Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard

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significant difference in personal scores compared to white students. Furthermore, Card claimed that if SFFA's analysis showed that the personal ratings assigned to Asian Americans were unexpectedly poorer, Asian Americans also unexpectedly scored higher on the academic rating than other racial groups, which would add complexity to the claim that Harvard is intentionally discriminating against Asian Americans. In response to Arcidiacono's analysis, Harvard contended that Arcidiacono had "mined the data to his advantage" by excluding applicants that received preferable treatment due to being legacies, athletes, the children of staff and faculty, including Asian-Americans. Harvard also argued that the documents the plaintiffs alleged as proof of discrimination against Asian Americans represented "a preliminary and incomplete analysis" that Harvard's Office of Institutional Research (OIR) conducted "without the benefit of the full admissions database or a full understanding of the admissions process" and that " OIR documents themselves directly acknowledge various missing data and aspects of the admissions process that are not taken into account."

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consistently rated Asian American applicants, as a group, lower than others on "positive personality traits," such as likability, courage, and kindness. The plaintiffs alleged that Asian Americans scored higher than applicants of any other racial or ethnic group on other admissions measures like test scores, grades and extracurricular activities, but the students' personal ratings significantly hampered their admissions chances. The plaintiffs also claimed that alumni interviewers (who, unlike admissions officers within Harvard, actually met individual applicants) gave Asian Americans personal ratings comparable to white applicants. Harvard's admissions staff testified that they did not believe that different racial groups have better personal qualities than others, but nevertheless, Asian applicants as a racial group received consistently weaker personal scores over the period surveyed, and Harvard's admissions office rated Asian Americans with the worst personal qualities of any racial group. African-Americans, on the other hand, consistently scored the lowest on the academic rating, but highest on the personal rating.

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identifying as Asian American or Pacific Islander rose from 30 percent to 39 percent." At Brown, the percentage of students identifying as non-Hispanic white decrease from 46 to 43 percent, as Asian increase from 29 to 33 percent, as Hispanic or Latino decrease from 14 to 10 percent, as non-Hispanic Black or African American decrease from 15 to 9 percent, and as American Indian or Alaska Native decrease from 2 to 1.5 percent. Further, the percentage of students who did not report their race increased from 4 to 7 percent. Meanwhile at Yale, Asian enrollment dropped by six percentage points, Black and Native American enrollment remained stable, white enrollment increased by four percentage points, and Latino enrollment increased by one percentage point. At Princeton, Asian enrollment dropped by 2.2 percentage points. At the same time, Hispanic and Latino enrollment dropped one percentage point and Black enrollment shifted by less than one percent. Some experts say "it may take years to see the definitive impact of the decision."

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significant penalty relative to white applicants in the "Personal Rating" and "Overall Rating" assigned by Harvard officials. As a result, the plaintiffs allege Asian American applicants have the lowest chance of admission of all racial groups in the United States, despite scoring highest in all objective measurements. Arcidiacono testified that removing the personal score penalty of Asian applicants relative to white applicants would result in a 16% increase in the number of admitted Asian Americans.

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and as a result, it must consider more than grades and test scores to determine admission for its 2,000 available slots. Harvard also stated that its personal rating "reflects a wide range of valuable information in the application, such as an applicant’s personal essays, responses to short answer questions, recommendations from teachers and guidance counselors, alumni interview reports, staff interviews, and any additional letters or information provided by the applicant."

4176: 1290: 1452:, said that despite the ruling, colleges and universities can continue to employ "race-neutral" means to promote diversity, such as increased consideration of socioeconomic status and targeting certain schools for recruitment, both of which are said to correlate with race and ethnicity. Institutions in California and Florida have already adopted similar methods, because they are not allowed to consider race and ethnicity under their respective state law. 1386:, Derrick Johnson, said that "affirmative action exists because we cannot rely on colleges, universities, and employers to enact admissions and hiring practices that embrace diversity, equity and inclusion," and that "Race plays an undeniable role in shaping the identities of and quality of life for Black Americans. In a society still scarred by the wounds of racial disparities, the Supreme Court has displayed a willful ignorance of our reality." 1393:, Damon Hewitt, said that "No matter what this court says, we will continue to fight. No matter what this court says, nothing can deprive us of what we call a race conscious future. The future that we deserve, the future that students deserve. Because affirmative action and holistic admissions is not a handout. It's not even really a hand up. It is what students deserve when they bring their whole selves to the table". 1066: 36: 929:. The court heard oral arguments in mid-2020 and ultimately ruled in late 2020 in favor of Harvard, concluding that Judge Burroughs had not erred in her ruling and major factual findings. The Justice Department filed friend-of-the-court briefs in both the initial hearing and the appeal, arguing that Harvard imposes "a racial penalty by systematically disfavoring Asian American applicants". 860:

applicants than disadvantaged African-American applicants." He also stated that if Harvard were to remove all other factors for admissions preference— racial preferences for under-represented minorities, penalties against Asian Americans, and legacy and athlete preferences— the number of Asian-American admits would increase by 1,241 over six years, a 50% increase.

1185: 1122:" Roberts wrote that the affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today". 1294: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1298: 1314: 292:(2) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act bans race-based admissions that, if done by a public university, would violate the Equal Protection Clause. Is Harvard violating Title VI by penalizing Asian-American applicants, engaging in racial balancing, overemphasizing race, and rejecting workable race-neutral alternatives? 1295: 817:. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what it described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian American applicants. The complaints at the Department of Education were dismissed in July 2015 because a lawsuit making similar allegations had already been filed by 1100:, resulting in a 6–3 vote there. The majority opinion, written by Roberts, stated that the use of race was not a compelling interest, and the means by which the schools attempted to achieve diversity (tracking bare racial statistics) bore little or no relationship to the purported goals (viewpoint and 1803:

The Supreme Court ruled Thursday that colleges and universities can no longer take race into consideration as a specific basis in admissions — a landmark decision that overturns long-standing precedent that has benefited Black and Latino students in higher education. The Supreme Court ruled Thursday

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For the same freshman class, other major universities saw mixed results. At Columbia, "The share of Black or African American students also sank from 20 percent last year to 12 percent this fall. The number of Latino and Hispanic students declined from 22 percent to 19 percent this year, while those

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In September 2024, Harvard University released data on the ethnic makeup of their Class of 2028, showing a four percent decrease in Black enrollment, a two percent increase in Hispanic or Latino enrollment, and no change in Asian American enrollment compared to the Class of 2027. Notably, the College

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said that Harvard will comply with the law but remains steadfast in its belief that "deep and transformative teaching, learning, and research depend upon a community comprising people of many backgrounds, perspectives, and lived experiences". The University of North Carolina also said that they would

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obliviousness, today, the majority pulls the ripcord and announces 'colorblindness for all' by legal fiat. But deeming race irrelevant in law does not make it so in life...It would be deeply unfortunate if the Equal Protection Clause actually demanded this perverse, ahistorical, and counterproductive

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said, "Like any policy, affirmative action wasn't perfect. But it allowed generations of students like Michelle and me to prove we belonged. Now it’s up to all of us to give young people the opportunities they deserve — and help students everywhere benefit from new perspectives." Former First Lady

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Justice Jackson's dissent was criticized for falsely claiming that "for high-risk Black newborns, having a Black physician more than doubles the likelihood that the baby will live, and not die." Justice Jackson based this claim on an amicus brief that misrepresented the findings of a study examining

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and developing a diverse future leadership). It was noted however that this prohibition on the use of race in deciding who would be accepted did not stop universities from considering a student's discussion of how their race has impacted their life "so long as that discussion is concretely tied to a

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ruled that Harvard College's admissions policies do not unduly discriminate against Asian Americans. While the system is "not perfect", Burroughs ruled, it nonetheless passes constitutional muster. In her ruling, Burroughs states that there were "no quotas" in place at Harvard, despite acknowledging

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The school also said the percentage of Asian American students admitted has grown from 17% to 21% in a decade, while Asian Americans represent around 6% of the U.S. population. Harvard further claimed that it had studied more than a dozen race-neutral admissions alternatives and allegedly found none

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Harvard denied engaging in discrimination and said its admissions philosophy of considering race as one of many factors in its admissions policy complies with the law. The school also said that it receives more than 40,000 applications, that a large majority of applicants are academically qualified,

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In the lawsuit, the plaintiffs claimed that Harvard imposes a soft quota of “racial balancing" that artificially depresses the number of Asian-American applicants admitted to Harvard. The plaintiffs maintained that the percentage of Asians admitted to Harvard was suspiciously similar year after year

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described as "a poster child for the anti-affirmative action movement" who had filed discrimination complaints against three universities with the federal Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights in 2013 and met with SFFA's founder, later said, "a part of me regrets what I’ve put forward".

