274:
282:
370:, then the highest official in Prussia, to do something about charges of corruption and SA attacks against the company. In early 1934, Göring called off the court case in exchange for three million marks; Reemtsma subsequently paid him a million more per year, as well as making substantial donations to the party. By July 1934, the
131:
359:, the Nazi party's printing house). Reemtsma's advertisements had been banned from Nazi party publications, but the publications lost money, and the party needed money for election campaigning. Hitler scolded Reemtsma for having Jewish partners, but they agreed to an initial deal of half a million marks of advertising.
240:
Adolf Hitler's opposition to smoking had limited effects on consumption and sales. While he ordered many localized smoking bans, they were widely ignored. The finance ministry appreciated the taxes tobacco brought in: by 1941, about a twelfth of state revenues. Aside from taxes, advertising revenues,
260:
There is evidence that coercion was used to promote the sale of these cigarettes. SA members were not just expected to smoke Sturm
Cigarette Company cigarettes exclusively, they were compelled to: there were bag searches, and fines if any other brand were found. The SA agitated against and punished
232:
Sturm marketing was also used to make the prospect of serving in the German army more appealing. Cigarettes were sold with collectable sets of images of historical German military uniforms. While the SA was officially the sports and gymnastics division of the Nazi party, it was a successor to the
20:
293:
each month. A hundred marks would be the SA earnings from the sale of 500,000 cigarettes, at 20 pfennig per thousand. A typical German smoker smoked around 15 cigarettes a day (similar to modern rates), so this would be a monthly income from just over a thousand smokers.
308:
The firm first paid dividends to the SA in 1930. By 1932, it had a turnover of 36 million reichsmarks (equivalent to €148 million in 2021), and the SA made considerable profits; 1933 saw even higher returns. Money went to buy new buildings, factories, and advertising.
729:"Reklame für Zigarettensorte STURM ZIGARETTEN mit Porträts von Yorck und Blücher. Umschlag Rückseite innen von Programmheft Sächsische Staatstheater, Schauspielhaus Dresden. 03.06.1933. Druck; 22,3 x 16,3 cm. Dresden: SLUB Z.4.8 - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek"
381:, cancelled their contract with Sturm Cigarettes and made a deal with Reemtsma in exchange for a fixed sum (in 1934, 250,000 reichsmarks), paid annually. Reemtsma would now produce the SA's cigarettes, and Sturm, left with unsellable cigarettes, filed for
773:
241:
and Sturm royalties and dividends, Nazi organizations accepted millions of reichsmarks in donations and bribes from the cigarette industry. The propaganda minister's view was decisive;
229:. Cigarette marketing reflected the political and economic situation. For instance, in 1930–1932, during the economic crash, advertisements showing catastrophic situations were common.
73:
In 1929, Arthur
Dressler cut a deal with the SA: together, they would found a cigarette manufacturer, and SA members would smoke its cigarettes, with the SA getting a royalty of 15–20
1063:
Calculation from figures given in sources; an annual income of ~1600 marks per year, and smoking costs of 0.035 marks for each cigarette, 15 cigarettes a day, and 365.25 days a year
91:
pfennig). At the time, the SA charged no membership fees and was thus financially dependent on donations from the Nazi party leadership; an independent income source was welcomed.
249:
702:
377:
Reemtsma's Jewish partners had now emigrated, along with many Jewish employees, with help from
Reemtsma. After Reemtsma made inquiries, the new SA leader, SA-Stabschef
62:
During the 1920s, many cigarette firms in
Germany closed, and the market was increasingly dominated by a few large and highly automated manufacturers. By 1933, the
54:(SA). The sale of its cigarettes provided the SA with operating funds and a channel for political messaging. Coercion and violence were used to increase sales.
1289:
273:
1284:
1074:
374:
had removed the threat of the SA: its leaders, who had profited from the firm's royalties, and often owned shares in it, were dead or imprisoned.
1304:
1251:
1226:
1181:
1001:
757:
672:
636:
611:
454:
414:
245:
felt that cigarettes were essential to the war effort. Cigarettes were distributed free to soldiers, including minors, as part of their pay.
182:(New Front). "Neue Front" was the most expensive brand, at six pfennig; "Sturm" cost five, and "Alarm" four. "Trommler" was the cheapest at 3
1092:
847:
United States Office of Chief of
Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). "Chapter XV Part 4 - THE STURMABTEILUNG (SA)".
313:
579:
1299:
363:
317:
409:
305:, and unemployment peaked at over 30% (see graph). The SA recruited particularly among the unemployed and underemployed.
135:
130:
23:
An advertisement from
January 1932, when the Nazis were trying to win power, showing a uniformed SA member, the Nazi
1267:
728:
688:
494:
277:
Unemployed SA men, at least three of them smoking, in 1932, three years after the SA began manufacturing cigarettes
996:. Schriften der Stiftung fĂĽr sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Edition Nautilus.
