130:
122:
737:
949:: In 1988, Aloha Airlines Flight 243 experienced a partial fuselage failure due to SCC. The Boeing 737-200 was flying from Hilo to Honolulu, Hawaii when a section of the fuselage ruptured, causing a decompression event. The investigation into the failure found that SCC had occurred in the aluminum skin of the fuselage due to the repeated pressurization and depressurization cycles of the aircraft. The incident led to changes in maintenance procedures and inspections for aircraft to prevent similar failures in the future.
820:
943:: In 2001, a section of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline failed due to SCC. The pipeline is used to transport crude oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the Valdez Marine Terminal. The failure occurred when a 34-foot section of the pipeline ruptured, causing a spill of over 285,000 gallons of crude oil. The investigation into the failure found that SCC had occurred in the pipeline due to the presence of water and bacteria, which had created a corrosive environment.
751:
744:
25:
712:
926:, suddenly failed. The main chain joint failed and the entire structure fell into the river, killing 46 people who were traveling in vehicles across the bridge. Rust in the eyebar joint had caused a stress corrosion crack, which went critical as a result of high bridge loading and low temperature. The failure was exacerbated by a high level of
880:
829:
rate at which chemical reactants can be transported to the tip of the crack. In region III, crack propagation is independent of its environment, having reached a critical stress intensity. Chemicals other than water, like ammonia, can induce subcritical crack propagation in silica glass, but they must have an
854:
Material
Selection: Choosing the right material for a specific environment can help prevent SCC. Materials with higher resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking should be used in corrosive environments. For example, using stainless steel instead of carbon steel in a marine environment can
828:
Subcritical crack propagation in glasses falls into three regions. In region I, the velocity of crack propagation increases with ambient humidity due to stress-enhanced chemical reaction between the glass and water. In region II, crack propagation velocity is diffusion controlled and dependent on the
313:
or other surface treatments. Unexpected and premature failure of chemical process equipment, for example, due to stress corrosion cracking constitutes a serious hazard in terms of safety of personnel, operating facilities and the environment. By weakening the reliability of these types of equipment,
297:
to the metal. Hence, metal parts with severe SCC can appear bright and shiny, while being filled with microscopic cracks. This factor makes it common for SCC to go undetected prior to failure. SCC often progresses rapidly, and is more common among alloys than pure metals. The specific environment is
936:
submarine periscope: In 2009, the periscope of the submarine USS Hartford failed due to SCC. The periscope is used to provide a view of the surface while the submarine is submerged. The failure occurred when the periscope was extended through the hull of the submarine, causing seawater to enter the
823:
Illustrated are regions of different crack propagation under stress corrosion cracking. In region I, crack propagation is dominated by chemical attack of strained bonds in the crack. In region II, propagation is controlled by diffusion of chemical into the crack. In region III, the stress intensity
850:
are precisely controlled both in location and intensity and can be applied to mitigate sharp transitions into tensile regions. Laser peening imparts deep compressive residual stresses on the order of 10 to 20 times deeper than conventional shot peening, making them significantly more beneficial at
785:
being most sensitive to degradation. Ozone cracks form in products under tension, but the critical strain is very small. The cracks are always oriented at right angles to the strain axis, so will form around the circumference in a rubber tube bent over. Such cracks are dangerous when they occur in
858:
Protective
Coatings: Applying a protective coating or barrier can help prevent corrosive substances from coming into contact with the metal surface, thus reducing the likelihood of SCC. For example, using an epoxy coating on the interior surface of a pipeline can reduce the likelihood of
293:, especially at elevated temperature. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC only when exposed to a small number of chemical environments. The chemical environment that causes SCC for a given alloy is often one which is only mildly
937:
periscope's seal. The seawater caused SCC to occur in the periscope's steel support structure, which led to the periscope falling back into the submarine. Fortunately, there were no injuries, but the submarine had to be taken out of service for repairs.
