22:
137:, structural genes are typically viewed as those containing sequences of DNA corresponding to the amino acids of a protein that will be produced, as long as said protein does not function to regulate gene expression. Structural gene products include enzymes and structural proteins. Also encoded by structural genes are non-coding RNAs, such as
210:, in which a single mRNA from a single structural gene can produce several different proteins based on which exons are included. Despite the complexity of this process, it is estimated that up to 94% of human genes are spliced in some way. Furthermore, different splicing patterns occur in different tissue types.
307:
3’UTR, but inclusion of binding sites within the sequence of the protein itself allows the transcripts of these proteins to effectively regulate the microRNAs within the cell. This interaction was demonstrated to have an effect on expression, and thus again a structural gene contains a regulatory component.
267:
More recent phylogenetic approaches focused on structural genes of known function, conserved to varying degrees. rRNA sequences frequent targets, as they are conserved in all species. Microbiology has specifically targeted the 16S gene to determine species level differences. In higher-order taxa, COI
213:
An exception to this layout in eukaryotes are genes for histone proteins, which lack introns entirely. Also distinct are the rDNA clusters of structural genes, in which 28S, 5.8S, and 18S sequences are adjacent, separated by short internally transcribed spacers, and likewise the 45S rDNA occurs five
280:
The distinction between regulatory and structural genes can be attributed to the original 1959 work on Lac operon protein expression. In this instance, a single regulatory protein was detected that affected the transcription of the other proteins now known to compose the Lac operon. From this point
1418:
Hansen, Jens J.; Bross, Peter; Westergaard, Majken; Nielsen, Marit Nyholm; Eiberg, Hans; Børglum, Anders D.; Mogensen, Jens; Kristiansen, Karsten; Bolund, Lars (2003-01-01). "Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial chaperonin genes: HSP60 and HSP10 are localised head to head on chromosome 2
306:
More recently, microRNAs were found to be produced from the internal transcribed spacers of rRNA genes. Thus an internal component of a structural gene is, in fact, regulatory. Binding sites for microRNAs were also detected within coding sequences of genes. Typically interfering RNAs target the
263:
As far back as 1974, DNA sequence similarity was recognized as a valuable tool for determining relationships among taxa. Structural genes in general are more highly conserved due to functional constraint, and so can prove useful in examinations of more disparate taxa. Original analyses enriched
222:
The identification of the genetic basis for the causative agent of a disease can be an important component of understanding its effects and spread. Location and content of structural genes can elucidate the evolution of virulence, as well as provide necessary information for treatment. Likewise
251:, the structural gene sequence responsible for virulence was found in two locations in the genome despite only one location actually producing the viral gene product. This was hypothesized to serve as a potential mechanism for strains to regain virulence if lost through mutation.
206:. Regulatory sequences are typically found in non-coding regions upstream and downstream from the gene. Structural gene mRNAs must be spliced prior to translation to remove intronic sequences. This in turn lends itself to the eukaryotic phenomenon of
295:. These proteins aid in the folding of other proteins, a seemingly regulatory role. Yet these same proteins also aid in the movement of their chaperoned proteins across membranes, and have now been implicated in immune responses (see
276:
Despite the widespread classification of genes as either structural or regulatory, these categories are not an absolute division. Recent genetic discoveries call into question the distinction between regulatory and structural genes.
254:
Understanding the specific changes in structural genes underlying a gain or loss of virulence is a necessary step in the formation of specific treatments, as well the study of possible medicinal uses of toxins.
214:
distinct places on the genome, but is clustered into adjacent repeats. In eubacteria these genes are organized into operons. However, in archaebacteria these genes are non-adjacent and exhibit no linkage.
855:"Molecular genetics of Herpes Simplex Virus: The terminal sequences of the L and S components are obligatorily identical and constitute a part of structural gene mapping predominantly in the S component"
1470:
Cappello, Francesco; Di
Stefano, Antonino; David, Sabrina; Rappa, Francesco; Anzalone, Rita; La Rocca, Giampiero; D'Anna, Silvestro E.; Magno, Francesca; Donner, Claudio F. (2006-11-15).
1219:
Pardee, Arthur B.; Jacob, François; Monod, Jacques (1959-06-01). "The genetic control and cytoplasmic expression of "Inducibility" in the synthesis of β-galactosidase by E. coli".
