756:" (syntactic) level. He claimed that the duality of structure does not account for all types of social relationships. Duality of structure works when agents do not question or disrupt rules, and interaction resembles "natural/performative" actions with a practical orientation. However, in other contexts, the relationship between structure and agency can resemble dualism more than duality, such as systems that are the result of powerful agents. In these situations, rules are not viewed as resources, but are in states of transition or redefinition, where actions are seen from a "strategic/monitoring orientation." In this orientation, dualism shows the distance between agents and structures. He called these situations "syntagmatic duality". For example, a professor can change the class he or she teaches, but has little capability to change the larger university structure. "In that case, syntagmatic duality gives way to syntagmatic dualism." This implies that systems are the outcome, but not the medium, of social actions. Mouzelis also criticised Giddens' lack of consideration for social hierarchies.
1053:(PR) strategies could result in a less agency-driven business, return theoretical focus to the role of power structures in PR, and reject massive PR campaigns in favor of a more "holistic understanding of how PR may be used in local contexts both as a reproductive and social instrument." Falkheimer portrayed PR as a method of communication and action whereby social systems emerge and reproduce. Structuration theory reinvigorates the study of space and time in PR theory. Applied structuration theory may emphasize community-based approaches, storytelling, rituals, and informal communication systems. Moreover, structuration theory integrates all organizational members in PR actions, integrating PR into all organizational levels rather than a separate office. Finally, structuration reveals interesting ethical considerations relating to whether a social system
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cultures, concentrating on information and health literacy perspectives." And this framework focused on "the three modalities of structuration, i.e., interpretive schemes, resources, and norms." And in Oliver's research, those three modalities are "resources", "information freedom" and "formal and informal concepts and rules of behavior". After analyzing four countries framework, Oliver and his research team concluded "All our case studies show a number of competing information sources – from traditional media and official websites to various social media platforms used by both the government and the general public – that complicate the information landscape in which we all try to navigate what we know, and what we do not yet know, about the pandemic."
745:. Archer maintained that structure precedes agency in social structure reproduction and analytical importance, and that they should be analysed separately. She emphasised the importance of temporality in social analysis, dividing it into four stages: structural conditioning, social interaction, its immediate outcome and structural elaboration. Thus her analysis considered embedded "structural conditions, emergent causal powers and properties, social interactions between agents, and subsequent structural changes or reproductions arising from the latter." Archer criticised structuration theory for denying time and place because of the inseparability between structure and agency.
1127:. The authors employed structuration theory to re-examine outcomes such as economic/business success as well as trust, coordination, innovation, and shared knowledge. They looked beyond technology into organizational structure and practices, and examined the effects on the structure of adapting to new technologies. The authors held that technology needs to be aligned and compatible with the existing "trustworthy" practices and organizational and market structure. The authors recommended measuring long-term adaptations using ethnography, monitoring and other methods to observe causal relationships and generate better predictions.
166:. Thus, in many ways, structuration was "an exercise in clarification of logical issues." Structuration drew on other fields, as well: "He also wanted to bring in from other disciplines novel aspects of ontology that he felt had been neglected by social theorists working in the domains that most interested him. Thus, for example, he enlisted the aid of geographers, historians and philosophers in bringing notions of time and space into the central heartlands of social theory." Giddens hoped that a subject-wide "coming together" might occur which would involve greater cross-disciplinary dialogue and cooperation, especially between
980:." She compared this to previous models (the technological imperative, strategic choice, and technology as a trigger) and considered the importance of meaning, power, norms, and interpretive flexibility. Orlikowski later replaced the notion of embedded properties for enactment (use). The "practice lens" shows how people enact structures which shape their use of technology that they employ in their practices. While Orlikowski's work focused on corporations, it is equally applicable to the technology cultures that have emerged in smaller community-based organizations, and can be adapted through the
508:"Reflexive monitoring" refers to agents' ability to monitor their actions and those actions' settings and contexts. Monitoring is an essential characteristic of agency. Agents subsequently "rationalize," or evaluate, the success of those efforts. All humans engage in this process, and expect the same from others. Through action, agents produce structures; through reflexive monitoring and rationalization, they transform them. To act, agents must be motivated, must be knowledgeable must be able to rationalize the action; and must reflexively monitor the action.
351:. "Frames" are "clusters of rules which help to constitute and regulate activities, defining them as activities of a certain sort and as subject to a given range of sanctions." Frames are necessary for agents to feel "ontological security, the trust that everyday actions have some degree of predictability. Whenever individuals interact in a specific context they address—without any difficulty and in many cases without conscious acknowledgement—the question: "What is going on here?" Framing is the practice by which agents make sense of what they are doing.
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theory "establishes the internal logical coherence of concepts within a theoretical network." Giddens criticized many researchers who used structuration theory for empirical research, critiquing their "en bloc" use of the theory's abstract concepts in a burdensome way. "The works applying concepts from the logical framework of structuration theory that
Giddens approved of were those that used them more selectively, 'in a spare and critical fashion.'" Giddens and followers used structuration theory more as "a sensitizing device".
852:" as "characterized by rules, regulations and conventions of various sorts, by differing kinds and quantities of resources and by hierarchical power relations between the occupants of institutional positions." Agents acting within institutions and conforming to institutional rules and regulations or using institutionally endowed power reproduce the institution. "If, in so doing, the institutions continue to satisfy certain structural conditions, both in the sense of conditions which delimit the scope for
721:, which take into account how external structures, internal structures, and active agency affect agent choices (or lack of them). "Irresistible forces" are the connected concepts of a horizon of action with a set of "actions-in-hand" and a hierarchical ordering of purposes and concerns. An agent is affected by external influences. This aspect of strong structuration helps reconcile an agent's dialectic of control and his/her more constrained set of "real choices."
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170:, social scientists and sociologists of all types, historians, geographers, and even novelists. Believing that "literary style matters", he held that social scientists are communicators who share frames of meaning across cultural contexts through their work by utilising "the same sources of description (mutual knowledge) as novelists or others who write fictional accounts of social life."
