588:
countries passed by inheritance to
Foreign princes, thereby opening a door to enter into our Kingdom". By this "perpetual and irrevocable Edict", Navarre, Béarn, Andorra and Donezan were united and incorporated into the crown of France: although, as in the case of Scotland and England in 1707, whilst the Navarrese domains were politically and monarchically united with France, they retained their separate institutions—thus, they were bound irrevocably to France, but not merged into it. Unlike the British Act of Union, however, Navarre lost its independent judiciary, a fact the Navarrese resented for a long time afterwards. Nonetheless, in recognition of the separate nature of the Kingdom of Navarre (and the lordships of Béarn, Andorra and Donezan, which were considered attached to the Crown of Navarre), the Bourbon kings of France customarily used the title 'King of France and Navarre'.
580:; in Letters of 21 December 1596, he further stated that "our ancient domain, in our kingdom of Navarre and sovereign land of BĂ©arn and Donazan, low countries of Flanders, as well as our duchies, counties, viscounties, lands, lordships in this our kingdom, be and remained disunited, disjoint and separate of our house of France not to be in any way included or merged unless it is by us otherwise ordered, or unless God bestows on us the grace of having children we desire to provide thereto." The Paris Parlement refused to register these Letters, stating that French public law did not allow the division of a monarch's public and private possessions; instead, Henry had them registered at the Parlements of Bordeaux and Toulouse. Thus, from 1589 to 1607, the King of France and Navarre was also the Lord of BĂ©arn, Duke of Albret and VendĂ´me, Count of Foix, etc.
592:
1789, refused to sit with the
National Assembly, and instead the Navarrese estates attempted to revoke the 1620 Union. This was denied, and by vote of the assembly the king's title was changed from 'King of France and Navarre' to 'King of the French' (thus denying the separation between the two kingdoms, and emphasising the—presumed—unity of the French people). By the constitution of 1791, this change was effected, and the merging of Navarre was completed—it lost all of its separate institutions, and was denied any recognition as a state separate from the French nation. Although the last Bourbons titled themselves 'King of France and Navarre' once more, it was a title only, 'Navarre' having ceased to exist as anything more than a name.
572:
refused to follow this tradition: having no legitimate sons to pass his possessions onto, and forced to fight to secure his rule over France, he wanted to ensure that if he died without legitimate children, in the ensuing division of his inheritance, his sister
Catherine would receive all of their parental inheritance (if he allowed his French lands to merge with the crown before dying without legitimate children, the merged lands would go as part of the crown to the next heir to the throne, his cousin
350:), becoming official with the institution of the new constitution on 1 October 1791. The monarchy was abolished a year later, and the Bourbon supporters supported Louis XVI, and then Louis XVII and Louis XVIII, as King of France and Navarre rather than King of the French, under which title the Bourbons were restored in 1815. However, the constitutional monarchy was revived in 1830, with the Bourbon deposition. Although the Orleanist constitutional monarchy, the so-called "
476:. Legally, the Crown and duchy were again separate, but the Duke was a child, and the duchy had been governed as an integral part of France for years; the king had little trouble in maintaining royal control over the duchy. Breton independence was effectively ended when in 1532 the Estates of Brittany proclaimed the perpetual union of Brittany with the French crown. Legally, the duchy was now part of France.
36:
568:. He thus became 'King of France and Navarre'. He was also, by inheritance, a holder of other significant lands within France: BĂ©arn, Donnezan and Andorra, which were, although a part of the feudal boundaries of France, were independent sovereignties; and, under crown jurisdiction, the duchies of Albret, Beaumont, VendĂ´me, and the counties of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle.