169:. This permits simpler regulation of gene expression, as a single regulatory factor can affect transcription of all associated genes. This is best illustrated by the well-studied
223:
understanding the specific changes in structural gene sequences underlying a gain or loss of virulence aids in understanding the mechanism by which diseases affect their hosts.
288:(e.g. methylation), RNAi, and more. Regulatory and structural genes can be epigenetically regulated identically, so not all regulation is coded for by “regulatory genes”.
351:
Wang, Eric T.; Sandberg, Rickard; Luo, Shujun; Khrebtukova, Irina; Zhang, Lu; Mayr, Christine; Kingsmore, Stephen F.; Schroth, Gary P.; Burge, Christopher B. (2008).
191:) are all regulated by a single promoter and a single operator. Prokaryotic structural genes are transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA and subsequently translated.
732:
Finn, C. W.; Silver, R. P.; Habig, W. H.; Hardegree, M. C.; Zon, G.; Garon, C. F. (1984-05-25). "The structural gene for tetanus neurotoxin is on a plasmid".
964:
Angerer, R. C.; Davidson, E. H.; Britten, R. J. (1976-07-08). "Single copy DNA and structural gene sequence relationships among four sea urchin species".
1519:
Son, Dong Ju; Kumar, Sandeep; Takabe, Wakako; Kim, Chan Woo; Ni, Chih-Wen; Alberts-Grill, Noah; Jang, In-Hwan; Kim, Sangok; Kim, Wankyu (2013-12-18).
284:
However, increasing discoveries of gene regulation suggest greater complexity. Structural gene expression is regulated by numerous factors including
573:
Sreevatsan, Srinand; Pan, Xi; Stockbauer, Kathryn E.; Connell, Nancy D.; Kreiswirth, Barry N.; Whittam, Thomas S.; Musser, James M. (1997-09-02).
642:"Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes"
932:
236:) was found to carry several virulence and inflammation-related structural genes on plasmids. Likewise, the structural gene responsible for
244:
is caused by a bacterium, but only after that bacterium has been infected by a bacteriophage carrying the structural genes for the toxin.
575:"Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination"
1472:"Hsp60 and Hsp10 down-regulation predicts bronchial epithelial carcinogenesis in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
335:
105:
39:
1521:"The atypical mechanosensitive microRNA-712 derived from pre-ribosomal RNA induces endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis"
640:
Maharaj, Payal D.; Anishchenko, Michael; Langevin, Stanley A.; Fang, Ying; Reisen, William K.; Brault, Aaron C. (2012-01-01).
86:
43:
58:
1362:"Antifolding activity of hsp60 couples protein import into the mitochondrial matrix with export to the intermembrane space"
1017:"SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB"
1072:
Chun, Jongsik; Lee, Jae-Hak; Jung, Yoonyoung; Kim, Myungjin; Kim, Seil; Kim, Byung Kwon; Lim, Young-Woon (2007-01-01).
65:
165:, structural genes of related function are typically adjacent to one another on a single strand of DNA, forming an
32:
72:
1679:
689:
Brubaker, Robert R. (2007-08-01). "How the structural gene products of
Yersinia pestis relate to virulence".
54:
1074:"EzTaxon: a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences"
786:
Greenfield, L.; Bjorn, M. J.; Horn, G.; Fong, D.; Buck, G. A.; Collier, R. J.; Kaplan, D. A. (1983-11-01).
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Pruesse, E.; Quast, C.; Knittel, K.; Fuchs, B. M.; Ludwig, W.; Peplies, J.; Glockner, F. O. (2007-12-01).
915:
Moore, R. L. (1974-01-01). "Nucleic Acid
Reassociation as a Guide to Genetic Relatedness among Bacteria".
1644:
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Koll, H.; Guiard, B.; Rassow, J.; Ostermann, J.; Horwich, A. L.; Neupert, W.; Hartl, F. U. (1992-03-20).
854:
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788:"Nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for diphtheria toxin carried by corynebacteriophage beta"
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is now considered the “barcode of life,” and is applied for most biological identification.
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Hebert, Paul D. N.; Cywinska, Alina; Ball, Shelley L.; deWaard, Jeremy R. (2003-02-07).
