Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)

757:. Another Maryknoll figure of the resistance of the dictatorship was High School alumnus Suellen Escribano, who gave up her life of comfort in order to serve the women and farmers living in the border area of Quezon and Bicol provinces, helping them resist the efforts of landgrabbers. The significance Escribano's work would later be recognized by the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes that fought to restore democracy during the regime. The Maryknoll sisters were prominent in the crowd that formed the People Power revolution of 1986, which led to the ouster of the Marcos family, and Sr. Helen Graham's diary entries were later published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer as a day by day breakdown of the events as they happened. 509:, killing nine and wounding 95 others, including most of the Party's leaders and senatorial candidates. Opposition forces blamed Marcos for the attack, while Marcos blamed communists. Marcos cited the unrest and confusion of the bombing's aftermath as a reason to suspend the writ of habeas corpus a month later. Numerous student activists were arrested, but those who got away were radicalized – convinced that there was no other way to bring about social change but to join the armed resistance against the Marcos administration. By the time Habeas Corpus was restored in January 1972, talks of an imminent revolution were already rife. 528:. Students joined the protests in alliance with progressive Constitutional Convention delegates, students, professionals, workers to demand: a) lifting the writ of habeas corpus; b) release of political prisoners; and c) resistance of plan by Marcos government to declare martial law. The alliance proved successful as it managed to forge unity among diverse groups such as those from the 'Nat-Dem' and 'Soc-Dem' groups as well as various civic organizations on the bases of these demands. In rally after rally attended by as many as 50,000 people, the MCCCL warned of the imminence of martial law even as 5265: 769:, who had not been able to attend any protests due to health limitations who became the first of Marcos' political detainees to die while in prison. Philippine Constabulary soldiers had arrested her and her sister Josefina in a warrantless arrest in April 1973. Three days later, the Hilao family was informed that Liliosa had died of suicide, but her body showed signs of severe torture, leading her to be acknowledged as one of the early victims of the 624:; Economics Professor and Union Organizer Eduardo Lanzona, who was arrested in Davao Del Norte and eventually killed by Marcos' forces in 1975; Activist Maria Socorro Par who pushed for the restoration of the student council and school paper Atenews in the mid70s after they had been shut down in Martial Law, and Atenews Editor in Chief Evella Bontia; Law School alumnus Nicolas Solana Jr., and ADDU High School alumnus Ricky Filio and Joel Jose. 805:

because Marcos' forces were hunting down student activists, and all of whom were killed in various incidents between 1975 and 1876. Ang Sinco, Cayunda, Reyes, and Petalcorin were all later honored by having their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought for the restoration of democracy in the Philippines despite the dangers of the Martial Law years.

5974: 579:(SCA), who were at the seminary to attend a workshop, as well as the head of the Jesuit order in the Philippines at the time, Benigno "Benny" Mayo, and a priest, Jose Blanco, whom they falsely accused of being the "secretary general of an allegedly anti-government organization." The outrage arising from the raid was one of the key contributors to the emergence of 300: 688:, then De La Salle College, student activists clashed with the school administration over matters involving the Brother Becker Case, NROTC, tuition fees, and student rights and academic freedom. The activists questioned the elitist orientation of the institution and campaigned for a more nationalistic education. 773:. Other PLM students who were killed for their opposition to the dictatorship included the brothers Roy and Norberto Acebedo, who joined activist groups because they were aghast at the abuses of the regime, but were themselves killed by administration soldiers in separate incidents in 1975 and 1985. 696:

The prevalence of the affluent was one of the issues that was brought up in the 1960s; it was a question of whether the "wide-cross section of the public" could be "represented." Questioning why a Philippine institution had an administrator who was American, textbooks that were written by foreigners,

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By the closing years of the 1970s, economic crises arising from Marcos' debt-driven projects during the pre-Martial Law years led to a resurgence of social unrest despite Martial law still being in force. And, as Greg Jones notes, "communist efforts to rebuild an urban protest movement were beginning

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on August 24, 1974 which took place because the Marcos regime's forces had mistakenly thought that a communist leader was holding a meeting there. When the 150 soldiers who conducted the raid found that the communist leader they were looking for was not at the seminary, they arrested 21 leaders of a

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The protest was primarily organized by the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP), and was meant to coincide with the first State of the Nation Address of Marcos' second term. It included "moderate" groups such as the NUSP, who wanted Marcos to promise he would not seek power beyond the

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In the aftermath of all these events, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the

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The media reports of the time classified the various student groups opposing Marcos into two categories. The "Moderates", which included church groups, civil libertarians, and mainstream nationalists, were those who wanted to create change through political reforms. The "radicals", including a number

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As far back as the 1950s, the University of the Philippines has been the breeding ground of many intellectuals and radical activists. It comes as no surprise, then, that in the 1960s and 1970s, the university played an active role in conducting demonstrations, marches, and rallies to raise awareness

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was suddenly shot and killed by what witnesses said was a policeman. His death sparked outrage throughout the city, and students spent the next two days protesting in the area of Bolton, Bangkerohan, and Claro M. Recto streets near the campus, particularly the area near the United States Information

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Students were at the forefront of several protest movements with varying political orientations, collectively becoming one of the most active elements in the political scene of the time. In the years 1970 and 1971 alone, student activists participated in 214 demonstrations and 39 class boycotts, and

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During the Marcos dictatorship, the community of Maryknoll College (now known as Miriam College) was known for being one of the Catholic educational institutions most active in protesting the abuses and excesses of the regime. A prominent leader was Sr Helen Graham, who became a founding member of

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Ferdie, together with like-minded students in AdMU, established LDA in 1970, the first radical activist organization in Ateneo. Members conducted discussion groups, recruited students, advised student leaders, and created a space for dialogue among members of the student body. Eventually, LDA split

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On January 30, 1970, some 10,000 chanting students and laborers marched across Mendiola Bridge in an attempt to storm the Malacañang. Upon their arrival at the gates of the palace, they commandeered a fire truck and rammed it through the main gate. Despite their efforts to penetrate the palace, the

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While the better-organized underground movement was strongly associated with the national democracy movement specifically and the left in general, those who had largely been apolitical or were associated with the political center during the early days of Martial Law eventually eventually galvanized

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forced Marcos to declare a snap election in 1986, in which Ninoy Aquino's wife Corazon Aquino ran against Marcos. When news of election rigging during that election began to come out, the Philippine public began to rally behind Aquino. When a failed military coup provided the impetus for people to

