141:
133:
748:
960:: In 1988, Aloha Airlines Flight 243 experienced a partial fuselage failure due to SCC. The Boeing 737-200 was flying from Hilo to Honolulu, Hawaii when a section of the fuselage ruptured, causing a decompression event. The investigation into the failure found that SCC had occurred in the aluminum skin of the fuselage due to the repeated pressurization and depressurization cycles of the aircraft. The incident led to changes in maintenance procedures and inspections for aircraft to prevent similar failures in the future.
831:
954:: In 2001, a section of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline failed due to SCC. The pipeline is used to transport crude oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the Valdez Marine Terminal. The failure occurred when a 34-foot section of the pipeline ruptured, causing a spill of over 285,000 gallons of crude oil. The investigation into the failure found that SCC had occurred in the pipeline due to the presence of water and bacteria, which had created a corrosive environment.
762:
755:
36:
723:
937:, suddenly failed. The main chain joint failed and the entire structure fell into the river, killing 46 people who were traveling in vehicles across the bridge. Rust in the eyebar joint had caused a stress corrosion crack, which went critical as a result of high bridge loading and low temperature. The failure was exacerbated by a high level of
891:
840:
rate at which chemical reactants can be transported to the tip of the crack. In region III, crack propagation is independent of its environment, having reached a critical stress intensity. Chemicals other than water, like ammonia, can induce subcritical crack propagation in silica glass, but they must have an
865:
Material
Selection: Choosing the right material for a specific environment can help prevent SCC. Materials with higher resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking should be used in corrosive environments. For example, using stainless steel instead of carbon steel in a marine environment can
839:
Subcritical crack propagation in glasses falls into three regions. In region I, the velocity of crack propagation increases with ambient humidity due to stress-enhanced chemical reaction between the glass and water. In region II, crack propagation velocity is diffusion controlled and dependent on the
324:
or other surface treatments. Unexpected and premature failure of chemical process equipment, for example, due to stress corrosion cracking constitutes a serious hazard in terms of safety of personnel, operating facilities and the environment. By weakening the reliability of these types of equipment,
308:
to the metal. Hence, metal parts with severe SCC can appear bright and shiny, while being filled with microscopic cracks. This factor makes it common for SCC to go undetected prior to failure. SCC often progresses rapidly, and is more common among alloys than pure metals. The specific environment is
947:
submarine periscope: In 2009, the periscope of the submarine USS Hartford failed due to SCC. The periscope is used to provide a view of the surface while the submarine is submerged. The failure occurred when the periscope was extended through the hull of the submarine, causing seawater to enter the
834:
Illustrated are regions of different crack propagation under stress corrosion cracking. In region I, crack propagation is dominated by chemical attack of strained bonds in the crack. In region II, propagation is controlled by diffusion of chemical into the crack. In region III, the stress intensity
861:
are precisely controlled both in location and intensity and can be applied to mitigate sharp transitions into tensile regions. Laser peening imparts deep compressive residual stresses on the order of 10 to 20 times deeper than conventional shot peening, making them significantly more beneficial at
796:
being most sensitive to degradation. Ozone cracks form in products under tension, but the critical strain is very small. The cracks are always oriented at right angles to the strain axis, so will form around the circumference in a rubber tube bent over. Such cracks are dangerous when they occur in
869:
Protective
Coatings: Applying a protective coating or barrier can help prevent corrosive substances from coming into contact with the metal surface, thus reducing the likelihood of SCC. For example, using an epoxy coating on the interior surface of a pipeline can reduce the likelihood of
304:, especially at elevated temperature. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC only when exposed to a small number of chemical environments. The chemical environment that causes SCC for a given alloy is often one which is only mildly
948:
periscope's seal. The seawater caused SCC to occur in the periscope's steel support structure, which led to the periscope falling back into the submarine. Fortunately, there were no injuries, but the submarine had to be taken out of service for repairs.