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In support of the universities, both the Biden administration and several current and former senators wrote that historically, both the legislative and executive branches have worked to combat racial imbalances through affirmation action and are not intended to violate Title VI. Sixty-five senators

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in support of SFFA, believing that they or their children are discriminated against in college admission processes. Other Asian American advocacy groups filed amicus briefs in support of Harvard. On May 15, 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian American organizations filed federal complaints with

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said in a statement that "the Department of Justice remains committed to promoting student diversity in higher education using all available legal tools. In the coming weeks, we will work with the Department of Education to provide resources to college and universities on what admissions practices

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In a dissenting opinion joined by Justice Kagan and Justice Jackson, Justice Sotomayor wrote that "Ignoring race will not equalize a society that is racially unequal. What was true in the 1860s, and again in 1954, is true today: Equality requires acknowledgment of inequality." Sotomayor wrote that

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While I am painfully aware of the social and economic ravages which have befallen my race and all who suffer discrimination, I hold out enduring hope that this country will live up to its principles so clearly enunciated in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States:

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Justices Thomas, Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh each submitted their own concurring opinions. In his concurrence, Justice Thomas laid out an originalist argument for the "colorblind constitution" and also cited statistics that indicate race-conscious admissions to universities are done at the expense of a

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In the majority opinion, Justice Roberts wrote that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies "without regard to any difference of race, of color, or of nationality" and thus must apply to every person. As such, "Eliminating racial discrimination means eliminating all of it",

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was inconsistent with the Equal Protection Clause. Others wrote that the admission policies at Harvard and the University of North Carolina were discriminatory in that any favoritism towards one race results in discrimination towards others. Other arguments in the SFFA-supporting briefs, including

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economist testifying on behalf of the plaintiffs, concluded that Asian American applicants as a group performed stronger on measures of academic achievement (which Arcidiacono measures using applicants' SAT and ACT scores) and extracurricular activities. Despite this, they received a statistically

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During the lawsuit, the plaintiffs gained access to Harvard's individualized admissions files from 2014 to 2019 and aggregate data from 2000 to 2019. The plaintiffs also interviewed and deposed numerous Harvard officials. From these sources, the plaintiffs alleged that Harvard admissions officers

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In 2013, SFFA filed suit against Harvard in U.S. District Court in Boston, stating that the university's admission practices were unconstitutional. In 2019 a district court judge upheld Harvard's limited use of race as a factor in admissions, stating that SFFA had provided no evidence that Asian

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The plaintiffs also claimed that Harvard's own Office of Institutional Research found a statistically significant penalty against Asian American applicants in an internal investigation in 2013, but had never made the findings public or acted on them. Plaintiffs and commentators have compared the

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Arcidiacono's report also alleges that Harvard's preferential treatment of African-American and Hispanic applicants is not the result of the university's efforts to achieve socioeconomic diversity of its student body, as "Harvard admits more than twice as many non-disadvantaged African-American

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testified on behalf of Harvard and claimed in a report that SFFA's analysis of the personal ratings excluded applications from a sizable percentage of the applicant pool, personal essays, and letters of recommendation from teachers and guidance counselors and that there was no statistically

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Arcidiacono suggested that the applicant's race played a significant role in admissions decisions. According to his testimony, if an Asian American applicant with certain characteristics (like scores, GPAs, and extracurricular activities, family background) would result in a 25% statistical

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In an unusual move, both Thomas and Sotomayor elected to read portions of their separate opinions from the bench as part of the announcement of the decision. Thomas's reading of his concurrence was the first time any justice had read a concurring opinion from the bench in almost 10 years.

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SFFA filed a lawsuit in federal district court against Harvard University on November 17, 2014, representing a group of anonymous Asian American plaintiffs rejected from the university. The suit made the claim Asians were being discriminated against in favor of whites. SFFA was founded by

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said, "This is a great day for America. People with extraordinary ability and everything else necessary for success, including future greatness for our country, are finally being rewarded. This is the ruling everyone was waiting and hoping for." Former vice president

1965: 1484:, sent letters to more than 200 U.S. law schools within days of the Court's ruling threatening them with lawsuits unless they immediately terminate all race and sex preferences in student admissions, faculty hiring, and law-review membership or article selection. 1249:

said, "There is no place for discrimination based on race in the United States, and I am pleased that the Supreme Court has put an end to this egregious violation of civil and constitutional rights in admissions processes, which only served to perpetuate racism."

1404:, called the ruling "the beginning of the restoration of the colorblind legal covenant that binds together our multi-racial, multi-ethnic nation", adding that "These discriminatory admission practices undermined the integrity of our country's civil rights laws". 1257:

said, "College admissions should be based on merit and applicants should not be judged on their race or ethnicity. The Supreme Court has correctly upheld the Constitution and ended discrimination by colleges and universities." 2024 presidential candidate

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in place in the early 20th century, which used the allegedly “deficient” one-dimensional personalities of immigrant Jews and their alleged lack of leadership traits as the reason for excluding non-legacy Jews in elite universities, including Harvard.

669:, strict scrutiny requires that the use of race serve a "compelling governmental interest"—like the educational benefits that stem from diversity—and be "narrowly tailored" to satisfy that interest. Institutions that receive federal funding, such as 1154:

the majority opinion's "interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment is not only contrary to precedent and the entire teachings of our history ... but is also grounded in the illusion that racial inequality was a problem of a different generation."

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that colleges and universities can no longer take race into consideration as a specific basis in admissions — a landmark decision that overturns long-standing precedent that has benefited Black and Latino students in higher education.

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president Carol Folt said, "we will not go backward," and, "This decision will not impact our commitment to creating a campus that is welcoming, diverse, and inclusive to talented individuals from every background". President of

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likelihood of admission, the same applicant, if white, would have a 36% likelihood of admission. Hispanic and Black applicants with the same characteristics would have a 77% and 95% predicted chance of admission, respectively.

2780: 797:, were "much harder to criticize." The lawyers for SFFA stated that the initial hearing focused on the issue of discrimination against Asian American applicants, instead of trying to challenge affirmative action in general. 6709: 2525: 4096: 3935: 1444:

said that "In full compliance with the Supreme Court's decision, we will seek ways to admit individual students who will contribute to the kind of exceptional community that is essential to Penn's educational mission".

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outcome. To impose this result in that Clause's name when it requires no such thing, and to thereby obstruct our collective progress toward the full realization of the Clause's promise, is truly a tragedy for all of us.

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Ron Daniels called the court's ruling a "significant setback in our efforts to build a university community that represents the rich diversity of America." Rice University officials called the ruling "disappointing."

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Harvard filed an opposing brief seeking to have SFFA's petition rejected by the Supreme Court. In June 2021 the Court requested that the U.S. government submit a brief of its stance on the case, and in December the

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bars affirmative action. That statute barred discrimination "on the ground of" race, so Justice Gorsuch reasoned that affirmative action was forbidden by statute regardless of any constitutional arguments.

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SFFA petitioned the Supreme Court to review both the First Circuit's decision in the Harvard case, which focused on the impact of the admissions process on Asian Americans, and a similar decision from the

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filed a brief in support of Harvard, representing 25 Harvard student and alumni organizations consisting of "thousands of Asian American, Black, Latino, Native American, and white students and alumni."

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signaled he would end it. The liberal Sotomayor has repeatedly and proudly said that she is a “product of affirmative action” and has defended affirmative action in previous cases before the Court.

3835: 3520: 2734: 2371: 1831: 886:"promote Harvard’s diversity-related educational objectives as well as Harvard’s … admissions program while also maintaining the standards of excellence that Harvard seeks in its student body." 5393: 3591: 3324: 1420:, said in a statement that the ruling ends a "valuable practice that has helped higher education institutions increase diversity and address historical wrongs over the past several decades." 3869: 2132: 922:

that the school attempts to reach the same level of racial diversity each year and "uses the racial makeup of admitted students to help determine how many students it should admit overall."

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was the first major private college to release data on the ethnic makeup of their new freshman class, showing a drop off in Black and Latino students, while Asians made a significant gain.

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On June 29, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark decision on the use of race as a factor in collegiate admissions in two cases brought by Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA).

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Students debated the fairness of a landmark Supreme Court decision on Thursday that sets new limits on race as a factor in admissions to public and private colleges and universities.