540:
In the first case, the union was merely that of the two crowns: although the relevant kings held both titles, the two kingdoms were legally distinct, bound only by the descent of the kings from the marriage between Joan and Philip. Accordingly, when their direct male descent died out, the two domains
386:
was feudally a part of their
Kingdom of France (i.e. it was within the traditional borders of the realm, and the king of France was deemed to be overlord of the Duchy). In fact, however, the Duchy of Brittany was a largely independent sovereign state. It was recognized as independently sovereign and
583:
These acts were reversed in 1606–1607: Henry had a legitimate son, and the death of his sister without issue had nullified any need to share the
Navarrese inheritance. By an Edict of 1607, the original ruling of the Paris Parlement that lands within France were automatically merged in the Crown was
410:
was determined to bring the territory under royal control. Charles had her marriage annulled and then forced her to marry him in a series of actions that were acknowledged by the Pope. As a result, the
Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Brittany were placed in the personal union of their marriage,
341:
With the French
Revolution came the writing of a Constitution for France. As part of the reforms, the monarch ceased to be an absolute ruler of hereditary lands deriving power from God; instead, he became a constitutional ruler ruling by the will of the French people and for the good of the French
600:
The king of France was also at times ruler of lands outside France itself. If he would not or could not merge these lands into the French crown, and thus the French state, he would legally be sovereign of those lands separately to his role as French king. In such cases, the king's styles would be
591:
In the troubles of 1789, Navarre—being a distinct kingdom—by order of the
Navarrese estates refused to elect representatives to the Estates General of France, instead sending four representatives of the Estates to Versailles at the 'invitation' of the king; these representatives, arriving in July
483:. Henry was the French king to become Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the ascension of Henry to the French throne in 1547. The kingdom and duchy were now united by inheritance, and the merging of Brittany into France was thus completed. Notably, when
571:
By established tradition, lands within the legal borders of France (thus, Henry's duchies and counties) would merge into the crown when the holder became king; independent lordships, whether they were or were not part of France's feudal borders, would remain distinct possessions. Henry, however,
310:, considered transferring the title from the French monarch to the English monarch, drafting a papal brief to this effect; however, it was never issued. French kings thus continued to use the title, in particular on diplomatic documents, less frequently in France itself or in everyday parlance.
587:
In
October 1620, the merging of the Navarrese inheritance into France was furthered, when Louis XIII on 20 October had an Edict passed in Pau by the Sovereign Council of Navarre, to prevent "the misfortunes and inconveniences which would occur if, failing a male heir to our Royal House, said
549:. However, Joan's possessions within France, inherited from her forebears the Counts of Champagne, did not pass with Navarre to Joan's heirs; instead, by treaty, Joan exchanged them for other lands within France, Philip then merging the Champenois inheritance into the French crown.
467:
Claude's death in 1524 separated the duchy from the crown once more, and ultimately, for the final time. Because Claude, like her mother, was sovereign
Duchess, the title of 'Duke' did not remain with her husband, but instead passed to her son,
584:
upheld, and the king ceased to be Duke of Albret and VendĂ´me, Count of Foix, etc. Because Navarre, BĂ©arn, Andorre and Donazan were independent of France, however, the king remained separately the King of Navarre, and Lord of the other domains.
601:
treated differently in the relevant territory. However, the title would be used only within the territory, or in documents relating to the territory; it would not be formally used as part of the king's title outside the relevant lands.
255:); this title was used in official documents until French replaced Latin as the formal language of legal documents, and remained used on coins until the 18th century. However, from as early as the 12th century, the form
342:
people. By a decree on 12 October 1789, the king's title was thus changed from 'By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre' to 'By the Grace of God and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French' (
281:
owed its origins to the long, and distinctive, relationship between the Catholic Church and the Franks. France was the first modern state recognised by the Church, and was known as the 'Eldest Daughter of the Church';
1483:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Duke of Albret, Bourbon, Beaumont and VendĂ´me, Count of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle, Lord of BĂ©arn, and Donezan;
286:, the king of the Franks, had been recognised by the papacy as a protector of Rome's interests. Accordingly, this title was frequently accorded to the French kings (although on a number of occasions kings of other
657:, which stipulated that Provence and its accompanying territories would "in no way be subordinated to the crown or realm of France". Accordingly, the king of France was titled in relation to Provence,
422:
Legally, however, the duchy remained separate from France proper; the two titles were linked only by the marriage of the king and queen, and in 1498 when Charles VIII died childless, the title
1967:
140:
varied over the years. Currently, there is no French sovereign; three distinct traditions (the Legitimist, the Orleanist, and the Bonapartist) exist, each claiming different forms of title.
