Strepsirrhini - Knowledge (XXG)

2207:. Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, or a sister group to the living strepsirrhines. They are included in Strepsirrhini, and are considered basal members of the clade. Although their status as true primates is not questioned, the questionable relationship between adapiforms and other living and fossil primates leads to multiple classifications within Strepsirrhini. Often, adapiforms are placed in their own infraorder due to anatomical differences with lemuriforms and their unclear relationship. When shared traits with lemuriforms (which may or may not be synapomorphic) are emphasized, they are sometimes reduced to families within the infraorder Lemuriformes (or superfamily Lemuroidea). 2656: 2832: 311: 1390:

lemur-lorisoid split both predate the appearance of adapiforms in the early Eocene. New calibration methods may reconcile the discrepancies between the molecular clock and the fossil record, favoring more recent divergence dates. The fossil record suggests that the strepsirrhine adapiforms and the haplorhine omomyiforms had been evolving independently before the early Eocene, although their most basal members share enough dental similarities to suggest that they diverged during the Paleocene (66–55 mya).

2344: 1197: 2232:. It was not recognized as a primate until it was reevaluated in the early 1870s. Originally, adapiforms were all included under the family Adapidae, which was divided into two or three subfamilies: Adapinae, Notharctinae, and sometimes Sivaladapinae. All North American adapiforms were lumped under Notharctinae, while the Old World forms were usually assigned to Adapinae. Around the 1990s, two distinct groups of European "adapids" began to emerge, based on differences in the 1600:), and Tarsiidae (tarsiers). Lemuroidea was later replaced by Illiger's suborder Prosimii. Many years earlier, in 1812, É. Geoffroy first named the suborder Strepsirrhini, in which he included the tarsiers. This taxonomy went unnoticed until 1918, when Pocock compared the structure of the nose and reinstated the use of the suborder Strepsirrhini, while also moving the tarsiers and the simians into a new suborder, Haplorhini. It was not until 1953, when British anatomist 8519: 1991: 2251: 202: 134: 2195:

plesiadapiforms are included within the order Primates, in which case Euprimates is sometimes treated as a suborder, with Strepsirrhini becoming an infraorder, and the Lemuriformes and others become parvorders. Regardless of the infraordinal taxonomy, Strepsirrhini is composed of three ranked superfamilies and 14 families, seven of which are extinct. Three of these extinct families included the recently extinct

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breeders compared to other mammals. Their gestation period and interbirth intervals are usually long, and the young develop slowly, just like in haplorhine primates. Unlike simians, some strepsirrhines produce two or three offspring, although some produce only a single offspring. Those that produce multiple offspring tend to build nests for their young. These two traits are thought to be

7941: 3076: 1968:, and others could have potentially excluded adapiforms from Strepsirrhini. In 1975, Gingerich proposed a new suborder, Simiolemuriformes, to suggest that strepsirrhines are more closely related to simians than tarsiers. However, no clear relationship between the two had been demonstrated by the early 2000s. The idea reemerged briefly in 2009 during the media attention surrounding 2467: 6841: 1493: 2203:

strepsirrhines" or "extant strepsirrhines". Confusion of this specific terminology with the general term "strepsirrhine", along with oversimplified anatomical comparisons and vague phylogenetic inferences, can lead to misconceptions about primate phylogeny and misunderstandings about primates from the Eocene, as seen with the media coverage of

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simians is ancient and hard to resolve, a third taxonomic arrangement with three suborders is sometimes used: Prosimii, Tarsiiformes, and Anthropoidea. More often, the term "prosimian" is no longer used in official taxonomy, but is still used to illustrate the behavioral ecology of tarsiers relative to the other primates.

2783:), is thought to have evolved independently. Group sizes are smaller in social lemurs than in simians, and despite the similarities, the community structures differ. Female dominance, which is rare in simians, is fairly common in lemurs. Strepsirrhines spend a considerable amount of time grooming each other ( 2739:

Despite their relatively smaller brains compared to other primates, lemurs have demonstrated levels of technical intelligence in problem solving that are comparable to those seen in simians. However, their social intelligence differs, often emphasizing within-group competition over cooperation, which

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Approximately three-quarters of all extant strepsirrhine species are nocturnal, sleeping in nests made from dead leaves or tree hollows during the day. All of the lorisoids from continental Africa and Asia are nocturnal, a circumstance that minimizes their competition with the simian primates of the

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The most commonly recurring debate in primatology during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 2000s concerned the phylogenetic position of tarsiers compared to both simians and the other prosimians. Tarsiers are most often placed in either the suborder Haplorhini with the simians or in the suborder Prosimii

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Frequent mentions of a "strepsirrhine toothcomb" or references to Strepsirrhini as being "toothcombed primates" can be found in the literature. However, one group of strepsirrhines lacks the toothcomb – the adapiforms. The toothcomb is therefore the primary hallmark of the lemuriforms, although at

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The now extinct adapiform primates were primarily found across North America, Asia, and Europe, with a few species in Africa. They flourished during the Eocene when those regions were more tropical in nature, and they disappeared when the climate became cooler and drier. Today, the lemuriforms are

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Reproduction in most strepsirrhine species tends to be seasonal, particularly in lemurs. Key factors that affect seasonal reproduction include the length of the wet season, subsequent food availability, and the maturation time of the species. Like other primates, strepsirrhines are relatively slow

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The relationship between adapiform and lemuriform primates has not been clearly demonstrated, so the position of adapiforms as a paraphyletic stem group is questionable. Both molecular clock data and new fossil finds suggest that the lemuriform divergence from the other primates and the subsequent

1907:(groups united by anatomical traits) rather than phylogenetic clades, while the Strepsirrhini-Haplorrhini taxonomy was based on evolutionary relationships. Yet both systems persist because the Prosimii-Anthropoidea taxonomy is familiar and frequently seen in the research literature and textbooks. 1484:. In isolation, the lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled by monkeys and apes today. In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, approximately 40 mya. Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals. 1955:

for "lower primates". Regardless, the strepsirrhine and haplorrhine clades are generally accepted and viewed as the preferred taxonomic division. Yet tarsiers still closely resemble both strepsirrhines and simians in different ways, and since the early split between strepsirrhines, tarsiers and

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and the teeth. One of these two European forms was identified as cercamoniines, which were allied with the notharctids found mostly in North America, while the other group falls into the traditional adapid classification. The three major adapiform divisions are now typically regarded as three

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When Strepsirrhini is divided into two infraorders, the clade containing all toothcombed primates can be called "lemuriforms". When it is divided into three infraorders, the term "lemuriforms" refers only to Madagascar's lemurs, and the toothcombed primates are referred to as either "crown

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Within Strepsirrhini, two common classifications include either two infraorders (Adapiformes and Lemuriformes) or three infraorders (Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes). A less common taxonomy places the aye-aye (Daubentoniidae) in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes. In some cases,

2635:, but the number and positions vary between species within strepsirrhines. Lorises have two pairs, while others, like the ring-tailed lemur, have one pair on the chest (pectoral). The aye-aye also has two mammary glands, but they are located near the groin (inguinal). In females, the 2396:. This trait is also seen in adapiforms. In lorisoids, however, the tympanic cavity is smaller and the ectotympanic ring becomes attached to the edge of the auditory bulla. The tympanic cavity in lorisoids also has two accessory air spaces, which are not present in lemurs. 2752:

The nocturnal strepsirrhines have been traditionally described as "solitary", although this term is no longer favored by the researchers who study them. Many are considered "solitary foragers", but many exhibit complex and diverse social organization, often overlapping

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Strepsirrhine primates have a brain relatively comparable to or slightly larger in size than most mammals. Compared to simians, however, they have a relatively small brain-to-body size ratio. Strepsirrhines are also traditionally noted for their unfused

3063:. In the eastern rainforests of Madagascar, as many as 11 or 12 species share the same forests, and prior to human arrival, some forests had nearly double that diversity. Several species of lemur are found in drier, seasonal forests, including the 2917:

from Europe exhibit limb proportions and joint surfaces comparable to vertical clinging and leaping lemurs, but were not as specialized as indriids for vertical clinging, suggesting that they ran along branches and did not leap as much. Notharctids

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of extant lemuriforms; however, this view is not strongly supported due to a lack of clear transitional fossils. Instead, lemuriforms may be descended from a very early branch of Asian cercamoniines or sivaladapids that migrated to northern Africa.

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from Africa to Madagascar between 47 and 54 mya, whereas the lorises split from the African galagos around 40 mya and later colonized Asia. The lemuriforms, and particularly the lemurs of Madagascar, are often portrayed inappropriately as

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All lemuriforms have a VNO, as do tarsiers and some New World monkeys. Adapiforms exhibit the gap between the upper incisors, which indicates the presence of a VNO, but there is some disagreement over whether or not they possessed a rhinarium.

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In addition to the controversy over tarsiers, the debate over the origins of simians once called the strepsirrhine clade into question. Arguments for an evolutionary link between adapiforms and simians made by paleontologists Gingerich,

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wrote an entire volume on strepsirrhine anatomy, that Pocock's taxonomic suggestion became noticed and more widely used. Since then, primate taxonomy has shifted between Strepsirrhini-Haplorhini and Prosimii-Anthropoidea multiple times.

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tendon on the talus. These differences give strepsirrhines the ability to make more complex rotations of the ankle and indicate that their feet are habitually inverted, or turned inward, an adaptation for grasping vertical supports.

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to comparably sized haplorhines, fetal growth rates are generally slower in strepsirrhines, which results in newborn offspring that are as little as one-third the size of haplorhine newborns. Extant strepsirrhines also have a lower

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or "under-tongue". Adapiforms did not possess a toothcomb. Instead, their lower incisors varied in orientation – from somewhat procumbent to somewhat vertical – and the lower canines were projected upwards and were often prominent.

2548:, which runs from the tip of the nose to the mouth. The upper lip is constrained by this connection and has fewer nerves to control movement, which leaves it less mobile than the upper lips of simians. The philtrum creates a gap ( 689:

hini"), although he did not remove the second "r" from Platyrrhini or Catarrhini, both of which were also named by É. Geoffroy in 1812. Following Pocock, many researchers continued to spell Strepsirrhini with a single "r" until

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Sexual dichromatism (different coloration patterns between males and females) can be seen in most brown lemur species, but otherwise lemurs show very little if any difference in body size or weight between sexes. This lack of

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on the second toe of each foot for scratching in areas that are inaccessible to the mouth and tongue. Adapiforms may have had a grooming claw, but there is little evidence of this. The toothcomb consists of either two or four

2315:. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines lack a thin wall of bone behind the eye, referred to as postorbital closure, which is only seen in haplorhine primates. Although the eyes of strepsirrhines point forward, giving 1305:

are extinct strepsirrhines that shared many anatomical similarities with lemurs. They are sometimes referred to as lemur-like primates, although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms do not support this analogy.

2810:). Body postures and gestures may be used, although the long snout, non-mobile lips, and reduced facial enervation restrict the use of facial expressions in strepsirrhines. Short-range calls, long-range calls, and 3270:

Since they are thought to be close relatives of tarsiers, omomyiforms are classified as haplorhines. However, the spacing of the roots of their upper incisors suggests that they may have had a rhinarium, like the

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The taxonomy of strepsirrhines is controversial and has a complicated history. Confused taxonomic terminology and oversimplified anatomical comparisons have created misconceptions about primate and strepsirrhine

1385:, and the only adapiforms to survive past the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (~34 mya). Their relationship to the other adapiforms remains unclear. They had vanished before the end of the Miocene (~7 mya). 2458:(a ridge of bone on the top of the skull to which jaw muscles attach) and canine teeth. Lorisoids exhibit some sexual dimorphism, but males are typically no more than 20 percent larger than females. 1134:

across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics (where primates most likely first developed) is very sparse, particularly around the time that primates and other major

1449:. These newer finds demonstrate that lemuriform primates were present during the middle Eocene in Afro-Arabia and that the lemuriform lineage and all other strepsirrhine taxa had diverged before then. 1119:

primate groups – lemuriforms, tarsiers, and simians – are known from the Early to Middle Eocene, evidence from genetics and recent fossil finds both suggest they may have been present during the early

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between humans and earlier primates" (simians and adapiforms). However, the cladistic analysis was flawed and the phylogenetic inferences and terminology were vague. Although the authors noted that

1158:, divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first examples appear in the fossil record. 2262:

All lemuriforms possess a specialized dental structure called a "toothcomb", with the exception of the aye-aye, in which the structure has been modified into two continually growing (hypselodont)

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primates, whose level of social interaction is comparable to that of diurnal simians, alternative classifications have been proposed to emphasize their gregarious, dispersed, or solitary nature.

