344:
Haryana which is spreading to the border of
Uttarakhand. The unsustainable use of alternating wheat-rice cropping patterns is exhausting natural resources like water, soil, and forest areas. In one year the emissions from the crop burning can be 17 times the total annual particulate pollution and the crop residue carbon dioxide submissions are 64 times the element emissions in Delhi. The crops that are typically burned include rice, wheat, maize, millet, and sugarcane, all of which have large investment returns and also leave a residue on the field after being cut. After 1 tonne of crop residue is burnt in a field there is a release of 1,400 kg of carbon dioxide, 58 kg of cobalt, 11 kg of particulate matter, 4.9 kg of nitrogen oxides, and 1.2 kg of sulfur dioxide. Stubble burning also depletes groundwater and the lack of attention to the issue has led Indian civilians to feel hopeless for effective government interventional responses.
125:
also severely affects people with
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder as it worsens their health conditions. India also has the highest number of blind people in the world and if the smog gets in your eyes you are more likely to develop cataracts. Additionally, people who have been exposed to smog can develop eye irritation, eye-watering, and conjunctival hyperemia symptoms. In order to reduce pollution there needs to be severe attention to the issue involved with effective sustainable management practices enforced by the government. The Indian government has been receiving intense backlash for not reacting quickly enough to the health emergency, especially amongst the green revolution that is bringing attention to climate change concerns.
22:
288:. From April to May and October to November each year, farmers mainly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh burn an estimated 35 million tons of crop waste from their wheat and paddy fields after harvesting as a low-cost straw-disposal practice to reduce the turnaround time between harvesting and sowing for the first (summer) crop and the second (winter) crop. Smoke from this burning produces a cloud of particulates visible from space and has produced what has been described as a "toxic cloud" in New Delhi, resulting in declarations of an air-pollution emergency. For this, the NGT (National Green Tribunal) instituted a fine of â‚ą2
250:
180:
in stubble burning will need to form agreements with the government too. Unfortunately, many of the farmers that contribute to the pollution are unaware of the implications of how harmful stubble burning is for the earth especially as to how it depletes soil of nutrients and contaminates the air. Empowering farmers and educating them about the harmful consequences that stubble burning causes to the atmosphere is also necessary for stubble burning pollution reduction.
60:
179:
Another way to reduce particulate matter pollution entails the requirement of bringing severe attention to the issue in accordance with effective sustainable management practices and government support. Active stakeholder acknowledgment by the farm owners that are producing the products that are used
124:
A wide array of health disorders are associated with the stubble burning emission releases which have caused people to develop lung cancer and respiratory infections. The emissions also threaten the health of children who tend to have weaker organs. Not only that but the smog from the stubble burning
343:
A recent study in 2020 showed that the country created 600-700 million tonnes of crop residue and is choking cities. People in India are awaiting sustainable management to reduce the pollution. The areas that are largely contributing to the stubble burning pollutants are Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, and
162:
to make new products. Agricultural waste can serve as raw materials for new applications, such as paper and board, bio-based oils, leather, catering disposables, fuel and plastic. Another important way to manage the agricultural waste from stubble burning would be to detoxify the soil after it has
307:
can be grown as an sustainable alternative to rice and wheat in order to conserve water, some farmers complain that the cost of these machines is a significant financial burden, with the crops not incurred under MSP prices when compared to burning the fields and purchasing crops that are produced
65:
64:
61:
66:
63:
284:. The smog that arises from the burning contributes fine black and brown carbon into the atmosphere which affects light absorption. As the weather is cooler in November in India, the stubble burning generates a thick haze of fog, dust, and industrial
1013:
204:
stubble burning is "not the preferred option for the majority of farmers" but is permitted and recommended in some circumstances. Farmers are advised to rake and burn windrows, and leave a fire break of 3 metres around any burn
389:
Zhang, H.; Hu, D.; Chen, J.; Ye, X.; Wang, S. X.; Hao, J. M.; Wang, L.; Zhang, R.; An, Z. (2011). "Particle size distribution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from agricultural crop residue burning".
1084:: Agricultural stubble running into millions of tonnes is burnt by farmers in northern India twice every year. An estimated 35 million tonnes are set afire in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh alone.
70:
This visualization shows fires detected in the United States from July 2002 through July 2011. Fires that reliably burn each year in western states and across the
Southeast are likely to be deliberate.
237:, despite a ban by the Punjab Pollution Control Board, stubble burning is still practiced since the 1980s. Authorities are starting to enforce this ban more proactively, and to research alternatives.