1718:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin, Médiateur de la Confédération Helvétique
1715:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation (
1960:
325:. Both of these men wrote about what they viewed as their king's unique position among the monarchs of Christendom. These philosophers believed that because he was
53:
2633:
1953:
2541:
576:). Accordingly, by letters patent of 13 April 1590, he declared that his personal estates would remain separate from the crown, and not subject to
500:
1697:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin
573:
469:
1694:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (
395:. Subsequent kings of France sought to control Brittany in part because of the attempts of kings of England and Spain to control the duchy.
100:
2601:
514:. When it appeared, the title was bestowed by the king of France to one of his direct descendants and was in any event titular in status.
72:
621:
in 1349, on the condition that the land and title always be used by the king's eldest son; because the territory was legally part of the
479:
Francis III remained Duke of Brittany but died without attaining the French crown in 1536. He was succeeded by his brother, the future
2596:
2050:
653:, the heiress, on 19 October 1480, and united to the crown in the following year; however, the Union was legally reversed by the 1486
79:
2521:
2471:
1976:
119:
1783:
445:. Legally, Brittany still remained distinct, and its future remained dependent on the ducal bloodline, now held by the House of
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692:("Louis, By the Grace of God King of the Franks, of Naples and of Jerusalem, Duke of Milan"). He abandoned it by the treaty of
86:
2536:
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2526:
57:
68:
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399:
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633:, the king would be personally sovereign over the Dauphiné. His title there, when there was no Dauphin of France, was
366:, who crowned himself emperor. It is the title to which the Bonapartists and their supporters continue to lay claim.
2044:
496:
1506:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Lord of BĂ©arn, and Donezan;
46:
392:
374:
In addition to the titles above, the kings of France at one point or another held others attached to the Crown.
2654:
1803:
1787:
460:. By this marriage, and through the succession to the French crown, the king of France became Duke of Brittany
1985:
1880:(awarded in 1521 and revoked again c. 1530 by the Pope. Granted again in 1543 by the Parliament of England.)
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Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie
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761:, Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne"). Roussillon and Cerdagne were later ceded to France by
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Navarre was twice united with France: from 1314 to 1328 (effectively from 1284, upon the marriage of
446:
291:
747:'; accordingly, official documents relating to the area between 1641 and 1652 described the king as
654:
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2011:
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1618:
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882:
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814:
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629:, the emperors legally forbade the region to be united with France. Nonetheless, when there was no
542:
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484:
457:
434:
427:
307:
246:
191:
155:
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1673:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (
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1495:
1424:
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1014:
946:
931:
852:
848:
561:
553:
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430:. Anne of Brittany returned to Brittany and began to re-establish an independent sovereign rule.
388:
163:
1925:
639:("By the Grace of God King of France, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois").
354:", was abolished in 1848, the heirs of Louis-Philippe continued to claim the title and legacy.
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17:
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1208:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Naples and Jerusalem, Duke of Brittany;
999:
618:
545:, and Navarre being inherited by the granddaughter (and senior heiress) of Joan and Philip,
511:
488:
450:
403:
1655:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français
863:
By the Grace of God, King of the Franks and Duke of the Aquitanians, Count of the Poitevins
2371:
2326:
2250:
2193:
2160:
774:
565:
343:
290:
would be addressed as such by the Church), and came into frequent use during the reign of
636:
par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois
398:
The independent sovereign nature of the duchy began to come to an end upon the death of
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1876:
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par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, comte de Provence, Forcalquier et terres adjacentes
299:
213:, By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French." (
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2620:
2450:
2425:
2344:
2235:
2124:
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1941:
351:
322:
1945:
219:, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français.