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have opposed affirmative action; the remaining three conservative justices had no track record of opposing affirmative action prior to the ruling, although a 1999 article Justice

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did not provide a figure for students who identified as white and reported that 8 percent of class members did not report a race or identity, twice the prior year's percentage.

7276: 6341: 5667: 1352: 1017:, considered that affirmative action policies are generally arbitrary, do not enhance diversity on campuses, and also violate the allowance for federal funding under Title VI. 926: 535:. In 2019 a district court judge upheld Harvard's limited use of race as a factor in admissions, stating lack of evidence for 'discriminatory animus' or 'conscious prejudice'. 306: 4896: 531:

in U.S. District Court in Boston, alleging that the university's undergraduate admission practices violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by discriminating against

7164: 3490: 2692: 2678: 2862: 7617: 6824: 6693: 5547: 4670: 2494: 2070: 622: 3114: 962:, they asked if a university can reject a race-neutral admission process if they believe they need to protect the diversity of the student body and quality of education. 6461: 6138: 3731: 3452: 3251: 2044: 7622: 7612: 7340: 6629: 6549: 5002: 4598: 4540: 4329: 2605: 1816: 601: 516: 3091: 1390: 3024: 1118:

adding that "For 'he guarantee of equal protection cannot mean one thing when applied to one individual and something else when applied to a person of another color.

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were decided jointly on June 29, 2023, with the Court ruling that race-based admissions adopted by both Harvard University and UNC were unconstitutional under the

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Wang further clarified that he did not regret filing his three original complaints and that while he was not "anti-affirmative action", he supports reforming it.

2109: 7497: 6848: 6605: 6453: 6246: 1864: 2461: 2330: 958:, SFFA asked if Harvard's admission practices were in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act given possible race-neutral selection processes, while in 3380: 2840: 7300: 7212: 5839: 3827: 3802: 1782: 911: 773:, with a goal to end racial classifications in education, voting procedures, legislative redistricting, and employment. Blum participated in cases such as 539: 3512: 2722: 2425: 7632: 6098: 4737: 3695: 3055: 1440:

said that "Diversity is a positive force across every dimension of Columbia, and we can and must find a durable and meaningful path to preserve it". The

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said, "The Supreme Court ruling has put a giant roadblock in our country's march toward racial justice." Other Congressional Democrats, such as Senator

2167: 1839: 1029:, segregation at K–12 schools continues to worsen, and affirmative action policies are needed to fight racial imbalance. Several groups, including the 7647: 7324: 6856: 5871: 5194: 4985: 3614: 2393: 542:

affirmed the district court's ruling. In 2021, SFFA petitioned the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. Following the appointment of Justice

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wrote on social media that "affirmative action is a badly failed experiment: time to put a nail in the coffin & restore colorblind meritocracy."

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A number of other Asian American groups have submitted amicus briefs in support of race-conscious admissions policies and Harvard. They include the

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stated, "My heart breaks for any young person out there who’s wondering what their future holds — and what kinds of chances will be open to them."

7587: 7137: 6002: 5603: 5470: 4563: 3963: 1628: 594: 487: 483: 3542: 3294: 2989: 2297: 791:. The SFFA case was the first high-profile case on behalf of plaintiffs who were not white, and who had academic credentials that, according to 7602: 6509: 5683: 5494: 3991: 3347: 1349: 1053: 967: 79: 4009: 3642: 5863: 4904: 4472: 4430: 4267: 1513: 806: 4646: 1759: 1655:

and joined the dissent written by Sotomayor that was part of the combined slip opinion for both cases. She also wrote a separate dissent in

6701: 6685: 6589: 4920: 4761: 4678: 4662: 4243:"In first Yale class since the end of affirmative action, Black and Latine enrollment share remains stable, while Asian American decreases" 2555: 1718: 1699: 787: 684:

among Asian Americans. It was contended in such circles that the practice drew criticism from white and Asian Americans, but support from

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Schwarzschild, Maimon; Heriot, Gail L. (2024). "Race Preferences, Diversity, and Students for Fair Admissions: A New Day, a New Clarity".

4216: 2200: 86: 6597: 5707: 4872: 4202: 810: 2919: 7597: 7413: 7129: 7054: 6318: 4571: 4395: 4292: 1481: 1034: 989:, the Supreme Court separated the two cases, allowing her to participate in the UNC case. Both cases were argued on October 31, 2022. 479: 151: 4463: 7473: 5413: 4809: 1421: 1326: 574: 119: 68: 3480: 3443: 2700: 2027: 621:, a 1978 landmark decision, that affirmative action could be used as a determining factor in college admission policy but that the 5619: 4825: 828:. It opened an investigation into allegations against Harvard's policies, and that investigation was ongoing as of February 2020. 7292: 6162: 5030: 4801: 4793: 4153: 3767: 2723:"Justice Department Files Amicus Brief Explaining that Harvard's Race-Based Admissions Process Violates Federal Civil-Rights Law" 1624: 697: 693: 680:

For years prior to the decision which took place in 2023, affirmative action in the United States was considered by some to be a

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despite dramatic increases in the number of Asian American applicants, as well as the size of the Asian American population.

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at the time, the cases were split with Jackson recusing from the Harvard case while participating in the North Carolina one.

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said, "This is not a normal court" and that the United States needed "a new path forward that is consistent with the law."

692:. In polling for affirmative action, answers varied depending on how the question is asked, suggesting ambivalence. Among 5514: 5253: 5187: 4912: 3031: 689: 652: 520:(1978), which validated some affirmative action in college admissions provided that race had a limited role in decisions. 7356: 7172: 6832: 6270: 6122: 6074: 5815: 5430: 4745: 4449: 2635: 2264: 1397: 947: 818: 524: 170: 4777: 1195: 7156: 6326: 5627: 5478: 2101: 7006: 93: 5060: 2781:"Expert Report of Peter S. Arcidiacono, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard No. 14-cv-14176-ADB (D. Mass)" 1872: 6541: 6278: 2730: 2451: 2335: 1441: 986: 825: 578: 547: 6669: 46: 7481: 6888: 6880: 6493: 5914: 5847: 4769: 2822: 914:

affirmed the district court's ruling. In 2021, SFFA petitioned the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.

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and which had been decided in the school's favor in October 2021. Both petitions sought the court to overturn

3193:"Students for Fair Admissions v. President of Harvard Coll., 397 F. Supp. 3d 126 | Casetext Search + Citator" 1941:"Students for Fair Admissions v. President of Harvard Coll., 397 F. Supp. 3d 126 | Casetext Search + Citator" 7521: 7388: 7086: 6942: 6203: 6130: 5523: 5438: 5050: 4964: 4753: 2269: 2177: 1101: 1085: 985:

testified during her confirmation hearing that she would recuse herself from the case because she is on the

781: 747: 491: 6262: 3287:"Students for Fair Admissions Petitions SCOTUS to Take Up Suit Against Harvard's Race-Conscious Admissions" 1004:

Among those in support of SFFA, fourteen senators and 68 representatives, as well as 19 states, wrote that

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programs. Although the case regards education, employers may reassess their policies, according to former

1616: 1401: 766: 636: 7332: 6982: 6469: 5643: 2229:"Federal Judge Rules Harvard's Admissions Policies Do Not Discriminate Against Asian American Applicants" 2228: 1491:

showed that the majority of Americans disapprove of the use of race and ethnicity in college admissions.

7441: 7284: 7252: 6840: 6389: 5635: 5337: 5229: 5156: 5151: 5070: 5040: 4990: 4974: 4061:"More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Colleges Considering Race, Ethnicity in Admissions Decisions" 3218: 3152: 1105:

quality of character or unique ability that the particular applicant can contribute to the university."