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Macrotarsi while placing the lemurs and tarsiers in the family Prosimia (Prosimii) in 1811. The use of the tarsier-galago classification continued for many years until 1898, when Dutch zoologist

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Molecular clock estimates indicate that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, approximately 62 mya. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs dispersed to Madagascar by

1317:.They were among the most common mammals found in the fossil beds from that time. A few rare species have also been found in northern Africa. The most basal of the adapiforms include the genera 1309:

Like the living strepsirrhines, adapiforms were extremely diverse, with at least 30 genera and 80 species known from the fossil record as of the early 2000s. They diversified across

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Nekaris, K.A.I.; Shepherd, C.R.; Starr, C.R.; Nijman, V. (2010). "Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: A case study of slender and slow lorises (

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The origin of the earliest primates that the simians and tarsiers both evolved from is a mystery. Both their place of origin and the group from which they emerged are uncertain. Although the

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are also used. Nocturnal species are more constrained by the lack of light, so their communication systems differ from those of diurnal species, often using long-range calls to claim their

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are sometimes considered "archaic primates", because their teeth resembled those of early primates and because they possessed adaptations to living in trees, such as a divergent big toe (

1930:(shared, derived trait) seen among lemuriforms, although it is frequently and incorrectly used to define the strepsirrhine clade. Strepsirrhine primates are also united in possessing an 8730: 3101:

in tropical regions. Much of their habitat has been converted for human use, such as agriculture and pasture. The threats facing strepsirrhine primates fall into three main categories:

2736:(hoofed mammals). Infant care by the mother is relatively prolonged compared to many other mammals, and in some cases, the infants cling to the mother's fur with their hands and feet. 2704:. Many extant strepsirrhines are well adapted for nocturnal activity due to their relatively large eyes; large, movable ears; sensitive tactile hairs; strong sense of smell; and the 478:(the tip of the snout) – hence the colloquial but inaccurate term "wet-nosed" – similar to the rhinaria of canines and felines. They also have a smaller brain than comparably sized 2787:). When lemuriform primates groom, they lick the fur and then comb it with their toothcomb. They also use their grooming claw to scratch places they cannot reach with their mouth. 2583:

at the top, front of the mouth. Fluids traveling from the rhinarium to the mouth and then up the nasopalatine ducts to the VNO are detected, and information is relayed to the

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Many nocturnal species have large, independently movable ears, although there are significant differences in sizes and shapes of the ear between species. The structure of the

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and do not need it supplied in their diet. Further genetic evidence for the relationship between tarsiers and simians as a haplorhine clade is the shared possession of three

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Ollivier, F.J.; Samuelson, D.A.; Brooks, D.E.; Lewis, P.A.; Kallberg, M.E.; Komaromy, A.M. (2004). "Comparative morphology of the tapetum lucidum (among selected species)".

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as the climate cooled. Adapiforms are sometimes referred to as being "lemur-like", although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms does not support this comparison.

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Most of the academic literature provides a basic framework for primate taxonomy, usually including several potential taxonomic schemes. Although most experts agree upon

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Gingerich, P.D. (1975). "A new genus of Adapidae (Mammalia, Primates) from the Late Eocene of Southern France, and its significance for the origin of higher primates".

1596:'s suborder Anthropoidea (=Simiiformes). According to Flower, the suborder Lemuroidea contained the families Lemuridae (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), Chiromyidae ( 3127: 8656: 5423: 2744:, they can be trained to use objects as tools in captivity and demonstrate a basic understanding about the functional properties of the objects they are using. 1411:

proposed that lemuriform primates evolved from one of several genera of European adapids based on similarities between the front lower teeth of adapids and the

2757:, initiating social contact at night, and sharing sleeping sites during the day. Even the mating systems are variable, as seen in woolly lemurs, which live in 1951:

Because of their historically mixed assemblages which included tarsiers and close relatives of primates, both Prosimii and Strepsirrhini have been considered

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published in 1758. At the time, only three species were recognized, one of which (the colugo) is no longer recognized as a primate. In 1785, Dutch naturalist

6161:. Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and elsewhere in the British Isles. Vol. Part 4. British Museum (Natural History). 3138:. In Southeast Asia, slow lorises are threatened by the exotic pet trade and traditional medicine, in addition to habitat destruction. Both lemurs and 2575:

and is isolated from the air passing through the nasal cavity. The VNO is connected to the mouth through nasopalatine ducts (which communicate via the

6712: 2274:. Often, the toothcomb is incorrectly used to characterize all strepsirrhines. Instead, it is unique to lemuriforms and is not seen among adapiforms. 1115:

The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved. Although few fossils of

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Living strepsirrhines are predominantly arboreal, with only the ring-tailed lemur spending considerable time on the ground. Most species move around

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dates to the late early or early middle Eocene (52 to 46 mya) and has been considered a cercamoniine, but also may have been a stem lemuriform.

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Strepsirrhines and haplorhines diverged shortly after the emergence of the first true primates (euprimates). The relationship between euprimates,

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region, which are diurnal. The lemurs of Madagascar, living in the absence of simians, are more variable in their activity cycles. The aye-aye,

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families within Adapiformes (Notharctidae, Adapidae and Sivaladapidae), but other divisions ranging from one to five families are used as well.

2319:, the orbits do not face fully forward. Among living strepsirrhines, most or all species are thought to possess a reflective layer behind the 1354: 6773: 6701: 6678: 6582: 6557: 6485: 6395: 6364: 6227: 6166: 6093: 6074: 6055: 5939: 5763: 5654: 5631: 5610: 5558: 5508: 2517:

that are also sensitive to touch. Convoluted maxilloturbinals on the inside of their nose filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air, while

1367:, which most closely resembled some of Madagascar's lemurs, come from Europe and North America. The European branch is often referred to as 1221: 6069:. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 2. Cambridge, England; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–262. 2899:

shared adaptations for slow climbing like the lorises, although they may have been quadrupedal runners like small New World monkeys. Both

2595:, which handles basic body functions and metabolic processes. This neural pathway differs from that used by the main olfactory system. 6885: 2647:(penis bone) in males. Most male primates have a baculum, but it is typically larger in strepsirrhines and usually forked at the tip. 1150:

and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and the amount of time since they

2643:, which can make sex identification difficult for human observers. The clitoris may also have a bony structure in it, similar to the 6028: 5586:

Nekaris, N.A.I.; Bearder, S.K. "Chapter 4: The lorisiform primates of Asia and mainland Africa: Diversity shrouded in darkness". In

2290:. It is used to comb the fur during oral grooming. Shed hairs that accumulate between the teeth of the toothcomb are removed by the 403: 1497: 636: 268: 6435: 5692: 2981:

Among the adapiforms, frugivory seems to have been the most common diet, particularly for medium-sized to large species, such as

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Extant strepsirrhines have an epitheliochorial placenta, where the maternal blood does not come in direct contact with the fetal

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trade. Although hunting is often prohibited, the laws protecting them are rarely enforced. In Madagascar, local taboos known as

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from middle Eocene China) indicate that they most likely evolved in Asia and immigrated. They died out in Europe during the

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Like all other non-human primates, strepsirrhines face an elevated risk of extinction due to human activity, particularly

2877: 2859: 2758: 2437: 5473: 3371: 2872:(on four legs) in the trees, including five genera of smaller, nocturnal lemurs. Galagos, indriids, sportive lemurs, and 3088: 201: 5643:"Chapter 5: The phylogenesis of human personality: Identifying the precursors of cooperation, altruism, and well-being" 3396: 2740:

may be due to adaptations for their unpredictable environment. Although lemurs have not been observed using objects as

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Chapter 4: Impact of ecology on the teeth of extant lemurs: A review of dental adaptations, function, and life history

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The surface of the rhinarium does not have any olfactory receptors, so it is not used for smell in terms of detecting

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small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches.

1099:), characteristics of their skeletal anatomy, and their brain size, which is relatively small. In the case of lemurs, 5419: 2555:

The strepsirrhine rhinarium can collect relatively non-volatile, fluid-based chemicals (traditionally categorized as

6010: 2970:, specialize on tree gum, while indriids, sportive lemurs, and bamboo lemurs are folivores. Many strepsirrhines are 310: 8661: 6319: 6065:

Gunnell, G.F.; Rose, K.D.; Rasmussen, D.T. (2008). "Euprimates". In Janis, C.M.; Gunnell, G.F.; Uhen, M.D. (eds.).

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Analyses of extinct adapiforms postcranial skeletons suggest a variety of locomotor behavior. The European adapids

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is not characteristic of all strepsirrhines. Some adapiforms were sexually dimorphic, with males bearing a larger

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is used here because it derives from one popular taxonomy that clumps the clade of toothcombed primates into one

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detect airborne smells. The olfactory bulbs of lemurs are comparable in size to those of other arboreal mammals.

2428:(ankle bones) that differentiate them from haplorhines, such as a sloping talo-fibular facet (the face where the 1914:(ancestral) traits not shared with the simians, particularly the rhinarium. Other symplesiomorphies include long 1593: 6845: 1441:

of Egypt between 1997 and 2005, the oldest known lemuriforms had come from the early Miocene (~20 mya) of

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of Madagascar, many of which died out within the last 1,000 years following human arrival on the island.

738:, both of which were adapiforms that may have originated in Asia. They were once thought to have evolved from 2587:, which is relatively large in strepsirrhines. From the accessory olfactory bulb, information is sent to the 2360:(two halves of the lower jaw), however, fusion of the mandibular symphysis was common in adapiforms, notably 595: 8312: 3511: 3507: 3503: 2700:, which means that they may be active during the day or night, depending on factors such as temperature and 2409: 1255: 6751: 2938:, small vertebrates, and eggs). Diets vary markedly between strepsirrhine species. Like other leaf-eating ( 2335:, which improves day vision. This differs from tarsiers, which lack a tapetum lucidum but possess a fovea. 1982:

was not a "fossil lemur", they did emphasize the absence of a toothcomb, which adapiforms did not possess.

1216:(~55 mya), at which point they radiated across the Northern Hemisphere during a brief period of rapid 8710: 8557: 8019: 7172: 6878: 2967: 2533: 1131: 1273:(56 to 34 million years ago ) in Europe, North America, and Asia. They disappeared from most of the 8682: 8669: 7352: 3052:

to Madagascar, although much of their diversity and habitat has been lost due to recent human activity.

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to indicate ancestry, and both groups were rich in diversity and were widespread throughout the Eocene.

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Franzen, J.L.; Gingerich, P.D.; Habersetzer, J.; Hurum, J.H.; von Koenigswald, W.; Smith, B.H. (2009).

