:running at full brightness 676:Paris Universal Exposition 632:Heritage lamp post in the 422:Gas Light and Coke Company 334: 210: 203:intended to reduce crime. 29: 5126:Stage lighting instrument 4147:10.1007/978-3-319-11466-8 4137:van Bommel, Wout (2015). 4042:"NYC DOT – Street Lights" 3943:(in Dutch), 23 March 2005 2742:10.1007/978-3-319-11466-8 2730:van Bommel, Wout (2015). 2521:"Early Electric Lighting" 1760:Street light interference 1477:High-mast lighting along 1365:Global Positioning System 723:Tamworth, New South Wales 5187:Battlefield illumination 4944:high-intensity discharge 4376:Electrochemiluminescence 3975:10.1177/1477153511431129 3400:25 December 2011 at the 3296:. Working Paper Series. 3218:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303546 3160:10.1177/1477153508094048 2786:10.1177/1477153515626210 2305:"Sir Joseph Wilson Swan" 1694:Streetlights in Finnish 906:low-pressure sodium lamp 894:low-pressure sodium lamp 707:incandescent light bulbs 651:", developed by Russian 593:Royal Palace of Aranjuez 413:houses in Dolphinholme. 5047:Electroluminescent wire 4092:Fierro, Alfred (1996). 4002:ukroadsliaisongroup.org 3924:26 January 2017 at the 2666:General Electric review 2142:"The London Gasketeers" 1565:Usage on rail transport 399:Frederick Albert Winsor 4729:Multifaceted reflector 3785:10.1126/sciadv.abi8322 3681:10.1098/rspb.2017.0075 1893:16 August 2014 at the 1841:. Architectural Review 1587: 1551: 1539: 1531: 1515: 1490: 1482: 1455: 1380: 1236: 1092: 1068: 1060: 929: 917: 909: 897: 834:being taken into use. 733:was Mosley Street, in 731:incandescent lightbulb 726: 640: 625: 539:Ferdinand VII of Spain 517:Taylor & Martineau 390: 364: 319: 240: 183: 168: 148: 5119:ellipsoidal reflector 4724:Ellipsoidal reflector 4408:Fluorescent induction 4386:field-induced polymer 3479:10.1167/iovs.16-21285 3431:10.1167/iovs.14-14103 3154:(3): 40(3): 201–224. 2525:Queen's Wharf History 2146:The London Gasketeers 1745:List of light sources 1585: 1545: 1537: 1526: 1509: 1488: 1476: 1467:Further information: 1450: 1378: 1230: 1087: 1066: 1054: 1009:, a company based in 923: 915: 903: 891: 826:On 10 December 1885, 720: 713:Incandescent lighting 631: 616: 476:Passage des Panoramas 388: 355: 247:However, denizens of 174: 154: 146: 4956:Rear position lights 4929:Daytime running lamp 4857:Mechanically powered 4744:Aviation obstruction 4180:Panasonic/Matsushita 4111:Lobsey, Ian (1988). 2988:. 6 September 2016. 2706:, 2012; 44(1); 69–83 2617:Lobsey, Ian (1988). 2443:"Timeline of Firsts" 2411:"Brush Arc Lighting" 1837:(7 September 2021). 1309:improve this article 1268:efficient energy use 1133:accommodation reflex 857:bulb worked or not. 812:J. W. Sutton and Co. 802:On 9 December 1882, 778:In Central America, 705:reliable and bright 695:Siemens & Halske 634:City Botanic Gardens 460:World Record Academy 30:For other uses, see 4364:Electron-stimulated 3998:"Codes of Practice" 3777:2021SciA....7.8322B 3553:2018NatSR...8.3261C 3117:1954AcOpt...1...59A 2431:. 2 September 2015. 2357:"Electric lighting" 2337:on 1 September 2011 2172:Romania-Insider.com 1957:, pp. 835–836. 1917:Yale French Studies 1529:London King's Cross 1503:from curb to curb. 1353:energy conservation 1217:luminous efficiency 1057:Rüsselsheim am Main 847:gas-discharge lamps 832:Gådeå power station 769:Southern Hemisphere 657:alternating current 433:Preston, Lancashire 118:lamp pole, lamppost 5207:Luminous gemstones 4381:Electroluminescent 4359:Cathodoluminescent 4096:. Robert Laffont. 3675:(1855): 20170075. 3541:Scientific Reports 2602:has generic name ( 1997:Lapham's Quarterly 1750:Solar street light 1588: 1552: 1540: 1532: 1516: 1491: 1483: 1481:in Ontario, Canada 1456: 1453:Samaipata, Bolivia 1381: 1361:astronomical clock 1261:Energy consumption 1237: 1204:metal halide lamps 1158:, collapsible, or 1093: 1069: 1061: 1023:sodium-vapor lamps 938:Solar street light 930: 918: 910: 898: 843:Incandescent lamps 838:Later developments 816:Walhalla, Victoria 727: 641: 626: 480:place du Carrousel 464:Ignacy Łukasiewicz 426:Westminster Bridge 404:In 1811, Engineer 391: 365: 302:Jan van der Heyden 184: 169: 149: 5232: 5231: 4749:Balanced-arm lamp 4705: 4704: 4589:Yablochkov candle 4457:Acetylene/Carbide 4427:Radioluminescence 4299:Luminous efficacy 4245:Color temperature 4103:978-2-221-07862-4 4018:. 25 March 2011. 