982:
62:
1147:
133:
The solutions to reduce the pollution from stubble burning involve mitigating crop farming, adhering to diversification of agriculture, adopting the paddy straw farming technique, and making
292:
on the Delhi
Government for failing to file an action plan providing incentives and infrastructural assistance to farmers to stop them from burning crop residue to prevent air pollution.
1199:
1068:
543:
1081:
1134:
335:
crops at MSP, encouraging farmers to adopt less water consuming options as a sustainable alternative to paddy and wheat in the wake of fast-depleting groundwater.
299:" that shred the crop residues into small pieces and uniformly spread them across the field are available as an alternative to burning stubble, and crops such as
115:
Additionally, prolonged stubble burning kills beneficial microflora and fauna in soil which reduces organic matter and destroys the carbon-nitrogen equilibrium.
623:
748:
521:
990:
155:
Spraying an enzyme, which decomposes the stubble into useful fertiliser, improves the soil, avoids air pollution and prevents carbon dioxide emissions.
1104:
596:
315:, developed an enzyme bio-decomposer solution, that can be sprayed after the harvest, to increase organic carbon in the soil and maintain overall
1281:
Kataria, Sunil, and Tanvi Mehta. “Farmers Cite Lack of
Options as Stubble Burning Turns Air Toxic in Northern India.” Reuters, November 9, 2022.
1052:
591:
312:
240:
Stubble burning is allowed by permit in some
Canadian provinces, including Manitoba where 5% of farmers were estimated to do it in 2007.
21:
1306:
375:
319:. In 2021, they began licensing its use to various companies. In May 2022, the Government of Punjab announced they will purchase
51:
over the past few decades fueling climate change due to the particulate matter contamination it distributes into the atmosphere.
878:
1038:
437:
942:
899:
280:
since 1980. Consequently, the government is considering implementation of the 1,600 km long and 5 km wide
220:
44:
that remains after grains, such as rice and wheat, have been harvested. The technique is still widespread today.
1174:
212:, fires are fairly common in mid-western states, but some states such as Oregon and Idaho regulate the practice.
197:, and particularly herbicide resistant blackgrass, has led to a campaign by some arable farmers for its return.
542:
Ferrandez-Garcia; GarcĂa-Ortuño; Ferrández GarcĂa; Ferrández-Villena; Ferrandez-Garcia (28 September 2017).
277:
194:
583:
1014:"India is trying to prevent apocalyptic air pollution. Step 1: Stop farmers from burning their fields"
1296:
1121:
399:
544:"Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of binderless rice straw particleboards"
249:
921:
749:"Valio and St1 joint venture, Suomen Lantakaasu Oy, ready to increase domestic biogas production"
168:
159:
149:
253:
Burning of rice residues after harvest, to quickly prepare the land for wheat planting, around
841:
503:
485:
415:
859:
1262:
1251:"Stubble burning: Effects on health & environment, regulations and management practices"
831:
821:
555:
493:
475:
407:
164:
103:
900:"Oregon Secretary of State Division Rules, Chapter 603, Division 77, "Field Burning Rules""
230:, there is a government ban on stubble burning; however the practice remains fairly common.
1086:
723:
584:"Crop Residue Removal for Biomass Energy Production: Effects on Soils and Recommendations"
134:
403:
109:
Damage to electrical and electronic equipment from floating threads of conductive waste.
836:
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1148:"Crop burning: NGT slaps Rs 2 lakh as costs on Delhi govt for not filing action plan"
273:
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522:"Farmers cite lack of options as stubble burning turns air toxic in northern India"
324:
296:
41:
956:
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1200:"Punjab govt will purchase maize, bajra, other crops at MSP: CM Bhagwant Mann"
1082:
Brace for air pollution in Delhi as crop burning starts in neighbouring states
489:
1228:
943:"REGULATION (EU) No 1306/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL"
332:
328:
285:
201:
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826:
507:
480:
419:
810:"Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions"
698:
464:"Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions"
269:
254:
145:
30:
648:
411:
773:
300:
462:
Bhuvaneshwari, S.; Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan; Meegoda, Jay N. (2019).
74:
The burning of stubble has both positive and negative consequences.
624:"Burning issue: how enzymes could end India's problem with stubble"
1249:
Abdurrahman, Muhammad Isa; Chaki, Sukalpaa; Saini, Gaurav (2020).
673:
320:
304:
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234:
227:
189:
Stubble burning has been effectively prohibited since 1993 in the
58:
26:
20:
1135:"New Delhi declares emergency as toxic smog thickens by the hour"
814:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
808:
Bhuvaneshwari, S.; Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan; Meegoda, Jay (2019).
468:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
289:
148:, though these uses can still cause problems like erosion and
1053:"Farmers’ Unchecked Crop Burning Fuels India's Air Pollution"
649:"Innovation: paper made from agricultural waste up to 100%"
40:
is the practice of intentionally setting fire to the straw
376:"Grains and Other Crops» Crop Production» Stubble Burning"
1137:, Reuters, 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
1105:"Agricultural pollution: The fields are still burning"
1041:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 September 2007.
983:"Paddy stubble burning: Two farmers booked in Sangrur"
295:
Although harvesters such as the Indian-manufactured "
140:
Agriculture residues can have other uses, such as in
1229:"Stubble burning—a serious issue in Northwest India"
1069:
Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along
Aravalli
47:
Stubble burning has been associated with increasing
120:
Health concerns related to stubble burning in India
276:in north India has been cited as a major cause of
1124:, Earth Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
438:"Stubble burns cause headache for firebrigades"
175:Empowering farmers to use sustainable solutions
860:"The Crop Residues (Burning) Regulations 1993"
1244:
1242:
1111:, 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
1091:28 September 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
83:Cheaper and easier than other removal methods
8:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1099:
1097:
1059:2 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
1039:"Smoke from stubble fires engulfs Winnipeg"
920:Idaho Department of Environmental Quality.
431:
429:
339:The pollution from stubble burning in India
879:"Farmers step up stubble burning campaign"
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
622:Kamali Dehghan, Saeed (10 December 2021).
370:
368:
1266:
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825:
559:
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158:Several companies worldwide use leftover
1175:"The world's most polluted capital city"
957:"Farmers burn wheat stubble despite ban"
171:techniques that recycle organic matter.
597:United States Department of Agriculture
364:
112:Risk of fires spreading out of control.
106:and others that damage the ozone layer.
592:Natural Resources Conservation Service
582:Andrews, Susan S. (22 February 2006).
392:Environmental Science & Technology
313:Indian Agricultural Research Institute
223:strongly discourages stubble burning.
7:
1173:Thiagarajan, Kamala (4 April 2022).
617:
615:
613:
1122:"Stubble Burning in Northern India"
1071:, Indian Express, 24 December 2019.
1227:Trivedi, Vinay (14 January 2024).
1133:Sanjeev Miglani and Aditya Kalra,
1012:Slater, Joanna (15 October 2018).
436:Ellison, Amelia (24 August 2013).
14:
1206:4 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
989:. 31 October 2014. Archived from
184:Attitudes toward stubble burning
102:Pollution from smoke. Including
86:Helps to combat pests and weeds
877:Tasker, Johann (30 May 2012).
561:10.15376/biores.12.4.8539-8549
129:Alternative to stubble burning
1:
1268:10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100011
282:Great Green Wall of Aravalli
1323:
221:Common Agricultural Policy
193:. A perceived increase in
89:Can reduce nitrogen tie-up
94:Generally harmful effects
78:Generally helpful effects
1307:Horticultural techniques
724:"Wheat Straw Clamshells"
1255:Environmental Advances
1233:Agro-Residue for Power
922:"Crop Residue Burning"
864:www.legislation.gov.uk
827:10.3390/ijerph16050832
703:Fruitleather Rotterdam
481:10.3390/ijerph16050832
442:The Wimmera Mail Times
278:air pollution in Delhi
261:
163:been burned and using
71:
34:
252:
69:
24:
16:Agricultural practice
1057:The New York Times,
404:2011EnST...45.5477Z
264:Stubble burning in
25:Stubble burning in
1198:Harmandeep Singh,
1109:The Indian Express
993:on 2 November 2014
308:under MSP prices.
262:
160:agricultural waste
99:Loss of nutrients.
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412:10.1021/es1037904
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554:(4): 8539–8549.
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38:Stubble burning
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1154:. 3 April 2018
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963:. 15 June 2013
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699:"Introduction"
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354:Slash-and-burn
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780:. 13 May 2022
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991:the original
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728:Eco Products
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628:The Guardian
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548:BioResources
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1297:Agriculture
1179:www.bbc.com
997:23 November
633:11 December
317:soil health
1291:Categories
1023:17 October
927:4 November
905:4 November
820:(5): 832.
778:PlasticFri
567:1 December
474:(5): 832.
360:References
195:blackgrass
967:24 August
884:24 August
653:PaperWise
602:3 January
490:1660-4601
447:24 August
329:sunflower
286:pollution
202:Australia
169:anaerobic
1184:10 April
846:30866483
784:22 April
758:22 April
733:22 April
708:22 April
683:22 April
658:22 April
508:30866483
420:21615081
348:See also
1158:26 June
837:6427124
678:Vertoro
527:5 April
499:6427124
400:Bibcode
301:millets
270:Haryana
255:Sangrur
215:In the
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