862:
Cathodic
Protection: Cathodic protection is a technique used to protect metals from corrosion by applying a small electrical current to the metal surface. This technique can also help prevent SCC by reducing the corrosion potential of the
806:
This effect is significantly less common in ceramics which are typically more resilient to chemical attack. Although phase changes are common in ceramics under stress these usually result in toughening rather than failure (see
1097:
811:). Recent studies have shown that the same driving force for this toughening mechanism can also enhance oxidation of reduced cerium oxide, resulting in slow crack growth and spontaneous failure of dense ceramic bodies.
137:. Cracks which would normally have been invisible are detectable due to the magnetic particles clustering at the crack openings. The scale at the bottom is in centimeters (each division indicates a millimeter).
869:
Inspection and
Maintenance: Regular inspections and maintenance can help detect SCC before it causes a failure. This includes visual inspections, non-destructive testing, and monitoring of environmental
1337:
1190:
900:, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from SCC on March 4, 1965, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed.
719:
For example, the fracture surface of a fuel connector showed the progressive growth of the crack from acid attack (Ch) to the final cusp (C) of polymer. In this case the failure was caused by
298:
of crucial importance, and only very small concentrations of certain highly active chemicals are needed to produce catastrophic cracking, often leading to devastating and unexpected failure.
495:. This limits the usefulness of austenitic stainless steel for containing water with higher than a few parts per million content of chlorides at temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F);
866:
Environmental
Controls: Controlling the environment around the metal can help prevent SCC. For example, reducing the temperature or acidity of the environment can help prevent SCC.
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sidewalls, but are now seen rarely thanks to the use of these additives. On the other hand, the problem does recur in unprotected products such as rubber tubing and seals.
257:
1515:
ASM Handbook Volume 11 "Failure
Analysis and Prevention" (2002) "Stress-Corrosion Cracking" Revised by W.R. Warke, American Society of Metals. Pages 1738-1820
1186:
1329:
42:
1521:"ASTM G36-94 (2018) Standard practice for evaluating stress-corrosion-cracking resistance of metals and alloys in a boiling magnesium chloride solution"
1118:
Munnings, C.; Badwal, S. P. S.; Fini, D. (20 February 2014). "Spontaneous stress-induced oxidation of Ce ions in Gd-doped ceria at room temperature".
250:
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have been known to crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially when chlorides are present.
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fuel pipes because the cracks will grow from the outside exposed surfaces into the bore of the pipe, so fuel leakage and fire may follow.
89:
1512:
ASM International, Metals
Handbook (Desk Edition) Chapter 32 (Failure Analysis), American Society for Metals, (1997) pp 32–24 to 32–26
61:
1312:
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243:
129:
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A close-up of the surface of a steel pipeline showing stress corrosion cracking (two clusters of small black lines) revealed by
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1311:(Report). US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Dec 3, 2010. Archived from
1223:
971:
46:
121:
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preventing SCC. Laser peening is widely used in the aerospace and power generation industries in gas fired turbine engines.
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attack, another form of SCC in polymers. Tiny traces of the gas in the air will attack double bonds in rubber chains, with
75:
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992:
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predicts that failure should not occur. That is, in the presence of a corrodent, cracks develop and propagate well below
1407:
980:
134:
1070:"Hydrogen-facilitated anodic dissolution-type stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH solution"
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facilitate the evolution and the enrichment of hydrogen during the process of SCC, thus increasing the SCC intensity.
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Stress corrosion cracking caused by tension developed in an unsuitably welded reinforcement collar
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1019: – Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
684:. As with metals, attack is confined to specific polymers and particular chemicals. Thus
1187:"EPRI | Search Results: Compressor Dependability: Laser Shock Peening Surface Treatment"
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1466:"Simulation of the effect of safety investment on flight safety level in the airlines"
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growth, i.e. small surface flaws propagate (usually smoothly) under conditions where
221:
1391:
Hsu, Jeremy (March 23, 2009). "USS Hartford
Periscope Snaps, Falls Into Submarine".
1139:
731:. The degradation reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction of the polymer:
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1212:
676:, when products are exposed to specific solvents or aggressive chemicals such as
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24:
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from fabrication (e.g. cold working); the residual stresses can be relieved by
1470:
2015 International
Conference on Transportation Information and Safety (ICTIS)
1153:
Wachtman, John B.; Cannon, W. Roger; Matthewson, M. John (11 September 2009).