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that, by a vote of 6–2, reversed the lower court ruling. In writing the majority opinion, Chief Justice

543: 376: 196: 7308: 7220: 7078: 7070: 6966: 6864: 3926:"Jeffries accuses conservative justices of 'jamming their right-wing ideology' down Americans' throats" 2071:"Court will hear affirmative-action challenges separately, allowing Jackson to participate in UNC case" 7449: 6613: 4928: 4888: 2394:

More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Colleges Considering Race, Ethnicity in Admissions Decisions

1966:"Students for Fair Admissions v. President of Harvard Coll., 980 F.3d 157 | Casetext Search + Citator" 7433: 7180: 7046: 7030: 6923: 6728: 6661: 6645: 6437: 6170: 6106: 5986: 5823: 5651: 5611: 5563: 4638: 4622: 3286: 971: 918: 631: 607: 510: 286: 7348: 6958: 6760: 4848: 4442:"Asian Americans, Racial Stereotypes, and Elite University Admissions Diversity and Inclusion Issue" 824:

However, in 2017, the coalition resubmitted their complaints to the Department of Justice under the

7364: 7316: 7260: 7196: 7188: 7121: 7038: 6998: 6974: 6637: 6581: 6525: 6517: 6154: 6034: 6018: 5895: 5675: 5659: 5353: 5237: 5080: 4856: 4590: 4324: 4091: 3930: 3256: 2592: 2556:"The lawsuit against Harvard that could change affirmative action in college admissions, explained" 2400: 2233: 2205: 1999: 1488: 1433: 709: 7425: 7244: 7236: 7062: 7022: 6907: 6776: 6768: 6736: 6653: 6477: 6429: 6405: 6373: 6294: 6238: 6230: 6082: 5978: 5793: 5462: 5377: 5306: 5217: 5136: 5084: 5024: 4817: 4630: 4357: 3857: 3726: 3447: 3223: 3157: 2827: 2456: 2420: 2031: 1810: 1750:"Divided Supreme Court outlaws affirmative action in college admissions, says race can't be used" 1449: 814: 670: 641: 528: 302: 233: 6990: 2133:"Opinion Analysis: Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action programs in college admissions" 4388: 3670: 1136:

that all men are created equal, are equal citizens, and must be treated equally before the law.

290:, and hold that institutions of higher education cannot use race as a factor in admissions; and 7560: 7552: 7505: 7228: 7102: 6816: 6573: 6413: 6397: 6348: 6334: 6310: 6066: 6050: 6010: 5938: 5879: 5579: 5486: 5422: 5369: 5261: 5172: 5146: 5111: 4721: 4500: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4426: 4418: 4127: 3862:"Biden took a long pause before leaving as a reporter asked whether "this is a broken court."" 3162: 2832: 2597: 2036: 1781:

Aditi Sangal, Adrienne Vogt, Sydney Kashiwagi, Matt Meyer and Tori B. Powell (June 30, 2023).

1162: 844: 685: 562: 368: 4441: 635:, a 2003 landmark decision. Concurrently, the Court ruled that the points system used by the 6808: 6784: 6365: 6114: 6090: 5954: 5361: 5329: 5277: 4614: 4423:

No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life

4010:"As Supreme Court considers affirmative action, a former critic of the policy voices regret" 3992:"Is Affirmative Action Over? The Potential Impact of Two Supreme Court Challenges Explained" 3119: 2673: 2172: 1754: 1417: 1278: 977:

The Supreme Court certified both petitions on January 24, 2022, and consolidated them under

1048:, representing itself and 44 other Asian American groups and higher education faculty, and 6222: 5962: 5831: 5385: 5345: 5269: 5131: 4950: 4945: 4532: 3086: 2869: 1677: 1463: 1355: 1322: 1266: 1259: 848: 742: 734: 704: 532: 364: 344: 332: 4897:

Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville

3252:"Justice Department argues Harvard's use of race in admissions violates civil rights law" 599:

The historical and legal background of the case spans several decades from the 1978 case

4154:"Harvard reports drop in Black enrollment after Supreme Court affirmative action ruling" 3381:"Biden administration asks U.S. Supreme Court to reject Harvard affirmative action case" 2485:"Chief Justice Roberts asked why diversity matters in a physics class. Here's an answer" 305:'s admissions program violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 7372: 7204: 6950: 6915: 6792: 6302: 6058: 5970: 5739: 5245: 5141: 5020: 4491: 2640: 2447: 2302: 1505: 1371: 1010: 656: 499: 3964:"Harvard, universities across U.S. react to Supreme Court's affirmative action ruling" 1140:

Although Justice Gorsuch joined the majority opinion, his concurrence emphasized that

585:, did not decide the fate of race-based affirmative action in the military academies. 7581: 7094: 6485: 6357: 6026: 5994: 5922: 5785: 5691: 5539: 5454: 5126: 3803:"Biden, Obamas, Trump and more react to Supreme Court restricting affirmative action" 2889: 2560: 2489: 2102:"Supreme Court guts affirmative action, effectively ending race-conscious admissions" 1480:

America First Legal, a conservative litigation outfit headed by former Trump adviser

1341: 946:, which focused on the impact on both Caucasian and Asian American applicants at the 793: 722: 714: 570: 4524: 3894: 252: 7380: 6744: 5930: 5285: 4120:"At M.I.T., Black and Latino Enrollment Drops Sharply After Affirmative Action Ban" 1669: 1366: 1359: 1254: 1241: 1069: 1065: 869: 801: 775: 738: 726: 626: 558: 356: 340: 324: 263: 2693:"Education Department Dismisses Admissions Complaint | News | The Harvard Crimson" 6630:

Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville

4519: 4293:"Asian Americans see mixed results in enrollment after end of affirmative action" 3219:"Harvard Victory Pushes Admissions Case Toward a More Conservative Supreme Court" 6254: 5531: 5446: 5318: 3722:"The G.O.P. presidential field is hailing the dismantling of affirmative action" 2823:"Harvard Rated Asian-American Applicants Lower on Personality Traits, Suit Says" 1345: 890: 865: 681: 352: 249: 35: 4353:"The ruling could set the stage for challenges to corporate diversity programs" 4036:"Conservative legal group threatens to sue law schools over racial preferences" 3444:"Supreme Court Will Hear Challenge to Affirmative Action at Harvard and U.N.C." 3413:"What happened on Day 3 of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson's confirmation hearings" 2028:"Supreme Court Will Hear Challenge to Affirmative Action at Harvard and U.N.C." 901:

Various students, alumni and external groups filed amici briefs on both sides.

6800: 5094: 5014: 3895:"Affirmative action: US Supreme Court overturns race-based college admissions" 3828:"Racial Discrimination Has No Place in College Admissions | Republican Leader" 3485: 3352: 2588:"How one man brought affirmative action to the Supreme Court. Again and again" 2140: 1270: 1246: 894: 267: 7466:

Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank

4131: 3615:"Lack of audio for affirmative action opinions shows court transparency fail" 3166: 2836: 2601: 2040: 1865:"U.S. Supreme Court Issues Landmark SFFA College Affirmative Action Decision" 1041:, wrote to support that racial diversity is essential to college and beyond. 651:(2013) and upheld the lower court's decision to apply strict scrutiny to the 595:

Affirmative action in the United States § Implementation in universities

1472: 1437: 1334: 1274: 4087:"After ruling takes Harvard to task, university pledges to comply with law" 3348:"Justices request government's views on Harvard affirmative-action dispute" 910:

Americans, or any other racial groups, had been harmed by it. In 2020, the

2364:"Experts say framing affirmative action as anti-Asian bias is 'dangerous'" 223: 213: 5074: 5054: 5044: 5034: 4320:"Affirmative action ruling puts a target on corporate diversity programs" 3968: 2367: 256: 6710:

Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College

4695:

Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College

2416:"Views on affirmative action are split along racial and political lines" 2201:"On cusp of affirmative action decision, how Supreme Court ruled before" 1995:"Harvard united in resolve in face of Supreme Court's admissions ruling" 5161: 5064: 3385: 2227:

Caldera, Camille; Franklin, Delano; Zwickel, Samuel (October 2, 2019).

6678:

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

6534:

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.

4655:

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

4514: 2298:"The Uncomfortable Truth About Affirmative Action and Asian-Americans" 1832:"Students react to landmark Supreme Court affirmative action decision" 3321:"Harvard argues admissions suit isn't worthy of Supreme Court review" 3115:"Question at center of Harvard trial: What counts as discrimination?" 1509:

comply with the law, but were disappointed by the court's decision.

271: 3643:"Supreme Court dissents and rejoinders, with respect and disrespect" 1910: 5596:

Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists

3479:

Erskine, Ellena; Gou, Angie; Snyder, Elisabeth (October 29, 2022).

3619: 1927: 1896: 1383: 1308: 1288: 1064: 446:

Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

4177:"Harvard Class of 2028 Demographics Disclosed | Harvard Magazine" 3584:"Supreme Court bans colleges from considering race in admissions" 260: 7540: 7411: 6201: 5802:

Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York

5304: 5215: 5176: 4536: 719:

Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy

146: 5856:

Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community

3768:"Affirmative action: Reactions to the US Supreme Court ruling" 3647: 3481:"A guide to the amicus briefs in the affirmative-action cases" 2924: 1178: 29: 4203:"Harvard's Black enrollment drops after Supreme Court ruling" 3543:"Supreme Court guts affirmative action in college admissions" 2518:"Justices' past affirmative action views, in their own words" 1001:

in support of SFFA, and sixty in support of Harvard and UNC.