3630:Mammalian Biology 3125:10.1080/713818657 2751:978-3-319-11465-1 2232:"Las fernandinas" 2174:. Romania Insider 2027:978-0-300-22388-0 1571:railway platforms 1519:Cycle path lights 1341: 1340: 1333: 1119:Health and safety 963:different spectra 808:Queen Street Mall 687:Thames Embankment 668:Place de l'Étoile 649:Yablochkov candle 617:Demonstration of 574:farola fernandina 559:farola fernandina 530:Farola fernandina 524:Farola fernandina 513:Apothecary's Hall 497:Grands Boulevards 331:Gas lamp lighting 325:French Revolution 222:Preindustrial era 201:security lighting 16:(Redirected from 5272: 5260:Street furniture 5032:Christmas lights 4966:Safety reflector 4961:Reversing lights 4896:Navigation light 4847:Bicycle lighting 4737: 4690: 4682: 4656: 4415:Photoluminescent 4398:Fluorescent lamp 4371:Chemiluminescent 4319: 4287:Bi-pin lamp base 4282:Lightbulb socket 4219: 4212: 4205: 4196: 4160: 4126: 4107: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3765:Science Advances 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3692: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3580: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3481: 3472:(3): 1449–1454. 3457: 3451: 3450: 3425:(7): 4496–4903. 3410: 3404: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3350:. 2 March 2016. 3344: 3335: 3334: 3333:. 13 March 2018. 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3096: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2727: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2417:on 24 July 2008. 2413:. Archived from 2407: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2003: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1972:Southern Journal 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1912: 1906: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1755:Street furniture 1735:Lighting-up time 1710:Charging station 1691: 1678:Streetlights in 1675: 1656: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1294: 1287: 1255:Science Advances 974:induction lights 934:LED street light 699:moonlight towers 653:Pavel Yablochkov 603: 588: 569: 554: 428:was lit by gas. 322: 255:In the words of 243: 134:railway platform 96: 87: 76: 67: 56: 47: 21: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5255:Light pollution 5245:Street lighting 5235: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5192:Bioluminescence 5175: 5144: 5130: 5087: 5071: 5010: 4994: 4910: 4835: 4759:Emergency light 4735: 4701: 4688: 4680: 4654: 4652: 4645: 4593: 4565: 4536:Magnesium torch 4443: 4345: 4314: 4308: 4265:Light pollution 4240:Accent lighting 4228: 4223: 4167: 4157: 4136: 4133: 4131:Further reading 4123: 4110: 4104: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3926:Wayback Machine 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3402:Wayback Machine 3393: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249:Administration. 3247: 3243: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061:. lrc.rpi.edu. 3058: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029:. lrc.rpi.edu. 3026: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941:. lrc.rpi.edu. 2938: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2851:"Archived copy" 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2697: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2598: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2577:Melbourne Argus 2570: 2569: 2565: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2501:. 14 April 2016 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2475:. 20 April 2024 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2385:. 18 June 2018. 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2166:Marica, Irina. 2165: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2129:. 15 July 2020. 