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where attacking agents do not necessarily degrade the materials chemically.
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reaches its critical value and propagates independent of its environment.
542:
With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of
492:
181:
151:
1520:
688:
is sensitive to attack by alkalis, but not by acids. On the other hand,
1544:
Wachtman, John B.; Cannon, W. Roger; Matthewson, M. John. "Chapter 8".
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in the eyebar. The disaster led to a nationwide reappraisal of bridges.
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environment. It can lead to unexpected and sudden failure of normally
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503:
968: – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention
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such failures also adversely affect productivity and profitability.
1025: – Form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases
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708:, and nylon mouldings will crack when attacked by strong acids.
590:). The subcritical value of the stress intensity, designated as
226:
1013: – Cracks in many different elastomers due to ozone attack
1031: – Form of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen sulfide
790:
can be prevented by adding anti-ozonants to the rubber before
18:
1007: – Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen
1358:
Lewis, Peter Rhys; Reynolds, Ken; Gagg, Colin (2003-09-29).
355:
301:
The stresses can be the result of the crevice loads due to
715:
Close-up of broken nylon fuel pipe connector caused by SCC
1427:"The Policy Dynamics of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System"
704:
is sensitive to degradation by acids, a process known as
896:
A 32-inch diameter gas transmission pipeline, north of
546:, all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical
1306:
Corrective Action Order
Regarding the TGP 100 Pipeline
962: – Forensic application of the study of chemistry
634:
596:
564:
976:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1263:, ASM International, pp. 191–220, 2017-01-01,
989: – Study of propagation of cracks in materials
692:are readily degraded by acids, and SCC is a likely
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
652:
620:
582:
995: – Brittle failure of thermoplastic polymers
1257:"Irradiation-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking"
794:. Ozone cracks were commonly seen in automobile
1213:"Peening for mitigation of PWSCC in alloy 600"
983: – Study of failure in polymeric products
846:The compressive residual stresses imparted by
305:, or can be caused by the type of assembly or
1464:Hong-bing, Du; Qing-qing, Zhang (June 2015).
1057:(Desk ed.). American Society for Metals.
251:
8:
1408:"Report: Sub crew caused Hartford collision"
903:SCC caused the catastrophic collapse of the
1211:Crooker, Paul; Sims, William (2011-06-09).
16:Growth of cracks in a corrosive environment
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1068:Gu, B.; Luo, J.; Mao, X. (January 1999).
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322:Stress corrosion cracking mainly affects
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
277:) is the growth of crack formation in a
1425:Busenberg, George J. (September 2011).
1045:
765:Cracks can be formed in many different
696:mechanism. Polymers are susceptible to
143:
1406:Grogan, Jennifer (November 17, 2009).
974: – branch of forensic engineering
1157:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
334:also affects other materials such as
7:
1531:from the original on 3 December 2022
1251:
1249:
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330:. A comparable effect also known as
47:adding citations to reliable sources
621:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Iscc} }}
644:
641:
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574:
571:
14:
1546:Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
1269:10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
1155:Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
653:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}
583:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}
512:caustic stress corrosion cracking
1443:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00508.x
1330:"17 Killed As Gas Line Explodes"
1053:"Chapter 32: Failure Analysis".
742:
735:
556:critical stress intensity factor
23:
1340:from the original on 2021-11-02
1229:from the original on 2022-10-06
1193:from the original on 2022-12-06
1100:from the original on 2023-02-21
723:of the polymer by contact with
34:needs additional citations for
1360:Forensic Materials Engineering
972:Forensic materials engineering
1:
999:Environmental stress fracture
993:Environmental stress cracking
855:reduce the likelihood of SCC.
698:environmental stress cracking
670:environmental stress cracking
332:environmental stress cracking
981:Forensic polymer engineering
135:magnetic particle inspection
207:Metal-induced embrittlement
58:"Stress corrosion cracking"
1595:
1478:10.1109/ictis.2015.7232149
1472:. IEEE. pp. 780–786.