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The last branch to develop were the adapiforms, a diverse and widespread group that thrived during the

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confined in the tropics, ranging between 28° S to 26° N latitude. Lorises are found both in

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has driven this isolated population of primates to diversify significantly and fill a rich variety of

530:, a specialized set of teeth in the front, lower part of the mouth mostly used for combing fur during 518:

around the eye, but they lack a wall of thin bone behind it. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own

459:. Collectively they are referred to as strepsirrhines. Also belonging to the suborder are the extinct 8604: 8067: 8033: 7940: 6508: 5786: 3110: 2625: 2549: 2505:(A) through (D) possess a rhinarium and are strepsirrhines, whereas (E) does not and is a haplorhine. 1582: 1552: 1092: 141:

A sample of strepsirrhine diversity; eight biological genera are depicted (from top, left to right):

5775:"Complete primate skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and paleobiology" 3067:

on the southern tip of the island, although the lemur communities in these regions are not as rich.

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Lemuroidea in 1883 to distinguish these primates from the simians, which were grouped under English

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trade. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines are behaviorally diverse, although all are primarily

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Primates primarily feed on fruits (including seeds), leaves (including flowers), and animal prey (

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with the strepsirrhines. Prosimii is one of the two traditional primate suborders and is based on

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Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P.-H.; et al. (2009).

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appear to have been agile arboreal quadrupeds, with adaptations comparable to the brown lemurs.

8674: 8142: 8105: 8077: 7818: 6384:"Chapter 13: Sexual selection, measures of sexual selection, and sexual dimorphism in primates" 3123:

sometimes help protect lemur species, although some are still hunted for traditional medicine.

2343: 2250: 1433: 8617: 8499: 8374: 8340: 8333: 7454: 6871: 6814: 6769: 6743: 6697: 6689: 6674: 6666: 6639: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6553: 6536: 6481: 6475: 6454: 6391: 6383: 6360: 6340: 6327: 6299: 6262: 6223: 6217: 6200: 6162: 6104: 6089: 6070: 6051: 6034: 6024: 5935: 5910: 5827: 5814: 5759: 5751: 5738: 5707: 5650: 5627: 5606: 5554: 5504: 3037: 2963: 2677: 2560: 2451: 2425: 2385: 1952: 1481: 1100: 1079: 531: 495: 487: 143: 6784: 6763: 6143: 6130: 6117: 5752:"Chapter 19: Human universals and primate symplesiomorphies: Establishing the lemur baseline" 5642: 5621: 5598: 5518:

Beard, K.C. (1988). "The phylogenetic significance of strepsirhinism in Paleogene primates".

8186: 7118: 7068: 6932: 6801: 6735: 6629: 6621: 6526: 6516: 6446: 6422: 6352: 6291: 6254: 6213: 6192: 6018: 5986: 5902: 5873: 5852: 5804: 5794: 5677: 5527: 3014: 2795: 2772: 2771:

Among extant strepsirrhines, only the diurnal and cathemeral lemurs have evolved to live in

2708:

behind the retina. Among the adapiforms, most are considered diurnal, with the exception of

2620: 2576: 2522: 1560: 1358: 1170: 1104: 1057: 832: 648: 644: 346: 5950: 2775:, comparable to most living simians. This social trait, seen in two extant lemur families ( 8540: 8492: 8095: 8026: 7739: 7382: 7368: 5963: 3401: 3059:. These habitats allow strepsirrhines and other primates to evolve diverse communities of 2784: 2725: 2705: 2541: 2487: 2381: 2357: 2332: 2324: 2304: 2255: 2196: 1961: 1945: 1911: 1532: 1326: 1155: 1061: 723: 718:). Strepsirrhines diverged from the haplorhine primates near the beginning of the primate 640: 633: 515: 511: 503: 444: 416: 3130:(IUCN) announced that lemurs were the "most endangered mammals", due largely to elevated 6512: 5790: 5547:

Campbell, C.J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.C.; Bearder, S.K.; Stumpf, R. M, eds. (2011).

1212:

The first true primates (euprimates) do not appear in the fossil record until the early

8303: 8281: 8261: 8197: 8060: 8043: 7870: 7849: 7811: 7570: 7270: 7081: 7014: 7004: 6983: 6634: 6601: 6574: 6531: 6496: 6426: 5809: 5774: 3483: 3186: 3178: 3041: 2869: 2673: 2568: 2481: 2455: 2405: 2393: 2312: 2217: 1923: 1730: 1712: 1706: 1586: 1548: 1477:

from the late Eocene Egypt, the three may qualify as the stem lemuriforms from Africa.

1473: 1468: 1217: 1091:", or "inferior" primates. These views have historically hindered the understanding of 483: 456: 452: 188: 133: 8609: 6652:"African Origin Of Anthropoid Primates Called Into Question With New Fossil Discovery" 6326:. Edinburgh Univ. Pubs. Science & Maths. Vol. 3. Edinburgh University Press. 6159:

Suborder Strepsirrhini, including the subfossil Madagascan lemurs and family Tarsiidae

5715: 2347:

Strepsirrhines are characterized by a typically longer snout and wet nose compared to

2283: 1248:

on the northern continents, as well as the more questionable (and fragmentary) fossil

8704: 8478: 8421: 8162: 7769: 7684: 7643: 7584: 7475: 7447: 7403: 7389: 6295: 6118:

Chapter 3: The earliest fossil primates and the evolution of prosimians: Introduction

6014: 5682: 5665: 3499: 3387: 3098: 3080: 2951: 2947: 2807: 2791: 2761: 2720:

from Middle Eocene Europe, both of which had large orbits that suggest nocturnality.

2710: 2632: 2628:, which elevates in females during gestation, putting greater demands on the mother. 2278: 1675: 1609: 1521: 1506: 1378: 1368: 1298:, a type of North American adapiform, resembled lemurs but did not give rise to them. 1205: 1084: 1065: 1060:

is less certain. Sometimes plesiadapiforms are grouped with the euprimates under the

787: 735: 731: 616: 590: 526:

primates must obtain it from their diets. Lemuriform primates are characterized by a

182: 84: 6466: 6374: 6311: 6274: 5998: 5922: 5885: 5539: 1371:. The North American branch thrived during the Eocene, but did not survive into the 606: 8441: 8414: 8405: 8391: 8367: 7958: 7912: 7611: 7604: 7440: 7317: 7294: 7086: 6006: 3250: 3119: 2873: 2842: 2811: 2669: 2640: 2612: 2592: 2564: 2526: 2308: 2267: 2229: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1700: 1685: 1666: 1568: 1438: 1405: 1375:. Like the adapids, the European branch were also extinct by the end of the Eocene. 1364: 1330: 1259: 1250: 1232: 1181:). Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a 1162: 1116: 900: 703: 558: 507: 499: 424: 290: 161: 120: 35: 6341:"Chapter 11: Social pair-bonding and resource defense in wild red-bellied lemurs ( 5693:"Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: Etymology of lemur names, part 1" 2997:. Folivory was also common among the medium and large-sized adapiforms, including 1289: 8622: 6739: 6356: 6048:

Extended Family: Long lost cousins: A personal look at the history of primatology

5799: 5548: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4018: 4016: 4014: 2513:, similar to that of dogs and many other mammals. The rhinarium is surrounded by 8589: 8535: 8469: 8326: 8319: 8271: 8220: 8132: 7783: 7721: 7707: 7652: 7625: 7554: 7540: 7533: 7512: 7482: 7468: 7338: 7280: 7106: 7091: 3182: 2993: 2959: 2913: 2907: 2889: 2851: 2665: 2580: 2537: 2475: 2064: 1748: 1739: 1641: 1314: 1302: 1244: 939: 691: 628:), which refers to the appearance of the sinuous (comma-shaped) nostrils on the 574: 460: 286: 167: 59: 31: 6852: 5213: 5211: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 3075: 8384: 8360: 8206: 8179: 7971: 7901: 7879: 7804: 7762: 7714: 7693: 7526: 7519: 7419: 7361: 7324: 7128: 7037: 6951: 5469: 3491: 3190: 3139: 3114: 3019: 2955: 2901: 2895: 2754: 2697: 2689: 2659:

Like other primates, strepsirrhinid infants often cling to their mother's fur.

2466: 2429: 2373: 2348: 2328: 2316: 2233: 2048: 1756: 1451: 1334: 1294: 1166: 1147: 1069: 962: 853: 759: 670: 562: 550: 523: 301: 104: 69: 6592: 6331: 5828:"Suite au tableau des quadrumanes. Seconde famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini" 5742: 5711: 5135: 5133: 5131: 4718: 4716: 2974:(fruit eaters), and others, like the ring-tailed lemur and mouse lemurs, are 2364:. Also, several extinct giant lemurs exhibited a fused mandibular symphysis. 2286:

lower incisors and procumbent lower canine teeth followed by a canine-shaped

1277:

as the climate cooled: The last of the adapiforms died out at the end of the

17: 8485: 8432: 8351: 8116: 7988: 7886: 7840: 7825: 7797: 7790: 7776: 7755: 7748: 7700: 7666: 7563: 7331: 7310: 7141: 7019: 7009: 6959: 6521: 6038: 5378: 5376: 3166: 2987: 2971: 2943: 2935: 2780: 2776: 2729: 2716: 2701: 2584: 2572: 2556: 2510: 2377: 2291: 1995: 1970: 1940: 1762: 1724: 1718: 1590: 1510: 1460: 1421: 1412: 1372: 1349: 1182: 1174: 1096: 1095:

and the evolution of strepsirrhine traits, such as their reliance on smell (

1049: 773: 742:, a more specialized and younger branch of adapiform primarily from Europe. 629: 566: 527: 519: 491: 475: 213: 176: 109: 53: 8580: 6747: 6643: 6625: 6540: 6303: 6266: 6204: 5914: 5893:

Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record".

5818: 5733:

Fitch-Snyder, H.; Livingstone, K. (2008). "Lorises: The surprise primate".

4047: 4045: 4043: 2380:

of strepsirrhines differs between the lemurs and lorisoids. In lemurs, the

6863: 6840: 6458: 4533: 4531: 4529: 2509:

Strepsirrhines have a long snout that ends in a moist and touch-sensitive

8574: 8292: 8053: 7894: 7673: 7496: 7461: 7426: 7412: 7213: 7096: 6926: 6914: 5856: 3258: 3106: 3060: 2975: 2939: 2876:

leap from vertical surfaces, and the indriids are highly specialized for

2733: 2636: 2588: 2545: 2540:). The rhinarium, upper lip, and gums are tightly connected by a fold of 2514: 2287: 1998:

played upon confused terminology and misconceptions about strepsirrhines.

1657: 1572: 1344: 1310: 1238: 1185:

group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some

1140: 739: 570: 546: 233: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 6023:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. 5864:

Godinot, M. (1998). "A summary of adapiform systematics and phylogeny".

3189:

Strepsirrhini. However, another popular alternative taxonomy places the

2794:

for much of their communication. This involves smearing secretions from

8254: 7856: 7659: 7618: 7433: 7303: 7225: 7076: 7049: 6991: 6895: 6196: 5990: 5531: 3049: 2644: 2608: 2499: 2493: 2389: 2263: 1597: 1551:

grouped the tarsiers and galagos due to similarities in their hindlimb

1492: 1464: 1456: 1382: 1278: 1226: 882: 815: 663: 420: 253: 155: 124: 114: 89: 6602:"Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates 6450: 6258: 5906: 5877: 5010: 5008: 3498:(also spelled ⟨ρρ⟩) when such a word constitutes the second part of a 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 1419:

Until discoveries of three 40 million-year-old fossil lorisoids (

8455: 8010: 7505: 7219: 7207: 7136: 7059: 6964: 6920: 6908: 2855: 2681: 2616: 2433: 2320: 2271: 2212: 1768: 1446: 1270: 1213: 1190: 1178: 1127: 1107:, despite their smaller and less complex brains compared to simians. 1053: 867: 801: 727: 715: 479: 467:

in Europe, North America, and Asia, but disappeared from most of the

464: 436: 243: 223: 149: 8551: 6711:

Williams, B.A.; Kay, R.F.; Christopher Kirk, E.; Ross, C.F. (2010).

