104:
877:
378:(2013). They supported mandibular teeth structure again. They argued that visible maxillary palps are abnormal under the crustacean hypothesis. They considered that scape, pedicel and flagellum can be confirmed from width of antennae, and antennae being wider than legs would not deny insect affinity. For the extra legs that Hörnschemeyer
619:
465:
Romain
Garrouste, Gaël Clément, Patricia Nel, Michael S. Engel, Philippe Grandcolas, Cyrille D’Haese, Linda Lagebro, Julien Denayer, Pierre Gueriau, Patrick Lafaite, Sébastien Olive, Cyrille Prestianni and André Nel (2012). "A complete insect from the Late Devonian period". Nature. 488 (7409): 82–85.
355:
is considered as arbitrary. The scape, pedicel and flagellum on its antennae cannot be confirmed, and the whole antennae is wider than the legs which is highly unusual for insects. The alleged subdivision of the trunk into thorax and abdomen is also questionable. Importantly, over 3 pairs of legs can
846:
Ward, P.; Labandeira, C.; Laurin, M.; Berner, R. A. (2006). "Confirmation of Romer's Gap as a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization". Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 16818–22. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10316818W. PMC
281:
is known from a single specimen. It is a small arthropod with length about 8 mm (0.31 in). Structures like antennae and a number of pairs of legs can be seen. Due to the poorly preserved nature of this fossil, its interpretation and classification depend on the authors.
674:
351:(2013) questioned its interpretation as an insect. The mandible and its teeth cannot be confirmed, the mandibular teeth would be caused by the idiosyncratic way the rock parted. The eyes are vague, the indication of eye rims by Garrouste
562:
Garrouste, Romain; Clément, Gaël; Nel, Patricia; Engel, Michael S.; Grandcolas, Philippe; D’Haese, Cyrille A.; Lagebro, Linda; Denayer, Julien; Gueriau, Pierre; Lafaite, Patrick; Olive, Sébastien; Prestianni, Cyrille; Nel, André (2013).
314:
have a continuous series of sharp, small irregular molar and incisor cusps. Its small head had large eyes. The large thorax had a rounded structure covering its head, corresponding to an expanded pronotum. The
410:(the 'gap' still occurs in the early Carboniferous, coinciding and extending past the Romer's gap for tetrapods, which may have been caused by low oxygen levels in the atmosphere). However, Hörnschemeyer
498:
Hörnschemeyer, Thomas; Haug, Joachim T.; Bethoux, Olivier; Beutel, Rolf G.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Hegna, Thomas A.; Koch, Markus; Rust, Jes; Wedmann, Sonja; Bradler, Sven; Willmann, Rainer (2013-02-20).
394:
as "putative insect". Haug and Haug (2017) listed presumed
Devonian insect fossils, and commented that "Its very incomplete preservation makes its interpretation problematic".
728:
Gueriau, Pierre; Rabet, Nicolas; Clément, Gaël; Lagebro, Linda; Vannier, Jean; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Olive, Sébastien; Béthoux, Olivier (2016-02-08).
1066:
294:(2012), it was described as the first complete Devonian insect. The median abdominal structures are filled with guts, which excludes the possibility that is a
323:
or other appendicular structures. There is a rounded apical structure on the tip of the abdomen. The lack of wings and small size would indicate that it is a
270:. It was originally described as the first complete Late Devonian terrestrial insect, but due to its poor state of preservation, its affinity is discussed.
1053:
961:
1145:
1155:
1120:
675:"Stylonurine eurypterids from the Strud locality (Upper Devonian, Belgium): new insights into the ecology of freshwater sea scorpions"
319:
had 10 segments (while a drawing in the paper shows 11 segments), and the authors considered that it lacked any lateral leglets,
1125:
212:
1140:
881:
620:"The Strud crustacean fauna (Late Devonian, Belgium): updated review and palaeoecology of an early continental ecosystem"
1150:
1135:
311:
730:"A 365-Million-Year-Old Freshwater Community Reveals Morphological and Ecological Stasis in Branchiopod Crustaceans"
406:
as a
Devonian insect reduces a previous gap of 45 million years in the evolutionary history of insects, part of the
356:
be observed. This poor state of preservation allows numbers of alternate interpretations like a decayed crustacean.
414:(2013) which denied its interpretation as insect commented that it is crucial to prevent this fossil from entering
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263:
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Lamsdell, James C.; Lagebro, Linda; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Budd, Graham E.; Gueriau, Pierre (2019).
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328:
124:
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are questionable, and the early fossil records of insects still remains scarce and problematic.
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confirmed, they considered as internal organs extruded during compression and decay.
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61:
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604:
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310:, the scape and pedicel are wider than the 10-segmented flagellum. The triangular
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Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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insect, and the mandible morphology suggests its diet would be
790:"The presumed oldest flying insect: more likely a myriapod?"