1294:
813:
400:
371:
297:
At the time, an average-intensity "Trommler" smoker paid the average wage would spend around a tenth of his
281:
1235:
538:
265:. SA men attacked shops that sold rival brands, smashing windows and physically attacking the shopworkers.
994:
Reemtsma auf der Krim: Tabakproduktion und
Zwangsarbeit unter der deutschen Besatzungsherrschaft 1941-1944
111:
67:
99:
252:
of
Germany rose from 500 to 1000 cigarettes a year; tens of billions of cigarettes were sold annually.
106:
was interested and willing to put money towards an SA cigarette factory. The Nazi party offered 30,000
48:, Storm Cigarettes or Military Assault Cigarettes) was a cigarette company created by the Nazi Party's
774:"Adolf Hitler exhibition in Germany: Hitler and the Germans at the German Historical Museum in Berlin"
214:
196:, by far the most popular. In 1932, 80% of cigarettes sold were "Trommler", rising to 95% by 1933.
703:"Buchkritik: Der Sammelband "Braune Karrieren: Dresdner Täter und Akteure im Nationalsozialismus""
1261:
805:
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405:
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19:
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1142:
997:
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781:
753:
668:
632:
607:
575:
450:
367:
1246:. Christine Pieper, Mike Schmeitzner, Gerhard Naser (eds.). Dresden: Sandstein Verlag. 2012.
828:
667:. Christine Pieper, Mike Schmeitzner, Gerhard Naser (eds.). Dresden: Sandstein Verlag. 2012.
446:
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193:
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50:
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344:
324:
298:
103:
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Stormtroopers and crisis in the Nazi movement: activism, ideology and dissolution
356:
348:
222:
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1026:
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382:
290:
200:
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63:
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1176:. Beiträge zur Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.
1146:
934:
884:
785:
110:
in start-up money and, as this was nowhere near enough, Nazi party supporter
352:
234:
145:
42:
1164:
1016:
calculation from numbers given earlier, and on hundred pfennigs to the mark
952:
821:
810:
Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps
Movement in Post-War Germany, 1918–1923
301:
on cigarettes. Many did not have a regular wage: this was the time of the
848:
394:
340:
262:
139:
28:
24:
74:
95:
1244:
Braune
Karrieren: Dresdner Täter und Akteure im Nationalsozialismus
665:
Braune Karrieren: Dresdner Täter und Akteure im Nationalsozialismus
1075:"Conquering the Capital: The Ruthless Rise of the Nazis in Berlin"
311:
280:
272:
129:
18:
631:(1st Norton paperback ed.). New York: Penguin. p. 348.
138:
advertisement from October 1932 showing an aircraft with SA-logo
1192:"Tabak und Kaffee im Dritten Reich: "Verbote wurden ignoriert""
1191:
873:"Tabak und Kaffee im Dritten Reich: "Verbote wurden ignoriert""
872:
1121:
Bachinger, Eleonore; McKee, Martin; Gilmore, Anna (May 2008).
909:
Bachinger, Eleonore; McKee, Martin; Gilmore, Anna (May 2008).
237:
militias, and promoted itself as a military training program.
1123:"Tobacco policies in Nazi Germany: not as simple as it seems"
1093:"Max Amann: Werke aus Sammlung von Hitlers Verleger entdeckt"
911:"Tobacco policies in Nazi Germany: not as simple as it seems"
572:
Gender, colonialism and education: the politics of experience
750:
Die Reemtsmas: Geschichte einer deutschen Unternehmerfamilie
1174:
Kriegswichtiger Genuss: Tabak und Kaffee im "Dritten Reich"
841:
For instance, in its widely publicized weekly publication,
199:
In early advertisements, all four main brands were listed;
289:
Through this scheme, a typical SA unit earned hundreds of
154:
reads "Valuable coupons · Sumptuous pictures of uniforms".
66:
was attacking the tobacco industry for having foreign and
221:
brand. Apart from print advertising, the company owned a
660:
Arthur Dressler: die Firma Sturm - Zigaretten fĂĽr die SA
339:
In June 1932, Philipp FĂĽrchtegott Reemtsma, head of the
445:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp.
261:
the use of other brands, especially the market leader
217:") were used. Later marketing focused on the "Trommler
1219:
Stormtroopers: a new history of Hitler's Brownshirts
488:
486:
970:"Rauchzeichen: Fotoarchiv Reemtsma in der NS-Zeit"
606:. London ; New York: Routledge. p. 102.
574:. London; Portland, OR: Woburn Press. p. 81.
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
438:
752:(1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe.
397:(Sturm's successor as the SA cigarette company)
81:of sales price, given most cigarettes sold at 3
964:
962:
992:Roth, Karl Heinz; Abraham, Jan-Peter (2011).