873:
Cathodic
Protection: Cathodic protection is a technique used to protect metals from corrosion by applying a small electrical current to the metal surface. This technique can also help prevent SCC by reducing the corrosion potential of the
817:
This effect is significantly less common in ceramics which are typically more resilient to chemical attack. Although phase changes are common in ceramics under stress these usually result in toughening rather than failure (see
1108:
822:). Recent studies have shown that the same driving force for this toughening mechanism can also enhance oxidation of reduced cerium oxide, resulting in slow crack growth and spontaneous failure of dense ceramic bodies.
148:. Cracks which would normally have been invisible are detectable due to the magnetic particles clustering at the crack openings. The scale at the bottom is in centimeters (each division indicates a millimeter).
880:
Inspection and
Maintenance: Regular inspections and maintenance can help detect SCC before it causes a failure. This includes visual inspections, non-destructive testing, and monitoring of environmental
1348:
1201:
911:, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from SCC on March 4, 1965, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed.
730:
For example, the fracture surface of a fuel connector showed the progressive growth of the crack from acid attack (Ch) to the final cusp (C) of polymer. In this case the failure was caused by
309:
of crucial importance, and only very small concentrations of certain highly active chemicals are needed to produce catastrophic cracking, often leading to devastating and unexpected failure.
506:. This limits the usefulness of austenitic stainless steel for containing water with higher than a few parts per million content of chlorides at temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F);
877:
Environmental
Controls: Controlling the environment around the metal can help prevent SCC. For example, reducing the temperature or acidity of the environment can help prevent SCC.
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1080:
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sidewalls, but are now seen rarely thanks to the use of these additives. On the other hand, the problem does recur in unprotected products such as rubber tubing and seals.
268:
1526:
ASM Handbook Volume 11 "Failure
Analysis and Prevention" (2002) "Stress-Corrosion Cracking" Revised by W.R. Warke, American Society of Metals. Pages 1738-1820
1197:
1340:
53:
1532:"ASTM G36-94 (2018) Standard practice for evaluating stress-corrosion-cracking resistance of metals and alloys in a boiling magnesium chloride solution"
1129:
Munnings, C.; Badwal, S. P. S.; Fini, D. (20 February 2014). "Spontaneous stress-induced oxidation of Ce ions in Gd-doped ceria at room temperature".
261:
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have been known to crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially when chlorides are present.
797:
fuel pipes because the cracks will grow from the outside exposed surfaces into the bore of the pipe, so fuel leakage and fire may follow.
100:
1523:
ASM International, Metals
Handbook (Desk Edition) Chapter 32 (Failure Analysis), American Society for Metals, (1997) pp 32–24 to 32–26
72:
1323:
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254:
140:
119:
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A close-up of the surface of a steel pipeline showing stress corrosion cracking (two clusters of small black lines) revealed by
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1322:(Report). US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Dec 3, 2010. Archived from
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982:
57:
132:
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preventing SCC. Laser peening is widely used in the aerospace and power generation industries in gas fired turbine engines.
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attack, another form of SCC in polymers. Tiny traces of the gas in the air will attack double bonds in rubber chains, with
86:
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predicts that failure should not occur. That is, in the presence of a corrodent, cracks develop and propagate well below
1418:
991:
145:
1081:"Hydrogen-facilitated anodic dissolution-type stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH solution"
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facilitate the evolution and the enrichment of hydrogen during the process of SCC, thus increasing the SCC intensity.
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Stress corrosion cracking caused by tension developed in an unsuitably welded reinforcement collar
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1030: – Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
695:. As with metals, attack is confined to specific polymers and particular chemicals. Thus
1198:"EPRI | Search Results: Compressor Dependability: Laser Shock Peening Surface Treatment"
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1021:
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1477:"Simulation of the effect of safety investment on flight safety level in the airlines"
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growth, i.e. small surface flaws propagate (usually smoothly) under conditions where
232:
1402:
Hsu, Jeremy (March 23, 2009). "USS Hartford
Periscope Snaps, Falls Into Submarine".
1150:
742:. The degradation reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction of the polymer:
1506:
845:
1223:
687:, when products are exposed to specific solvents or aggressive chemicals such as
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35:
17:
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from fabrication (e.g. cold working); the residual stresses can be relieved by
1481:
2015 International
Conference on Transportation Information and Safety (ICTIS)
1164:
Wachtman, John B.; Cannon, W. Roger; Matthewson, M. John (11 September 2009).