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When he was first elected president of the Philippines in 1965 and throughout most of his first term in office, Ferdinand Marcos was relatively popular, both among the general public and among students. However, Marcos' ambition to be the first Philippine postwar president to be elected led to his

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was one of the earliest centers of student activism in Mindanao during the Marcos years, with a notable incident in mid-February 1971 now known as "The Battle of Claro M. Recto," so named after the street nearby the campus in which most of the protest took place. It began with a typical protest,

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This case provided the students the opportunity to voice their concerns regarding academic freedom as well as student rights. Arthur Aguilar, Student Council chairman, eventually managed to steer the dialogue away from the Becker case, in a meeting with Brother H. Gabriel Connon FSC and Dr. Waldo

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was a nine-day uprising at the University of the Philippines-Diliman from February 1 to February 9, 1971. It started out as a peaceful rally in which students voiced their support for the ongoing strike against the oil price hike and escalated into an uprising in which students, supported by the

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The protest was largely peaceful until the end of the planned program, after which there was a disagreement between the moderate and the radical groups for control over the protest stage. This disagreement was ongoing when Marcos, having finished his speech, walked out the legislative building.

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In its early years immediately after its formation, the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)'s leadership initially dismissed students as "unneeded." There were small underground cells in some schools that played support roles to the more important and bigger Party cells in the factories and

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University students during this period found themselves attracted to political movements from across the political spectrum, ranging from "moderates" wanted to create change through political reforms, including church groups, civil libertarians, social democrats, and nationalist politicians; and

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Student activists from the university stirred up the masses of youth and the working class to conduct protest actions, from the March 1961 demonstration of 5,000 UP student demonstrators that scuttled the anti-communist witch-hunt of the Committee on Anti-Filipino Activities (CAFA) to the 1970

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Other prominent student activists from UM were student playwright Herbert Cayunda and stage performer Cecilio Reyes of the Gintong Silahis (GS) cultural group, Rhyme Petalcorin of the Young Christian Liberation Movement (YCLM), all of whom were later forced to go into hiding during Martial Law

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Others found organizations which retained some ability to question the dictatorship, including religious groups such as those organized under the influential Roman Catholic church, and lawyer's groups such as the Free Legal Assistance Group. It was through such groups that news of corruption,

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Marcos won the election, but just as the election results were being counted, the government was falling into debt, inflation was uncontrolled and the value of the peso continued to drop. The slight increase of the minimum wage was countered by continuous price increases and unemployment. The

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Violent dispersals of various FQS protests were among the first watershed events in which large numbers of Filipino students of the 1970s were radicalized against the Marcos administration. Due to these dispersals, many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for

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Among the other well-known activists from the university are Lazaro "Lazzie" Silva Jr. and William "Bill" Begg, active members of Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan sa Loyola (SDK-L) and Kabataang Makabayan-Ateneo (KM), respectively, and Artemio "Jun" Celestial Jr., a member of

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into a "third force" or "mainstream opposition" which would primarily use political protest as a way to oppose the dictatorship. Once again, youth activism played an important role in the early development these "middle forces," as the arrest of several students of the

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The military used the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus to their advantage to arrest well-known activists such as Luzvimindo David of KM and Gary Olivar of the Movement for a Democratic Philippines (MDP) and swoop down on headquarters of several mass movements.

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On Friday afternoon of December 6, 1968, more than 600 students held a four-hour demonstration to show their support for Brother Edward Becker FSC who was dismissed by the college. They circulated leaflets which divulged the imputations hurled against Becker.

476:, recounts that what followed was the so-called "Battle of Mendiola," which pitted young boys and girls armed with bamboo sticks and stones against Armalite-wielding 'shock troops' of Marcos from the Presidential Guard Battalion. "It was a massacre", he adds. 672:

During the NUSP's 13th annual conference in 1969, Edjop was elected as president. When delegates returned to Manila, they led a huge rally in front of congress; all while President Marcos was delivering his State of the Nation Address (SONA).

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President Marcos was jeered by the crowd, which also started throwing pebbles and paper balls, as well as the protest effigies which portrayed a crocodile and a coffin representing the death of democracy, at Marcos and his retinue.

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and the August 6 Liberation Movement, also eventually organized an armed resistance, they had only a few members and had no resources to organize student wings. (On the island of Mindanao, there was also the armed resistance of the

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When martial law was declared in September 1972, Marcos cracked down on any form of criticism or activism, leading to the arrest, torture and/or killing of numerous UP Los Baños students and faculty members. Those killed included

187:. These groups were branded "radicals" by the media, although the Marcos administration also used that term to describe "moderate" protest groups, treating all the student groups as extremists regardless of their actual position. 92:

deal. New policies, including a greater emphasis on exports and the relaxation of controls of the peso, were put in place. The Peso was allowed to float to a lower market value, resulting in drastic inflation, and social unrest.

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of sectoral struggles and to campaign against the Marcos dictatorship and land reform policy, among others. Some of the clear examples of the school's activism include the ratifying of the Diliman Declaration in March 1969.

394:, they "re-established" the CPP/PKP, calling it the Communist Party of the Philippines—Marxist–Leninist–Mao Zedong Thought (CPP-MLM), setting themselves apart from the original, lesser-known party solely known today as the 620:, which honors the martyrs and heroes which fought for democracy against the authoritarian regime. This included Atty Larry Ilagan, an alumnus of the ADDU Law School who became a prominent Human Rights Lawyer with the 796:

where the UM Student Council denounced tuition and miscellaneous fee increases and the slow progress of improvements to school facilities. Things became violent, however, when a student who was speaking on stage,

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Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.

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Jimenez, Jose Victor D. “The First Sparks of Student Activism at De La Salle College, 1968 – 1972.” Presentation at the De La Salle University Research Congress 2014, Manila, Philippines, March 6–8, 2014.

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The political value of students was recognized more by the Americans who realized that students were adept as publicity (propaganda) and pressure groups for government reforms and against the earlier

110:, issued 72 statements. They joined forces and established coalitions with reformists and radical factions of working classes and even participated in 76 demonstrations alongside farmers and workers. 42:. These differences of political orientation became less pronounced in the first three months of 1970, however, as Marcos cracked down on a series of student protests which later became known as the 22:

played a key role in the events which led to Ferdinand Marcos' declaration of Martial Law in 1972, and the Marcos regime's eventual downfall during the events of the People Power Revolution of 1986.

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Among the most significant of these were the rallies organized by civil libertarians under the banner of the Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties (MCCCL) led by nationalist senator

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The people responded by vigorously opposing the threat of a fascist rule. In the years 1970 and 1971 alone, student activists participated in 214 demonstrations and 39 organized class boycotts.