418:
textbooks. Most of fossil records of
Devonian insects like
618:
Gueriau, Pierre; Rabet, Nicolas; Hat, Eva Du Tien (2016).
298:. It is interpreted to have 3 pairs of legs from the
1003:
911:
390:Multiple later studies about Strud fossils call
302:, the tibiae and femora are long and thin. The
788:Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2017-05-30).
8:
250:is a species of extinct arthropod from the
899:
102:
20:
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753:
451:
290:In the first description by Garrouste
7:
783:
781:
493:
491:
489:
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461:
459:
457:
455:
501:"Is Strudiella a Devonian insect?"
14:
875:
262:, Belgium) environment from the
111:Interpretation after Garrouste
1146:Taxa named by Michael S. Engel
1:
1156:Devonian arthropods of Europe
1121:Fossil taxa described in 2012
327:. It is interpreted to be a
16:Extinct species of arthropod
847:1636538 Freely accessible.
343:Hörnschemeyer et al. (2013)
1172:
264:Bois des Mouches Formation
254:. It was recovered in the
755:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.039
699:10.1017/S0016756818000936
644:10.1017/S1755691017000275
374:replied to Hörnschemeyer
226:
219:
125:Scientific classification
123:
115:(2012) and Hörnschemeyer
110:
101:
23:
565:"Garrouste et al. reply"
861:10.1073/pnas.0607824103
398:Importance of discovery
360:Garrouste et al. (2013)
347:However, Hörnschemeyer
286:Garrouste et al. (2012)
364:In the same volume of
1126:Late Devonian animals
1093:Paleobiology Database
988:Paleobiology Database
1141:Evolution of insects
893:Encyclopedia of Life
440:Evolution of insects
943:Strudiella devonica
913:Strudiella devonica
746:2016CBio...26..383G
691:2019GeoM..156.1708L
679:Geological Magazine
636:2016EESTR.107...79G
589:10.1038/nature11888
581:2013Natur.494E...4G
525:10.1038/nature11887
517:2013Natur.494E...3H
480:10.1038/nature11281
247:Strudiella devonica
229:Strudiella devonica
1151:Controversial taxa
1136:Fossils of Belgium
807:10.7717/peerj.3402
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1080:Open Tree of Life
975:Open Tree of Life
905:Taxon identifiers
685:(10): 1708–1714.
402:The discovery of
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734:Current Biology
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181:(unranked):
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24:
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1029:Wikispecies
937:Wikispecies
427:Leverhulmia
329:terrestrial
274:Description
155:Subphylum:
1115:Categories
1035:Strudiella
1020:Q119983774
1005:Strudiella
882:Strudiella
446:References
416:entomology
404:Strudiella
392:Strudiella
337:saprophagy
279:Strudiella
234:Garrouste
207:Garrouste
201:Strudiella
187:Dicondylia
148:Arthropoda
25:Strudiella
928:Q12072575
816:2167-8359
800:: e3402.
764:0960-9822
715:135411044
707:0016-7568
660:133838663
652:1755-6910
597:1476-4687
549:205232661
533:1476-4687
333:fungivore
312:mandibles
308:uniramous
268:Famennian
131:Kingdom:
32:Famennian
1043:BioLib:
1014:Wikidata
951:BioLib:
922:Wikidata
853:17065318
834:28584727
772:26776738
541:23426326
472:22859205
434:See also
304:antennae
266:, Upper
252:Devonian
161:Hexapoda
143:Phylum:
136:Animalia
1085:6324396
1072:1484519
1059:8532529
1046:1571825
980:6324397
967:8668604
954:1571826
890:at the
825:5452959
742:Bibcode
687:Bibcode
632:Bibcode
605:4321678
577:Bibcode
513:Bibcode
335:and/or
317:abdomen
194:Genus:
174:Insecta
168:Class:
119:(2013)
1098:243457
993:243459
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569:Nature
547:
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505:Nature
470:
412:et al.
380:et al.
376:et al.
372:et al.
367:Nature
353:et al.
349:et al.
300:thorax
292:et al.
260:Gesves
238:, 2012
236:et al.
209:et al.
117:et al.
113:et al.
1067:IRMNG
794:PeerJ
711:S2CID
656:S2CID
601:S2CID
545:S2CID
325:nymph
321:gills
256:Strud
1054:GBIF
962:GBIF
849:PMID
830:PMID
812:ISSN
768:PMID
760:ISSN
703:ISSN
648:ISSN
593:ISSN
537:PMID
529:ISSN
468:PMID
306:are
213:2012
37:Preęž’
857:doi
820:PMC
802:doi
750:doi
695:doi
683:156
640:doi
628:107
585:doi
573:494
521:doi
509:494
476:doi
424:or
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