639:

to favor underrepresented minorities was unconstitutional in

393:

Roberts, joined by Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, Barrett

3025:"Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Amicus Brief" 1467:

and programs remain lawful following the Court’s decision."

1096:, resulting in a 6–2 vote, while she joined the dissents in 505:

Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina

18:

Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina

1171:

mortality rates in Florida newborns between 1992 and 2015.

729:

questioned the benefits of diversity in a physics class in

4268:"Princeton enrollment untouched by affirmative action ban" 4217:"At Brown University, Black freshman enrollment drops 40%" 7490:

Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett

5394:

O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.

4118:

Hartocollis, Anemona; Saul, Stephanie (August 21, 2024).

2669:"Harvard faces bias complaint from Asian-American groups" 1783:"June 29, 2023 Supreme Court affirmative action decision" 1210: 553:

On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court issued a decision in

6287:

Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

1206: 1157:

In a separate dissenting opinion, Justice Jackson wrote:

944:

Students for Fair Admissions v. University of NC, et al.

5700:

Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.

3442:

Liptak, Adam; Hartocollis, Anemona (January 24, 2022).

1615:

Will Hild, director of the conservative advocacy group

1202: 7643:

University and college admissions in the United States

7638:

United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court

6382:

Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

4647:

Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate

3153:"The Affirmative Action Battle at Harvard Is Not Over" 561:

held that affirmative action in college admissions is

425:

Sotomayor, joined by Kagan; Jackson (as it applies to

6446:

United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education

5588:

City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health

1623:

puts a "wind in the sail" of groups that seek to end

7277:

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

6342:

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

5668:

Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England

3474: 3472: 3470: 3319:

Writer, Colleen Walsh Harvard Staff (May 17, 2021).

1052:, representing several Asian American students. The 927:

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

577:

that the military academies may present, the Court,

307:

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

7165:

Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.