875:: "Structural principles are principles of organisation implicated in those practices most "deeply" (in time) and "pervasively" (in space) sedimented in society", and described structuration as a "mode of institutional articulation" with emphasis on the relationship between time and space and a host of institutional orderings including, but not limited to, rules.
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cited critiques of structuration theory. His central argument was that it needed to be more specific and more consistent both internally and with conventional social structure theory. Thompson focused on problematic aspects of
Giddens' concept of structure as "rules and resources," focusing on "rules". He argued that Giddens' concept of rule was too broad.
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contribute to the reproduction of the language as a whole. ...The relation between moment and totality for social theory... a dialectic of presence and absence which ties the most minor or trivial forms of social action to structural properties of the overall society, and to the coalescence of institutions over long stretches of historical time.
908:(learned dispositions, skills and ways of acting). He wrote that "Societies are based on practices that derived from many distinct structures, which exist at different levels, operate in different modalities, and are themselves based on widely varying types and quantities of resources. ...It is never true that all of them are homologous."
1077:, Walter (2020) applied structuration theory because "it addresses the relationship between actors (or persons) and social structures and how these social structures ultimately realign and conform to the actions of actors" Plus, "these social structures from Giddens's structuration theory assist people to navigate through everyday life."
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manifestation of social actions. Similarly, social structures contain agents and/or are the product of past actions of agents. Giddens holds this duality, alongside "structure" and "system," in addition to the concept of recursiveness, as the core of structuration theory. His theory has been adopted by those with
383:) has helped to demonstrate, the routinized character of most social activity is something that has to be 'worked at' continually by those who sustain it in their day-to-day conduct." Therefore, routinized social practices do not stem from coincidence, "but the skilled accomplishments of knowledgeable agents."
604:, dialectic of control, actions with motivational content, and constraints. Structuration theorists conduct analytical research of social relations, rather than organically discovering them, since they use structuration theory to reveal specific research questions, though that technique has been criticized as
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pandemic had huge impact on society since the beginning. When investigating those impacts, many researchers found helpful using structuration theory to explain the change in society. Oliver (2021) used "a theoretical framework derived from
Giddens' structuration theory to analyze societal information
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inform these abilities. Practical consciousness is the knowledgeability that an agent brings to the tasks required by everyday life, which is so integrated as to be hardly noticed. Reflexive monitoring occurs at the level of practical consciousness. Discursive consciousness is the ability to verbally
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support decision-making, which produces a communication pattern that can be directly observable. Research has not yet examined the "rational" function of group communication and decision-making (i.e., how well it achieves goals), nor structural production or constraints. Researchers must empirically
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Thus
Thompson concluded that Giddens' use of the term "rules" is problematic. "Structure" is similarly objectionable: "But to adhere to this conception of structure, while at the same time acknowledging the need for the study of 'structural principles,' 'structural sets' and 'axes of structuration,'
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The cycle of structuration is not a defined sequence; it is rarely a direct succession of causal events. Structures and agents are both internal and external to each other, mingling, interrupting, and continually changing each other as feedbacks and feedforwards occur. Giddens stated, "The degree of
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referred generally to "rules and resources" and more specifically to "the structuring properties allowing the 'binding' of time-space in social systems". These properties make it possible for similar social practices to exist across time and space and that lend them "systemic" form. Agents—groups or
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Yuan ElaineJ (2011)'s research focused on a certain demographic of people under the structure. Authors studied
Chinese TV shows and audiences' flavor of the show. The author concludes in the relationship between the audience and the TV shows producers, audiences' behavior has higher-order patterns.
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Ultimately, Thompson concluded that the concept of structure as "rules and resources" in an elemental and ontological way resulted in conceptual confusion. Many theorists supported
Thompson's argument that an analysis "based on structuration's ontology of structures as norms, interpretative schemes
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Though he agreed with the soundness and overall purposes of
Giddens' most expansive structuration concepts (i.e., against dualism and for the study of structure in concert with agency), John B. Thompson ("a close friend and colleague of Giddens at Cambridge University") wrote one of the most widely
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reconstructed
Giddens' original theories. Mouzelis kept Giddens' original formulation of structure as "rules and resources." However, he was considered a dualist, because he argued for dualism to be as important in social analysis as the duality of structure. Mouzelis reexamined human social action
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Agents rationalize, and in doing so, link the agent and the agent's knowledgeability. Agents must coordinate ongoing projects, goals, and contexts while performing actions. This coordination is called reflexive monitoring and is connected to ethnomethodology's emphasis on agents' intrinsic sense of
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measures." One example in the research is that "theory of structuration and agency point to situations when individuals and groups of people either in compliance or defiance of community norms and rules of survival adopt certain practices." And during pandemic, researched pointed out "reverting to
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When I utter a sentence I draw upon various syntactical rules (sedimented in my practical consciousness of the language) in order to do so. These structural features of the language are the medium whereby I generate the utterance. But in producing a syntactically correct utterance I simultaneously
260:...the essential recursiveness of social life, as constituted in social practices: structure is both medium and outcome of reproduction of practices. Structure enters simultaneously into the constitution of the agent and social practices, and 'exists' in the generating moments of this constitution.
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which constitute the human social experience: space and time ("and thus, in one sense, 'history'.") His aim was to build a broad social theory which viewed "he basic domain of study of the social sciences... neither the experience of the individual actor, nor the existence of any form of societal
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Structuration theory is relevant to research, but does not prescribe a methodology and its use in research has been problematic. Giddens intended his theory to be abstract and theoretical, informing the hermeneutic aspects of research rather than guiding practice. Giddens wrote that structuration
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social theories, discarding objectivism's focus on detached structures, which lacked regard for humanist elements and subjectivism's exclusive attention to individual or group agency without consideration for socio-structural context. He critically engaged classical nineteenth and early twentieth
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John Parker built on Archer and
Mouzelis's support for dualism to propose a theoretical reclamation of historical sociology and macro-structures using concrete historical cases, claiming that dualism better explained the dynamics of social structures. Equally, Robert Archer developed and applied
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are foundational in the establishment of social order and the reproduction of social systems. Routine persists in society, even during social and political revolutions, where daily life is greatly deformed, "as
Bettelheim demonstrates so well, routines, including those of an obnoxious sort, are
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and others. Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent (not all agents are human). Agency is critical to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by what Giddens calls the "reflexive monitoring of actions."