3027:, indicate that they were either partly or primarily insectivorous. 1612:, many disagree about nearly every level of primate classification. 5666:"Implications of postcranial evidence for the origin of euprimates" 4923: 4921: 4849: 4847: 2732:(relatively mature and mobile) at birth, but not as coordinated as 1347:

were most commonly found in Europe, although the oldest specimens (

8448: 8240: 8213: 8153: 6974: 5568:

Gould, L.; Sauther, M.; Cameron, A. "Chapter 5: Lemuriformes". In

4798: 4796: 3170: 3143: 3092: 3074: 2806:. In some cases, strepsirrhines may anoint themselves with urine ( 2803: 2799: 2685: 2654: 2465: 2342: 2249: 2221: 1989: 1974:(dubbed "Ida"), a cercamoniine from Germany that was touted as a " 1915: 1691: 1491: 1442: 1288: 1195: 1186: 1136: 977: 711: 707: 448: 440: 428: 6020:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

4183: 4181: 3632: 3630: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 1934:. Unlike the tarsiers and simians, strepsirrhines are capable of 7164: 5198: 5196: 4414: 3055:

As with nearly all primates, strepsirrhines typically reside in

3044:, while the galagos are limited to the forests and woodlands of 2307:, a protective ring of bone created by a connection between the 722:

between 55 and 90 mya. Older divergence dates are based on

8555: 7956: 7238: 7168: 6867: 6222:(6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–52. 5587: 5578: 5569: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4402: 4113: 4111: 4109: 2619:

has two distinct chambers (bicornuate). Despite having similar

2384:, which surrounds the middle ear, is expanded. This leaves the 2331:

crystals), which improves vision in low light, but they lack a

1467:

date to roughly the same time and may be a sister group of the

694:

Paulina Jenkins and Prue Napier pointed out the error in 1987.

6388:

Sexual Selection in Primates: New and comparative perspectives

4427: 4425: 4423: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 3759: 3757: 3475: 2436:

meet) and a difference in the location of the position of the

1204:

that enabled maneuvering along fine branches, as seen in this

3380: 3372: 2303:

Like all primates, strepsirrhine orbits (eye sockets) have a

620: 604: 593: 5977:

Groves, C.P. (1998). "Systematics of tarsiers and lorises".

4626: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 3206:" is a group made up of an ancestor and all its descendants. 2254:

Strepsirrhines have a reflective layer in the eye, called a

2228:"), then considered a member of a now obsolete group called 1509:, illustrated by the media attention surrounding the single 1193:, which are thought to be more closely related to primates. 5420:"Lemurs found to be 'most threatened mammals' in the world" 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4357: 4355: 3647: 3645: 385: 379: 370: 361: 5456: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5350: 5313: 5301: 5265: 5217: 5151: 5139: 4987: 4876: 4722: 4650: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4537: 3810: 3808: 3355: 3353: 2424:

Strepsirrhines also possess distinctive features in their

1910:

Strepsirrhines are traditionally characterized by several

1516:

Strepsirrhine primates were first grouped under the genus

6212:

Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Konstant, W.R. (1999).

4022: 3688: 3686: 3684: 5363: 5361: 5359: 4246: 4244: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3522: 3520: 3340: 3338: 3142:

are protected from commercial international trade under

3017:

on the teeth of some of the smaller adapiforms, such as

6614:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5964:

Chapter 1: Origin of the Malagasy Strepsirhine primates

5444: 4504: 4502: 4500: 3169:

between lemurs and lorisoids is widely accepted, their

2536:

substances. Instead, it has sensitive touch receptors (

1547:

for the lorises. Ten years later, É. Geoffroy and

726:

estimates, while younger dates are based on the scarce

4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4076: 4074: 4072: 3977: 3975: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3703: 3701: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3462: 1340:

Adapiforms are often divided into three major groups:

1262:. Both appeared suddenly in the fossil record without 702:

Strepsirrhines include the extinct adapiforms and the

673:

in 1918, he omitted the second "r" from both ("Strepsi

5756:

Mind the Gap: Tracing the origins of human universals

4051: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3438: 2552:) between the roots of the first two upper incisors. 2210:

The first fossil primate described was the adapiform

1404:

Lemuriform origins are unclear and debated. American

1381:

of southern and eastern Asia are best known from the

1313:

during the Eocene, some reaching North America via a

404: 382: 367: 352: 349: 8466: 8402: 8380: 8288: 8277: 8267: 8168: 8138: 8128: 8101: 8083: 8073: 8049: 8039: 7995: 7984: 7867: 7837: 7736: 7581: 7551: 7493: 7400: 7349: 7291: 7276: 7266: 6762:

Wright, Patricia C.; Simons, Elwyn L., eds. (2003).

