174:
124:
have been found within the long and lateral digital extensors and lateral deep digital flexor. The location of neuromuscular lesions in
Australian stringhalt may be explained by the susceptibility of longer, larger myelinated nerve fibres to injury. Regenerating nerve fibres with disproportionately
103:
Australian stringhalt was described and differentiated from classical stringhalt in 1884. Australian stringhalt is differentiated from classical stringhalt by the severity, occurrence of outbreaks, distinct seasonal pattern and the ability of affected horses to recover spontaneously. This condition
164:
has been used in the management of
Australian stringhalt. Two weeks after treatment with phenytoin, significant improvement was observed in the gait abnormality of horses affected with Australian stringhalt at the trot and canter, but no significant improvement was observed at the walk or while
153:
The majority of horses affected by stringhalt are dependent upon pasture for nutrition. Removal of the horse from its original paddock containing low-quality pasture, weeds and native grasses, along with dietary control, was the most common and successful treatment. Lateral digital extensor
141:
Horses affected with this condition rarely recover without surgical intervention, although there have been some instances where horses have recovered without treatment. The recovery time in affected horses can range from three months to three years. Horses may be affected so severely that
43:
52:
An example of bilateral stringhalt in a horse: the hocks are spasmodically and rapidly flexed with the feet held high before quick placement back on the ground. The condition is more evident during turning and
48:
45:
44:
47:
277:
Huntington, PJ; Jeffcott, LB; Friend, SC; Luff, AR; Finkelstein, DI; Flynn, RJ (July 1989). "Australian
Stringhalt--epidemiological, clinical and neurological investigations".
35:. It is most evident when the horse is backing up slowly, turning on the affected leg, or suddenly frightened. It can involve one or both hind legs of the horse. It is a
108:. This form of stringhalt most commonly occurs in the summer and autumn while horses are out on pasture. Epidemics of Australian stringhalt are usually witnessed during
203:) or a fungal 'poison' found in the soils may be a cause for this condition. Mycotoxins can directly affect the long myelinated nerves in the hind limbs.
120:
The long digital extensor muscle (usually in the hind limb) is the muscle that appears to be the most affected by this condition. The most severe muscle
402:
Huntington, PJ; Seneque, S; Slocombe, RF; Jeffcott, LB; McLean, A; Luff, AR (July 1991). "Use of phenytoin to treat horses with
Australian stringhalt".
46:
319:
Slocombe, RF; Huntington, PJ; Friend, SC; Jeffcott, LB; Luff, AR; Finkelstein, DK (May 1992). "Pathological aspects of
Australian Stringhalt".
444:
181:
The most common plant species that have been found and identified in pastures where affected horses were located include: flatweed (
404:
212:
238:
173:
321:
279:
133:
occurs most severely in the longest nerve in the horse. The cause for this distal axonopathy remains unknown.
183:
66:
199:). The type of nerve damage sustained in horses with Australian stringhalt suggests a mould toxin (
356:
Cahill, JI; Goulden, BE; Jolly, RD (September 1986). "Stringhalt in horses: a distal axonopathy".
381:
155:
129:
are more common in the proximal parts of affected nerves in horses with
Australian stringhalt.
421:
373:
338:
296:
130:
413:
365:
330:
288:
189:
158:
has also been used as a treatment by veterinarians with a success rate of just over 50%.
417:
369:
334:
292:
105:
438:
195:
147:
126:
385:
217:
177:
Hypochaeris radicata (flatweed) is linked to some cases of stringhalt in horses.
143:
82:: cause unknown, but often relieved by section of the lateral extensor tendon
200:
161:
425:
377:
342:
300:
104:
is characterised by the sudden exaggerated flexion of either one or both
89:
32:
109:
28:
20:
121:
172:
41:
36:
24:
76:: the apparent result of a painful condition in the affected leg
39:
contraction of the lateral extensor tendons of the hind legs.
150:
to develop after the exposure to the cause of the condition.
220:, a condition in dogs that may resemble stringhalt in horses
88:: in two out of two affected horses necropsied, abnormal
146:is necessary. It is unknown how long it takes for
8:
272:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
260:
397:
395:
314:
312:
310:
358:Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
229:
27:, most easily seen while the horse is
7:
57:There are four forms of stringhalt:
418:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1991.tb03210.x
370:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1986.tb00054.x
335:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02810.x
293:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02165.x
14:
23:of one or both hind legs in the
112:or abnormally dry conditions.
1:
405:Australian Veterinary Journal
213:Muscular system of the horse
116:Affected areas in the horse
461:
445:Equine injury and lameness
322:Equine Veterinary Journal
280:Equine Veterinary Journal
70:) is the suspected cause
178:
54:
176:
99:Australian stringhalt
80:Unilateral stringhalt
62:Australian stringhalt
51:
184:Hypochaeris radicata
86:Bilateral stringhalt
67:Hypochaeris radicata
193:) and couch grass (
187:), sheep's sorrel (
179:
95:Treatment varies.
55:
131:Distal axonopathy
49:
452:
430:
429:
399:
390:
389:
353:
347:
346:
316:
305:
304:
274:
255:
254:
252:
250:
245:. Horseshoes.com
234:
190:Rumex acetosella
74:Pseudostringhalt
50:
460:
459:
455:
454:
453:
451:
450:
449:
435:
434:
433:
401:
400:
393:
355:
354:
350:
318:
317:
308:
276:
275:
258:
248:
246:
236:
235:
231:
227:
209:
171:
139:
118:
101:
42:
12:
11:
5:
458:
456:
448:
447:
437:
436:
432:
431:
391:
348:
306:
256:
243:The Lame Horse
237:James Rooney.
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
215:
208:
205:
170:
167:
148:clinical signs
138:
135:
127:myelin sheaths
117:
114:
100:
97:
93:
92:
83:
77:
71:
64:: a flatweed (
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
457:
446:
443:
442:
440:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:
398:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:(5): 459–75.
363:
359:
352:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:(3): 174–83.
328:
324:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:(4): 266–73.
286:
282:
281:
273:
271:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
257:
244:
240:
233:
230:
224:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
202:
198:
197:
196:Elymus repens
192:
191:
186:
185:
175:
168:
166:
163:
159:
157:
151:
149:
145:
136:
134:
132:
128:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
98:
96:
91:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
58:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
412:(7): 221–4.
409:
403:
361:
357:
351:
326:
320:
284:
278:
247:. Retrieved
242:
239:"Stringhalt"
232:
218:Scotty cramp
194:
188:
182:
180:
160:
152:
140:
119:
102:
94:
85:
79:
73:
65:
61:
56:
19:is a sudden
16:
15:
225:References
144:euthanasia
17:Stringhalt
201:mycotoxin
165:turning.
162:Phenytoin
156:tenectomy
137:Treatment
37:spasmodic
439:Category
386:26816155
207:See also
90:thalamus
53:backing.
33:trotting
426:1929987
378:3024050
343:1606929
301:2767028
122:lesions
110:drought
29:walking
21:flexion
424:
384:
376:
341:
299:
249:1 July
169:Causes
382:S2CID
125:thin
106:hocks
25:horse
422:PMID
374:PMID
339:PMID
297:PMID
251:2007
414:doi
366:doi
331:doi
289:doi
31:or
441::
420:.
410:68
408:.
394:^
380:.
372:.
362:12
360:.
337:.
327:24
325:.
309:^
295:.
285:21
283:.
259:^
241:.
428:.
416::
388:.
368::
345:.
333::
303:.
291::
253:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