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Giddens uses "the duality of structure" (i.e. material/ideational, micro/macro) to emphasize structure's nature as both medium and outcome. Structures exist both internally within agents as memory traces that are the product of phenomenological and hermeneutic inheritance and externally as the
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The duality of structures means that structures enter "simultaneously into the constitution of the agent and social practices, and 'exists' in the generating moments of this constitution." "Structures exist paradigmatically, as an absent set of differences, temporally "present" only in their
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to Giddens' conception of constraints on human action. He pointed out the paradoxical relationship between Giddens' "dialectic of control" and his acknowledgement that constraints may leave an agent with no choice. He demanded that Giddens better show how wants and desires relate to choice.
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Structures are the "rules and resources" embedded in agents' memory traces. Agents call upon their memory traces of which they are "knowledgeable" to perform social actions. "Knowledgeability" refers to "what agents know about what they do, and why they do it." Giddens divides memory traces
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Sewell provided a useful summary that included one of the theory's less specified aspects: the question "Why are structural transformations possible?" He claimed that Giddens' overrelied on rules and modified Giddens' argument by re-defining "resources" as the embodiment of cultural
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Social systems have patterns of social relation that change over time; the changing nature of space and time determines the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. Hitherto, social structures or models were either taken to be beyond the realm of human control—the
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Rob Stones argued that many aspects of Giddens' original theory had little place in its modern manifestation. Stones focused on clarifying its scope, reconfiguring some concepts and inserting new ones, and refining methodology and research orientations. Strong structuration:
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rules, or some kinds or aspects of rules, are much more important than others for the analysis of, for example, the social structure of capitalist societies." He found the term to be imprecise and to not designate which rules are more relevant for which social structures.
564:, able to "intervene in the world or to refrain from such intervention, with the effect of influencing a specific process or state of affairs." In essence, agents experience inherent and contrasting amounts of autonomy and dependence; agents can always either act or not.
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are "capitalistic"). These agents may differ, but have important traits in common due to their "capitalistic" identity. Thompson theorized that these traits were not rules in the sense that a manager could draw upon a "rule" to fire a tardy employee; rather, they were
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Structuration differs from its historical sources. Unlike structuralism it sees the reproduction of social systems not "as a mechanical outcome, rather ... as an active constituting process, accomplished by, and consisting in, the doings of active subjects." Unlike
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schemas can be "applied to a wide and not fully predictable range of cases outside the context in which they were initially learned." That capacity "is inherent in the knowledge of cultural schemas that characterizes all minimally competent members of society."
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Clifton Scott and Karen Myers (2010)studied how the duality of structure can explain the shifts of members' actions during the membership negotiations in an organization by This is an example of how structure evolves with the interaction of a group of people.
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re-established." Routine interactions become institutionalized features of social systems via tradition, custom and/or habit, but this is no easy societal task and it "is a major error to suppose that these phenomena need no explanation. On the contrary, as
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the traditional midwifery became a pragmatic approach to a problem." One example to support this point is that "As medical centers were partly closed, with no basic medication and health staff, the only alternative was seek traditional medical services. "
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Interaction is the agent's activity within the social system, space and time. "It can be understood as the fitful yet routinized occurrence of encounters, fading away in time and space, yet constantly reconstituted within different areas of time-space."
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The four flows model of organizing is grounded in structuration theory. McPhee and Pamela Zaug (2001) identify four communication flows that collectively perform key organizational functions and distinguish organizations from less formal social groups:
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Agents may modify schemas even though their use does not predictably accumulate resources. For example, the effect of a joke is never quite certain, but a comedian may alter it based on the amount of laughter it garners regardless of this variability.
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Agents, while bounded in structure, draw upon their knowledge of that structural context when they act. However, actions are constrained by agents' inherent capabilities and their understandings of available actions and external limitations.
226:), its theories of societal "adaptation", and its insistence on the working class as universal class and socialism as the ultimate form of modern society. Finally, "structuration theory cannot be expected to furnish the moral guarantees that
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proposed an "adaptive structuration theory" with respect to the emergence and use of group decision support systems. In particular, they chose Giddens' notion of modalities to consider how technology is used with respect to its "spirit".
1108:. This case can also demonstrate one of the major dimensions in the duality of structure, the sense of power from the CEO. Authors found out that the process follows the theory of duality of structure: under the circumstances of CEO is
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express knowledge. Alongside practical and discursive consciousness, Giddens recognizes actors as having reflexive, contextual knowledge, and that habitual, widespread use of knowledgeability makes structures become institutionalized.
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Waldeck, J.H., Shepard, C.A., Teitelbaum, J., Farrar, W.J., & Seibold, D.R. (2002). New directions for functional, symbolic convergence, structuration, and bona fide group perspectives of group communication. In L.R. Frey (Ed.),
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Agents may interpret a particular resource according to different schemas. E.g., a commander could attribute his wealth to military prowess, while others could see it as a blessing from the gods or a coincidental initial advantage.
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process whereby agents and structures mutually enact social systems, and social systems in turn become part of that duality. Structuration thus recognizes a social cycle. In examining social systems, structuration theory examines
81:, and social practices at the inseparable intersection of structures and agents. Its proponents have adopted and expanded this balanced position. Though the theory has received much criticism, it remains a pillar of contemporary
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Thompson proposed several amendments. He requested sharper differentiation between the reproduction of institutions and the reproduction of social structure. He proposed an altered version of the structuration cycle. He defined
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include age, cognitive/physical limits on performing multiple tasks at once and the physical impossibility of being in multiple places at once, available time and the relationship between movement in space and movement in time.
