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603:) because the compressed air device (in contrast to the blank cartridge-driven or non-penetrating captive bolt) has been shown to force pieces of brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tissue into the bloodstream. Cattle blood is processed primarily for use as a protein supplement in animal feeds and milk replacer for calves, and could transmit BSE if it contained specified risk materials (SRMs include brain and CNS tissue).
137:
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270:, who spent many years of his later working life developing more 'humane' methods of slaughter. As early as 1853, he designed a lethal chamber that would gas animals to death supposedly painlessly and without their knowledge, and he founded the Model Abattoir Society in 1882 to investigate and campaign for other methods of slaughter. He even experimented with the use of electric current at the
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that also leads shortly to unconsciousness and death. It is a controversial subject however. With chickens for example, over stunning leads to bone fractures and/or electrocution which prevents bleeding of the animal. This negatively affects the quality of the meat, and therefore under stunning is an
471:, can be either pneumatic, or powder-actuated. Percussive stunning produces immediate unconsciousness through brain trauma. The process often requires multiple attempts. One study looking at captive bolt guns on cattle found that 12% were shot multiple times, and 12.5% were inadequately stunned.
297:(later the Humane Slaughter Association) was created to improve the slaughter of livestock and address the killing of unwanted pets. In the early 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of stunning by many local authorities."
265:
The belief that it was unnecessarily cruel to slaughter an animal against its will eventually led to the compulsory adoption of stunning methods in many countries. One of the first campaigners on the matter was the eminent physician,
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electrical shock to the animal. It is reported the CrustaStun renders the shellfish unconscious in 0.3 seconds and kills the animal in 5 to 10 seconds, compared to 3 minutes to kill a lobster by boiling or 4.5 minutes for a crab.
218:. If one seeks to minimise animal suffering in slaughter, stunning is necessary. The best stunning method depends on the species; the quality of equipment and the adequate training of personnel also influence effectiveness.
807:
685:
639:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals"
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568:(an EU institution) ruled on 17 December 2020 that member states of the European Union may also require a reversible pre-cut stunning procedure in ritual slaughter in order to promote animal welfare.
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to be stunned before slaughter through one of the three modern methods (concussion, electronarcosis, or gas), and prohibits the use of pole-axes, hammers and puntillas. Parties may permit
300:
The HSA played a key role in the passage of the
Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of
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so that rapid blood loss occurs. After a certain degree of blood loss has occurred, the animal will become unconscious, and after a greater blood loss
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is the main gas used today. The process is not instantaneous, with reported signs of severe distress before respiratory failure when done with
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316:. The period was marked by the development of various innovations in slaughterhouse technologies, not all of them particularly long-lasting.
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case, FSIS issued regulations (69 FR 1887, 12 January 2004) prohibiting the use of the most widely used stunning device (air-injection
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194:. Without stunning, the time between cutting through the major blood vessels and insensibility, as deduced from behavioural and
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is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to
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The development of stunning technologies occurred largely in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the
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797:"CO2 shortage a chance to move away from 'cruel, archaic' use of gas to slaughter farm animals, say campaigners"
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923:
CRS Report for
Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition - Order Code 97-905
377:, for example, the law states that poultry must be stunned for 4 seconds minimum with an average current of 100
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of the animal before slaughter. Current passing through the brain induces an immediate but non-fatal general
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564:, emergency slaughter, slaughter of poultry, rabbits and other small animals. On the other hand, the
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In modern slaughterhouses a variety of stunning methods are used on livestock. Methods include:
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will ensue. From the moment of cutting until the loss of consciousness, the animal experiences
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869:"Details of Treaty No.102. European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter"
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404:) before cooking. This avoids boiling a live shellfish which may be able to experience
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With percussive stunning, a device which hits the animal on the head, with or without
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831:"Assessment of stun quality at commercial slaughter in cattle shot with captive bolt"
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and electric tongs were required and the Act's wording specifically outlawed the
262:, and other animals (including cattle) were simply struck while fully conscious.
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outlines practical suggestions for humane handling and slaughter of livestock.
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A primitive form of stunning was used in premodern times in the case of
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With gas stunning animals are exposed to a mixture of breathing gases (
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Electrical stunning is done by sending an electric current through the
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in a way similar to vertebrates. The device works by applying a 120
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678: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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European
Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter
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is a device designed to administer a lethal electric shock to
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Directions for positioning bolt gun to ensure swift stunning
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for example) that produce unconsciousness or death through
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Process of rendering animals unconscious prior to slaughter
365:. Current passing through the heart produces an immediate
588:(21 U.S.C. 603 (b)). No similar provision exists in the
711:"Humane Slaughter Association Newsletter March 2011"
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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767:
829:Atkinson, S; Velarde, A; Algers, B (2023-01-01).