907:in December 1967, when an
502:cracks in the presence of
197:Liquid metal embrittlement
1431:Review of Policy Research
1261:Stress-Corrosion Cracking
1132:10.1007/s11581-014-1079-2
947:Aloha Airlines Flight 243
628:, may be less than 1% of
491:crack in the presence of
271:Stress corrosion cracking
212:Stress corrosion cracking
1519:ASTM (5 November 2018).
1001: – Material failure
783:nitrile butadiene rubber
144:Mechanical failure modes
1334:The Washington Observer
1029:Sulfide stress cracking
898:Natchitoches, Louisiana
217:Sulfide stress cracking
1005:Hydrogen embrittlement
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187:Hydrogen embrittlement
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1579:Materials degradation
1368:10.1201/9780203484531
1163:10.1002/9780470451519
941:Trans-Alaska Pipeline
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1574:Engineering failures
966:Forensic engineering
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303:stress concentration
43:improve this article
1017:Polymer degradation
887:, as seen from the
668:A similar process (
536:high-tensile steels
202:Mechanical overload
1569:Fracture mechanics
987:Fracture mechanics
960:Forensic chemistry
893:
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763:
717:
650:
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552:fracture mechanics
358:and lower applied
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1487:978-1-4799-8694-1
1377:978-0-203-48453-1
1278:978-1-62708-266-2
1086:10.5006/1.3283971
912:suspension bridge
809:Zirconium dioxide
779:styrene-butadiene
544:hydrogen cracking
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307:residual stresses
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162:Corrosion fatigue
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1126:(8): 1117–1126.
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382:SCC environment
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1336:. Mar 5, 1965.
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727:leaking from a
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530:season cracking
508:boiler cracking
453:Aqueous halides
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360:redox potential
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328:metallic alloys
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289:subjected to a
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1437:(5): 401–422.
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1362:. CRC Press.
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1313:the original
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
914:across the
833:site and a
729:car battery
528:solutions (
1558:Categories
1344:2023-02-21
1292:2023-04-26
1233:2022-06-01
1197:2023-02-21
1104:2023-02-21
1036:References
916:Ohio River
841:Prevention
767:elastomers
721:hydrolysis
706:hydrolysis
690:polyesters
526:ammoniacal
479:austenitic
447:Al-3Mg-7Zn
398:13Cr steel
318:Mechanisms
69:newspapers
1564:Corrosion
1451:1541-132X
1094:0010-9312
1074:Corrosion
524:crack in
493:chlorides
486:aluminium
467:0.6 M KCl
461:Ti-6Al-1V
439:OH (pH 7)
311:annealing
295:corrosive
279:corrosive
157:Corrosion
1529:Archived
1525:astm.org
1338:Archived
1224:Archived
1191:Archived
1140:95469920
1098:Archived
954:See also
870:factors.
802:Ceramics
674:polymers
664:Polymers
516:nitrates
477:Certain
418:42% MgCl
412:18Cr-8Ni
340:ceramics
336:polymers
232:Yielding
182:Fracture
152:Buckling
1506:Sources
1496:2908608
1412:The Day
1287:7010172
1220:nrc.gov
694:failure
682:alkalis
429:Cu-30Zn
404:3% NaCl
283:ductile
177:Fouling
172:Fatigue
83:scholar
1535:1 June
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1120:Ionics
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863:metal.
837:site.
761:tubing
514:) and
506:(e.g.
504:alkali
489:alloys
368:Alloy
354:Lower
350:Metals
324:metals
287:alloys
285:metal
192:Impact
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1492:S2CID
1316:(PDF)
1309:(PDF)
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1216:(PDF)
1136:S2CID
1041:Notes
815:Glass
771:ozone
702:Nylon
678:acids
548:crack
500:steel
498:mild
392:MN/m
378:MN/m
344:glass
167:Creep
90:JSTOR
76:books
1537:2022
1482:ISBN
1447:ISSN
1372:ISBN
1283:OSTI
1273:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1090:ISSN
891:side
889:Ohio
859:SCC.
796:tire
680:and
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389:Iscc
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227:Wear
62:news
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