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The existence of multiple structures implies that the knowledgeable agents whose actions produce systems are capable of applying different schemas to contexts with differing resources, contrary to the conception of a universal
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Signification (meaning): Giddens suggests that meaning is inferred through structures. Agents use existing experience to infer meaning. For example, the meaning of living with mental illness comes from contextualized
970:" are the immediate, visible actions that reveal deeper structuration processes and are enacted with "moves". Appropriations may be faithful or unfaithful, be instrumental and be used with various attitudes.
812:, affecting unevenly various groups of individuals whose categorization depends on certain assumptions about social structures." The isolated analysis of rules does not incorporate differences among agents.
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Domination (power): Giddens also uses "resources" to refer to this type. "Authoritative resources" allow agents to control persons, whereas "allocative resources" allow agents to control material objects.
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Rules differently affect variously situated individuals. Thompson gave the example of a private school which restricts enrollment and thus participation. Thus rules—in this case, restrictions—"operate
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rather than "duality of structure". She primarily examined structural frameworks and the action within the limits allowed by those conditions. She combined realist ontology and called her methodology
995:. Software agents join humans to engage in social actions of information exchange, giving and receiving instructions, responding to other agents, and pursuing goals individually or jointly.
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Though structuration theory has received critical expansion since its origination, Giddens' concepts remained pivotal for later extension of the theory, especially the duality of structure.
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Falkheimer, J. (2009). On Giddens: Interpreting public relations through Anthony Giddens' structuration and late modernity theory. In O. Ihlen, B. van Ruler, & M. Frederiksson (Eds.),
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Thus, he distinguishes between overall "structures-within-knowledgeability" and the more limited and task-specific "modalities" on which these agents subsequently draw when they interact.
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demonstrate the recursivity of action and structure, examine how structures stabilize and change over time due to group communication, and may want to integrate argumentation research.
430:" is very variable. ...I take it to be one of the main features of structuration theory that the extension and 'closure' of societies across space and time is regarded as problematic."
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is intended to provide an accessible introduction to Giddens' work and also to situate structuration theory in the context of other approaches. Available in part for free online via
252:. Memory traces are thus the vehicle through which social actions are carried out. Structure is also, however, the result of these social practices. Thus, Giddens conceives of the
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applied the duality of structure to technology: "The duality of technology identifies prior views of technology as either objective force or as socially constructed product–as a
397:) of a sense of ontological security, and the routine nature of social reproduction which agents skilfully organize. The monitoring of the body, the control and use of face in '
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Oliver, Gillian; Jeurgens, Charles; Lian, Zhiying; Haraldsdottir, Ragna Kemp; Foscarini, Fiorella; Wang, Ning (2021), Toeppe, Katharina; Yan, Hui; Chu, Samuel Kai Wah (eds.),
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Stillman, L. (2006). (Ph.D Thesis). Understandings of Technology in Community-Based Organisations: A Structurational Analysis. Monash University, Australia. Retrieved from:
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Another case study done by Dutta (2016) and his research team shows how the models shift because of the action of individuals. The article examines the relationship between
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Thus, even the smallest social actions contribute to the alteration or reproduction of social systems. Social stability and order is not permanent; agents always possess a
2084:"Internationalization process, impact of slack resources, and role of the CEO: The duality of structure and agency in evolution of cross-border acquisition decisions"
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Poole, Seibold, and McPhee wrote that "group structuration theory," provides "a theory of group interaction commensurate with the complexities of the phenomenon."
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in contending that rules are a generalizable enough tool to apply to every aspect of human action and interaction; "on the other hand, Giddens is well aware that
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analytical dualism in his critical analysis of the impact of New Managerialism on education policy in England and Wales during the 1990s and organization theory.
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the scope for institutional variation." It is necessary to outline the broader social system to be able to analyze agents, actors, and rules within that system.
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The theory attempts to integrate macrosocial theories and individuals or small groups, as well as how to avoid the binary categorization of either "stable" or "
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Institutional positioning in the social order of institutions—mostly external communication to gain recognition and inclusion in the web of social transactions.
422:(discussed below) which allows them to break away from normative actions. Depending on the social factors present, agents may cause shifts in social structure.
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McLennan, G. (1997/2000/2001). Critical or positive theory? A comment on the status of Anthony Giddens' social theory. In C.G.A. Bryant & D. Jary (Eds.),
218:, in which structures and their virtual synonyms, "systems", comprise organisations, structuration sees structures and systems as separate concepts. Unlike
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frame for his theory, as he was concerned with the abstract characteristics of social relations. This leaves each level more accessible to analysis via the
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Pavlou, P.A>, & Majchrzak, A. (2002). Structuration theory: Capturing the complexity of business-to-business intermediaries. In M. Warkentin (Ed.),
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Structuration theory allows researchers to focus on any structure or concept individually or in combination. In this way, structuration theory prioritizes
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The use of "patriot" in political speech reflects this mingling, borrowing from and contributing to nationalistic norms and supports structures such as a
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Structures often overlap, confusing interpretation (e.g., the structure of capitalist society includes production from both private property and worker
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615:, which focuses on contextually situated actions. It employs detailed accounts of agents' knowledgeability, motivation, and the dialectic of control.
2053:"Toward an Integrative Theoretical Perspective on Organizational Membership Negotiations: Socialization, Assimilation, and the Duality of Structure"
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and present themselves in the forms of facility (domination), interpretive scheme/communication (signification) and norms/sanctions (legitimation).
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and power resources radically limits itself if it does not frame and locate itself within a more broadly conceived notion of social structures."