576:Stunning is regulated by the provisions of the
536:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter § Europe
894:European Court of Justice (17 December 2020).
381:mA, which leads to systematic under stunning.
8:
945:The Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
769:"I'll have my lobster electrocuted, please"
250:prior to being bled out. However, prior to
467:, is employed. Such devices, such as the
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370:attractive practice for slaughterhouses.
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
772:. London: The Independent (Newspaper).
629:
590:Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957
584:(FSIS) is mandated to uphold under the
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214:, and sometimes 15 minutes or more in
595:After confirmation of the first U.S.
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62:adding citations to reliable sources
582:Food Safety and Inspection Service
562:exemptions for religious slaughter
512:Stunning a cow with a captive bolt
14:
198:response, is up to 20 seconds in
875:. Council of Europe. 10 May 1979
766:McSmith, A. (21 November 2009).
699:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
695:Dictionary of National Biography
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810:from the original on 2022-05-25
776:from the original on 2022-05-25
578:Humane Methods of Slaughter Act
254:pistols and electric stunners,
210:, up to 2.5 or more minutes in
49:needs additional citations for
651:European Food Safety Authority
308:. Modern methods, such as the
1:
637:Blokhuis, H. (15 June 2004).
427:Controlled-atmosphere killing
295:Council of Justice to Animals
272:Royal Polytechnic Institution
746:Humane Slaughter Association
718:Humane Slaughter Association
896:"Judgment in Case C-336/19"
586:Federal Meat Inspection Act
580:(7 U.S.C. 1901), which the
544:, or Slaughter Convention (
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500:Modern captive bolt device
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342:
140:Medieval stunning using a
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847:10.7120/09627286.22.4.473
686:Richardson, Benjamin Ward
592:(21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.).
572:United States regulations
566:European Court of Justice
29:Stunning (disambiguation)
928:12 February 2011 at the
268:Benjamin Ward Richardson
236:Benjamin Ward Richardson
684:Power, D'Arcy (1901). "
19:For the 2020 song, see
660:10.2903/j.efsa.2004.45
548:, 1979), requires all
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202:, up to 25 seconds in
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27:. For other uses, see
601:captive bolt stun gun
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206:, up to 2 minutes in
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742:"History of the HSA"
530:European regulations
58:improve this article
23:. For the band, see
488:Captive bolt pistol
469:captive bolt pistol
459:Percussive stunning
339:Electrical stunning
334:Percussive stunning
328:Electrical stunning
310:captive bolt pistol
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47:This article
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421:Gas stunning
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234:designed by
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152:slaughtering
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56:Please help
51:verification
48:
25:The Stunning
908:17 December
690:Lee, Sidney
465:penetration
375:Netherlands
306:Muslim meat
162:Within the
955:Categories
624:References
534:See also:
425:See also:
386:CrustaStun
359:convulsion
84:newspapers
73:"Stunning"
855:0962-7286
554:ruminants
392:(such as
390:shellfish
283:Maidstone
281:Sheep at
252:slaughter
158:Rationale
926:Archived
808:Archived
774:Archived
653:: 1–29.
618:Shechita
607:See also
550:solipeds
445:asphyxia
437:nitrogen
402:crayfish
394:lobsters
248:poleaxed
148:Stunning
21:Stunnin'
873:coe.int
780:14 June
692:(ed.).
682::
613:Pithing
475:Gallery
441:hypoxia
373:In the
353:and/or
314:poleaxe
222:History
212:poultry
170:in the
98:scholar
879:11 May
853:
814:17 May
751:1 July
723:1 July
688:". In
400:, and
379:
302:Jewish
289:, 1944
244:cattle
208:cattle
190:, and
188:stress
176:thorax
142:mallet
100:
93:
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71:
899:(PDF)
714:(PDF)
433:argon
398:crabs
355:heart
351:brain
260:sheep
200:sheep
196:brain
180:death
105:JSTOR
91:books
910:2020
881:2021
851:ISSN
816:2021
782:2013
753:2014
725:2014
558:pigs
556:and
540:The
435:and
412:2–5
410:volt
406:pain
384:The
304:and
287:Kent
256:pigs
216:fish
204:pigs
192:fear
184:pain
172:neck
77:news
843:doi
655:doi
597:BSE
443:or
414:amp
174:or
60:by
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839:22
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733:^
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