4520: 3966: 2978:, eating a mix of fruit, leaves, and animal matter. 2025: 1864: 1857: 1835: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1745: 1736: 1697: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1647: 1638: 936: 897: 829: 376: 364: 358: 355: 283: 172: 8564: 8465: 8431: 8401: 8350: 8302: 8238: 8196: 8152: 8115: 8009: 7969: 7911: 7866: 7836: 7735: 7683: 7642: 7580: 7550: 7492: 7399: 7348: 7290: 7251: 7127: 7105: 7067: 7058: 7036: 6982: 6973: 6950: 6941: 5691:Dunkel, A.R.; Zijlstra, J.S.; Groves, C.P. (2012). 5229: 3799: 730:. Lemuriform primates may have evolved from either 373: 6815:Chapter 7: The phylogenetic position of the genus 6785:Chapter 3: How close are the similarities between 6176:Miller, E.R.; Gunnell, G.F.; Martin, R.D. (2005). 3281:least one family only retains it in modified form. 3257:are suspected to have been closely related to the 2563:(VNO), which is located below and in front of the 1258:are often divided into two groups, adapiforms and 1064:Primates, colugos are grouped with primates under 565:. Both living and extinct groups primarily fed on 474:Strepsirrhines are defined by their "wet" (moist) 6802:Chapter 1: The fossil record of tarsier evolution 6407:"On the external characters of the lemurs and of 6178:"Deep time and the search for anthropoid origins" 1986:Infraordinal classification and clade terminology 6690:"Chapter 14: Strepsirrhine reproductive ecology" 6390:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–252. 6131:Chapter 4: Adapiformes: Phylogeny and adaptation 4310: 2880:. Lorises are slow-moving, deliberate climbers. 6673:(5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. 6501:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6415:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5577:Hartwig, W. "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". In 5253: 5241: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5026: 5014: 4802: 4578: 3993: 3636: 3600: 2790:Like New World monkeys, strepsirrhines rely on 2764:. Because of this social diversity among these 1616:Competing strepsirrhine taxonomic nomenclature 632:or wet nose. The name was first used by French 6665:Vaughan, T.; Ryan, J.; Czaplewski, N. (2011). 6386:. In Kappeler, P.M.; van Schaik, C.P. (eds.). 6067:Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals 5289: 5277: 5202: 4695: 4479: 4467: 3161: 3159: 3128:International Union for Conservation of Nature 706:primates, which include lemurs and lorisoids ( 30:For an explanation of very similar terms, see 7180: 6879: 6436:"Evolutionary history of lorisiform primates" 5845:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 5038: 4751: 4431: 4117: 3763: 3550: 2277:Lemuriforms groom orally, and also possess a 557:(tree-dwelling). Most living lemuriforms are 8: 8731:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 6822: 6805: 6792: 6696:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 321–350. 5967: 5954: 5645:. In Sussman, R.W.; Cloninger, C.R. (eds.). 5122: 5110: 5098: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4912: 4888: 4853: 4838: 4787: 4734: 4707: 4638: 4322: 4286: 4262: 4223: 3413: 3329: 2950:. Some strepsirrhines, such as the galagos, 329: Range of extant strepsirrhine primates 5605:. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30. 2942:) primates, some strepsirrhines can digest 1496:The suborder Strepsirrhini was proposed by 8552: 8246: 8121: 7977: 7966: 7953: 7589: 7259: 7248: 7235: 7187: 7173: 7165: 7111: 7064: 7042: 6979: 6947: 6886: 6872: 6864: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 4614: 4554: 3450: 2591:, which handles emotions, and then to the 1543:for the lemurs, colugos, and tarsiers and 537:Many of today's living strepsirrhines are 309: 132: 42: 6633: 6530: 6520: 6434:Rasmussen, D.T.; Nekaris, K.A.I. (1998). 6324:Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy 6185:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5808: 5798: 5681: 5553:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 4373: 2567:, above the mouth. The VNO is an encased 1926:, and smaller brains. The toothcomb is a 1200:Early primates possessed adaptations for 6717:is a strepsirrhine – a reply to Franzen 6694:Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution 6214:"Primates of the world: An introduction" 5754:. In Kappeler, P.M.; Silk, J.B. (eds.). 5407:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5395:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5383:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5351:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5314:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5302:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5266:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5218:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5152:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 5140:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 4988:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 4877:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 4723:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 4651:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 4538:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999 4298: 4274: 4211: 4160: 3344: 3113:), and live capture for export or local 2728:(ancestral) for primates. The young are 1614: 6147: 6134: 6121: 6108: 5930:Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L., eds. (2006). 5851:(15). University of Michigan: 163–170. 4826: 4775: 4763: 4443: 4250: 4199: 4187: 4034: 3954: 3748: 3736: 3692: 3651: 3621: 3359: 3298: 3155: 1555:, a view supported by German zoologist 1325:from Europe. The latter bears the most 6688:Whitten, P.L.; Brockman, D.K. (2001). 6495:Steiper, M.E.; Seiffert, E.R. (2012). 6347:. In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.). 5832:Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 5601:. In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A. (eds.). 5599:"Primate Classification and Diversity" 5367: 5338: 4508: 4455: 4334: 4172: 4141: 4129: 3878: 3849: 3675: 3538: 3526: 3193:in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes. 2470:The noses of five prosimian primates: 2258:, that helps them see better at night. 1254:from Paleocene Africa. These earliest 1189:may have been more closely related to 6339:Overdorff, D.J.; Tecot, S.R. (2006). 4900: 4385: 4361: 4235: 3663: 2639:is sometimes enlarged and pendulous, 659:" ("Nostrils terminal and winding"). 7: 6570:Evolutionary History of the Primates 6550:Primate Ecology and Social Structure 6157:Jenkins, P.D.; Napier, P.H. (1987). 5750:Fichtel, C.; Kappeler, P.M. (2009). 5520:International Journal of Primatology 4999: 4814: 4683: 4671: 4595: 4566: 4491: 4346: 4080: 4063: 4005: 3981: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3895: 3866: 3837: 3814: 3787: 3775: 3719: 3707: 3579: 3567: 2854:(top) are arboreal quadrupeds while 2688:are diurnal. Yet some or all of the 1567:demonstrated two different types of 589:name Strepsirrhini derives from the 6765:Tarsiers: Past, present, and future 6658:(Press release). 17 September 2009. 6477:The Beginning of the Age of Mammals 6144:Chapter 7: Quaternary fossil lemurs 5826:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1812). 5647:Origins of Altruism and Cooperation 5641:Cloninger, C.R.; Kedia, S. (2011). 5476:from the original on 9 October 2012 5445:Fitch-Snyder & Livingstone 2008 5426:from the original on 21 August 2012 4052:Vaughan, Ryan & Czaplewski 2011 3439:Vaughan, Ryan & Czaplewski 2011 2122: 2079: 2071: 2041: 2018: 2011: 1146:Lacking detailed tropical fossils, 955: 929: 860: 848: 822: 794: 766: 754: 657:Les narines terminales et sinueuses 6734:(5): 567–573, discussion 573–579. 6480:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 6427:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1918.tb02076.x 5620:Cartmill, M.; Smith, F.H. (2011). 4521:Dunkel, Zijlstra & Groves 2012 3967:Gunnell, Rose & Rasmussen 2008 2615:of haplorhines. The strepsirrhine 1321:from North America and Europe and 669:revived Strepsirrhini and defined 614:"nose, snout, (in pl.) nostrils" ( 463:primates which thrived during the 25: 6567:Szalay, F.S.; Delson, E. (1980). 5230:Gould, Sauther & Cameron 2011 4915:, pp. 392–393 & 400–401. 3800:Miller, Gunnell & Martin 2005 3181:and the extinct, non-toothcombed 3079:Strepsirrhines are threatened by 1068:, and all four are grouped under 8517: 7939: 6851: 6839: 6296:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.00318.x 6245:) in South and Southeast Asia". 5503:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. 3232:Adapiforms are sometimes called 2841: 2830: 2748:Social systems and communication 2118: lorisoid clade 2075: lemuroid clade 1224:. These first primates included 1222:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 1161:The early primates include both 643:rank comparable to Platyrrhini ( 345: 200: 8726:Extant Eocene first appearances 6247:American Journal of Primatology 3504:Ancient Greek phonology#Liquids 427:primates, which consist of the 6445:. 69 (Suppl. 1) (7): 250–285. 6351:. Springer. pp. 235–254. 6349:Lemurs: Ecology and adaptation 6142:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. " 6088:. Cambridge University Press. 6050:. Conservation International. 5932:Lemurs: Ecology and adaptation 5758:. Springer. pp. 395–426. 3185:into another, both within the 2773:multi-male/multi-female groups 2220:in 1821, who compared it to a 1329:, so it is often considered a 637:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1: 6552:. Pearson Custom Publishing. 6219:Walker's Mammals of the World 5949:Cuozzo, F.P.; Yamashita, N. " 3582:, pp. 157 & 165–167. 2878:vertical clinging and leaping 2860:vertical clinging and leaping 2798:on tree branches, along with 561:, while most adapiforms were 6768:. Rutgers University Press. 6740:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.003 6357:10.1007/978-0-387-34586-4_11 6322:(1953). "I – Strepsirhini". 6105:Chapter 9: Basal anthropoids 5800:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723 5683:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90048-6 4311:Rasmussen & Nekaris 1998 3486:when word-initial, i.e. ⟨ῥ⟩ 3089:Conservation of slow lorises 1130:demonstrating their initial 6084:Hartwig, W.C., ed. (2002). 5254:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009 5242:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009 5188:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009 5176:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009 5164:Whitten & Brockman 2001 5027:Whitten & Brockman 2001 5015:Whitten & Brockman 2001 4803:Whitten & Brockman 2001 4579:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006 3994:Steiper & Seiffert 2012 3637:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009 3601:Whitten & Brockman 2001 3463:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812 2559:) and transmit them to the 2414:ascending pharyngeal artery 2067: strepsirrhines 1557:Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger 549:, and live capture for the 322:Eocene-Miocene fossil sites 318: 8752: 6823:Wright & Simons (2003) 6806:Wright & Simons (2003) 6793:Wright & Simons (2003) 6728:Journal of Human Evolution 6692:. In Ellison, P.T. (ed.). 5968:Gould & Sauther (2006) 5955:Gould & Sauther (2006) 5670:Journal of Human Evolution 5470:"Appendices I, II and III" 5290:Cloninger & Kedia 2011 5278:Overdorff & Tecot 2006 5203:Nekaris & Bearder 2011 4696:Godfrey & Jungers 2002 4480:Godfrey & Jungers 2002 4468:Godfrey & Jungers 2002 4132:, pp. 89–90 & 96. 3381: 3373: 3086: 2579:), which pass through the 1780: 1628: 1602:William Charles Osman Hill 1397: 621: 605: 594: 29: 8530: 8515: 8249: 8124: 7980: 7965: 7952: 7937: 7592: 7262: 7247: 7234: 7202: 7114: 7045: 7000: 6903: 6086:The Primate Fossil Record 5626:. John Wiley & Sons. 5499:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). 5244:, pp. 395 & 397. 5166:, pp. 325 & 335. 5039:Cartmill & Smith 2011 4817:, pp. 168 & 180. 4752:Cartmill & Smith 2011 4698:, pp. 106 & 112. 4432:Cartmill & Smith 2011 4118:Cartmill & Smith 2011 3764:Cartmill & Smith 2011 3551:Jenkins & Napier 1987 3167:monophyletic relationship 3093:Lemur § Conservation 2962:. Other species, such as 2641:resembling the male penis 2408:lemurs have replaced the 2140: 2127: 2120: 2097: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2046: 2039: 2023: 2016: 1994:The media attention over 1932:epitheliochorial placenta 1594:St. George Jackson Mivart 1559:, who placed them in the 1488:History of classification 1361:at the end of the Eocene. 1337:of the other adapiforms. 975: 960: 953: 951: Lemuriformes 934: 927: 895: 880: 865: 858: 846: 827: 820: 799: 792: 771: 764: 681:hini" instead of "Strepsi 500:epitheliochorial placenta 317: 308: 281: 276: 197:Scientific classification 195: 140: 131: 45: 6819:: Whose side are you on? 6610:: Craniodental evidence" 6284:Veterinary Ophthalmology 6216:. In Nowak, R.M. (ed.). 6017:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 4008:, p. 182 & 186. 3330:Szalay & Delson 1980 3215:Colugos are also called 3136:political crisis in 2009 3134:and hunting following a 3031:Distribution and habitat 2968:needle-clawed bushbabies 2585:accessory olfactory bulb 2571:-like structure made of 2005:Strepsirrhini phylogeny 1874:Infraorder Lorisiformes 1828:Infraorder Lemuriformes 1357:, part of a significant 1143:mammals first appeared. 327: 6522:10.1073/pnas.1119506109 5550:Primates in Perspective 4190:, pp. 20 & 22. 