2413:
2227:
2142:
1993:
298:, it became recognised as a hereditary and exclusive title of the kings of France.
1799:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French
1652:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French (
1637:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French
200:, par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'État, Roi des Français
750:
Dei gratia Galliarum et Navarrae Rex, comes Barcinonae, Rossilionis et Ceritaniae
2608:
2198:
2188:
2136:
1751:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French
1010:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne and Burgundy
664:
608:
461:
440:
412:
348:
Par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'État, Roi des Français
318:
206:
35:
415:. During their marriage, the Charles VIII prohibited Anne from using the title
317:
to refer to the French king was affirmed by medieval French thinkers including
2408:
2350:
2172:
773:
requested that the king take the title "Landgrave of Upper and Lower Alsace" (
740:
510:
largely ceased to be used as a title of the king of France after the death of
147:
560:, had been the queen of Navarre (and senior heiress of Joan II), his father,
1837:
The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope:
736:
683:
675:
577:
183:
552:
By chance, France and Navarre were united again in 1589, in the person of
2430:
2398:
2314:
2245:
2154:
1997:
744:
732:
646:
642:
491:) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown to the next heir of France,
363:
283:
419:
and imposed a royal governor from the House of Penthievre on the duchy.
2118:
2112:
2021:
758:
689:
Ludovicus Dei Gratia Francorum Neapolis et Hierusalem Rex Dux Mediolani
143:
The three styles laid claim to by pretenders to the French throne are:
1393:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1367:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1323:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1297:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1271:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1227:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1186:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
177:, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre, Roi Très-chrétien
2481:
2476:
2445:
2418:
2376:
2209:
1814:
By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French
770:
671:
626:
437:
married Anne himself, and so the king was once more Duke of Brittany
411:
and the king of France would also hold the title of Duke of Brittany
159:
1055:
By the Grace of God, King of France, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne
1025:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne
991:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne
961:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne
2016:
762:
754:
717:
706:
693:
287:
194:
and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French." (
1435:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Scotland;
2440:
2390:
2266:
1989:
1582:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre;
1554:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre;
1532:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre;
713:
382:
During the Middle Ages, the kings of France considered that the
1949:
449:. When Anne died, Brittany passed to her daughter and heiress,
426:
remained with Anne, rather than passing to the heir of France,
1771:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre
1736:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre
1614:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre
29:
453:, rather than remaining with the king of France, her father.
613:: the area had been ceded to the king of France by the last
362:
The Bonapartist legacy, the title was instituted in 1804 by
825:
By the Grace of God, King of the Franks, Duke of Burgundy
781:) in relation to the territory, but this did not happen.
663:("By the Grace of God King of France, Count of Provence,
893:
By the Grace of God, King of the Franks, Count of Artois
1588:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1564:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1538:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1512:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1490:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1463:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1441:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1377:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1351:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1329:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1307:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1281:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1255:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1233:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1192:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1170:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1140:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1117:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1584:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1560:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1534:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1508:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1486:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1459:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1437:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1414:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1395:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1373:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1347:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1325:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1303:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1277:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1251:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1229:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1210:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1188:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1166:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1085:
By the Grace of God, King of France, Duke of Burgundy
150:: "Most high, most potent and most excellent Prince,
1457:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1412:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1345:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1249:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1164:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1138:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
923:
By the Grace of God, King of France, Count of Artois
495:, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either
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2004:
173:Très haut, très puissant et très excellent Prince,
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
333:played a special role as protector of the Church.