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production of an utterance, structuration sees language as a tool from which to view society, not as the constitution of society—parting with
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Zvokuomba (2021) also used Giddens' theory of structuration "to reflect at the various levels of fragilities within the context of COVID-19
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to point out that the need for a prior framework which to enable analysis of, for example, the social structure of an entire nation. While
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Workman, M., Ford, R., & Allen, W. (2008). A structuration agency approach to security policy enforcement in mobile ad hoc networks.
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approach. The duality of structure emphasizes that they are different sides to the same central question of how social order is created.
584:. In his own work, Giddens focuses on production and reproduction of social practices in some context. He looked for stasis and change,
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Poole, M.S., Seibold, D.R., & McPhee, R.D. (1996). The structuration of group decisions. In R.Y. Hirokawa & M.S. Poole (Eds.),
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Orlikowski, W. J. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations.
1112:, and the company is the limitation of resources, the process of cross-border acquisition is likely to be different than before.
222:, structuration avoids an overly restrictive concept of "society" and Marxism's reliance on a universal "motor of history" (i.e.
1965:"The changing work landscape as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic: insights from remote workers life situations in South Africa"
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Desanctis, G. & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: adaptive structuration theory.
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may be relevant to social structure, to study them "presupposes some structural points of reference which are not themselves
802:, with regard to which these semantic rules are differentiated" according to class, sex, region and so on. He called this
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Structuration theory can also be used in explaining business related issues including operating, managing and marketing.
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334:. The "modality" (discussed below) of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into actions.
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667:, "including a range of aspects involved when agents draw upon internal structures in producing practical action"; and
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Increases attention to epistemology and methodology. Ontology supports epistemology and methodology by prioritising:
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Bryant, C.G.A., & Jary, D. (1991). Coming to terms with Anthony Giddens. In C.G.A. Bryant & D. Jary (Eds.),
464:(norms): Giddens sometimes uses "rules" to refer to either signification or legitimation. An agent draws upon these
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178:'s concept of agents as "bearers" of structures, structuration theory sees them as active participants. Unlike the
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Education policy and realist social theory : primary teachers, child-centred philosophy and new managerialism
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1921:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12645, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 618–634,
1407:"The Structuration of Community-Based Mental Health Care: A Duality Analysis of a Volunteer Group's Local Agency"
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Waldeck et al. concluded that the theory needs to better predict outcomes, rather than merely explaining them.
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via memory to inform him or herself about the external context, conditions, and potential results of an action.
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Giddens replied that a structural principle is not equivalent with rules, and pointed to his definition from
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1830:"Organizational Theory, Organizational Communication, Organizational Knowledge, and Problematic Integration"
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Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: rethinking the concept of technology in organizations.
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819:. Some "rules" are better conceived of as broad inherent elements that define a structure's identity (e.g.,
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592:, behavior, and creative, skillful, and strategic thought simultaneously. He examined spatial organization,
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2115:"The Duality of Structure in China's National Television Market: A Network Analysis of Audience Behavior"
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The factors that can enable or constrain an agent, as well as how an agent uses structures, are known as
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Healy, K. (1998). "Conceptualising constraint: Mouzelis, Archer, and the concept of social structure."
1510:"Contextualising rural entrepreneurship – A strong structuration perspective on gendered-local agency"
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2668:
2569:
2564:
2500:
2359:
2188:
1011:
Organizational self-structuring—reflexive, especially managerial, structuring and control activities;
962:
753:
734:
365:
179:
115:
51:
748:
707:
level." Strong structuration allows varied abstract ontological concepts in experiential conditions.
699:
Discovers the "meso-level of ontology between the abstract, philosophical level of ontology and the
3173:
3010:
2458:
2441:
2395:
2385:
2252:
1030:
958:
905:
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791:
210:
theory, which put similar focus on the effects of time and space, structuration does not recognise
82:
3095:
2182:. Giddens' most comprehensive work on structuration theory. Available in part for free online via
2114:
3085:
2886:
2762:
2636:
2557:
2521:
2329:
2142:
2083:
2033:
1940:
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1447:
1201:
597:
488:
248:
individuals—draw upon these structures to perform social actions through embedded memory, called
227:
207:
199:
46:
163:
2006:"Surviving on the margins: Volunteers' agency to survive poverty and vulnerability in Zimbabwe"
3060:
2901:
2876:
2752:
2134:
2025:
1986:
1930:
1849:
1624:
1531:
1439:
1272:
992:
932:
1477:
Ilmonen, K. (2001). Sociology, consumption, and routine. In J. Gronow & A. Warde (Eds.),
3065:
2986:
2970:
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2415:
2324:
2126:
2095:
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2017:
1976:
1922:
1841:
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1657:
1521:
1429:
1421:
1186:
1050:
973:
949:
This theory was adapted and augmented by researchers interested in the relationship between
824:
380:
155:
40:
1380:
Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis.
3080:
3075:
2656:
2611:
2446:
2420:
2364:
2234:
2052:
977:
730:
601:
543:
296:
167:
98:
94:
66:
1914:
1712:
A contemporary critique of historical materialism: vol 1: Power, property, and the state.
38:
of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based on the analysis of both
2742:
2683:
2516:
2451:
2436:
2339:
1845:
1743:
Sewell, Jr., W. H. (1992). A theory of structure: duality, agency, and transformation.
1191:
1144:
500:
269:
inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than to
223:
159:
59:
55:
1073:
In the research of interpreting how remote work environment change during COVID-19 in
3186:
2921:
2916:
2891:
2700:
2641:
2552:
2480:
2410:
2405:
2068:
2037:
1944:
1669:
1646:"The Place of Culture in Organization Theory: Introducing the Morphogenetic Approach"
1196:
889:
795:
504:
491:
in theorizing that structures and their meaning are understood by their differences.
484:
344:
151:
106:
totality, but social practices ordered across space and time." His focus on abstract
35:
27:
Social theory proposed by Giddens that attempts to resolve the structure-agent debate
2146:
1451:
1362:
New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies.