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where attacking agents do not necessarily degrade the materials chemically.
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reaches its critical value and propagates independent of its environment.
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With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of
503:
192:
162:
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699:
is sensitive to attack by alkalis, but not by acids. On the other hand,
1555:
Wachtman, John B.; Cannon, W. Roger; Matthewson, M. John. "Chapter 8".
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in the eyebar. The disaster led to a nationwide reappraisal of bridges.
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environment. It can lead to unexpected and sudden failure of normally
919:
514:
979: – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention
325:
such failures also adversely affect productivity and profitability.
1036: – Form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases
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719:, and nylon mouldings will crack when attacked by strong acids.
601:). The subcritical value of the stress intensity, designated as
237:
1024: – Cracks in many different elastomers due to ozone attack
1042: – Form of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen sulfide
801:
can be prevented by adding anti-ozonants to the rubber before
29:
1018: – Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen
1369:
Lewis, Peter Rhys; Reynolds, Ken; Gagg, Colin (2003-09-29).
366:
312:
The stresses can be the result of the crevice loads due to
726:
Close-up of broken nylon fuel pipe connector caused by SCC
1438:"The Policy Dynamics of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System"
715:
is sensitive to degradation by acids, a process known as
907:
A 32-inch diameter gas transmission pipeline, north of
557:, all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical
1317:
Corrective Action Order
Regarding the TGP 100 Pipeline
973: – Forensic application of the study of chemistry
645:
607:
575:
987:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1274:, ASM International, pp. 191–220, 2017-01-01,
1000: – Study of propagation of cracks in materials
703:are readily degraded by acids, and SCC is a likely
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
663:
631:
593:
1006: – Brittle failure of thermoplastic polymers
1268:"Irradiation-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking"
805:. Ozone cracks were commonly seen in automobile
1224:"Peening for mitigation of PWSCC in alloy 600"
994: – Study of failure in polymeric products
857:The compressive residual stresses imparted by
316:, or can be caused by the type of assembly or
1475:Hong-bing, Du; Qing-qing, Zhang (June 2015).
1068:(Desk ed.). American Society for Metals.
262:
8:
1419:"Report: Sub crew caused Hartford collision"
914:SCC caused the catastrophic collapse of the
1222:Crooker, Paul; Sims, William (2011-06-09).
27:Growth of cracks in a corrosive environment
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1079:Gu, B.; Luo, J.; Mao, X. (January 1999).
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333:Stress corrosion cracking mainly affects
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
288:) is the growth of crack formation in a
1436:Busenberg, George J. (September 2011).
1056:
776:Cracks can be formed in many different
707:mechanism. Polymers are susceptible to
154:
1417:Grogan, Jennifer (November 17, 2009).
985: – branch of forensic engineering
1168:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
345:also affects other materials such as
7:
1542:from the original on 3 December 2022
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341:. A comparable effect also known as
58:adding citations to reliable sources
632:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Iscc} }}
655:
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585:
582:
25:
1557:Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
1280:10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
1166:Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
664:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}
594:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}
523:caustic stress corrosion cracking
1454:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00508.x
1341:"17 Killed As Gas Line Explodes"
1064:"Chapter 32: Failure Analysis".
753:
746:
567:critical stress intensity factor
34:
1351:from the original on 2021-11-02
1240:from the original on 2022-10-06
1204:from the original on 2022-12-06
1111:from the original on 2023-02-21
734:of the polymer by contact with
45:needs additional citations for
1371:Forensic Materials Engineering
983:Forensic materials engineering
1:
1010:Environmental stress fracture
1004:Environmental stress cracking
866:reduce the likelihood of SCC.
709:environmental stress cracking
681:environmental stress cracking
343:environmental stress cracking
992:Forensic polymer engineering
146:magnetic particle inspection
218:Metal-induced embrittlement
69:"Stress corrosion cracking"
1606:
1489:10.1109/ictis.2015.7232149
1483:. IEEE. pp. 780–786.