3397:A Greek–English Lexicon 2911:from North America and 2680:and most of their kin, 2631:Most primates have two 2603:Reproductive physiology 2462:Rhinarium and olfaction 2410:internal carotid artery 2270:), similar to those of 1877:Superfamily Lorisoidea 1831:Superfamily Lemuroidea 844: Euprimates 502:. Their eyes contain a 8736:Taxa described in 1812 6667:"Chapter 12: Primates" 6626:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339 6548:Sussman, R.W. (2003). 6382:Plavcan, J.M. (2004). 5588:Campbell et al. (2011) 5579:Campbell et al. (2011) 5570:Campbell et al. (2011) 5316:, pp. 5 & 26. 3173:name is not. The term 3084: 2796:epidermal scent glands 2660: 2506: 2352: 2259: 2241:Anatomy and physiology 1999: 1520:by Swedish taxonomist 1501: 1299: 1209: 603:"a turning round" and 8683:Paleobiology Database 8670:Paleobiology Database 6405:Pocock, R.I. (1918). 6046:Groves, C.P. (2008). 5872:(Suppl. 1): 218–249. 5603:Primate Neuroethology 5597:Cartmill, M. (2010). 5422:. CNN. 13 July 2012. 4025:, pp. 4091–4092. 3388:Liddell, Henry George 3144:CITES Appendix I 3078: 2676:are nocturnal, while 2658: 2523:main olfactory system 2469: 2388:, which supports the 2346: 2323:of the eye, called a 2253: 2216:by French naturalist 1993: 1844:Family Daubentoniidae 1841:Family Cheirogaleidae 1580:comparative anatomist 1575:) in the two groups. 1526:10th edition of 1495: 1292: 1199: 1087:" or as examples of " 667:Reginald Innes Pocock 6848:at Wikimedia Commons 5664:Dagosto, M. (1988). 4627:Ollivier et al. 2004 4403:Williams et al. 2010 3111:traditional medicine 3083:in tropical regions. 3057:tropical rainforests 2626:basal metabolic rate 2613:hemochorial placenta 2611:like it does in the 2358:mandibular symphysis 2234:postcranial skeleton 1853:Family Lepilemuridae 1583:William Henry Flower 1394:Lemuriform evolution 698:Evolutionary history 27:Suborder of primates 8470:Palaeopropithecidae 6825:, pp. 161–175. 6789:and other primates? 6620:(1676): 4087–4094. 6513:2012PNAS..109.6006S 6474:Rose, K.D. (2006). 6443:Folia Primatologica 6343:Eulemur rubriventer 6111:, pp. 133–149. 5895:Folia Primatologica 5866:Folia Primatologica 5791:2009PLoSO...4.5723F 5457:Nekaris et al. 2010 5190:, pp. 401–402. 5178:, pp. 395–396. 5029:, pp. 330–331. 5017:, pp. 325–326. 5002:, pp. 181–182. 4978:, pp. 410–411. 4930:, pp. 392–393. 4856:, pp. 392–394. 4598:, pp. 166–167. 4415:Franzen et al. 2009 4388:, pp. 161–162. 4364:, pp. 146–147. 4175:, pp. 113–114. 4054:, pp. 170–171. 3945:, pp. 182–185. 3933:, pp. 185–186. 3817:, pp. 178–179. 3722:, pp. 168–169. 3512:#Consonant spelling 3508:#Doubled consonants 3103:habitat destruction 2766:solitary but social 2519:olfactory receptors 2445:Sex characteristics 2404:Both lorisoids and 2317:stereoscopic vision 2061:lemuriforms or 1922:, relatively large 1905:evolutionary grades 1867:Palaeopropithecidae 1749:Palaeopropithecidae 1617: 1400:Evolution of lemurs 1285:Adapiform evolution 1275:Northern Hemisphere 1202:arboreal locomotion 1093:mammalian evolution 543:habitat destruction 469:Northern Hemisphere 439:("bushbabies") and 7353:Ekgmowechashalidae 6715:Darwinius masillae 6197:10.1002/ajpa.20352 6150:, pp. 97–121. 5991:10.1007/BF02557740 5737:. pp. 10–14. 5532:10.1007/BF02735730 4023:Tabuce et al. 2009 3482:is written with a 3085: 3046:sub-Saharan Africa 2964:fork-marked lemurs 2678:ring-tailed lemurs 2661: 2507: 2392:, free within the 2353: 2260: 2246:Grooming apparatus 2213:Adapis parisiensis 2000: 1971:Darwinius masillae 1615: 1565:Ambrosius Hubrecht 1535:divided the genus 1502: 1303:Adapiform primates 1300: 1264:transitional forms 1210: 1121:adaptive radiation 748:Primate phylogeny 647:) and Catarrhini ( 423:that includes the 8698: 8697: 8558:Taxon identifiers 8549: 8548: 8526: 8525: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8500:Palaeopropithecus 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 7948: 7947: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7731: 7730: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7032: 7031: 7028: 7027: 6844:Media related to 6795:, pp. 50–96. 6775:978-0-8135-3236-3 6703:978-0-202-30658-2 6680:978-0-7637-6299-5 6584:978-0-12-680150-7 6559:978-0-536-74363-3 6507:(16): 6006–6011. 6487:978-0-8018-8472-6 6451:10.1159/000052716 6397:978-0-521-53738-4 6366:978-0-387-34585-7 6259:10.1002/ajp.20842 6229:978-0-8018-6251-9 6168:978-0-565-01008-9 6137:, pp. 21–44. 6124:, pp. 13–20. 6095:978-0-521-66315-1 6076:978-0-521-78117-6 6057:978-1-934151-25-9 5957:, pp. 67–96. 5941:978-0-387-34585-7 5907:10.1159/000095391 5878:10.1159/000052715 5765:978-3-642-02724-6 5656:978-1-4419-9519-3 5633:978-1-118-21145-8 5623:The Human Lineage 5612:978-0-19-532659-8 5590:, pp. 34–54. 5581:, pp. 19–31. 5572:, pp. 55–79. 5560:978-0-19-539043-8 5510:978-0-12-372576-9 5409:, pp. 32–34. 5353:, pp. 22–24. 5341:, pp. 16–17. 5304:, pp. 25–26. 5268:, pp. 15–16. 5220:, pp. 26–27. 5123:Ankel-Simons 2007 5111:Ankel-Simons 2007 5099:Ankel-Simons 2007 4976:Ankel-Simons 2007 4964:Ankel-Simons 2007 4952:Ankel-Simons 2007 4940:Ankel-Simons 2007 4928:Ankel-Simons 2007 4913:Ankel-Simons 2007 4889:Ankel-Simons 2007 4879:, pp. 24–25. 4854:Ankel-Simons 2007 4839:Ankel-Simons 2007 4788:Ankel-Simons 2007 4766:, pp. 47–48. 4735:Ankel-Simons 2007 4708:Ankel-Simons 2007 4639:Ankel-Simons 2007 4325:, pp. 31–32. 4323:Ankel-Simons 2007 4301:, pp. 16–17. 4287:Ankel-Simons 2007 4263:Ankel-Simons 2007 4224:Ankel-Simons 2007 4163:, pp. 53–54. 4037:, pp. 24–25. 3852:, pp. 15–16. 3678:, pp. 15–17. 3654:, pp. 28–29. 3490:, and often gets 3414:Ankel-Simons 2007 3362:, pp. 20–21. 3150:Explanatory notes 3061:sympatric species 3038:equatorial Africa 2742:tools in the wild 2621:gestation periods 2561:vomeronasal organ 2452:sexual dimorphism 2412:with an enlarged 2386:ectotympanic ring 2192: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2108: 2107: 1895: 1894: 1539:into two genera: 1439:El Fayum deposits 1105:ecological niches 1101:natural selection 1076: 1075: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1005: 997: 996: 988: 987: 911: 910: 649:Old World monkeys 645:New World monkeys 619: 506:to improve their 496:bicornuate uterus 488:vomeronasal organ 334: 333: 295: 272: 16:(Redirected from 8743: 8721:Mammal suborders 8716:Primate taxonomy 8691: 8690: 8678: 8677: 8665: 8664: 8652: 8651: 8639: 8638: 8626: 8625: 8613: 8612: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8553: 8521: 8468: 8406:Archaeolemuridae 8404: 8382: 8290: 8279: 8269: 8247: 8187:Xanthonycticebus 8170: 8140: 8130: 8122: 8103: 8085: 8075: 8051: 8041: 7997: 7986: 7978: 7967: 7954: 7943: 7869: 7839: 7738: 7590: 7583: 7553: 7495: 7402: 7351: 7293: 7278: 7268: 7260: 7249: 7236: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7166: 7112: 7065: 7043: 6980: 6948: 6933:Euarchontoglires 6888: 6881: 6874: 6865: 6856:Data related to 6855: 6843: 6826: 6809: 6808:, pp. 9–34. 6796: 6783:Schwartz, J.H. " 6779: 6758: 6756: 6750:. Archived from 6725: 6707: 6684: 6659: 6647: 6637: 6596: 6563: 6544: 6534: 6524: 6491: 6470: 6440: 6430: 6401: 6378: 6335: 6320:Osman Hill, W.C. 6315: 6278: 6233: 6208: 6182: 6172: 6151: 6138: 6125: 6112: 6099: 6080: 6061: 6042: 6002: 5971: 5970:, pp. 3–18. 5962:Tattersall, I. " 5958: 5945: 5926: 5889: 5860: 5839: 5822: 5812: 5802: 5769: 5746: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5714:. Archived from 5697: 5687: 5685: 5660: 5637: 5616: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5543: 5514: 5492:Literature cited 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4599: 4593: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4418: 4417:, p. e5723. 4412: 4406: 4400: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4084: 4078: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3899: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3604: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3303: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3163: 2958:, are primarily 2845: 2834: 2577:incisive foramen 2438:flexor fibularis 2123: 2080: 2072: 2042: 2027: 2019: 2012: 2002: 2001: 1953:wastebasket taxa 1943: 1920:maxilloturbinals 1912:symplesiomorphic 1883:Family Galagidae 1880:Family Lorisidae 1866: 1859: 1850:Family Lemuridae 1847:Family Indriidae 1838:Archaeolemuridae 1837: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1792: 1747: 1738: 1701:Archaeolemuridae 1699: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1649: 1640: 1618: 1571:(formation of a 1498:É. Geoffroy 1471:. Together with 1409:Philip Gingerich 1359:extinction event 1327:ancestral traits 956: 938: 930: 899: 861: 849: 833:Plesiadapiformes 831: 823: 795: 767: 755: 745: 744: 724:genetic analysis 685:hini" and "Haplo 677:hini" and "Haplo 655:, he mentioned " 624: 623: 615: 610: 609: 599: 598: 504:reflective layer 411: 407: 401: 400: 399: 398: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 330: 328: 323: 320: 313: 293: 285: 267: 205: 204: 174: 136: 119: 56: 49:Temporal range: 43: 21: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8686: 8681: 8673: 8668: 8660: 8655: 8647: 8642: 8634: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8608: 8603: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8560: 8550: 8545: 8541:Subfossil lemur 8522: 8505: 8493:Mesopropithecus 8461: 8427: 8397: 8346: 8298: 8243: 8226: 8192: 8148: 8111: 8005: 7974: 7961: 7944: 7927: 7907: 7862: 7832: 7740:Caenopithecidae 7727: 7679: 7638: 7576: 7546: 7488: 7395: 7383:Muangthanhinius 7369:Ekgmowechashala 7344: 7286: 7256: 7243: 7230: 7198: 7193: 7163: 7146: 7123: 7119:Cercopithecidae 7101: 7054: 7024: 6996: 6969: 6937: 6899: 6892: 6836: 6831: 6812: 6799: 6782: 6776: 6761: 6757:on 17 May 2013. 6754: 6723: 6710: 6704: 6687: 6681: 6664: 6650: 6599: 6585: 6566: 6560: 6547: 6494: 6488: 6473: 6438: 6433: 6404: 6398: 6381: 6367: 6338: 6318: 6281: 6253:(10): 877–886. 6236: 6230: 6211: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6156: 6141: 6128: 6115: 6102: 6096: 6083: 6077: 6064: 6058: 6045: 6031: 6011:"Strepsirrhini" 6005: 5976: 5961: 5948: 5942: 5929: 5892: 5863: 5842: 5825: 5772: 5766: 5749: 5732: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5695: 5690: 5663: 5657: 5640: 5634: 5619: 5613: 5596: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5517: 5511: 5501:Primate Anatomy 5498: 5494: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5142:, pp. 4–6. 5138: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5087:Osman Hill 1953 5085: 5081: 5075:Osman Hill 1953 5073: 5069: 5063:Osman Hill 1953 5061: 5057: 5051:Osman Hill 1953 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4725:, pp. 4–5. 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4615:Tattersall 2006 4613: 4602: 4594: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4555:Osman Hill 1953 4553: 4544: 4536: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4087: 4079: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3996:, p. 6006. 3992: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3607: 3599: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3451:Osman Hill 1953 3449: 3445: 3437: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3402:Perseus Project 3370: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3307:"Strepsirrhini" 3305: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271:strepsirrhines. 3269: 3265: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3227: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3132:illegal logging 3105:, hunting (for 3095: 3073: 3033: 2952:slender lorises 2932: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2858:(bottom) favor 2848: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2750: 2706:tapetum lucidum 2674:sportive lemurs 2653: 2605: 2542:mucous membrane 2504: 2464: 2447: 2422: 2402: 2382:tympanic cavity 2370: 2341: 2327:(consisting of 2325:tapetum lucidum 2313:zygomatic bones 2305:postorbital bar 2301: 2256:tapetum lucidum 2248: 2243: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2109: 2086:Daubentoniidae 2062: 1988: 1962:Elwyn L. Simons 1939: 1924:olfactory bulbs 1900: 1533:Pieter Boddaert 1528:Systema Naturae 1490: 1402: 1396: 1287: 1281:(~7 mya). 1256:fossil primates 1173:from the early 1171:Plesiadapiforms 1156:molecular clock 1113: 1058:plesiadapiforms 1043: 1034: 1025: 1016: 1007: 998: 989: 912: 700: 583: 484:olfactory lobes 409: 405: 395: 394: 393: 348: 344: 326: 325: 324: 321: 297: 296: 289: 266: 199: 127: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 51: 50: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8749: 8747: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8703: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8679: 8666: 8653: 8640: 8627: 8614: 8601: 8586: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8388: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8356: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8306: 8304:Cheirogaleidae 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8286: 8282:Plesiopithecus 8275: 8265: 8258: 8250: 8244: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8202: 8200: 8198:Perodicticinae 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8166: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8099: 8092: 8081: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8047: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7993: 7981: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7883: 7875: 7873: 7871:Djebelemuridae 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7853: 7850:Algeripithecus 7845: 7843: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7822: 7815: 7812:Mescalerolemur 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7648: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7571:Marcgodinotius 7567: 7559: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7406: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7271:Plesiopithecus 7263: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7169: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7082:Callitrichidae 7079: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7005:Cheirogaleidae 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6992:Daubentoniidae 6988: 6986: 6984:Chiromyiformes 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6860:at Wikispecies 6849: 6835: 6834:External links 6832: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6810: 6800:Simons, E.L. " 6797: 6774: 6759: 6708: 6702: 6685: 6679: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6604:Algeripithecus 6597: 6583: 6575:Academic Press 6564: 6558: 6545: 6492: 6486: 6471: 6431: 6421:(1–2): 19–53. 