2776:
2574:
2505:
2465:
2293:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2183:
1723:
Giddens, A. (1989). A reply to my critics. In D. Held & J. B. Thompson (Eds.),
1181:
1074:
1008:
Membership negotiation—socialization, but also identification and self-positioning;
581:
461:
434:
286:
203:
130:
111:
78:
54:), without giving primacy to either. Furthermore, in structuration theory, neither
536:
Location offers are a particular type of capability constraint. Examples include:
483:
instantiation, in the constituting moments of social systems." Giddens draws upon
2175:
2130:
1926:
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3090:
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2490:
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2380:
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688:
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are essential for the existence of a "basic security system, the sustaining (in
186:, structuration focuses on structure rather than production exclusively. Unlike
139:
63:
2005:
1981:
1964:
2911:
2906:
2881:
2661:
2485:
2349:
2298:
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2224:
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135:
119:
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1990:
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472:
When an agent uses these structures for social interactions, they are called
17:
3152:
3138:
3126:
3110:
2678:
2616:
2475:
2308:
1661:
589:
417:
175:
143:
1443:
1014:
Activity coordination—Interacting to align or adjust local work activities;
694:"he specific combinations of all the above in composite forms of research."
1645:
303:", since both aspects are involved in using and producing social actions.
2390:
1081:
1066:
912:
897:
577:
398:
312:
147:
107:
102:
2218:
892:. He argued that change arises from the multiplicity of structures, the
2201:
of Giddens' entire body of work. Available in part for free online via
638:
376:
363:
as "the transcending of time and space in human social relationships".
348:
219:
2178:
The constitution of society: An outline of the theory of structuration
1434:
896:
nature of schemas, the unpredictability of resource accumulation, the
3136:
2606:
1466:
Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age.
649:, which details the elements in the duality of structure. These are:
2161:
Business to business electronic commerce: Challenges & solutions
1915:"Societal Information Cultures: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic"
1777:
2233:
detailing the structure of structuration theory as contrasted with
1802:
1269:
The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration
281:
which appears to grant a certain autonomy to technical artifacts.)
3145:
1725:
Social theory of modern societies: Anthony Giddens and his critics
1514:
International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship
1356:
1354:
1119:
Pavlou and Majchrzak argued that research on business-to-business
704:
401:'—these are fundamental to social integration in time and space."
2082:
Dutta, Dev K.; Malhotra, Shavin; Zhu, PengCheng (February 2016).
1490:
Turner, J.H. (1986). Review essay: The theory of structuration.
2722:
2248:
1592:
Back to sociological theory: The construction of social orders.
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1584:
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1254:
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1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1049:
Falkheimer claimed that integrating structuration theory into
987:
Workman, Ford and Allen rearticulated structuration theory as
860:, then the agents may be said to reproduce social structure."
2244:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
2219:
Anthony Giddens: The theory of structuration - Theory.org.uk
1901:
Public relations and social theory: Key figures and concepts
815:
Thompson claimed that Giddens offered no way of formulating
710:
Focuses on the meso-level at the temporal and spatial scale.
277:
or material property. (This is different, for example, from
1574:
Mouzelis, N. (1989). "Restructuring structuration theory."
1508:
Elkafrawi, Nermin; Roos, Annie; Refai, Deema (2022-03-01).
991:
for modeling socio-biologically inspired structuration in
549:
Presence: Do other actors participate in the action? (see
299:
suggested renaming this process "the duality of structure
1346:
Giddens' theory of structuration: A critical appreciation
546:: political or geographical zones, or rooms in a building
62:
analysis alone is sufficient. The theory was proposed by
836:
the kinds of rules which are possible and which thereby
1340:
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1324:
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1300:
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Physical presence: Are other actors physically nearby?
1874:(pp.3-25). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1969:
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
1727:(pp.249-301). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3119:
3053:
2930:
2869:
2786:
2733:
2545:
2514:
2429:
2373:
2317:
2286:
1405:Zanin, Alaina C.; Piercy, Cameron W. (2018-07-19).
856:and the conditions which underlie the operation of
347:can affect interaction, as originally suggested by
243:Giddens observed that in social analysis, the term
2113:Yuan, Elaine J.; Ksiazek, Thomas B. (2011-05-25).
2004:Kabonga, Itai; Zvokuomba, Kwashirai (2021-09-29).
1550:Realist social theory: The morphogenetic approach.
1374:
1372:
1370:
737:in structuration theory. She proposed a notion of
2163:(pp.175-189). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.
900:of resources and the intersection of structures.
873:A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism
359:Structuration theory is centrally concerned with
1382:Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
110:accompanied a general and purposeful neglect of
684:appropriate forms of methodological bracketing;
408:
289:approach—or posit that action creates them—the
258:
2771:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
2119:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
2051:Scott, Clifton; Myers, Karen (February 2010).
1828:McPhee, Robert D.; Zaug, Pamela (2001-09-01).
844:is simply a recipe for conceptual confusion."
2260:
8:
3150:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2456:
778:Thompson claimed that Giddens presupposed a
2730:
2719:
2283:
2267:
2253:
2245:
311:The duality of structure is essentially a
2674:Relationship between religion and science
1980:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1525:
1433:
1104:'s behavior and a company's cross-border
1776:(3):398-427. Earlier version at the URI
1364:Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
984:in approaches to technology governance.
214:movement, change and transition. Unlike
2995:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1885:Communication and group decision making
1395:(pp. 318-327). New York, NY: Routledge.
1218:
1167:§ Wicca as a religion of late modernity
2350:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2211:Available in part for free online via
1903:(pp.103-119). New York, NY: Routledge.
1887:(pp.114-146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
1552:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
560:Agents are always able to engage in a
437:, from which it in turn gains impact.
1895:
1893:
1872:New directions in group communication
1745:The American Journal of Sociology, 98
1393:Anthony Giddens: Critical assessments
7:
1481:(pp. 9-25). New York, NY: Routledge.
1348:(pp. 1-32). New York, NY: Routledge.