7148: 7113: 6934: 6899: 6720: 6214: 5906: 5726: 5513: 5412: 5317: 5104: 5000: 4943: 4836: 4705: 4582: 4570: 2452:"The 50-Year Fight to Dismantle Affirmative Action" 450: 433: 421: 413: 405: 397: 389: 384: 313: 296: 278: 244: 239: 229: 219: 209: 191: 181: 165: 158: 139: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6825:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 6694:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action 5548:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth 4671:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action 2920:"Is Harvard Showing Bias Against Asian-Americans?" 1672:'s majority opinion does not state whether or not 629:was discriminatory. The Court upheld this case in 623:University of California, Davis School of Medicine 27:2023 United States Supreme Court landmark decision 6462:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 6139:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health 3720:Vigdor, Neil; Weisman, Jonathan (June 29, 2023). 1988: 1986: 1253:Florida Governor and 2024 presidential candidate 688:, and mixed support among an ethnic designation, 7341:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. 6550:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 4599:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 703:Opposition to affirmative action emerged in the 602:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 517:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 6422:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 5947:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. 4687:Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board 2265:"Harvard's Asian Quotas Repeat an Ugly History" 1362:, voiced their disagreement with the decision. 1159: 1133: 1131:student's individual value. Thomas also wrote: 1050:Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Los Angeles 1046:Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund 3281: 3279: 2168:"Supreme Court Bans Race-Conscious Admissions" 1684:is, "for all intents and purposes, overruled." 974:urged the Supreme Court to reject the appeal. 925:In February 2020, SFFA filed an appeal in the 7498:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 6849:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County 6606:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell 6454:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education 6247:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education 5188: 4548: 1391:Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 1205:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 1021:and representatives stated that despite both 889:Using the same data given to the plaintiffs, 800:Certain Asian American advocacy groups filed 8: 7628:United States racial discrimination case law 5716:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 5620:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health 5503:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 4826:Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati 1815:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1676:was overturned. In his concurrence, Justice 1281:each voiced their support for the decision. 7301:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia 7213:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections 5840:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police 3314: 3312: 1520:Racial Composition of MIT's Freshman Class 1302:President Biden delivers remarks following 912:U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 540:U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 7537: 7408: 6566:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education 6211: 6198: 6099:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill 5314: 5301: 5212: 5195: 5181: 5173: 4738:Hazelwood School District v. United States 4579: 4555: 4541: 4533: 3217:Hartocollis, Anemona (November 12, 2020). 3151:Hartocollis, Anemona (February 18, 2020). 3082:"Standing with Harvard in admissions case" 3019: 3017: 1448:Stacy Hawkins, vice dean and professor at 508:, the Supreme Court effectively overruled 136: 7653:African-American–Asian-American relations 7618:United States affirmative action case law 7325:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer 6857:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 5872:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee 4986:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 4389:"Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard" 3671:"Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard" 3513:"Amici File Briefs in Support of Harvard" 2636:"The Rise and Fall of Affirmative Action" 1911:"Did the Court in SFFA Overrule Grutter?" 1504:Outgoing president of Harvard University 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 69:"Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard" 6558:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 4981:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 4318:Mark, Julian; Tan, Eli (June 29, 2023). 3696:"Justice Jackson's Incredible Statistic" 3689: 3687: 1871:. JDSUPRA. June 29, 2023. Archived from 1518: 1389:President and executive director of the 617:(2016). The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 482:in which the court held that race-based 462:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 175:President and Fellows of Harvard College 7623:United States equal protection case law 7613:Race and education in the United States 7269:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. 7138:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward 6003:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur 5604:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 5471:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 4564:Affirmative action in the United States 4527:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 4466:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 3113:Fernandes, Deirdre (October 21, 2018). 2296:Suk Gersen, Jeannie (August 10, 2017). 2064: 2062: 1928:Supreme Court of the United States 2023 1897:Supreme Court of the United States 2023 1740: 1640: 1629:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1621:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 1304:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 677:, which outlaws racial discrimination. 471:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 140:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 7608:Politics and race in the United States 6510:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver 4175:Rosenberg, John (September 11, 2024). 3957: 3955: 3953: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3523:from the original on September 7, 2020 3002:from the original on February 18, 2022 2990:"REBUTTAL REPORT OF DAVID CARD, Ph.D." 2932:from the original on November 12, 2018 2900:from the original on February 18, 2022 2821:Hartocollis, Anemona (June 15, 2018). 2774: 2772: 2568:from the original on September 7, 2020 1993:Pazzanese, Christina (June 29, 2023). 1808: 1054:NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund 968:Solicitor General of the United States 5864:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams 4473:Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 4421:; Radford, Alexandria Walton (2010). 4241:Talbert, Hailey (September 4, 2024). 4201:Svrluga, Susan (September 11, 2024). 3889: 3887: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3493:from the original on October 29, 2022 3455:from the original on February 1, 2022 3146: 3144: 3142: 3094:from the original on November 8, 2018 3061:from the original on November 9, 2018 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793:from the original on November 1, 2022 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2608:from the original on October 25, 2022 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2258: 2256: 2047:from the original on February 1, 2022 1196:too many or overly lengthy quotations 807:United States Department of Education 134:2023 United States Supreme Court case 7: 6590:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education 5731:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes 4921:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta 4913:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater 4762:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education 4515:Harvard's Website Regarding The Case 3250:Anderson, Nick (February 26, 2020). 2737:from the original on August 24, 2020 2554:Lockhart, P. R. (October 18, 2018). 2516:Gresko, Jessica (October 30, 2022). 58:adding citations to reliable sources 7357:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools 7173:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth 6598:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 5708:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo 5684:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt 5495:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt 4873:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 4351:Moreno, J. Edward (June 29, 2023). 3766:Bernstein, Sharon (June 30, 2023). 3423:from the original on April 14, 2022 3127:from the original on March 29, 2019 2483:Nelson, Libby (December 10, 2015). 2329:Camera, Lauren (October 12, 2018). 569:in the cases, the lack of relevant 7130:Arlington County Board v. Richards 7055:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero 6833:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. 6319:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 5204:United States Fourteenth Amendment 4905:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 4468:and the Meaning of Discrimination" 4396:Supreme Court of the United States 4365:from the original on June 29, 2023 4332:from the original on June 29, 2023 4152:Riley, Neal (September 11, 2024). 4099:from the original on June 29, 2023 3990:Alexander, Andrea (June 5, 2023). 3938:from the original on June 29, 2023 3905:from the original on June 29, 2023 3872:from the original on June 29, 2023 3838:from the original on June 29, 2023 3734:from the original on June 29, 2023 3678:Supreme Court of the United States 3594:from the original on June 29, 2023 3553:from the original on June 29, 2023 3379:Raymond, Nate (December 9, 2021). 3264:from the original on July 12, 2020 3231:from the original on April 2, 2023 2969:from the original on July 24, 2019 2528:from the original on June 29, 2023 2497:from the original on June 29, 2023 2464:from the original on June 29, 2023 2428:from the original on June 29, 2023 2374:from the original on June 29, 2023 2310:from the original on June 29, 2023 2112:from the original on June 29, 2023 2081:from the original on July 24, 2022 2007:from the original on June 30, 2023 1830:Deliso, Meredith (June 29, 2023). 1072:delivered the opinion of the Court 1035:American Psychological Association 480:Supreme Court of the United States 171:Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. 152:Supreme Court of the United States 25: 7633:United States Supreme Court cases 7474:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 7015:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n 4810:Piscataway School Board v. Taxman 4778:Firefighters v. City of Cleveland 3924:Vazquez, Maegan (June 29, 2023). 3393:from the original on May 30, 2022 3360:from the original on May 30, 2022 3327:from the original on June 1, 2022 3297:from the original on May 26, 2022 3173:from the original on May 19, 2020 2843:from the original on May 11, 2020 2648:from the original on May 13, 2020 2343:from the original on June 3, 2023 2277:from the original on May 14, 2020 2241:from the original on May 19, 2020 2100:Totenberg, Nina (June 29, 2023). 2026:Liptak, Adam (January 24, 2022). 1647:While Jackson recused herself in 1487:A 2023 poll from the nonpartisan 1422:University of Southern California 1327:attorney general of Massachusetts 1092:. Jackson had recused herself in 940:Middle District of North Carolina 673:, are subject to Title VI of the 7648:Opposition to affirmative action 7293:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas 6702:Fisher v. University of Texas II 6163:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. 4802:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 4794:Johnson v. Transportation Agency 4679:Fisher v. University of Texas II 4085:Anderson, Nick (June 29, 2023). 3641:Totenberg, Nina (July 9, 2023). 3080:Walsh, Colleen (July 31, 2018). 