904:
902:
900:
723:
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330:(Choose them once, be bound to them forever)
8:
654:
652:
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321:
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177:
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165:
159:
143:
40:
316:An advertisement from December 1933, after
1188:; interview of the author about the book:
565:
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114:invested another 500,000 reichsmarks. The
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432:
430:
158:The factory mainly produced four brands:
866:
864:
862:
860:
850:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Vol. II)
597:
595:
593:
591:
426:
1259:
680:
570:Goodman, Joyce; Martin, Jane (2002).
415:Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
355:(Hitler's secretary, and the head of
150:("Storm" or "Military Assault"). The
7:
1221:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
77:for every thousand cigarettes sold (
118:was founded, and registered as the
203:imagery and the political slogan "
14:
1290:1935 disestablishments in Germany
1236:"Nazi storm-troopers' cigarettes"
539:"Nazi storm-troopers' cigarettes"
366:in 1933, Philipp Reemtsma asked
250:per-capita cigarette consumption
1172:Petrick-Felber, Nicole (2015).
1285:1929 establishments in Germany
285:German unemployment, 1928–1935
1:
1190:Waibel, Ambros (2015-12-21).
1047:"Anlage 1 SGB 6 - Einzelnorm"
871:Waibel, Ambros (2015-12-21).
537:Daniel Siemens (2013-09-11).
410:History of nicotine marketing
1305:Tobacco companies of Germany
1073:KluĂźmann, Uwe (2012-11-29).
495:"Zwölf Millionen für Göring"
343:cigarette company, met with
248:Between 1930 and 1940, the
27:, the SA logo, and an anti-
1321:
1233:; shorter text by author:
1139:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.005
1051:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
927:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.005
814:W. W. Norton & Company
629:Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris
602:Grant, Thomas D. (2004).
401:Health effects of tobacco
327:, ist ihr immer verbunden
120:Cigarettenfabrik Dressler
1217:Siemens, Daniel (2017).
437:Proctor, Robert (1999).
372:Night of the Long Knives
16:Former cigarette company
1300:Economy of Nazi Germany
546:UCL SSEES Research Blog
542:(University department)
206:Gegen Trust und Konzern
192:pfennig and, given the
37:Sturm Cigarette Company
1266:: CS1 maint: others (
748:Lindner, Erik (2007).
687:: CS1 maint: others (
441:The Nazi war on cancer
331:
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205:
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172:
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32:
1196:Die Tageszeitung: taz
877:Die Tageszeitung: taz
627:Kershaw, Ian (2000).
315:
284:
276:
133:
116:Zigarettenfirma Sturm
100:Manfred von Killinger
22:
1027:"Raucherstatistiken"
826:, described in this
364:the Nazis took power
318:the Nazis took power
112:Jacques Bettenhausen
806:Waite, Robert G. L.
94:Approached through
406:Nicotine marketing
332:
320:, with the slogan
287:
279:
227:advertising planes
156:
98:Nazi party leader
68:Jewish connections
33:
1253:978-3-942422-85-7
1228:978-0-300-19681-8
1183:978-3-8353-1666-9
1003:978-3-89401-745-3
759:978-3-455-09563-0
674:978-3-942422-85-7
638:978-0-393-32035-0
613:978-0-415-19602-4
456:978-0-691-00196-8
209:" ("Against the
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812:. New York, NY:
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323:Wer sie einmal
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243:Joseph Goebbels
194:economic crisis
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102:, SA-Stabschef
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921:(5): 497–505.
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780:. 2010-10-14.
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368:Hermann Göring
362:Shortly after
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51:Sturmabteilung
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662:. Chapter in
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502:. Retrieved
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379:Viktor Lutze
376:
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345:Adolf Hitler
338:
307:
299:gross income
296:
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176:(Storm) and
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119:
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104:Otto Wagener
93:
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61:
49:
36:
34:
843:Der SA-Mann
357:Eher Verlag
349:Rudolf Hess
335:Replacement
291:reichsmarks
223:sound truck
164:(Drummer),
136:blackletter
108:reichsmarks
1279:Categories
1209:2018-08-27
1103:2018-08-26
1032:2018-08-28
978:2018-08-25
890:2018-08-27
791:2018-08-26
734:2018-08-26
708:2018-08-20
551:2018-08-25
504:2018-08-20
421:References
383:bankruptcy
225:and hired
201:Nazi party
179:Neue Front
64:Nazi party
45:Zigaretten
1262:cite book
1204:0931-9085
1147:0033-3506
935:0033-3506
885:0931-9085
808:(1969) .
786:0307-1235
713:, citing
683:cite book
385:in 1935.
353:Max Amann
235:Freikorps
152:strapline
126:Marketing
79:0.45–0.6%
1165:18222506
1097:Die Welt
973:(Museum)
953:18222506
829:"review"
395:Reemtsma
389:See also
341:Reemtsma
263:Reemtsma
256:Coercion
213:and the
161:Trommler
140:roundels
58:Founding
29:monopoly
25:swastika
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167:Alarm
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