596:, skilled and knowledgeable agents,
594:intended and unintended consequences
2627:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1846:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02897.x
1607:Buckingham: Open University Press.
1159:Archaeology of religion and ritual
733:objected to the inseparability of
448:structures-within-knowledgeability
25:
2955:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
2939:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2795:The Course in Positive Philosophy
1778:http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2300
1699:Studies in the theory of ideology
1594:New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
1332:New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
134:century social theorists such as
118:, consistent with other types of
2069:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01355.x
1816:Information Security Journal, 17
1803:http://webstylus.net/?q=node/182
1137:
863:Thompson also proposed adding a
673:(as both structures and events).
499:Giddens' agents follow previous
2947:History and Class Consciousness
1919:Diversity, Divergence, Dialogue
1172:Comparative contextual analysis
1123:portrayed technology as overly
953:and social structures, such as
588:, relative degrees of routine,
2811:Critical History of Philosophy
726:Post-structuration and dualism
1:
3019:Knowledge and Human Interests
2355:Rankean historical positivism
1617:Archer, Robert (2007-12-24).
1492:American Journal of Sociology
790:Thompson used the example of
230:sometimes purport to offer."
3137:
2803:A General View of Positivism
2209:Social theory for beginners.
2131:10.1080/08838151.2011.570825
1963:Matli, Walter (2020-12-02).
1927:10.1007/978-3-030-71292-1_48
1207:Text and conversation theory
3003:Conjectures and Refutations
2835:The Logic of Modern Physics
2652:Deductive-nomological model
1576:The Sociological Review, 32
1414:Qualitative Health Research
1271:. Cambridge: Polity Press.
989:structuration agency theory
804:structural differentiation.
770:John Thompson (sociologist)
125:Giddens used concepts from
71:The Constitution of Society
3224:
2963:The Poverty of Historicism
2859:The Universe in a Nutshell
2843:Language, Truth, and Logic
2827:The Analysis of Sensations
1982:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0386
1701:. Cambridge: Polity Press.
942:
858:structural differentiation
767:
719:irresistible causal forces
613:strategic conduct analysis
3171:
3043:The Rhetoric of Economics
2729:
2724:Positivist-related debate
2718:
2282:
2100:10.1016/j.jwb.2015.07.001
2088:Journal of World Business
2022:10.1177/00208728211045423
2010:International Social Work
1527:10.1177/02662426211069851
1154:Action theory (sociology)
715:independent causal forces
636:Places its ontology more
2979:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
2696:Structural functionalism
2622:Naturalism in literature
1834:Journal of Communication
1790:Organization Science, 11
1468:Cambridge: Polity Press.
1426:10.1177/1049732318786945
1177:Constitutive criminology
655:as conditions of action;
619:Criticisms and additions
553:); and more specifically
518:discursive consciousness
184:interpretative sociology
69:, most significantly in
3106:Willard Van Orman Quine
2819:Idealism and Positivism
2411:Critique of metaphysics
2345:Sociological positivism
1774:Organization Science, 3
1761:Organization Science, 5
1697:Thompson, J.B. (1984).
1662:10.1177/135050840071006
1644:Archer, Robert (2000).
982:gender sensitivity lens
854:institutional variation
780:criterion of importance
514:Practical consciousness
32:theory of structuration
3151:
3120:Concepts in contention
2761:
2751:
2741:
2632:Objectivity in science
2530:Non-Euclidean geometry
2496:Methodological dualism
2457:
1165:A Community of Witches
1089:Business and structure
1061:COVID-19 and structure
955:information technology
945:Theories of technology
691:steps in research; and
530:capability constraints
413:
307:Cycle of structuration
262:
3193:Sociological theories
3027:The Poverty of Theory
2647:Philosophy of science
2536:Uncertainty principle
2199:A critical assessment
1590:Mouzelis, N. (1991).
1330:Structuration theory.
865:range of alternatives
681:the question-at-hand;
441:Structure and society
3035:The Scientific Image
2706:Structuration theory
2669:Qualitative research
2570:Criticism of science
2565:Critical rationalism
2501:Problem of induction
2057:Communication Theory
1710:Giddens, A. (1981).
1479:Ordinary Consumption
1464:Giddens, A. (1991).
1378:Giddens, A. (1979).
1360:Giddens, A. (1993).
1267:Giddens, A. (1984).
735:structure and agency
627:Strong structuration
562:dialectic of control
450:) into three types:
279:actor–network theory
254:duality of structure
239:Duality of structure
192:structural linguists
180:philosophy of action
116:research methodology
89:Premises and origins
52:structure and agency
3011:One-Dimensional Man
2459:Geisteswissenschaft
2442:Confirmation holism
1975:(9/10): 1237–1256.
1603:Parker, J. (2000).
1548:Archer, M. (1995).
1328:Stones, R. (2005).
1022:Group communication
817:structural identity
792:linguistic analysis
659:internal structures
653:external structures
647:quadripartite cycle
466:stocks of knowledge
196:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
182:and other forms of
83:sociological theory
3086:Hans-Georg Gadamer
2887:Alexander Bogdanov
2763:Positivismusstreit
2558:Post-behavioralism
2522:history of science
2374:Principal concepts
2330:Logical positivism
1714:London: Macmillan.
1202:Sociology of space
957:in organizations.
743:analytical dualism
611:Giddens preferred
586:agent expectations
495:Agents and society
489:post-structuralism
228:critical theorists
208:post-structuralist
202:theorists such as
200:generative grammar
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3061:Theodor W. Adorno
2877:Richard Avenarius
2753:Werturteilsstreit
2714:
2713:
2662:Sense-data theory
2360:Polish positivism
2335:Positivist school
1936:978-3-030-71291-4
1278:978-0-520-05728-9
993:security software
661:within the agent;
366:Institutionalized
73:, which examines
16:(Redirected from
3215:
3156:
3142:
3066:Gaston Bachelard
2987:Truth and Method
2971:World Hypotheses
2851:The Two Cultures
2766:
2756:
2746:
2731:
2720:
2462:
2416:Unity of science
2325:Legal positivism
2284:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2227:
2176:Anthony Giddens'
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2110:
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2079:
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2048:
2042:
2041:
2016:(4): 1135–1141.