3030:. March 27, 2019. Archived from 2414:Igielnik, Ruth (June 29, 2023). 2263:Riley, Jason (October 8, 2019). 2199:Barnes, Robert (June 27, 2023). 2166:Shaw, Jonathan (June 29, 2023). 1915:Notre Dame Law Review Reflection 1909:Watson, Bill (August 25, 2023). 1659:that Sotomayor and Kagan joined. 1625:diversity, equity, and inclusion 1183: 1142:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act 997:The Court received thirty-three 145: 34: 7007:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach 6686:Fisher v. University of Texas I 6043:Moore v. City of East Cleveland 5888:Los Angeles County v. Humphries 5402:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 4881:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC 4663:Fisher v. University of Texas I 3962:Singh, Simrin (June 29, 2023). 3832:www.republicanleader.senate.gov 3669:Gorsuch, Neil (June 29, 2023). 3613:Rubin, Jordan (June 29, 2023). 2362:Yam, Kimmy (January 25, 2022). 1748:Sherman, Mark (June 29, 2023). 284:(1) Should this Court overrule 45:needs additional citations for 7588:2023 in United States case law 6873:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. 4425:. Princeton University Press. 3801:Axelrod, Tal (June 29, 2023). 3049:"NAACP LDF AMICI CURIAE BRIEF" 2988:Card, David (March 15, 2018). 2779:Arcidiacono, Peter S. (2019). 1039:American Civil Liberties Union 771:Project on Fair Representation 765:conservative legal strategist 575:potentially distinct interests 1: 7603:History of Harvard University 6542:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman 5747:McNeese v. Board of Education 5254:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 4034:Sloan, Karen (July 5, 2023). 2953:"REPORT OF DAVID CARD, Ph.D." 2888:Lawsuit, Harvard Admissions. 2667:Loren, Janet (May 15, 2015). 1719:Fisher v. University of Texas 1700:Fisher v. University of Texas 788:Fisher v. University of Texas 690:Hispanic and Latino Americans 662:Fisher v. University of Texas 653:University of Texas at Austin 648:Fisher v. University of Texas 614:Fisher v. University of Texas 6271:Hirabayashi v. United States 6123:DeShaney v. Winnebago County 6075:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. 5816:Owen v. City of Independence 5431:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 4746:United Steelworkers v. Weber 4450:Boston University Law Review 2634:Hsu, Hua (October 8, 2018). 1657:University of North Carolina 1653:University of North Carolina 1611:Corporate diversity programs 1398:Students for Fair Admissions 948:University of North Carolina 819:Students for Fair Admissions 565:. Because of the absence of 525:Students for Fair Admissions 474:, 600 U.S. 181 (2023), is a 439:University of North Carolina 427:University of North Carolina 7157:United States v. Cruikshank 6327:Brown v. Board of Education 5628:Planned Parenthood v. Casey 5479:Planned Parenthood v. Casey 4770:Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC 3694:Frank, Ted (July 5, 2023). 3346:Howe, Amy (June 14, 2021). 2131:Howe, Amy (June 29, 2023). 2069:Howe, Amy (July 22, 2022). 713:, particularly with editor 7669: 6279:Korematsu v. United States 2894:Harvard Admissions Lawsuit 2731:U.S. Department of Justice 2336:U.S. News and World Report 1442:University of Pennsylvania 987:Harvard Board of Overseers 592: 548:Harvard Board of Overseers 527:(SFFA) filed suit against 437:Jackson (as it applies to 248:Judgment for Harvard, 397 7598:Higher education case law 7547: 7536: 7482:United States v. Morrison 7420: 7407: 6889:United States v. Skrmetti 6881:United States v. Virginia 6494:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson 6210: 6197: 5915:Jacobson v. Massachusetts 5848:Gonzaga University v. Doe 5313: 5300: 5224: 5211: 4786:United States v. Paradise 4440:Harpalani, Vinay (2022). 1382:President and CEO of the 821:(SFFA) in November 2014. 455: 445: 409:Gorsuch, joined by Thomas 318: 301: 283: 144: 7514:United States v. Georgia 7458:City of Boerne v. Flores 6622:United States v. Fordice 6179:Williams v. Pennsylvania 6147:Washington v. Glucksberg 4960:Civil Rights Act of 1866 4714:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 4607:United States v. Fordice 4462:McClellan, Cara (2023). 1631:lawyer Stephen Paskoff. 1427:Johns Hopkins University 1414:University of California 1329:, reacts to the decision 1203:summarize the quotations 1031:American Bar Association 1015:Pacific Legal Foundation 675:Civil Rights Act of 1964 7522:Shelby County v. Holder 7087:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido 6943:Patsone v. Pennsylvania 6204:Equal Protection Clause 6131:Michael H. v. Gerald D. 5524:United States v. Vuitch 5439:Griswold v. Connecticut 4965:Equal Protection Clause 4181:www.harvardmagazine.com 3517:Harvard Admissions Case 2270:The Wall Street Journal 1716:to distinguish it from 1697:to distinguish it from 1340:Senate Majority leader 1333:In a speech, president 1086:Equal Protection Clause 917:In October 2019, Judge 782:Shelby County v. Holder 769:, who also founded the 748:The Wall Street Journal 567:U.S. military academies 492:Equal Protection Clause 159:Argued October 31, 2022 7593:Asian-American history 7389:Armour v. Indianapolis 6753:Moritz v. Commissioner 5809:Procunier v. Navarette 5727:Civil rights liability 5515:Abortion jurisprudence 4865:Fullilove v. Klutznick 4754:Firefighters v. Stotts 4730:Schlesinger v. Ballard 4464:"When Claims Collide: 4221:The Brown Daily Herald 3519:. Harvard University. 2962:. Harvard University. 1917:(99) – via SSRN. 1651:, she participated in 1536:(Post SFFA v Harvard) 1330: 1306: 1168: 1138: 1102:intellectual diversity 1073: 700:, there is a divide. 637:University of Michigan 490:processes violate the 457:U.S. Const. amend. XIV 7442:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 7285:Richardson v. Ramirez 7253:Boddie v. Connecticut 6841:Kirchberg v. Feenstra 6670:Johnson v. California 6390:McLaughlin v. Florida 5778:O'Connor v. Donaldson 5338:Allgeyer v. Louisiana 5230:Slaughter-House Cases 4991:Executive Order 11246 4975:Executive Order 10925 4576:lower court decisions 4419:Espenshade, Thomas J. 2733:. February 25, 2020. 2522:Associated Press News 2331:"A Community Divided" 1530:(Pre SFFA v Harvard) 1321: 1301: 1070:Chief Justice Roberts 1068: 983:Ketanji Brown Jackson 832:Plaintiff allegations 811:Department of Justice 659:admissions policy in 593:Further information: 544:Ketanji Brown Jackson 377:Ketanji Brown Jackson 259:2019); affirmed, 980 161:Decided June 29, 2023 7434:Katzenbach v. Morgan 7181:Breedlove v. Suttles 7031:Graham v. Richardson 6924:Obergefell v. Hodges 6729:Breedlove v. Suttles 6662:Grutter v. Bollinger 6502:Jefferson v. Hackney 6171:Obergefell v. Hodges 6107:Edwards v. Aguillard 5987:Epperson v. Arkansas 5824:Harlow v. Fitzgerald 5759:Jenkins v. McKeithen 5652:Mazurek v. Armstrong 5612:Hodgson v. Minnesota 5572:Bellotti v. Baird II 5564:Colautti v. Franklin 5319:Economic substantive 4969:Fourteenth Amendment 4958:Section 1981 of the 4639:Grutter v. Bollinger 4520:SFFA Lawsuit Updates 4299:. September 12, 2024 2868:May 9, 2022, at the 2863:Brief for Petitioner 2729:. Washington, D.C.: 2703:on November 24, 2023 1674:Grutter v. Bollinger 1265:Republican Senators 1090:Fourteenth Amendment 972:Biden administration 952:Grutter v. Bollinger 919:Allison D. Burroughs 826:Trump administration 645:. The Court vacated 632:Grutter v. Bollinger 608:Grutter v. Bollinger 511:Grutter v. Bollinger 496:Fourteenth Amendment 287:Grutter v. Bollinger 224:Opinion announcement 220:Opinion announcement 54:improve this article 7365:Gregory v. Ashcroft 7333:Mills v. Habluetzel 7317:Zablocki v. Redhail 7261:Eisenstadt v. Baird 7197:Oyama v. California 7189:Skinner v. Oklahoma 7122:Shapiro v. Thompson 7039:Sugarman v. Dougall 6983:Porterfield v. Webb 6975:Terrace v. Thompson 6638:Missouri v. Jenkins 6582:Hunter v. Underwood 6526:Milliken v. Bradley 6518:Norwood v. Harrison 6470:McDaniel v. Barresi 6155:Troxel v. Granville 6035:Mathews v. Eldridge 6019:Taylor v. Louisiana 5896:Connick v. Thompson 5676:Gonzales v. Carhart 5660:Stenberg v. Carhart 5644:Lambert v. Wicklund 5556:Bellotti v. Baird I 5354:Lochner v. New York 5238:Minor v. Happersett 4857:Califano v. Webster 4591:DeFunis v. Odegaard 4325:The Washington Post 4092:The Washington Post 4065:Pew Research Center 3931:The Washington Post 3858:Kanno-Youngs, Zolan 3700:Wall Street Journal 3291:The Harvard Crimson 3257:The Washington Post 2593:The Washington Post 2401:Pew Research Center 2234:The Harvard Crimson 2206:The Washington Post 2000:The Harvard Gazette 1617:Consumers' Research 1521: 1489:Pew Research Center 1470:Michael Wang, whom 1434:Columbia University 877:Defendant responses 866:treatment of Asians 755:District Court case 710:The Public Interest 605:over the 2003 case 571:lower court rulings 279:Questions presented 7426:Civil Rights Cases 7414:Enforcement Clause 7245:Oregon v. Mitchell 7237:Williams v. Rhodes 7063:Nyquist v. Mauclet 7023:Hernandez v. Texas 6908:Bowers v. Hardwick 6900:Sexual orientation 6777:Stanton v. Stanton 6769:Geduldig v. Aiello 6737:Goesaert v. Cleary 6654:Gratz v. Bollinger 6478:Palmer v. Thompson 6430:Hunter v. Erickson 6406:Loving v. Virginia 6374:Anderson v. Martin 6295:Shelley v. Kraemer 6239:Plessy v. Ferguson 6231:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 6083:Kolender v. Lawson 5979:Loving v. Virginia 5794:Imbler v. Pachtman 5771:Wood v. Strickland 5636:Leavitt v. Jane L. 5463:Bowers v. Hardwick 5378:Buchanan v. Warley 5307:Due Process Clause 5218:Citizenship Clause 5157:Stephan Thermstrom 5152:Abigail Thermstrom 5137:Richard Kahlenberg 5071:State Question 759 4818:Ricci v. DeStefano 4631:Gratz v. Bollinger 4358:The New York Times 4124:The New York Times 3996:Rutgers University 3866:The New York Times 3727:The New York Times 3448:The New York Times 3419:. March 24, 2022. 3224:The New York Times 3158:The New York Times 3037:on March 27, 2019. 2828:The New York Times 2697:www.thecrimson.com 2457:The New York Times 2421:The New York Times 2032:The New York Times 1519: 1500:College admissions 1450:Rutgers Law School 1358:, and Congressman 1331: 1307: 1074: 815:Harvard University 671:Harvard University 642:Gratz v. Bollinger 546:, a member of the 529:Harvard University 488:college admissions 484:affirmative action 329:Associate Justices 7575: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7561:Trump v. Anderson 7553:Gold Clause Cases 7532: 7531: 7506:Tennessee v. Lane 7403: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7309:Trimble v. Gordon 7229:Levy v. Louisiana 7221:Rinaldi v. Yeager 7103:Bernal v. Fainter 7079:Ambach v. Norwick 7071:Foley v. Connelie 6967:Crane v. New York 6865:Lehr v. Robertson 6817:Caban v. Mohammed 6574:Palmore v. Sidoti 6414:Lee v. Washington 6398:Reitman v. Mulkey 6349:Gebhart v. Belton 6335:Briggs v. Elliott 6311:Sweatt v. Painter 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6067:Parratt v. Taylor 6051:Duren v. Missouri 6011:Arnett v. Kennedy 5939:Powell v. Alabama 5880:Ashcroft v. Iqbal 5765:Scheuer v. Rhodes 5580:H. L. v. Matheson 5487:Lawrence v. Texas 5423:Meyer v. Nebraska 5370:Coppage v. Kansas 5296: 5295: 5262:Perez v. Brownell 5170: 5169: 5147:Stuart Taylor Jr. 5112:Peter Arcidiacono 4939: 4938: 4722:Morton v. Mancari 4432:978-0-691-14160-2 3901:. June 29, 2023. 3860:(June 29, 2023). 3590:. June 29, 2023. 3549:. June 29, 2023. 3054:. July 30, 2018. 2450:(June 29, 2023). 1600: 1599: 1412:President of the 1365:Former president 1319: 1299: 1240:Former president 1228: 1227: 1163:let-them-eat-cake 845:Peter Arcidiacono 686:African Americans 611:to the 2016 case 476:landmark decision 467: 466: 369:Amy Coney Barrett 266:(1st Cir. 2020); 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 7660: 7538: 7450:Dellmuth v. Muth 7409: 6809:Parham v. Hughes 6785:Edwards v. Healy 6614:Freeman v. Pitts 6369:(M.D. Ala. 1956) 6366:Browder v. Gayle 6212: 6199: 6115:Turner v. Safley 6091:Hudson v. Palmer 5955:NAACP v. Alabama 5414:Right to privacy 5362:Muller v. Oregon 5330:Mugler v. Kansas 5315: 5302: 5278:Rogers v. Bellei 5213: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5174: 4929:Vitolo v. Guzman 4892:(D.C. Cir. 1992) 4889:Lamprecht v. FCC 4615:Hopwood v. Texas 4580: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4534: 4504: 4485: 4458: 4446: 4436: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4393: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4272:The Princetonian 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3959: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3580: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3120:The Boston Globe 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2960:Harvard Projects 2957: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2885: 2872: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2818: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2776: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2699:. Archived from 2689: 2683: 2682: 2681:on June 4, 2015. 