6402: 6396: 6379: 6365: 6336: 6316: 6279: 6234: 6228: 6209: 6173: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6148:Hartwig (2002) 6139: 6135:Hartwig (2002) 6126: 6122:Hartwig (2002) 6116:Covert, H.H. " 6113: 6109:Hartwig (2002) 6094: 6081: 6075: 6062: 6056: 6043: 6029: 6003: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5959: 5940: 5927: 5901:(6): 446–464. 5890: 5861: 5840: 5823: 5770: 5764: 5747: 5730: 5688: 5676:(1–2): 35–77. 5661: 5655: 5638: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5583: 5574: 5559: 5544: 5515: 5509: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5461: 5459:, p. 878. 5449: 5437: 5411: 5399: 5387: 5372: 5355: 5343: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5280:, p. 247. 5270: 5258: 5256:, p. 398. 5246: 5234: 5222: 5207: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5127: 5125:, p. 521. 5115: 5113:, p. 522. 5103: 5101:, p. 523. 5091: 5089:, p. 672. 5079: 5077:, p. 391. 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4966:, p. 401. 4956: 4954:, p. 410. 4944: 4942:, p. 402. 4932: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4891:, p. 396. 4881: 4858: 4843: 4841:, p. 400. 4831: 4829:, p. 239. 4819: 4807: 4805:, p. 323. 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4739: 4737:, p. 431. 4727: 4712: 4710:, p. 429. 4700: 4688: 4686:, p. 184. 4676: 4674:, p. 180. 4655: 4643: 4641:, p. 458. 4631: 4619: 4600: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4542: 4525: 4513: 4496: 4494:, p. 181. 4484: 4472: 4470:, p. 106. 4460: 4458:, p. 121. 4448: 4436: 4419: 4407: 4405:, p. 567. 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 164. 4374:Gingerich 1975 4366: 4351: 4349:, p. 167. 4339: 4327: 4315: 4313:, p. 252. 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4265:, p. 257. 4255: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4177: 4165: 4146: 4144:, p. 103. 4134: 4122: 4085: 4083:, p. 185. 4068: 4066:, p. 187. 4056: 4039: 4027: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3984:, p. 186. 3971: 3969:, p. 257. 3959: 3957:, p. 239. 3947: 3935: 3923: 3921:, p. 182. 3900: 3883: 3871: 3854: 3842: 3840:, p. 179. 3819: 3804: 3792: 3790:, p. 165. 3780: 3778:, p. 169. 3768: 3753: 3741: 3724: 3712: 3710:, p. 343. 3697: 3695:, p. 446. 3680: 3668: 3666:, p. 133. 3656: 3641: 3639:, p. 397. 3626: 3605: 3603:, p. 322. 3584: 3572: 3570:, p. 166. 3555: 3543: 3531: 3529:, p. 166. 3516: 3484:spiritus asper 3467: 3465:, p. 156. 3455: 3443: 3441:, p. 169. 3418: 3416:, p. 394. 3406: 3364: 3349: 3334: 3332:, p. 149. 3322: 3311:paleobiodb.org 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3242: 3225: 3208: 3195: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3072: 3069: 3042:Southeast Asia 3032: 3029: 2931: 2928: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2762:breeding pairs 2749: 2746: 2652: 2649: 2633:mammary glands 2604: 2601: 2527:ethmoturbinals 2503: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2482:greater galago 2478: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2456:sagittal crest 2446: 2443: 2421: 2418: 2401: 2398: 2394:auditory bulla 2369: 2366: 2340: 2337: 2300: 2297: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2218:Georges Cuvier 2190: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2006: 1987: 1984: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1713:Daubentoniidae 1709: 1707:Cheirogaleidae 1703: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1626: 1625: 1624:3 infraorders 1622: 1621:2 infraorders 1549:Georges Cuvier 1489: 1486: 1474:Plesiopithecus 1406:paleontologist 1395: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1376: 1362: 1355:Grande Coupure 1286: 1283: 1218:global warming 1112: 1111:Unclear origin 1109: 1085:living fossils 1074: 1073: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 994: 991: 990: 986: 985: 982: 981: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 959: 954: 952: 948: 947: 944: 943: 933: 928: 926: 918: 917: 914: 913: 909: 908: 905: 904: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 864: 859: 857: 847: 845: 841: 840: 837: 836: 826: 821: 819: 811: 810: 807: 806: 798: 793: 791: 783: 782: 779: 778: 770: 765: 763: 753: 750: 749: 699: 696: 692:primatologists 582: 579: 545:, hunting for 457:southeast Asia 332: 331: 315: 314: 306: 305: 279: 278: 274: 273: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 193: 192: 138: 137: 129: 128: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 57: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8748: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8711:Strepsirrhini 8709: 8708: 8706: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8610:Strepsirrhini 8606: 8602: 8597: 8596:Strepsirrhini 8591: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8566:Strepsirrhini 8563: 8559: 8554: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8520: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8479:Archaeoindris 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8422:Hadropithecus 8419: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8237: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8173:Nycticeboides 8167: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8096:Sciurocheirus 8093: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7942: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7770:Caenopithecus 7767: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7734: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7685:Sivaladapinae 7682: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7644:Hoanghoniinae 7641: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7585:Sivaladapidae 7579: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7476:Pronycticebus 7473: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7448:Mazateronodon 7445: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7404:Cercamoniidae 7398: 7392: 7391: 7390:Palaeohodites 7387: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7254:Strepsirrhini 7250: 7246: 7242: 7241:Strepsirrhini 7237: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7196:Strepsirrhini 7190: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7015:Lepilemuridae 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6943:Strepsirrhini 6940: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6859: 6858:Strepsirrhini 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846:Strepsirrhini 6842: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6813:Yoder, A.D. " 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6656:Science Daily 6653: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6103:Beard, K.C. " 6101: 6100: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6030:0-801-88221-4 6026: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6015:Wilson, D. E. 6012: 6008: 6007:Groves, C. P. 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5857:2027.42/48482 5854: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5834:(in French). 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5721:on 2016-11-06 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5438: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5397:, p. 19. 5396: 5391: 5388: 5385:, p. 14. 5384: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5370:, p. 16. 5369: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5292:, p. 86. 5291: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5232:, p. 74. 5231: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5205:, p. 51. 5204: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5065:, p. 93. 5064: 5059: 5056: 5053:, p. 81. 5052: 5047: 5044: 5041:, p. 88. 5040: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4990:, p. 26. 4989: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4903:, p. 85. 4902: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4790:, p. 68. 4789: 4784: 4781: 4778:, p. 49. 4777: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4754:, p. 91. 4753: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4581:, p. 73. 4580: 4575: 4572: 4569:, p. 39. 4568: 4563: 4560: 4557:, p. 96. 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4523:, p. 68. 4522: 4517: 4514: 4511:, p. 18. 4510: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4482:, p. 97. 4481: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4446:, p. 20. 4445: 4440: 4437: 4434:, p. 90. 4433: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4337:, p. 13. 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4299:Cartmill 2010 4295: 4292: 4289:, p. 32. 4288: 4283: 4280: 4277:, p. 71. 4276: 4275:Schwartz 2003 4271: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4253:, p. 28. 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4238:, p. 92. 4237: 4232: 4229: 4226:, p. 96. 4225: 4220: 4217: 4214:, p. 54. 4213: 4212:Schwartz 2003 4208: 4205: 4202:, p. 45. 4201: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4161:Schwartz 2003 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120:, p. 89. 4119: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3898:, p. 35. 3897: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3881:, p. 14. 3880: 3875: 3872: 3869:, p. 21. 3868: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3802:, p. 67. 3801: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3766:, p. 84. 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3751:, p. 24. 3750: 3745: 3742: 3739:, p. 22. 3738: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3624:, p. 29. 3623: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541:, p. 51. 3540: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:compound word 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453:, p. 39. 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3392:Scott, Robert 3389: 3385: 3377: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3347:, p. 15. 3346: 3345:Cartmill 2010 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3288: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3221:flying lemurs 3218: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165:Although the 3162: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3126:In 2012, the 3124: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099:deforestation 3094: 3090: 3082: 3081:deforestation 3077: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3048:. Lemurs are 3047: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:insectivorous 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948:hemicellulose 2945: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2924:Pronycticebus 2921: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874:bamboo lemurs 2871: 2870:quadrupedally 2861: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2833: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:urine washing 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:scent marking 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:plesiomorphic 2721: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2711:Pronycticebus 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:woolly lemurs 2667: 2657: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2488:lesser galago 2485: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400:Neck arteries 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2279:grooming claw 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099:other lemurs 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1966:Tab Rasmussen 1963: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918:, convoluted 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898:Controversies 1897: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1862: 1860:Megaladapidae 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1821:Sivaladapidae 1816: 1809: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785:Strepsirrhini 1782: 1781: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1740:Megaladapidae 1734: 1732: 1731:Lepilemuridae 1728: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1676:Sivaladapidae 1670: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633:Strepsirrhini 1630: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1522:Carl Linnaeus 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469:djebelemurids 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369:cercamoniines 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1220:known as the 1219: 1215: 1207: 1206:slender loris 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1154:. Using this 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1128:fossil record 