2001:
1995:
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1579:
1578:(3), pp.509-522.
1572:
1566:
1565:(4), pp.613-635.
1559:
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1520:(8): 1019–1040.
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1283:
1282:
1264:
1187:Health geography
1147:
1142:
1141:
1051:public relations
1045:Public relations
999:Four-flows-model
974:Wanda Orlikowski
911:Originally from
825:Harold Macmillan
764:John B. Thompson
642:than abstractly.
525:accountability.
381:ethnomethodology
156:Robert K. Merton
21:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3208:Social theories
3198:Critical theory
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3159:
3115:
3081:Paul Feyerabend
3076:Wilhelm Dilthey
3049:
2926:
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2782:
2725:
2710:
2657:Ramsey sentence
2612:Instrumentalism
2541:
2519:
2517:paradigm shifts
2510:
2447:Critical theory
2425:
2421:Verificationism
2369:
2365:Russian Machism
2313:
2278:
2273:
2235:Talcott Parsons
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1091:
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1047:
1024:
1001:
978:false dichotomy
947:
941:
885:
772:
766:
731:Margaret Archer
728:
713:Conceptualises
645:Introduces the
629:
621:
602:tacit knowledge
570:
544:Regionalization
497:
443:
407:
379:(together with
357:
340:
309:
297:Gregor McLennan
241:
236:
168:anthropologists
164:JĂĽrgen Habermas
99:post-empiricist
95:Anthony Giddens
91:
67:Anthony Giddens
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2943:
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2928:
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2909:
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2902:Émile Durkheim
2899:
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36:social theory
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18:Structuration
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2777:Science wars
2705:
2575:Epistemology
2506:Reflectivism
2466:Hermeneutics
2318:Declinations
2294:Antihumanism
2287:Perspectives
2213:Google Books
2203:Google Books
2193:Google Books
2184:Google Books
2177:
2160:
2155:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2091:
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2013:
2009:
1999:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1948:, retrieved
1918:
1908:
1900:
1884:
1879:
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1823:
1815:
1810:
1797:
1792:(4):404-428.
1789:
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1768:
1763:(2):121-147.
1760:
1744:
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1653:
1650:Organization
1649:
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1400:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1361:
1345:
1329:
1268:
1182:Grand theory
1164:
1118:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1079:
1075:South Africa
1072:
1064:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1002:
988:
986:
981:
972:
948:
930:
926:
922:
917:transposable
916:
910:
902:
894:transposable
893:
886:
877:
872:
870:
864:
862:
857:
853:
850:institutions
846:
842:
816:
814:
807:
803:
789:
779:
777:
773:
758:
747:
742:
738:
729:
718:
714:
700:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
637:
630:
622:
612:
610:
582:epistemology
575:
571:
561:
559:
535:
529:
527:
523:
517:
513:
510:
498:
481:
478:
473:
471:
465:
462:Legitimation
458:experiences.
447:
444:
435:police state
432:
424:
416:
414:
409:
394:
390:
386:
385:
371:
364:
360:
358:
341:
331:
325:
321:
310:
295:
287:positivistic
283:
263:
259:
253:
249:
244:
242:
204:Noam Chomsky
172:
131:subjectivist
124:
114:or detailed
112:epistemology
93:Sociologist
92:
79:hermeneutics
70:
45:
39:
31:
29:
3132:Objectivity
3101:Karl Popper
3091:Thomas Kuhn
3071:Mario Bunge
2822:(1879–1884)
2757:(1909–1959)
2491:Metaphysics
2471:Historicism
2386:Demarcation
2381:Consilience
2304:Rationalism
1106:acquisition
1057:transform.
754:syntagmatic
568:Methodology
551:co-presence
405:Explanation
338:Interaction
332:interaction
317:feedforward
273:them as an
127:objectivist
64:sociologist
3187:Categories
2912:Ernst Mach
2907:Ernst Laas
2882:A. J. Ayer
2870:Proponents
2689:Philosophy
2486:Humanities
2430:Antitheses
2299:Empiricism
2276:Positivism
1950:2021-11-15
1818:, 267-277.
1435:1808/27631
1214:References
1121:e-commerce
1033:" groups.
951:technology
943:See also:
939:Technology
933:solidarity
821:Henry Ford
598:discursive
474:modalities
428:systemness
420:of control
301:and agency
275:ideal type
256:as being:
234:Main ideas
188:Saussure's
120:pragmatism
103:ontologies
97:adopted a
3153:Verstehen
3139:Phronesis
3127:Knowledge
3111:Max Weber
2931:Criticism
2679:Sociology
2617:Modernism
2595:pluralism
2580:anarchism
2476:Historism
2396:Induction
2309:Scientism
2189:This book
2139:0883-8151
2038:244235701
2030:0020-8728
1991:0144-333X
1945:232294007
1854:0021-9916
1747:(1):1-29.
1670:145352259
1536:0266-2426
959:DeSanctis
687:distinct
590:tradition
418:dialectic
399:face work
322:structure
245:structure
206:. Unlike
176:Althusser
144:Max Weber
140:Karl Marx
41:structure
3174:Category
2590:nihilism
2585:idealism
2515:Related
2391:Evidence
2147:55934782
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1444:30024315
1131:See also
1082:lockdown
1067:COVID-19
1031:emergent
913:Bourdieu
898:polysemy
830:elements
752:at the "
671:outcomes
578:ontology
327:modality
313:feedback
194:such as
108:ontology
3054:Critics
2779:(1990s)
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2520:in the
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832:which "
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701:in-situ
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220:Marxism
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963:Poole
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800:rules
705:ontic
580:over
387:Trust
361:order
345:Rules
271:reify
56:micro
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212:only
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