2677:. Archived from 2674:The Boston Globe 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2631: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2180:on June 29, 2023 2176:. Archived from 2173:Harvard Magazine 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143:. Archived from 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1838:. Archived from 1827: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1789:. Archived from 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1762:on June 29, 2023 1758:. Archived from 1755:Associated Press 1745: 1723: 1710: 1704: 1691: 1685: 1666: 1660: 1645: 1522: 1512:In August 2024, 1461:Attorney General 1418:Michael V. Drake 1320: 1300: 1279:Marsha Blackburn 1223: 1220: 1214: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1121: 1113:Majority opinion 725:, Chief Justice 563:unconstitutional 314:Court membership 149: 148: 137: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7567: 7543: 7528: 7416: 7395: 7144: 7109: 7047:In re Griffiths 6991:Webb v. O'Brien 6930: 6895: 6716: 6646:Texas v. Lesage 6438:Hadnott v. Amos 6223:Pace v. Alabama 6206: 6185: 5963:Hoyt v. Florida 5902: 5832:Felder v. Casey 5728: 5722: 5509: 5408: 5386:Adams v. Tanner 5346:Holden v. Hardy 5320: 5309: 5292: 5270:Afroyim v. Rusk 5220: 5207: 5201: 5171: 5166: 5132:Arthur Fletcher 5100: 5097:, 2020, failed) 5087:, 2019, failed) 5061:Proposition 107 5047:, 2008, failed) 5011:Proposition 209 4996: 4948: 4935: 4932:(6th Cir. 2021) 4840: 4838: 4832: 4829:(6th Cir. 2022) 4701: 4690:(4th Cir. 2023) 4650:(9th Cir. 2006) 4623:Texas v. Lesage 4618:(5th Cir. 1996) 4575: 4566: 4561: 4511: 4488: 4476:. Forthcoming. 4461: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4417: 4414: 4412:Further reading 4401: 4399: 4398:. June 29, 2023 4391: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4247:Yale Daily News 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3588:The Independent 3582: 3581: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3478: 3477: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3087:Harvard Gazette 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2887: 2886: 2875: 2870:Wayback Machine 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2820: 2819: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2553: 2552: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2448:Karabel, Jerome 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2147:on July 5, 2023 2130: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1878: 1876: 1875:on July 2, 2023 1863: 1862: 1858: 1845: 1843: 1842:on July 2, 2023 1829: 1828: 1824: 1807: 1796: 1794: 1793:on July 2, 2023 1780: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1712:Referred to as 1711: 1707: 1693:Referred to as 1692: 1688: 1678:Clarence Thomas 1667: 1663: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1613: 1502: 1497: 1464:Merrick Garland 1458: 1410: 1380: 1356:Hakeem Jeffries 1353:Minority leader 1323:Andrea Campbell 1309: 1289: 1287: 1267:Mitch McConnell 1260:Vivek Ramaswamy 1238: 1233: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209:or excerpts to 1200: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1151: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1063: 995: 935: 907: 879: 849:Duke University 834: 762: 757: 743:Brett Kavanaugh 735:Clarence Thomas 721:(1975). In the 705:neoconservative 597: 591: 533:Asian Americans 460: 367: 365:Brett Kavanaugh 355: 345:Sonia Sotomayor 343: 333:Clarence Thomas 291: 160: 154: 135: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7666: 7664: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7580: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7557: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7502: 7494: 7486: 7478: 7470: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7385: 7377: 7373:Vacco v. Quill 7369: 7361: 7353: 7349:Clark v. Jeter 7345: 7337: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7273: 7265: 7257: 7249: 7241: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7205:Oyler v. Boles 7201: 7193: 7185: 7177: 7169: 7161: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7134: 7126: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7091: 7083: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7011: 7003: 6995: 6987: 6979: 6971: 6963: 6959:Heim v. McCall 6955: 6951:Truax v. Raich 6947: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6920: 6916:Romer v. Evans 6912: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6885: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6793:Craig v. Boren 6789: 6781: 6773: 6765: 6761:Kahn v. Shevin 6757: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6578: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6303:Perez v. Sharp 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6267: 6263:Smith v. Texas 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6063: 6059:Parham v. J.R. 6055: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5975: 5971:Oyler v. Boles 5967: 5959: 5951: 5943: 5935: 5927: 5919: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5790: 5782: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5753:Pierson v. Ray 5750: 5744: 5740:Monroe v. Pape 5735: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5246:Elk v. Wilkins 5242: 5234: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5142:Richard Sander 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5091:Proposition 16 5088: 5078: 5068: 5058: 5051:Initiative 424 5048: 5038: 5028: 5021:Initiative 200 5018: 5007: 5005: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4849:Kahn v. Shevin 4844: 4842: 4841:and Set-Asides 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4813:(3d Cir. 1996) 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4525:Case Profile: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4509:External links 4507: 4506: 4505: 4492:SMU Law Review 4486: 4459: 4437: 4431: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4343: 4310: 4284: 4259: 4233: 4208: 4193: 4167: 4144: 4110: 4077: 4052: 4026: 4001: 3982: 3949: 3916: 3883: 3849: 3819: 3784: 3745: 3712: 3683: 3661: 3633: 3605: 3564: 3534: 3504: 3466: 3434: 3404: 3371: 3338: 3308: 3275: 3242: 3209: 3184: 3138: 3105: 3072: 3040: 3013: 2980: 2943: 2911: 2873: 2854: 2804: 2748: 2714: 2684: 2659: 2641:The New Yorker 2619: 2579: 2539: 2508: 2475: 2439: 2406: 2385: 2354: 2321: 2303:The New Yorker 2288: 2252: 2219: 2191: 2158: 2137:scotusblog.com 2123: 2092: 2058: 2018: 1982: 1957: 1932: 1930:, p. 106. 1920: 1901: 1889: 1856: 1822: 1773: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1705: 1686: 1668:Chief Justice 1661: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1612: 1609: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1534:Class of 2028 1532: 1528:Class of 2027 1526: 1506:Lawrence Bacow 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1482:Stephen Miller 1457: 1454: 1409: 1406: 1379: 1376: 1372:Michelle Obama 1286: 1283: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1150: 1147: 1127: 1124: 1114: 1111: 1098:North Carolina 1082:North Carolina 1062: 1059: 1011:Cato Institute 994: 991: 960:North Carolina 934: 931: 906: 903: 878: 875: 833: 830: 761: 758: 756: 753: 657:race-conscious 590: 587: 500:companion case 465: 464: 453: 452: 448: 447: 443: 442: 435: 431: 430: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 382: 381: 380: 379: 330: 327: 322: 316: 315: 311: 310: 299: 298: 294: 293: 281: 280: 276: 275: 246: 242: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 167: 166:Full case name 163: 162: 156: 155: 150: 142: 141: 133: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7665: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7539: 7535: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095:Plyler v. Doe 7092: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999:Frick v. Webb 6996: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6486:Coit v. Green 6483: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358:Lucy v. Adams 6355: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6027:Goss v. Lopez 6024: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995:In re Winship 5992: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923:Zucht v. King 5920: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786:Paul v. Davis 5783: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692:Azar v. Garza 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540:Doe v. Bolton 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455:Doe v. Bolton 5452: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Ward Connerly 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5081:Referendum 88 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4573: 4572:Supreme Court 4569: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4460: 4457:(1): 233–326. 4456: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4397: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4311: 4303:September 16, 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4277:September 16, 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4252:September 16, 4248: 4244: 4237: 4234: 4226:September 16, 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4186:September 15, 4182: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4160:September 12, 4155: 4148: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3014: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951:Card, David. 2947: 2944: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2817: 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1961: 1958: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1899:, p. 23. 1898: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436:spokesperson 1435: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:Chuck Schumer 1338: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1305: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1192:This section 1190: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999:amicus briefs 993:Amicus briefs 992: 990: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 933:Supreme Court 932: 930: 928: 923: 920: 915: 913: 904: 902: 899: 896: 892: 887: 883: 876: 874: 871: 867: 861: 857: 853: 850: 846: 842: 838: 831: 829: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 802:amicus briefs 798: 796: 795: 790: 789: 784: 783: 778: 777: 772: 768: 759: 754: 752: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Roberts Court 720: 716: 715:Nathan Glazer 712: 711: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 658: 654: 650: 649: 644: 643: 638: 634: 633: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615: 610: 609: 604: 603: 596: 588: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 538:In 2020, the 536: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 518: 513: 512: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 472: 463: 458: 454: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385:Case opinions 383: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321:Chief Justice 320: 319: 317: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 289: 288: 282: 277: 273: 270:granted, 142 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 214:Oral argument 212: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 177: 176: 172: 168: 164: 157: 153: 143: 138: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 7559: 7551: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7496: 7488: 7480: 7472: 7464: 7456: 7448: 7440: 7432: 7424: 7387: 7381:Bush v. Gore 7379: 7371: 7363: 7355: 7347: 7339: 7331: 7323: 7315: 7307: 7299: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7267: 7259: 7251: 7243: 7235: 7227: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7171: 7163: 7155: 7136: 7128: 7120: 7101: 7093: 7085: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7053: 7045: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7005: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6887: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6839: 6831: 6823: 6815: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6783: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6751: 6745:Reed v. 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