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589:, Elizabeth H. Nicol, and Joel C. Kleinman published a journal article titled "Information Mapping for Learning and Reference" in August 1969. The article details their new style of writing and their process of creating it. Within the article, Horn et al. cite their reasons for creating structured writing, most importantly, rapidly changing technology. Because of this, information can be difficult to digest as well as span different technological fields that workers might not know how to properly use. By creating structured writing, Horn and his colleagues developed a way for employers to condense a large amount of complex information into simple reference materials.
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Horn and colleagues identified dozens of common documentation types, then analyzed them into structural components called information blocks. They identified over 200 common block types. These were assembled into information types using information maps. The seven most common information types were
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In the years after its development, structured writing has been implemented in a wide variety of fields and has been proven to increase understanding. A study conducted by
Hutkemri Zulnaidi and Effandi Zakaria in a middle school in Indonesia found that when implemented in a math class, information
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worked to develop a way to structure and connect large amounts of information, taking inspiration from geographical maps. He coined the term "Information
Mapping" to describe his method of analyzing, organizing, and displaying knowledge in print and in the new online presentation of text and
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concept, procedure, process, principle, fact, structure, and classification. Rather than classifying information through paragraphs, structured writing uses these information blocks that typically include images, diagrams, and/or sentences that always appear under a header.
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mapping yielded a higher percentage of students who understood and retained information compared to the students who were not taught using information mapping. Structured writing has also inspired new ways of presenting information, namely
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The
Consistency Principle: Throughout the information block as well as the reference material as a whole, the author must keep their language and formatting the same throughout.
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The
Chunking Principle: In order to ensure an audience is retaining information, it's imperative that the author separates their information into concise information blocks.
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The
Labeling Principle: Every information block, or set of blocks, must have a clearly identifiable label that indicates what the block or set of blocks is referencing.
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In his research, Horn identified four main points to creating an easy to comprehend information block. These points include:
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Hypertext: The Analysis, Organization, and Display of Knowledge for the Next Generation of On-Line Text and Graphics
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866:"The Effect of Information Mapping Strategy on Mathematics Conceptual Knowledge of Junior High School Students"
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How High Can it Fly? Examining the
Evidence on Information Mapping's method of High-Performance Communication
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Organizing pages of content in a way that helps users understand its place in the whole body of knowledge
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Horn, Robert E. "Structured writing at twenty-five." Performance and instruction 32 (1993): 11-11.
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Horn, Robert E.; Nicol, Elizabeth H.; Kleinman, Joel C.; Grace, Michael G. (1969-08-01).
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Structured writing has been developed to address common problems in complex writing:
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to allow people to digest information both faster and easier. From 1963 to 1965,
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Maximizing the efficiency with which documentation can be understood and used
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Day, Priestley, Schell, Don, Michael, David (September 2005).
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Providing users with a more intuitive and obvious experience
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Coordinating writing projects among a group of writers
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Zulnaidi, Zakaria, Hutkemri, Effandi (January 2010).
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ACM SIGDOC Asterisk
Journal of Computer Documentation
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The
National Society for Performance and Instruction
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Organizing each chunk of content in an intuitive way
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681:Technical communication § Content creation
843:INFORMATION MAPPING FOR LEARNING AND REFERENCE
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77:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
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263:Business decision mapping
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969:Technical communication
288:Knowledge visualization
937:Mapping, Information.
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565:that uses and creates
475:Diagrammatic reasoning
298:Morphological analysis
939:"Information Mapping"
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686:Topic-based authoring
500:Ontology (philosophy)
399:Layered graph drawing
273:Graphic communication
567:structured documents
414:Organizational chart
409:Object-role modeling
326:Node–link approaches
157:"Structured writing"
142:improve this article
88:improve this article
943:Information Mapping
706:Lexington Institute
308:Schema (psychology)
250:Information mapping
851:10.21236/ad0699201
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419:Pathfinder network
283:Information design
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354:Concept map
90:if you can.
948:2023-11-11
692:References
574:graphics.
394:Issue tree
369:Dendrogram
339:Cladistics
168:newspapers
36:improve it
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444:Topic map
434:Sociogram
389:Issue map
384:Hypertext
42:talk page
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