1124: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1071: 1067: 1066:Primatomorpha 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1002: 1001: 993: 992: 984: 983: 980: 979: 973: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 958: 957: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 941: 932: 931: 924: 923:Strepsirrhini 920: 919: 916: 915: 907: 906: 903: 902: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 863: 862: 855: 851: 850: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 825: 824: 817: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 803: 797: 796: 789: 788:Primatomorpha 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 776:(treeshrews) 775: 769: 768: 761: 757: 756: 752: 751: 747: 746: 743: 741: 737: 733: 732:cercamoniines 729: 728:fossil record 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 697: 695: 693: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665: 662:When British 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639:in 1812 as a 638: 635: 631: 627: 618: 613: 608: 602: 597: 592: 588: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486:for smell, a 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413: 397: 390: 342: 338: 337:Strepsirrhini 316: 312: 307: 304: 303: 300: 292: 288: 280: 275: 270: 265: 264:Strepsirrhini 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 194: 191: 190: 185: 184: 179: 178: 170: 169: 164: 163: 158: 157: 152: 151: 146: 145: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 46:Strepsirrhini 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Strepsirrhine 8565: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8420: 8415:Archaeolemur 8413: 8390: 8383: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8320:Cheirogaleus 8318: 8311: 8291: 8280: 8270: 8260: 8253: 8219: 8214:Perodicticus 8212: 8205: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8161: 8141: 8131: 8104: 8094: 8088:Saharagalago 8086: 8076: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8042: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8000:Saharagalago 7998: 7987: 7959:Lemuriformes 7913:Lemuriformes 7900: 7893: 7885: 7878: 7855: 7848: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7633:Yunnanadapis 7631: 7624: 7617: 7612:Kyitchaungia 7610: 7605:Guangxilemur 7603: 7596: 7569: 7562: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7441:Donrussellia 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7388: 7381: 7376:Gatanthropus 7374: 7367: 7360: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7318:Hesperolemur 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295:Notharctidae 7279: 7269: 7253: 7240: 7195: 6942: 6816: 6786: 6764: 6752:the original 6731: 6727: 6718: 6714: 6693: 6670: 6655: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6569: 6549: 6504: 6500: 6476: 6442: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6387: 6348: 6342: 6323: 6290:(1): 11–22. 6287: 6283: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6218: 6188: 6184: 6158: 6129:Gebo, D.L. " 6085: 6066: 6047: 6019: 5985:(1): 13–27. 5982: 5978: 5934:. Springer. 5931: 5898: 5894: 5869: 5865: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5785:(5): e5723. 5782: 5778: 5755: 5734: 5723:. Retrieved 5716:the original 5703: 5699: 5673: 5669: 5649:. Springer. 5646: 5622: 5602: 5549: 5526:(2): 83–96. 5523: 5519: 5500: 5478:. Retrieved 5464: 5452: 5440: 5430:28 September 5428:. Retrieved 5414: 5402: 5390: 5346: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5154:, p. 5. 5147: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4834: 4827:Plavcan 2004 4822: 4810: 4783: 4776:Dagosto 1988 4771: 4764:Dagosto 1988 4759: 4730: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4653:, p. 6. 4646: 4634: 4622: 4617:, p. 7. 4574: 4562: 4540:, p. 4. 4516: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4444:Hartwig 2011 4439: 4410: 4381: 4369: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4251:Hartwig 2011 4231: 4219: 4207: 4200:Sussman 2003 4195: 4188:Hartwig 2011 4168: 4137: 4125: 4059: 4035:Hartwig 2011 4030: 4001: 3989: 3962: 3955:Godinot 1998 3950: 3938: 3926: 3874: 3845: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3749:Hartwig 2011 3744: 3737:Hartwig 2011 3715: 3693:Godinot 2006 3671: 3659: 3652:Hartwig 2011 3622:Hartwig 2011 3575: 3553:, p. 1. 3546: 3534: 3495: 3487: 3479: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3409: 3395: 3367: 3360:Hartwig 2011 3325: 3314:. Retrieved 3310: 3301: 3276: 3266: 3254: 3251:omomyiformes 3245: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3220: 3217:dermopterans 3216: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3174: 3140:slow lorises 3125: 3118: 3096: 3071:Conservation 3065:spiny forest 3054: 3034: 3025:Donrussellia 3024: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2933: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2852:Dwarf lemurs 2789: 2785:allogrooming 2770: 2751: 2738: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2693: 2690:brown lemurs 2666:mouse lemurs 2662: 2630: 2606: 2597: 2593:hypothalamus 2565:nasal cavity 2554: 2538:Merkel cells 2531: 2508: 2448: 2423: 2406:cheirogaleid 2403: 2371: 2361: 2354: 2302: 2276: 2268:canine teeth 2261: 2225: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197:giant lemurs 2193: 2141: 2128: 2098: 2085: 2051:lemuriforms 2047: 2028:Adapiformes 2024: 1979: 1976:missing link 1969: 1958: 1950: 1946:SINE markers 1928:synapomorphy 1909: 1901: 1814:Notharctidae 1796:Superfamily 1793:Adapiformes 1784: 1755:Superfamily 1690:Superfamily 1686:Lemuriformes 1667:Notharctidae 1646:Superfamily 1632: 1607: 1585:created the 1577: 1569:placentation 1544: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1511:"Ida" fossil 1503: 1479: 1472: 1450: 1432: 1428:Saharagalago 1426: 1420: 1418: 1403: 1388: 1379:Sivaladapids 1348: 1339: 1331:sister group 1323:Donrussellia 1322: 1318: 1308: 1301: 1293: 1268: 1251:Altiatlasius 1249: 1243: 1237: 1233:Donrussellia 1231: 1225: 1211: 1183:paraphyletic 1160: 1145: 1125: 1114: 1077: 976: 961: 935: 922: 901:Omomyiformes 896: 881: 866: 828: 800: 772: 736:sivaladapids 701: 686: 682: 678: 674: 661: 656: 625: 611: 600: 584: 536: 516:ring of bone 510:, and their 508:night vision 473: 341:Strepsirhini 340: 336: 335: 298: 291:Lemuriformes 282: 277:Infraorders 263: 187: 181: 175: 166: 160: 154: 148: 142: 121:Early Eocene 52:55.8–0 40: 36:Lemuriformes 8590:Wikispecies 8536:Adapiformes 8456:Propithecus 8272:Megaladapis 8255:Daubentonia 8221:Pseudopotto 8133:Mioeuoticus 7784:Europolemur 7722:Sivaladapis 7708:Siamoadapis 7653:Hoanghonius 7626:Paukkaungia 7598:Anthradapis 7555:Asiadapidae 7541:Palaeolemur 7534:Microadapis 7513:Cryptadapis 7483:Protoadapis 7469:Periconodon 7339:Smilodectes 7281:Sulaimanius 7137:Hylobatidae 7107:Catharrhini 7092:Pitheciidae 7069:Platyrrhini 6931:Superorder 6925:Infraclass 5368:Covert 2002 5339:Covert 2002 4509:Covert 2002 4456:Groves 2005 4335:Groves 1998 4173:Groves 2008 4142:Groves 2008 4130:Groves 2008 3879:Covert 2002 3850:Covert 2002 3676:Simons 2003 3539:Pocock 1918 3527:Groves 2008 2999:Smilodectes 2994:Cercamonius 2956:angwantibos 2914:Europolemur 2908:Smilodectes 2890:Palaeolemur 2812:alarm calls 2755:home ranges 2581:hard palate 2544:called the 2525:lining the 2476:dwarf lemur 2420:Ankle bones 1789:Infraorder 1684:Infraorder 1642:Adapiformes 1637:Infraorder 1545:Tardigradus 1365:Notharctids 1315:land bridge 1260:omomyiforms 1245:Teilhardina 1148:geneticists 940:Adapiformes 653:description 512:eye sockets 287:Adapiformes 269:É. Geoffroy 156:Daubentonia 150:Propithecus 32:Adapiformes 8705:Categories 8534:See also: 8385:Pachylemur 8327:Microcebus 8241:Lemuroidea 8207:Arctocebus 8180:Nycticebus 8068:Paragalago 8034:Galagoides 7972:Lorisoidea 7922:see below↓ 7902:Shizarodon 7880:Djebelemur 7805:Masradapis 7763:Aframonius 7715:Sinoadapis 7694:Indraloris 7527:Magnadapis 7520:Leptadapis 7420:Anchomomys 7362:Bugtilemur 7325:Notharctus 7129:Hominoidea 7038:Haplorhini 6975:Lemuroidea 6952:Lorisoidea 6243:Nycticebus 5838:: 156–170. 5725:2012-09-28 5700:Lemur News 4901:Beard 1988 4386:Yoder 2003 4362:Beard 2002 4236:Beard 1988 3664:Beard 2002 3316:2021-07-22 3289:References 3183:adapiforms 3179:infraorder 3175:lemuriform 3115:exotic pet 3087:See also: 3020:Anchomomys 3011:Leptadapis 3003:Notharctus 2972:frugivores 2940:folivorous 2936:arthropods 2902:Notharctus 2896:Leptadapis 2822:Locomotion 2759:monogamous 2698:cathemeral 2557:pheromones 2430:talus bone 2362:Notharctus 2349:haplorhine 2329:riboflavin 2284:procumbent 2230:pachyderms 1938:their own 1800:Adapoidea 1757:Lorisoidea 1692:Lemuroidea 1650:Adapoidea 1553:morphology 1452:Djebelemur 1398:See also: 1335:stem group 1295:Notharctus 1070:Euarchonta 1050:treeshrews 854:Haplorhini 804:(colugos) 802:Dermoptera 774:Scandentia 760:Euarchonta 704:lemuriform 671:Haplorhini 651:). In his 641:subordinal 634:naturalist 551:exotic pet 539:endangered 524:haplorhine 522:, whereas 514:include a 492:pheromones 490:to detect 447:, and the 433:Madagascar 425:lemuriform 302:Haplorhini 294:(See text) 260:Suborder: 168:Microcebus 8486:Babakotia 8433:Indriidae 8368:Hapalemur 8352:Lemuridae 8313:Allocebus 8262:Lepilemur 8154:Lorisinae 8143:Namaloris 8117:Lorisidae 8106:Wadilemur 8078:Progalago 8011:Galagidae 7989:Karanisia 7887:Notnamaia 7841:Azibiidae 7826:Notnamaia 7819:Namadapis 7798:Mahgarita 7791:Godinotia 7777:Darwinius 7756:Afradapis 7749:Adapoides 7701:Ramadapis 7667:Rencunius 7564:Asiadapis 7332:Pelycodus 7311:Copelemur 7206:Kingdom: 7142:Hominidae 7050:Tarsiidae 7020:Indriidae 7010:Lemuridae 6965:Galagidae 6960:Lorisidae 6671:Mammalogy 6593:893740473 6332:500576914 6191:: 60–95. 5743:0044-5282 5712:1608-1439 5706:: 64–70. 5480:1 October 5000:Rose 2006 4815:Rose 2006 4684:Rose 2006 4672:Rose 2006 4596:Rose 2006 4567:Gebo 2002 4492:Rose 2006 4347:Rose 2006 4081:Rose 2006 4064:Rose 2006 4006:Rose 2006 3982:Rose 2006 3943:Rose 2006 3931:Rose 2006 3919:Rose 2006 3896:Gebo 2002 3867:Gebo 2002 3838:Rose 2006 3815:Rose 2006 3788:Rose 2006 3776:Rose 2006 3720:Rose 2006 3708:Rose 2006 3580:Rose 2006 3568:Rose 2006 3294:Citations 3191:lorisoids 2988:Pelycodus 2976:omnivores 2944:cellulose 2816:territory 2781:Lemuridae 2777:Indriidae 2734:ungulates 2730:precocial 2717:Godinotia 2702:predation 2573:cartilage 2515:vibrissae 2511:rhinarium 2378:inner ear 2351:primates. 2292:sublingua 2205:Darwinius 1980:Darwinius 1941:vitamin C 1936:producing 1783:Suborder 1769:Galagidae 1763:Lorisidae 1725:Lemuridae 1719:Indriidae 1631:Suborder 1610:phylogeny 1591:biologist 1513:in 2009. 1507:phylogeny 1437:) in the 1434:Wadilemur 1422:Karanisia 1413:toothcomb 1373:Oligocene 1350:Adapoides 1175:Paleocene 1163:nocturnal 1141:eutherian 1132:radiation 1097:olfaction 963:Lorisoids 720:radiation 664:zoologist 630:rhinarium 587:taxonomic 581:Etymology 559:nocturnal 528:toothcomb 520:vitamin C 476:rhinarium 461:adapiform 220:Kingdom: 214:Eukaryota 177:Darwinius 8649:12100002 8575:Wikidata 8293:Propotto 8061:Otolemur 8054:Laetolia 8020:Euoticus 7895:Omanodon 7674:Wailekia 7497:Adapidae 7462:Panobius 7455:Nievesia 7427:Barnesia 7413:Agerinia 7226:Primates 7220:Mammalia 7214:Chordata 7212:Phylum: 7208:Animalia 7097:Atelidae 6927:Eutheria 6921:Mammalia 6915:Chordata 6909:Animalia 6907:Kingdom 6898:families 6748:20188396 6644:19740889 6541:22474376 6467:14113728 6375:85613386 6312:15419778 6304:14738502 6275:21711250 6267:20806336 6205:16369958 6039:62265494 6009:(2005). 5999:10869981 5979:Primates 5923:24163044 5915:17053330 5886:84469830 5819:19492084 5779:PLOS ONE 5540:32127974 5474:Archived 5424:Archived 3494:to ⟨ῤῥ⟩ 3259:tarsiers 3255:omomyids 3238:adapoids 3187:suborder 3107:bushmeat 3013:. Sharp 2651:Behavior 2637:clitoris 2589:amygdala 2550:diastema 2546:philtrum 2534:volatile 2288:premolar 2264:incisors 2226:le Daman 2142:galagos 2129:lorises 1807:Adapidae 1658:Adapidae 1587:suborder 1578:English 1573:placenta 1541:Prosimia 1500:in 1812. 1461:Azibiids 1311:Laurasia 1239:Altanius 1152:diverged 883:Tarsiers 816:Primates 601:strepsis 555:arboreal 547:bushmeat 532:grooming 498:with an 494:, and a 482:, large 421:primates 417:suborder 254:Primates 244:Mammalia 234:Chordata 230:Phylum: 224:Animalia 210:Domain: 189:Otolemur 8392:Varecia 8361:Eulemur 7857:Azibius 7660:Lushius 7619:Laomaki 7434:Buxella 7304:Cantius 7224:Order: 7218:Class: 7087:Aotidae 7077:Cebidae 6913:Phylum 6896:primate 6894:Extant 6817:Tarsius 6787:Tarsius 6721:(2009)" 6635:2821352 6608:Azibius 6532:3341044 6509:Bibcode 6459:9595692 6409:Tarsius 5810:2683573 5787:Bibcode 5735:Zoonooz 3492:doubled 3400:at the 3374:στρέψις 3234:adapids 3050:endemic 2983:Cantius 2920:Cantius 2856:galagos 2694:Eulemur 2682:sifakas 2645:baculum 2609:chorion 2521:of the 2500:tarsier 2494:aye-aye 2390:eardrum 2309:frontal 2272:rodents 1863:Family 1856:Family 1834:Family 1817:Family 1810:Family 1803:Family 1767:Family 1761:Family 1744:Family 1735:Family 1729:Family 1723:Family 1717:Family 1711:Family 1705:Family 1696:Family 1671:Family 1662:Family 1653:Family 1598:aye-aye 1524:in the 1482:rafting 1465:Algeria 1457:Tunisia 1383:Miocene 1345:Adapids 1319:Cantius 1279:Miocene 1227:Cantius 1191:colugos 1167:diurnal 1078:Lemurs 1054:colugos 925: 868:Simians 856: 818: 790: 762: 740:adapids 716:galagos 708:lorises 596:στρέψις 575:insects 563:diurnal 541:due to 480:simians 449:lorises 437:galagos 415:) is a 299:sister: 250:Order: 240:Class: 162:Varecia 125:Present 8688:131093 8662:376911 8636:943774 8581:Q82265 8341:Phaner 8027:Galago 7506:Adapis 7060:Simian 6919:Class 6821:". 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