460:(METROCOM) – to disperse the crowd. This led to hours of confrontation between the protesters and the police, ending with at least two students confirmed dead and several more students injured. 401:

What became the CPP-MLM's most immediate concern was cadre recruitment and training; being a party composed of practically urban intellectuals and students who lacked revolutionary experience.

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Although the earliest protests of 1970 were initially led by "moderate" student movements, the dynamics of the political conflicts soon led to the increased prominence of "radical" groups.

4883: 856:", supported by faculty members and non-academic personnel, occupied the Diliman campus and barricaded roads to protest deteriorating conditions in the country during the administration. 548:

writes that "Martial law left the once-formidable legal protest movement in disarray, its leaders in hiding or in prison, its activists driven into the underground or cowering in fear."

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Under Edjop's two-term tenure, the National Union became participative in socio-political issues amidst the First Quarter Storm that brought forth the Second Propaganda Movement.

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Marcos and his wife Imelda were eventually able to escape to the presidential limousine, leaving the police – consisting of the Manila Police District (MPD) and elements of the

5794: 3852: 2888: 718:. He declared that the "issue was only incidental and the Becker case was merely a catalyst, the 'final straw' so to speak which ignited student protest over school policies." 6004: 5528: 2903: 5885: 5849: 238:, became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change. The most organized nationwide resistance force against the Marcos dictatorship was the 183:

The other broad category of student groups who participated in the first quarter storm were those who wanted broader, more systemic political reforms, usually as part of the

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Abinales, Patricio. "The Left and the Philippine Student Movement: Random Historical Notes on Party Politics and Sectoral Struggles." Kasarinlan 1, no. 2 (1985): 41 – 45.

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The protest during Ferdinand Marcos' Fifth State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, and its violent dispersal by police units, marked a key turning point in the

5574: 5148: 2634: 2309: 583:, which were willing to work towards the dictator's ouster but were not part of the leftist opposition which had led the movement against Marcos up until that point. 137:

Student demonstrators during the January 27, 1970 SONA protests, for example, made a manifesto for the constitutional convention, containing the following provisions:

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Unrest continued into the following years, and in the years 1970 and 1971 alone, student activists participated in 214 demonstrations and 39 organized class boycotts.

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with almost weekly marches and rallies of 50,000 to 100,000 people campaigning against the administration. Among the youth organizations that were active include

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two terms allowed him by the 1935 Philippine Constitution; and more "radical" groups such as the Kabataang Makabayan, who wanted more systemic political reforms.

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When Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila had already seen its share of protests, but it was student journalist

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Daroy, Petronilo Bn. (1988). "On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate -de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.).

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was eventually restored. MCCCL held the biggest demonstration on September 21, 1972, shortly before Marcos announced that he had declared Martial Law

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Presidential Museum and Library. “The Diliman Commune.” The Official Tumblr Page of the Presidential Museum and Library. Accessed November 26, 2016.

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Jopson, Arceo, Silva, Begg, and Celestial have all since been honored by having their names etched on the Wall of Remembrance at the Philippines'

1850: 897:. Campus journalist Antero Santos was killed while being chased by Marcos forces. Those who went missing ("desaparecidos"), meanwhile, included 5804: 5774: 5744: 5185: 2873: 2768: 2695: 1254: 5814: 5559: 5207: 4624: 2913: 2795: 2738: 2594: 1180: 380: 151: 1724: 986: 5999: 5486: 4655: 4576: 4571: 4434: 2958: 2273: 730:

drill, with their refusal stemming from their dissatisfaction with the present NROTC system as well as their protest against the hazing of

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Nonetheless, many activists concluded that the regime had to be fought through force, and joined the underground movement against Marcos.

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military abuse, and human rights violations was able to reach the international community, which put pressure on Marcos to enact reforms.

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The prominence of student groups continued into the eighties when the economic nosedive and the assassination of Marcos' political rival

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Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.

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the delegates to the convention must be made ineligible to run for any public office in the elections immediately after the convention

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The National Union of Students of the Philippines. “NUSP: Edgar Jopson, Martyr of the People.” NUSP.Org (blog). September 21, 2012.

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The mobilization of students during this period trained a huge number of activists who later joined the underground opposition, the

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of the university as the military sought control of the campus in order to identify suspected leftists, activists, and critiques.

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Valte, Maricris. “The Philippine Student Movement: Prospects for a Dynamic Student Politics.” Kasarinlan 1, no.3 (1987): 49 – 62.

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economic crisis eventually took its toll and triggered growing public unrest, with students at the forefront of protest efforts.

38:"radicals" who wanted broader, more systemic political reforms, such as student groups associated with labor groups, or with the 2566:"Experiences of selected University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) community members during Martial Law in the Philippines" 1467:

Thompson., Mark R. The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines. ISBN 9780300062434

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Tiglao, Rigoberto D. “Days of Shame: August 21, 1971 and 1983.” The Manila Times. August 20, 2013. Accessed November 26, 2016.

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Numerous books and films have prominently portrayed student activism in the Philippines during the Marcos years, including the

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Sison, Jose Maria. “The Incubation of Activism in the University of the Philippines.” Jose Maria Sison (blog). June 26, 2010.

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The Philippine Daily Inquirer. “Did you know: Diliman Commune.” Inquirer.Net. February 10, 2014. Accessed November 26, 2016.

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Service on CM Recto. Ang Sinco would later be considered Davao's first martyr of the fight against the Marcos dictatorship.

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public officials who will run as candidates should be made to resign or forfeit their seats upon filing of candidacy

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Other watershed events which would convince students to join the underground resistance include the February 1971

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which removed Marcos from the presidency and put a revolutionary government under Aquino in power in his place.

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served as a turning point for the mainstream opposition to organize more proactively against the dictatorship.

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States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis Of Iran, Nicaragua, and The Philippines

782: 685: 652: 617: 445:" a period of civil unrest in the Philippines which took place during the first quarter of the year 1970. 1493: 972:

Francisco, Katerina. “Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history.” Rappler, September 22, 2016.

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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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in 1971, and then finally placed the entire Philippine archipelago under Martial Law in September 1972.

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and instruction that was done in English, student activists urged the administration to adopt a "more

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Metropolitan Command (METROCOM) of the Philippine Constabulary repulsed them towards Mendiola Bridge.