2634:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
541:separated, France passing to Philip's nephew,
1961:
8:
1716:
1695:
1674:
1653:
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658:
634:
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1942:The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs
1884:
1556:Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne
1369:Duke of Milan, Count of Asti, Lord of Genoa
1273:King of Naples and Jerusalem, Duke of Milan
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402:. The duchy was inherited by his daughter,
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1968:
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1946:
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712:("King of France, Duke of Milan, Count of
564:, had been the senior-most heir after the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2078:
167:
1914:
878:By the Grace of God, King of the Franks
840:By the Grace of God, King of the Franks
806:By the Grace of God, King of the Franks
501:Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain
387:lying outside the Kingdom of France by
1891:(Protector of the Church; awarded to
1115:By the Grace of God, King of France;
779:Landgraf von OberelsaĂź und UnterelsaĂź
670:Charles VIII used the title "King of
241:was the official Latin title of the "
7:
2602:List of current constituent monarchs
1920:
1918:
302:, allied between 1510 and 1513 with
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1100:By the Grace of God, King of France
1070:By the Grace of God, King of France
1040:By the Grace of God, King of France
976:By the Grace of God, King of France
942:By the Grace of God, King of France
908:By the Grace of God, King of France
2597:List of current sovereign monarchs
2051:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
785:List of changes to the royal style
753:("By the Grace of God King of the
261:("King of France") was also used.
25:
2472:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1977:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
709:, comte d'Asti, seigneur de GĂŞnes
537:), and from 1589 to the present.
1926:"Napoleonic Titles and Heraldry"
34:
456:Claude married the future king
69:"Style of the French sovereign"
45:needs additional citations for
2587:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
790:
433:However, the new French king,
249:(sometimes taking the form of
27:Titles used by French monarchs
1:
1848:
645:: The territory was ceded to
245:" after the accession of the
18:Style of the French Sovereign
2291:Imperial and Royal Highness
487:(the last direct male from
2676:
2045:Imperial and Royal Majesty
497:Henry II, Duke of Lorraine
2629:
1983:
797:
791:
667:and the lands adjacent.")
525:The Navarrese inheritance
393:Alan II, Duke of Brittany
470:Francis III of Brittany
2592:Great Catholic Monarch
2103:Most Excellent Majesty
2079:Most Christian Majesty
1885:
1717:
1696:
1675:
1654:
778:
749:
720:") in relation to the
705:roi de France, duc de
704:
688:
659:
635:
607:
574:Henri, Prince of Condé
439:
408:Charles VIII of France
400:Francis II of Brittany
347:
277:
271:
257:
251:
237:
228:
215:
196:
172:
168:Most Christian Majesty
2577:Defender of the Faith
2570:Divine right of kings
2321:Ducal Serene Highness
2143:Most Eminent Highness
2108:Most Gracious Majesty
2085:Most Faithful Majesty
1901:Most Faithful Majesty
1877:Defender of the Faith
1868:Most Catholic Majesty
678:" in relation to the
558:Jeanne III of Navarre
358:Emperor of the French
313:The use of the title
304:Henry VIII of England
2404:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
2339:Illustrious Highness
2309:Grand Ducal Highness
2167:Illustrious Highness
1860:Most Serene Republic
729:Louis XIII of France
327:rex christianissimus
315:rex christianissimus
272:Rex Christianissimus
54:improve this article
2565:By the Grace of God
1893:Holy Roman Emperors
531:Philip IV of France
417:Duchess of Brittany
308:Louis XII of France
265:Most Christian King
247:Carolingian dynasty
192:by the Grace of God
156:by the Grace of God
2615:Translatio imperii
1887:Defensor Ecclesiae
1205:February–July 1495
731:was chosen by the
562:Antoine de Bourbon
554:Henry IV of France
547:Joan II of Navarre
481:Henry II of France
364:Napoleon Bonaparte
337:King of the French
243:King of the Franks
2642:
2641:
2495:
2494:
2487:Sultanic Highness
2385:
2384:
2360:
2359:
2297:Imperial Highness
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2097:Britannic Majesty
2068:Catholic Monarchs
2062:Apostolic Majesty
1904:(awarded in 1748)
1871:(awarded in 1493)
1844:Apostolic Majesty
1829:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1806:
1791:
1763:
1743:
1728:
1707:
1686:
1665:
1644:
1629:
1604:
1546:
1524:
1498:
1475:
1449:
1427:
1404:
1385:
1359:
1337:
1315:
1289:
1263:
1241:
1219:
1200:
1178:
1156:
1130:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1062:
1047:
1032:
1017:
1002:
983:
968:
953:
934:
915:
900:
885:
870:
855:
832:
817:
727:In January 1641,
686:, titled himself
682:; his successor,
680:Kingdom of Naples
651:Margaret of Anjou
631:Dauphin of France
625:, rather than of
623:Holy Roman Empire
535:Joan I of Navarre
519:Duchy of Brittany
474:Dauphin of France
384:Duchy of Brittany
294:; under his son,
278:Roi Très-chrétien
138:French sovereigns
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2667:
2467:Amir al-Mu'minin
2457:
2365:Specific culture
2362:
2281:
2224:
2217:
2184:Most Illustrious
2149:Exalted Highness
2091:Orthodox Majesty
2073:Catholic Majesty
2056:Imperial Majesty
1986:Forms of address
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1890:
1853:
1850:
1828:(reign disputed)
1827:
1817:
1802:
1774:
1754:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1703:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1640:
1617:
1592:
1542:
1516:
1494:
1467:
1445:
1419:
1400:
1381:
1355:
1333:
1311:
1285:
1259:
1237:
1215:
1196:
1174:
1144:
1122:
1103:
1088:
1073:
1058:
1043:
1028:
1013:
994:
979:
964:
945:
926:
911:
896:
881:
866:
843:
828:
809:
789:
752:
711:
691:
662:
638:
612:
543:Philip of Valois
512:Claude of France
508:Duke of Brittany
489:Claude of France
444:
424:Duke of Brittany
280:
274:
260:
254:
240:
231:
221:
202:
179:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2655:French monarchy
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2625:
2553:
2491:
2455:
2381:
2356:
2327:Serene Highness
2271:
2255:
2215:
2206:(The Much Hon.)
2194:Hochwohlgeboren
2161:Serene Highness
2026:
2000:
1979:
1974:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1851:
1835:
1748:March–June 1815
1246:April 1498—1499
787:
702:used the title
696:of 22 Oct 1505.
598:
566:House of Valois
527:
472:, who was also
380:
372:
370:Distinct titles
360:
339:
267:
235:The Latin term
233:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2581:Fidei defensor
2574:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2537:United Kingdom
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2303:Royal Highness
2300:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Most Excellent
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:Royal Highness
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1834:
1833:Similar titles
1831:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:Louis-Philippe
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
992:
989:
985:
984:
977:
974:
970:
969:
962:
959:
955:
954:
943:
940:
936:
935:
924:
921:
917:
916:
909:
906:
902:
901:
894:
891:
887:
886:
879:
876:
872:
871:
864:
861:
857:
856:
841:
838:
834:
833:
826:
823:
819:
818:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
786:
783:
767:
766:
725:
722:Duchy of Milan
697:
668:
655:Edict of Union
640:
597:
596:Other examples
594:
556:: his mother,
526:
523:
379:
376:
371:
368:
359:
356:
338:
335:
300:Pope Julius II
266:
263:
232:
225:
224:
223:
204:
181:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:Victory title
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2451:Son of Heaven
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:King of Kings
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Pater Patriae
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:Much Honoured
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:Royal Majesty
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Nəgusä Nägäst
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Duke of Milan
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
975:
972:
971:
967:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
918:
914:
910:
907:
904:
903:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:
802:
801:
794:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
769:In addition,
764:
760:
756:
751:
746:
742:
738:
735:as 'Count of
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
701:
698:
695:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
610:
604:
603:
602:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
538:
536:
532:
524:
522:
520:
515:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
442:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
391:, an ally of
390:
385:
377:
375:
369:
367:
365:
357:
355:
353:
352:July Monarchy
349:
345:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:Nicole Oresme
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
273:
264:
262:
259:
253:
252:Rex Francorum
248:
244:
239:
238:Francorum Rex
230:
229:Francorum Rex
226:
220:
218:
212:
208:
205:
201:
199:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
176:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
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2609:Sacred king
2517:Netherlands
2293:(HI&RH)
2284:Middle Ages
2199:Wohlgeboren
2189:Hochgeboren
2137:Monseigneur
2047:(HI&RM)
1852: 1000
1776:Louis XVIII
1760:Napoleon II
1741:Louis XVIII
1627:Louis XVIII
1146:Charles VII
665:Forcalquier
464:once more.