2125: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2092:Janet Thomson; 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2057: 2056: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1925:10.2307/2930197 1914: 1913: 1909: 1895:Wayback Machine 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1866:Financial Times 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1835:Edwin Heathcote 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1740:Light pollution 1705: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1676: 1667: 1657: 1648: 1645: 1636: 1633: 1624: 1621: 1601: 1580: 1567: 1559:utility cycling 1557:that encourage 1521: 1471: 1465: 1445: 1436: 1423: 1414: 1393:Radio frequency 1373: 1337: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1306: 1285: 1263: 1225: 1194:, low-pressure 1180:Light pollution 1177: 1172: 1170:Light pollution 1131:because of the 1121: 1113:light pollution 1109: 1082: 1049: 978:scotopic lumens 940: 928:street lighting 886: 851:series circuits 840: 751:Wabash, Indiana 715: 683:Holborn Viaduct 672:Arc de Triomphe 611: 604: 595: 589: 580: 570: 561: 555: 527: 445:Rembrandt Peale 435:in 1816, where 368:William Murdoch 357:William Murdoch 339: 333: 295:Mayor of London 257:Edwin Heathcote 224: 219: 211:Main articles: 209: 106: 105: 104: 103: 99: 98: 97: 89: 88: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5267: 5265:Urban planning 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Light fixtures 5247: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5180:Related topics 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4971:retroreflector 4963: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4826:Track lighting 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4799:Recessed light 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4769:Gooseneck lamp 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4651:High-intensity 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4420:Laser headlamp 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4250:Electric light 4247: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4173: 4166: 4165:External links 4163: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4122:978-0731657780 4121: 4108: 4102: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4059: 4033: 4007: 3996:Ward, Justin. 3988: 3953: 3930: 3910: 3884: 3858: 3833: 3808: 3751: 3726: 3704: 3655: 3636:(3): 213–219. 3616: 3592: 3527: 3501: 3452: 3405: 3387: 3373: 3356: 3336: 3322: 3302:10.3386/w25798 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3241: 3212:(2): 281–287. 3192: 3183: 3173: 3138: 3088: 3079: 3047: 3014: 3004: 2995: 2977: 2959: 2927: 2914: 2888: 2842: 2816: 2807: 2757: 2750: 2717: 2708: 2695: 2676: 2656: 2634: 2628:978-0731657780 2627: 2609: 2563: 2537: 2512: 2499:Transelectrica 2495:"History-1884" 2486: 2460: 2434: 2420: 2402: 2388: 2374: 2363:on 6 June 2014 2348: 2322: 2311:on 10 May 2011 2296: 2294:, p. 628. 2284: 2275: 2249: 2223: 2221:, p. 838. 2211: 2185: 2158: 2132: 2118: 2105: 2085: 2083:, p. 836. 2073: 2045: 2043:, p. 837. 2033: 2026: 2008: 1980: 1959: 1947: 1938: 1907: 1879: 1852: 1826: 1804: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1684: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1615: 1600: 1597: 1579: 1576: 1566: 1563: 1520: 1517: 1464: 1463:Roadway lights 1461: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1372: 1369: 1339: 1338: 1297: 1295: 1284: 1281: 1272:New York State 1262: 1259: 1224: 1221: 1219:of the light. 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1160:passively safe 1151: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1120: 1117: 1108: 1105: 1081: 1078: 1048: 1045: 993:, the city of 885: 882: 839: 836: 714: 711: 610: 607: 606: 605: 598: 596: 590: 583: 581: 571: 564: 562: 556: 549: 526: 521: 488:rue de la Paix 486:, then on the 335:Main article: 332: 329: 223: 220: 208: 205: 126:light standard 101: 100: 91: 90: 82: 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5277: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Infrared lamp 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Laser pointer 4889: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794:Pendant light 4792: 4790: 4789:Neon lighting 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Mercury-vapor 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Deuterium arc 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4599:Gas discharge 4596: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4304:Task lighting 4302: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260:Light fixture 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4156:9783319114651 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4113:City of light 4109: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3969:(1): 90–101. 3968: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3584: 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