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Ateneo De Davao became one of the centers of activism in Mindanao during the dangerous days of the

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U.G. an underground tale : the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation

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U.G. an underground tale : the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation

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http://tumblr.malacanang.gov.ph/post/41999173732/the-diliman-commune-a-year-and-a-month-after-the

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Taguiwalo, Judy M. “Notes on the 1971 Diliman Commune.” Diliman Diary (blog). February 24, 2011.

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Cabato, Regine D. & Sayson, Frances P. “Braving the storm.” The Guidon. September 11, 2014.

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Lacaba, Jose F. (February 7, 1970) The January 26 Confrontation: A Highly Personal Account. The

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institutions that permitted these mobilizations to be closed down, forcing activists to turn to

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The anti-Marcos struggle : personalistic rule and democratic transition in the Philippines

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Dohner, Robert; Intal, Ponciano (1989). "Debt Crisis and Adjustment in the Philippines". In

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trainees by probationary officers. The Student Council backed this boycott in a resolution.

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use of extreme measures, including massive borrowing to fund government projects during the

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http://josemariasison.org/the-incubation-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines/

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the Young Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), a communitarian-socialist organization.

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Shortly thereafter, however, this youth faction was expelled from the party. Led by

134:(NUSP), were the dominant force in the earliest student protests of the late 1960s. 5481: 5247: 5044: 4925: 4904: 4419: 4329: 4282: 4247: 4201: 4129: 4005: 3967: 3892: 3862: 3786: 3751: 3685: 3654: 3615: 3602: 3523: 3498: 3355: 3323: 3261: 3210: 3115: 2988: 2883: 823: 731: 633: 591: 235: 2515:

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school administration, protested against military incursions into the university.

144:

the non-partisan composition of poll inspectors and provincial board of canvassers

29:

took place towards the end of 1969 and the beginning of 1970, as a result of the

5678: 5673: 5589: 5579: 5357: 5309: 5235: 4873: 4839: 4813: 4339: 4292: 4262: 4222: 4141: 3987: 3857: 3706: 3695: 3493: 3281: 3266: 3256: 3161: 3131: 3008: 2763: 2564:

Pangilinan-Jamolin, Lei; Guzman, Rowena de; Yema, Dan Paolo (December 1, 2020).

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Perfecto, academic vice-president, on December 8, 1968, during the feast of the

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Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events

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the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP),

80:. Marcos spent $ 50 million worth in debt-funded infrastructure, triggering a 2604: 2525:, Congress of Teachers and Educators for Nationalism and Democracy (CONTEND) 1943: 1862: 1622: 862:, then president, urged his students, faculty, and employees to maintain the 266:; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the wake of the 154:(COMELEC) must regulate the election propaganda and expense of the candidates 5117: 5030: 3766: 3746: 3557: 3291: 3184: 1836: 1801: 1754:

http://diliman-diary.blogspot.com/2011/02/notes-on-1971-diliman-commune.html

1537: 1129: 1051:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" 1035: 632:

Several activists from the Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU), most notably

357: 160:

the age requirement of delegates should be lowered from 25 to 21 years old.

2584: 655:, which honors the heroes and martyrs who fought the Marcos dictatorship. 5451: 5124: 5110: 4699: 4685: 4671: 3101: 2758: 1816: 1781: 863: 1304: 791:

The main campus of the private, non-sectarian University of Mindanao in

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Living And Dying In Memory Of 11 Ateneo De Manila Martial Law Activists

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616:. Some key campus figures would later be honored at the Philippines' 2186: 1935: 1614: 1340:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia" 2221:"Martial law not an 'era of discipline' - Miriam College community" 33:

which sprang from the administration's debt-driven spending during

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the non-partisan election of delegates to the national convention

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5167: 2677: 1851:"Catholics Hold Vigil In Manila to Protest Raid on a Novitiate" 4148:

Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution

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Lumbera; Taguiwalo; Tolentino; Gillermo; Alamon, eds. (2008).

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gather en masse, the gathering quickly snowballed into the

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

164:

Student groups considered "moderate" at the time included:

35:

Ferdinand Marcos' campaign for his second presidential term

5534:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

5529:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

2909:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

2904:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

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Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power

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383:. Radicals who were brought into the Party's fold formed 214:

the Student Power Assembly of the Philippines (SPAP), and

4754:

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the "middle force" of the opposition to Ferdinand Marcos

474:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

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On July 17, 1971, some 600 cadets refused to attend an

668:

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648:, and the secretary-general of the student government. 441:, and the beginning of what would later be called the " 317: 16:

Political activism during Ferdinand Marcos's presidency

5052:

A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution

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190:Groups considered "radical" at the time included: 118:, wanted broader, more systemic political reforms. 4430:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 2296:"Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed" 1725:"The 7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm" 809:University of the Philippines Diliman (UP Diliman) 246:. While groups with other ideologies, such as the 60:Student demonstrations and the First Quarter Storm 4062:Resistance during the Marcos administration years 2294:Medina, Kate Pedroso, Marielle (September 2015). 1424:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 52:Marcos eventually suspended the privilege of the 5618:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 5149:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 3037:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 1208: 1206: 114:of labor and student groups associated with the 2080:"Martyrs & Heroes: Solana, Nicolas Jr., M." 1181:"A History of the Philippine Political Protest" 664:into two separate organizations, SDK-L and KM. 433:1970 Marcos State of the Nation Address protest 4804:Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan 4415:Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan 2005:"Martyrs & Heroes: Eduardo Taking Lanzona" 1901:Government of the Philippines Official Gazette 1649:Government of the Philippines Official Gazette 870:University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) 771:human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship 659:Founding of Ligang Demokratiko ng Ateneo (LDA) 211:the Movement for Democratic Philippines (MDP), 5179: 2689: 1697:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. 1318: 1316: 1314: 1018:Developing country debt and the world economy 828:Student Christian Movement of the Philippines 753:after one of her students was picked up as a 638:National Union of Students of the Philippines 536:Aftermath of Martial Law and EDSA (1972–1986) 132:National Union of Students of the Philippines 8: 5256:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives) 2308:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1966:"Marcos' Legacy and the Philippine Military" 1667:"Marcos' Legacy and the Philippine Military" 1215:"Commemorating Ninoy Aquino's assassination" 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 458:Philippine Constabulary Metropolitan Command 5010:Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin 2633:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2338:"Norberto Acebedo - Bantayog ng mga Bayani" 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1278: 1276: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 568:military raid on the Sacred Heart Novitiate 5850:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign 5613:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 5422:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis 5330:President of the Senate of the Philippines 5186: 5172: 5164: 4858: 4707:Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree 4651: 4635:Presidential Commission on Good Government 4546: 4466:United Nationalist Democratic Organization 3064: 3032:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 2869:Construction of "edifice complex" projects 2696: 2682: 2674: 2637:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2480: 2478: 2128:"Martyrs & Heroes: Joel Ozarraga Jose" 1980:"Martyrs & Heroes: Atty. Larry Ilagan" 1723:Dacanay, Barbara Mae Naredo (2020-02-24). 1327:. FILIPINOS FOR A BETTER PHILIPPINES, INC. 1213:Simafrania, Eduardo D. (August 21, 2006). 1114:(1st ed.). Metro Manila: Conspectus. 933:novel "Killing Time in a Warm Place", the 101:"Moderate" and "radical" opposition groups 31:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis 2241:"Martyrs & Heroes: Suellen Escribano" 2030:"Martyrs & Heroes: Maria Socorro Par" 1259:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 340:Learn how and when to remove this message 259:, which called for Muslim Independence.) 219:Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino 5492:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan 5325:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959) 5073:Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow? 2402:"Martyrs & Heroes: Rhyme Petalcorin" 1492:Tan, Oscar Franklin (December 8, 2014). 1020:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 832:College Editors Guild of the Philippines 84:. The Marcos administration ran to the 5598:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 4440:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines 3017:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 2919:Timeline of the People Power Revolution 2377:"Martyrs & Heroes: Herbert Cayunda" 2352:"Martyrs & Heroes: Edgar Ang Sinco" 965: 876:University of the Philippines Los Baños 751:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines 722:Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) 560:Philippine Catholic church's resistance 540:On September 21, 1972, Marcos declared 171:the National Students League (NSL), and 6005:History of the Philippines (1965–1986) 5373:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre 5144:Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality 2622: 2611:from the original on September 6, 2022 2462:"Left to Right: The Student Activists" 2324:"Roy Acebedo - Bantayog ng mga Bayani" 2301: 2166:"Left to Right: The Student Activists" 761:Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) 572:the Novaliches district of Quezon City 88:(IMF) for help, and the IMF offered a 5867:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign 4625:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 2653:"Martyrs & Heroes: Antero Santos" 2427:"Martyrs & Heroes: Cecilio Reyes" 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2164:Reach, Trinidad (February 19, 2010). 2055:"Martyrs & Heroes: Evella Bontia" 1786:. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1763: 1761: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1494:"Why Ateneo is honoring Edgar Jopson" 1449:from the original on January 31, 2015 1437:"Remembering the First Quarter Storm" 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1391: 1389: 226:Radicalization of "Moderate" students 7: 4505:Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) 4435:National Movement for Free Elections 1918:Youngblood, Robert L. (1978-05-01). 1821:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1597:Youngblood, Robert L. (1978-05-01). 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 985:Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). 721: 4587:Second Great Rectification Movement 4410:Justice for Aquino, Justice for All 2749:Philippines–United States relations 2103:"Martyrs & Heroes: Ricky Filio" 1479:The Philippine Press Under Siege II 558:One important turning point in the 396:Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 234:legislative reforms), such as like 5405:Communist Party of the Philippines 5215:10th First Lady of the Philippines 4395:Concerned Women of the Philippines 3499:Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes 2705:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos 2583:Malay, Carolina S., 1940- (2015). 1572:Jimenez-David, Rina (2017-11-10). 1350:from the original on June 26, 2017 1285:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 852:In 1971, students who formed the " 628:Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU) 439:administration of Ferdinand Marcos 244:Communist Party of the Philippines 14: 5560:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998) 5107:: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story 2487:The Philippines Under Martial Law 2187:http://nusp.org/edjop-curriculum/ 1058:Journal of Philippine Development 608:Ateneo de Davao University (ADDU) 493:The 1971 Habeas Corpus suspension 422:Notable events involving students 5973: 5972: 5263: 4102:Reform the Armed Forces Movement 3297:Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr. 2984:Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor 2864:1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid 2460:Liu, Nancy (February 19, 2010). 