918:in December 1967, when an
513:cracks in the presence of
208:Liquid metal embrittlement
1442:Review of Policy Research
1272:Stress-Corrosion Cracking
1143:10.1007/s11581-014-1079-2
958:Aloha Airlines Flight 243
639:, may be less than 1% of
502:crack in the presence of
282:Stress corrosion cracking
223:Stress corrosion cracking
1530:ASTM (5 November 2018).
1012: – Material failure
794:nitrile butadiene rubber
155:Mechanical failure modes
1345:The Washington Observer
1040:Sulfide stress cracking
909:Natchitoches, Louisiana
228:Sulfide stress cracking
1016:Hydrogen embrittlement
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198:Hydrogen embrittlement
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1590:Materials degradation
1379:10.1201/9780203484531
1174:10.1002/9780470451519
952:Trans-Alaska Pipeline
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1585:Engineering failures
977:Forensic engineering
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314:stress concentration
54:improve this article
1028:Polymer degradation
898:, as seen from the
679:A similar process (
547:high-tensile steels
213:Mechanical overload
1580:Fracture mechanics
998:Fracture mechanics
971:Forensic chemistry
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728:
661:
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563:fracture mechanics
369:and lower applied
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1498:978-1-4799-8694-1
1388:978-0-203-48453-1
1289:978-1-62708-266-2
1097:10.5006/1.3283971
923:suspension bridge
820:Zirconium dioxide
790:styrene-butadiene
555:hydrogen cracking
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318:residual stresses
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173:Corrosion fatigue
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1347:. Mar 5, 1965.
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1034:Season cracking
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738:leaking from a
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541:season cracking
519:boiler cracking
464:Aqueous halides
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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1544:. Retrieved
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1404:Live Science
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1353:. Retrieved
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1324:the original
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1242:. Retrieved
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1206:. Retrieved
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945:USS Hartford
846:proton donor
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
925:across the
844:site and a
740:car battery
539:solutions (
1569:Categories
1355:2023-02-21
1303:2023-04-26
1244:2022-06-01
1208:2023-02-21
1115:2023-02-21
1047:References
927:Ohio River
852:Prevention
778:elastomers
732:hydrolysis
717:hydrolysis
701:polyesters
537:ammoniacal
490:austenitic
458:Al-3Mg-7Zn
409:13Cr steel
329:Mechanisms
80:newspapers
1575:Corrosion
1462:1541-132X
1105:0010-9312
1085:Corrosion
535:crack in
504:chlorides
497:aluminium
478:0.6 M KCl
472:Ti-6Al-1V
450:OH (pH 7)
322:annealing
306:corrosive
290:corrosive
168:Corrosion
1540:Archived
1536:astm.org
1349:Archived
1235:Archived
1202:Archived
1151:95469920
1109:Archived
965:See also
881:factors.
813:Ceramics
685:polymers
675:Polymers
527:nitrates
488:Certain
429:42% MgCl
423:18Cr-8Ni
351:ceramics
347:polymers
243:Yielding
193:Fracture
163:Buckling
1517:Sources
1507:2908608
1423:The Day
1298:7010172
1231:nrc.gov
705:failure
693:alkalis
440:Cu-30Zn
415:3% NaCl
294:ductile
188:Fouling
183:Fatigue
94:scholar
1546:1 June
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1131:Ionics
1103:
920:eyebar
874:metal.
848:site.
772:tubing
525:) and
517:(e.g.
515:alkali
500:alloys
379:Alloy
365:Lower
361:Metals
335:metals
298:alloys
296:metal
203:Impact
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82:
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67:
1503:S2CID
1327:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1227:(PDF)
1147:S2CID
1052:Notes
826:Glass
782:ozone
713:Nylon
689:acids
559:crack
511:steel
509:mild
403:MN/m
389:MN/m
355:glass
178:Creep
101:JSTOR
87:books
1548:2022
1493:ISBN
1458:ISSN
1383:ISBN
1294:OSTI
1284:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1101:ISSN
902:side
900:Ohio
870:SCC.
807:tire
691:and
521:and
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400:Iscc
353:and
337:and
238:Wear
73:news
1485:doi
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