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198:, structural genes are not sequentially placed. Each gene is instead composed of coding
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518:"Organization of rRNA structural genes in the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum"
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There are also examples of proteins that do not decidedly fit either category, such as
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919:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 64. pp. 105–128.
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Yeo, Gene; Holste, Dirk; Kreiman, Gabriel; Burge, Christopher B. (2004-01-01).
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that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e.
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Knipe, David; Ruyechan, William; Honess, Robert; Roizman, Bernard (1979).
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Piro, Rosario
Michael (2011-03-29). "Are all genes regulatory genes?".
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1305:"Chaperone machines for protein folding, unfolding and disaggregation"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
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353:"Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes"
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1586:"The code within the code: microRNAs target coding regions"
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forward, the two types of coding sequences were separated.
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410:"Variation in alternative splicing across human tissues"
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samples for structural genes via hybridization to mRNA.
1248:"The role of molecular chaperones in protein folding"
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The Lac Operon: A Short
History of a Genetic Paradigm
1584:Forman, Joshua J.; Coller, Hilary A. (2010-04-15).
240:was determined to be carried on a plasmid as well.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1115:"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes"
1660:Barcode of Life database of COI barcoded species
579:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
469:"The human genome structure and organization"
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1655:SILVA database of aligned rRNA sequence data
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1419:separated by a bidirectional promoter".
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299:) and in the apoptotic pathway (see
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324:MĂĽller-Hill, Benno (1996-01-01).
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516:Tu, J; Zillig, W (1982-11-25).
31:needs additional citations for
145:(but excluding any regulatory
1:
1233:10.1016/S0022-2836(59)80045-0
467:Makałowski, W. (2001-01-01).
1381:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90086-r
1303:Saibil, Helen (2013-10-01).
1221:Journal of Molecular Biology
202:and interspersed non-coding
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925:10.1007/978-3-642-65848-8_4
646:Journal of General Virology
130:). A term derived from the
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1175:Biology & Philosophy
703:10.2217/17460913.2.4.377
473:Acta Biochimica Polonica
427:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r74
1650:The SGC protein browser
813:10.1073/pnas.80.22.6853
754:10.1126/science.6326263
600:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9869
157:Placement in the genome
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1021:Nucleic Acids Research
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522:Nucleic Acids Research
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1525:Nature Communications
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330:. Walter de Gruyter.
218:Role in human disease
1602:10.4161/cc.9.8.11202
249:Herpes simplex virus
208:alternative splicing
40:improve this article
1645:Model of Lac Operon
1537:2013NatCo...4.3000S
874:1979PNAS...76.4534K
804:1983PNAS...80.6853G
746:1984Sci...224..881F
691:Future Microbiology
591:1997PNAS...94.9869S
377:10.1038/nature07509
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33:verification
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420:(10): R74.
286:epigenetics
163:prokaryotes
1669:Categories
1590:Cell Cycle
966:Chromosoma
311:References
242:Diphtheria
196:eukaryotes
66:newspapers
1610:1538-4101
1553:2041-1723
1498:0008-543X
1441:0340-6717
1389:0092-8674
1329:1471-0072
1274:0892-6638
1195:0169-3867
1139:0962-8452
1041:0305-1048
986:0009-5915
943:0070-217X
822:0027-8424
762:0036-8075
711:1746-0921
609:0027-8424
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495:0001-527X
436:1474-760X
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1531:: 3000.
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1457:25856774
1449:12483302
1347:24026055
1290:33498269
1203:16289510
1157:12614582
1100:17911292
1059:17947321
1002:26007034
719:17683274
676:21940408
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1619:2936675
1562:3923891
1533:Bibcode
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1397:1347713
1338:4340576
1282:8529835
1148:1691236
1050:2175337
951:4602647
870:Bibcode
840:6316330
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770:6326263
742:Bibcode
734:Science
667:3352334
627:9275218
587:Bibcode
560:7155894
386:2593745
365:Bibcode
238:tetanus
204:introns
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167:operon
151:siRNAs
147:miRNAs
135:operon
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1675:Genes
1453:S2CID
1401:S2CID
1365:(PDF)
1286:S2CID
1199:S2CID
998:S2CID
858:(PDF)
618:23284
301:Hsp70
297:Hsp60
232:(the
200:exons
143:tRNAs
139:rRNAs
122:is a
87:JSTOR
73:books
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