1907:from the original on 2017-09-03. 1655:from the original on 2017-09-03. 1522:. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1420:Montiel, Cristina Jayme (2007). 603:Student activism in universities 416:1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid 298: 203:Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan 5654:Fake war claims and fake medals 4425:Movement for a Free Philippines 4375:Alliance of Makati Associations 3411:Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr. 3157:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. 3106:Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr. 2831:Human rights in the Philippines 2801:1969 balance of payments crisis 2589:. Ermita, Manila, Philippines. 2276:from the original on 2023-10-04 1735:from the original on 2020-02-28 1729:ABS CBN News and Public Affairs 1477:Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). 1325:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again 1049:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). 692:The Filipinization of Education 517:Continuous protests (1970–1972) 5457:Integrated Reorganization Plan 5432:1971 constitutional convention 5289:St. Paul's College of Tacloban 4954:Evolution of a Filipino Family 4809:Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na! 4119:Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr. 3672:Academics and cultural workers 3376:Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco 2734:Martial law in the Philippines 2527:Alliance of Concerned Teachers 1897:"The Fall of the Dictatorship" 1645:"The Fall of the Dictatorship" 414:youth organization during the 373:Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas 253:Moro National Liberation Front 1: 5504:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 5293:Philippine Women's University 5280:University of the Philippines 4159:Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano 2894:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 2884:Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz 2586:Ang mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo 680:De La Salle University (DLSU) 501:'s grand miting de avance at 381:University of the Philippines 280:assassination of Ninoy Aquino 257:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 5684:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 5211:President of the Philippines 4768:Some Are Smarter Than Others 4457:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino 3479:Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. 2964:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 270:bombing; the September 1972 6000:Students in the Philippines 5689:Manila Film Center disaster 4679:Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo 4400:Free Legal Assistance Group 3536:Religious sector opposition 3371:Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr. 3345:Political sector opposition 3287:Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga 2083:Bantayog Foundation Website 1780:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 1518:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 991:. Oxford University Press. 952:, and the Kip Oebanda film 836:League of Filipino Students 777:University of Mindanao (UM) 622:Free Legal Assistance Group 185:National Democracy movement 126:Student groups calling for 116:National Democracy movement 86:International Monetary Fund 40:National Democracy movement 6021: 4630:Philippine National Police 4620:Commission on Human Rights 4592:Burial of Ferdinand Marcos 4390:Bagong Alyansang Makabayan 4385:August Twenty One Movement 3303:Business sector opposition 3262:Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. 3172:Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez 3162:María Imelda "Imee" Marcos 3052:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 2718:Batas Militar sa Pilipinas 2219:Orante, Bea (2016-03-30). 1815:Thompson, Mark R. (1995). 1574:"Reaching a turning point" 1498:Philippine Daily InquirerO 873: 845: 780: 741: 634:Edgardo Gil "Edjop" Jopson 430: 272:declaration of Martial Law 82:balance of payments crisis 78:1969 presidential campaign 63: 25:A significant increase in 5951: 5415:Communist armed conflicts 5378:Establishment of the MNLF 5261: 5205: 4996:The Last Journey of Ninoy 4577:Anti-Aquino coup attempts 4115:Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan 3805:Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas 3459:Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III 2969:Murder of Macli-ing Dulag 2879:Interim Batasang Pambansa 2715: 1442:Philippine Daily Inquirer 1297:10.1017/s0022463400019019 948:, the Aureus Solito film 893:was among those who were 530:the writ of habeas corpus 405:"Middle force" opposition 276:murder of Macli-ing Dulag 4782:Waltzing with a Dictator 3319:Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr. 3282:Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas 3277:Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel 3272:José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno 3267:Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino 2485:Lopez, Salvador (1974). 1378:Lacaba, Jose F. (1982). 907:Gerardo "Gerry" Faustino 290:The underground movement 5679:Affair with Dovie Beams 5544:People Power Revolution 5498:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 5335:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 4862:Monuments and memorials 4799:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 4720:during the dictatorship 3625:The Magnificent Seven ( 3494:Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo 3356:Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo 3314:Domingo M. Guevara, Sr. 3181:Florentino Sanico Solon 2709:People Power Revolution 1323:Robles, Raissa (2016). 824:National Capital Region 705:The Brother Becker Case 646:Student Catholic Action 597:People Power Revolution 577:Student Catholic Action 412:Student Catholic Action 152:Commission on Elections 5388:1976 Tripoli Agreement 4879:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 4405:Gabriela Women's Party 4258:Letty Jimenez Magsanoc 4162:Col. Charles Hotchkiss 3996:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba 3757:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba 3737:Gilda Cordero Fernando 3665:Academic and cultural 3309:Jose S. Concepcion Jr. 2989:Murder of Alex Orcullo 2979:Bacong Bridge massacre 2657:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2570:U.P. Los Baños Journal 2431:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2406:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2381:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2356:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2245:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2132:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2107:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2059:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2034:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2009:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 1984:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 1708:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 1681:Philippines Free Press 1253:Parsa, Misagh (2000). 783:University of Mindanao 738:Maryknoll College (MC) 686:De La Salle University 653:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 618:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 472:Primitivo Mijares, in 464:The Battle of Mendiola 320:by rewriting it in an 278:; and the August 1983 5575:Historical distortion 5442:Proclamation No. 1081 5437:Plaza Miranda bombing 5228:Josefa Edralin & 4869:People Power Monument 4293:Joaquin "Chino" Roces 4011:Felixberto Olalia Sr. 3898:Abraham Sarmiento Jr. 3792:Francisco Nemenzo Jr. 3509:Abraham Sarmiento Sr. 3406:Teofisto Guingona Jr. 3257:Agapito "Butz" Aquino 3246:Mainstream opposition 3152:Antonio Floirendo Sr. 2854:Proclamation No. 1081 2821:Plaza Miranda bombing 2744:Conjugal dictatorship 2266:"Sister Helen Graham" 895:arrested and tortured 716:Immaculate Conception 368:among the peasantry. 248:Light-A-Fire Movement 54:writ of habeas corpus 5957:← Diosdado Macapagal 5674:Death of Alfie Anido 5514:Binondo Central Bank 5393:Pata Island massacre 4380:Anti-Bases Coalition 4370:Political coalitions 4278:Antonio "Tony" Nieva 3942:Left-wing opposition 3642:Julio Xavier Labayen 3177:Ignacio Santiago Sr. 2826:Filipino nationalism 2769:Communist insurgency 2754:American imperialism 1968:. 15 September 2021. 1669:. 15 September 2021. 883:Modesto "Bong" Sison 5878:Cultural depictions 5669:Cult of personality 5649:Human rights abuses 5628:Golden Buddha theft 5623:Coco Levy Fund scam 5427:First Quarter Storm 5284:U.P. College of Law 5135:Disinformation and 5066:Season of the Devil 4968:From What Is Before 4729:Iginuhit ng Tadhana 4320:Stephen W. Bosworth 4243:Inday Espina-Varona 4165:Col. Antonio Sotelo 3913:Southern Tagalog 10 3883:Tish Pascual-Ladlad 3489:Soledad Roa Duterte 3469:Cecilia Muñoz-Palma 3204:Cabinet Technocrats 3147:Manuel Elizalde Jr. 3132:Macario Asistio Jr. 3047:Golden Buddha theft 3042:Coco Levy Fund scam 2949:Political detainees 2939:Human rights abuses 2806:First Quarter Storm 1344:The Philippine Star 1225:on October 18, 2007 925:Portrayals in media 842:The Diliman Commune 820:First Quarter Storm 614:Marcos dictatorship 575:youth group called 564:Marcos dictatorship 480:The Diliman Commune 443:First Quarter Storm 385:Kabataang Makabayan 196:Kabataang Makabayan 130:, particularly the 66:First Quarter Storm 44:First Quarter Storm 5942:Martyr or Murderer 5935:Maid in Malacañang 5805:1984 parliamentary 5565:Operation Big Bird 5524:Escalante massacre 5467:Palimbang massacre 5320:Nacionalista Party 5024:Martyr or Murderer 5017:Maid in Malacañang 4693:Saranggola ni Pepe 4562:Operation Big Bird 4314:interested parties 4268:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 4263:Jose "Pete" Lacaba 4207:Ronnie Nathanielsz 4202:Jose "Joe" Guevara 4030:Crispin Tagamolila 3908:Archimedes Trajano 3903:Antonio Tagamolila 3782:Bienvenido Lumbera 3732:Renato Constantino 3682:APO Hiking Society 3611:Mary Christine Tan 3578:Mary John Mananzan 3548:Teodoro Bacani Jr. 3434:Diosdado Macapagal 3386:Hilario Davide Jr. 3381:Roberto Concepcion 3292:Cardinal Jaime Sin 2994:Escalante massacre 2954:Palimbang massacre 2849:1972 Enrile ambush 1855:The New York Times 1712:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 755:political detainee 322:encyclopedic style 309:is written like a 90:debt restructuring 5987: 5986: 5509:1980s debt crisis 5487:Tictapul massacre 5477:Thrilla in Manila 5462:1973 constitution 5410:New People's Army 5400:ASEAN Declaration 5340:Marcos propaganda 5161: 5160: 5157: 5156: 4848: 4847: 4643: 4642: 4613:1987 Constitution 4608:Aquino Presidency 4567:Mendiola massacre 4535:Villamor Air Base 4525:Malacañang Palace 4474: 4473: 4446:Political parties 4253:Betty Go-Belmonte 4176:Benjamin Magalong 4109:Juan Ponce Enrile 4095:Marcos G. Soliman 4075:Bonifacio Gillego 4052:Opposition in the 3821:Student activists 3797:Willie Nepomuceno 3777:Salvador P. Lopez 3722:Benedicto Cabrera 3702:Lualhati Bautista 3667:sector opposition 3598:Miguel Purugganan 3553:Mariani Dimaranan 3519:Claudio Teehankee 3449:Primitivo Mijares 3424:Eva Estrada Kalaw 3329:Alfonso Yuchengco 3137:Roberto Benedicto 3111:Juan Ponce Enrile 2959:Tictapul massacre 2859:1973 Constitution 2596:978-971-538-270-0 2270:Maryknoll Sisters 1014:Sachs, Jeffrey D. 935:Lualhati Bautista 860:Salvador P. Lopez 427:1970 SONA protest 354:New People's Army 350: 349: 342: 240:New People's Army 71:Background causes 6012: 5976: 5975: 5964:Corazon Aquino → 5900:A Dangerous Life 5472:Green Revolution 5303:Political career 5267: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5165: 5105:Maalaala Mo Kaya 5059:Sa Dulo ng Baril 4961:Forbidden Memory 4933:A Dangerous Life 4859: 4718:Political Films 4665:Bagong Pagsilang 4652: 4547: 4325:Henry A. Byroade 4288:Napoleon G. Rama 4197:Adrian Cristobal 4136:Hector Tarrazona 4069:Ramon A. Alcaraz 4021:Jose Maria Sison 3978:Bernabe Buscayno 3922:Gerardo Faustino 3917:Cristina Catalla 3858:Bonifacio Ilagan 3810:Nemesio Prudente 3691:Boboy Garrovillo 3632:Federico Escaler 3627:Francisco Claver 3593:Magnifico Osorio 3529:Calixto Zaldivar 3484:Eduardo Quintero 3464:Ambrosio Padilla 3401:Raul M. Gonzalez 3396:Neptali Gonzales 3334:Quintin Yuyitung 3236:Carlos P. Romulo 3231:Placido Mapa Jr. 3190:Arturo Tolentino 3075:Ferdinand Marcos 3065: 2784:Jabidah massacre 2698: 2691: 2684: 2675: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2628: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2299: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2216: 2207: 2204: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2016: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710:Manila,My Manila 1705: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1569: 1558: 1555: 1542: 1541: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1402: 1401: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1338:Diola, Camille. 1335: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1309: 1308: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1250: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1221:. Archived from 1219:The Manila Times 1210: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1187:. Archived from 1177: 1134: 1133: 1107: 1092: 1089: 1066: 1065: 1055: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1009: 1003: 1002: 982: 976: 970: 946:film based on it 931:Jose Dalisay Jr. 903:Cristina Catalla 822:that rocked the 587:to bear fruit." 392:Jose Maria Sison 345: 338: 334: 331: 325: 302: 301: 294: 179:"Radical" groups 122:Calls for Reform 108:The Manila Times 27:student activism 6020: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6009: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5947: 5873: 5810:1984 plebiscite 5693: 5664:Edifice complex 5637: 5603:Marcos mansions 5584: 5553:Post-presidency 5548: 5383:Manili massacre 5350: 5344: 5315:Military career 5298: 5287: 5268: 5259: 5254:Pacifico Marcos 5217: 5201: 5192: 5162: 5153: 5136: 5130: 5078: 5038:Oras de Peligro 4890: 4854: 4844: 4818: 4787: 4741: 4719: 4712: 4639: 4596: 4538: 4470: 4365:pressure groups 4364: 4358: 4335:George Hamilton 4313: 4307: 4303:Jose Mari Velez 4233:Amando Doronila 4218:Eugenia Apostol 4194: 4180: 4124:Jose T. Almonte 4088:Danilo Vizmanos 4081:Rogelio Morales 4053: 4047: 3973:Crispin Beltran 3937: 3927:Rizalina Ilagan 3888:Nestor Principe 3878:Armando Palabay 3853:Antonio Hilario 3843:Neri Colmenares 3838:Manuel Bautista 3833:Edgar Ang Sinco 3772:Celeste Legaspi 3677:Freddie Aguilar 3674: 3666: 3660: 3647:Orlando Quevedo 3637:Antonio Fortich 3573:Isabelo Magalit 3568:Inocencio Ipong 3543:Zacarias Agatep 3514:Wigberto Tañada 3474:Vicente Paterno 3454:Ramon Mitra Jr. 3240: 3199: 3195:Nicanor Yñiguez 3142:José Yao Campos 3084: 3056: 3022:Marcos mansions 3003: 2944:Torture methods 2930: 2923: 2835: 2816:Diliman Commune 2811:Agrarian reform 2789:Manili massacre 2720: 2711: 2702: 2672: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2523:IBON Foundation 2518: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2375: 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1418: 1405: 1398:Manila Bulletin 1395: 1394: 1387: 1377: 1376: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1312: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1252: 1251: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1191:on July 5, 2017 1179: 1178: 1137: 1122: 1109: 1108: 1095: 1090: 1069: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1028: 1011: 1010: 1006: 999: 984: 983: 979: 971: 967: 962: 927: 911:Rizalina Ilagan 887:Manuel Bautista 878: 872: 854:Diliman Commune 850: 848:Diliman Commune 844: 811: 798:Edgar Ang Sinco 789: 787:Edgar Ang Sinco 781:Main articles: 779: 763: 746: 740: 724: 707: 694: 682: 670: 661: 630: 610: 605: 538: 519: 495: 486:Diliman Commune 482: 466: 435: 429: 424: 407: 346: 335: 329: 326: 318:help improve it 315: 303: 299: 292: 264:Diliman Commune 228: 181: 124: 106:as reported in 103: 73: 68: 62: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6018: 6016: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5921:Here Lies Love 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5893:Kumander Dante 5889: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5633:BNPP kickbacks 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5233: 5230:Mariano Marcos 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5091:Here Lies Love 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4912:Barber's Tales 4908: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4856: 4855:historiography 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4572:1987 elections 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4530:Ortigas Center 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515:Fort Magsaysay 4512: 4510:Fort Bonifacio 4507: 4502: 4497: 4495:Clark Air Base 4492: 4487: 4485:Camp Aguinaldo 4482: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4461:Lakas ng Bayan 4454: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4298:Maximo Soliven 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4190: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4170:Rodolfo Biazon 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4155:Fidel V. Ramos 4145: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4034:Benito Tiamzon 4031: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4016:Rolando Olalia 4013: 4008: 4003: 4001:Filemon Lagman 3998: 3993: 3992:Luis Jalandoni 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958:Conrado Balweg 3955: 3953:Lean Alejandro 3950: 3948:Fidel Agcaoili 3945: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Carol Pagaduan 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3828:Lean Alejandro 3817: 3815:Kidlat Tahimik 3812: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3727:Behn Cervantes 3724: 3719: 3714: 3712:Ishmael Bernal 3709: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3588:Pacifico Ortiz 3585: 3583:Violeta Marcos 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3444:Raul Manglapus 3441: 3439:Ernesto Maceda 3436: 3431: 3429:José B. Lingad 3426: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3391:Marcelo Fernan 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3351:Jacobo Amatong 3342: 3341: 3339:Rizal Yuyitung 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221:Armand Fabella 3218: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167:Roberto Ongpin 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2914:Snap elections 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2889:1981 elections 2886: 2881: 2876: 2874:1978 elections 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2796:1969 elections 2793: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739:1965 elections 2736: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2644: 2595: 2575: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2504: 2492: 2474: 2452: 2443: 2418: 2393: 2368: 2343: 2340:. 25 May 2023. 2329: 2326:. 25 May 2023. 2315: 2286: 2257: 2232: 2208: 2190: 2178: 2156: 2144: 2119: 2094: 2071: 2046: 2021: 1996: 1971: 1957: 1930:(5): 505–520. 1910: 1888: 1874: 1857:. 1974-09-02. 1842: 1827: 1807: 1792: 1772: 1757: 1745: 1715: 1700: 1685: 1672: 1658: 1636: 1609:(5): 505–520. 1589: 1559: 1543: 1528: 1510: 1484: 1469: 1460: 1435:Rodis, Rodel. 1427: 1403: 1385: 1361: 1330: 1310: 1291:(1): 110–121. 1272: 1265: 1236: 1202: 1135: 1121:978-9919108014 1120: 1093: 1067: 1041: 1026: 1004: 997: 977: 964: 963: 961: 958: 926: 923: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 846:Main article: 843: 840: 810: 807: 778: 775: 762: 759: 744:Miriam College 742:Main article: 739: 736: 723: 720: 706: 703: 693: 690: 681: 678: 669: 666: 660: 657: 629: 626: 609: 606: 604: 601: 537: 534: 526:Jose W. Diokno 518: 515: 507:Quiapo, Manila 494: 491: 481: 478: 465: 462: 431:Main article: 428: 425: 423: 420: 406: 403: 387:(KM) in 1964. 348: 347: 306: 304: 297: 291: 288: 255:and the later 227: 224: 223: 222: 215: 212: 209: 206: 199: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 169: 162: 161: 158: 155: 148: 145: 142: 123: 120: 102: 99: 72: 69: 64:Main article: 61: 58: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6017: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5928:The Kingmaker 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5907:Batas Militar 5904: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642:Controversies 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Marcos jewels 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519:Negros famine 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5363:Moro conflict 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 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4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:UP-DND accord 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500:Club Filipino 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Liberal Party 4450: 4449: 4448: 4447: 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Laya 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216:Onofre Corpuz 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3080:Imelda Marcos 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:Marcos jewels 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2999:Beew massacre 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2974:Daet massacre 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2929:Human rights 2926: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2899:Negros famine 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2774:Moro conflict 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1828:0-300-06243-5 1824: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793:971-27-1590-6 1789: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266:9780521774307 1262: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1008: 1005: 1000: 998:9780195158984 994: 990: 989: 981: 978: 975: 969: 966: 959: 957: 955: 951: 947: 944: 943:Chito S. Roño 940: 936: 932: 924: 922: 920: 919:Jessica Sales 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:Aloysius Baes 888: 884: 877: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 855: 849: 841: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 815: 808: 806: 802: 799: 794: 788: 784: 776: 774: 772: 768: 767:Liliosa Hilao 760: 758: 756: 752: 745: 737: 735: 733: 729: 719: 717: 711: 704: 702: 700: 699:nationalistic 691: 689: 687: 679: 677: 674: 667: 665: 658: 656: 654: 649: 647: 641: 639: 635: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 607: 602: 600: 598: 593: 588: 584: 582: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 549: 547: 543: 535: 533: 531: 527: 522: 516: 514: 510: 508: 504: 503:Plaza Miranda 500: 499:Liberal Party 492: 490: 487: 479: 477: 475: 470: 463: 461: 459: 454: 450: 446: 444: 440: 434: 426: 421: 419: 417: 413: 404: 402: 399: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 365: 363: 359: 355: 344: 341: 333: 323: 319: 313: 312: 307:This section 305: 296: 295: 289: 287: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268:Plaza Miranda 265: 260: 258: 254: 249: 245: 241: 237: 231: 225: 220: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 200: 197: 193: 192: 191: 188: 186: 178: 173: 170: 167: 166: 165: 159: 156: 153: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 133: 129: 128:social reform 121: 119: 117: 111: 109: 100: 98: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 70: 67: 59: 57: 55: 50: 47: 45: 41: 36: 32: 28: 23: 21: 5971: 5962: 5955: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5496: 5482:Metro Manila 5123: 5103: 5089: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4926:Citizen Jake 4924: 4917: 4910: 4905:Ako si Ninoy 4903: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4734: 4727: 4601:Institutions 4445: 4444: 4369: 4330:Philip Habib 4283:Alex Orcullo 4248:Chit Estella 4211: 4210: 4191: 4147: 4146: 4130:Victor Batac 4100: 4099: 4060: 4055:Armed Forces 4006:Satur Ocampo 3968:Walden Bello 3893:Susan Quimpo 3863:Edgar Jopson 3820: 3819: 3818: 3787:Leah Navarro 3752:Nick Joaquin 3686:Danny Javier 3671: 3655:Jesus Varela 3616:Carlos Tayag 3603:James Reuter 3534: 3533: 3524:Haydee Yorac 3344: 3343: 3324:Jaime Ongpin 3302: 3301: 3251: 3211:Cesar Virata 3116:Romeo Espino 2717: 2661:. 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