462:jure uxoris
441:jure uxoris
413:jure uxoris
406:, but King
331:French king
319:Jean Gerson
296:Charles VII
269:This title
207:Bonapartist
2649:Categories
2409:Great king
2351:Excellency
2212:(Millourt)
2173:Excellency
1909:References
1898:Portugal:
1756:Napoleon I
1726:Napoleon I
1705:Napoleon I
1684:Napoleon I
1663:Napoleon I
1623:Louis XVII
1569:Louis XIII
1544:Louis XIII
1522:Louis XIII
1469:Charles IX
1447:Francis II
1128:Charles VI
1030:Charles IV
951:Philip III
928:Louis VIII
811:Hugh Capet
741:Roussillon
716:, Lord of
506:The title
292:Charles VI
158:, King of
148:Legitimist
110:March 2007
80:newspapers
2500:Countries
2220:Antiquity
1883:Germany:
1874:England:
1847:(awarded
1841:Hungary:
1811:1852–1870
1796:1830–1848
1784:Louis XIX
1780:Charles X
1768:1815–1830
1733:1814–1815
1712:1809–1814
1691:1806–1809
1670:1805–1806
1649:1804–1805
1642:Louis XVI
1634:1791–1792
1619:Louis XVI
1610:1791–1814
1602:Louis XVI
1594:Louis XIV
1579:1652–1791
1573:Louis XIV
1551:1641–1652
1529:1620–1641
1503:1607–1620
1480:1589–1607
1473:Henry III
1454:1560–1589
1432:1559–1560
1421:Francis I
1409:1524–1559
1402:Francis I
1390:1521–1524
1383:Francis I
1364:1515–1521
1357:Louis XII
1342:1514–1515
1335:Louis XII
1320:1512–1514
1313:Louis XII
1294:1505–1512
1287:Louis XII
1268:1499–1505
1261:Louis XII
1224:1495–1498
1183:1491–1495
1161:1486–1491
1135:1422–1486
1124:Charles V
1112:1364–1422
1097:1363–1364
1082:1361–1363
1067:1360–1361
1052:1350–1360
1045:Philip VI
1037:1328–1350
1022:1322–1328
1007:1316–1322
988:1314–1316
981:Philip IV
973:1305–1314
966:Philip IV
958:1285–1305
939:1237–1285
920:1223–1237
913:Philip II
905:1190–1223
898:Philip II
890:1180–1190
883:Louis VII
875:1152–1180
868:Louis VII
860:1137–1152
837:1032–1137
822:1031–1032
815:Robert II
737:Barcelona
700:Francis I
684:Louis XII
676:Jerusalem
578:Salic law
485:Henry III
458:Francis I
435:Louis XII
428:Louis XII
184:Orleanist
2558:See also
2547:Scotland
2522:Portugal
2431:Maharaja
2399:Baghatur
2341:(HIll.H)
2333:Serenity
2315:Highness
2246:Sebastos
2241:Augustus
2169:(HIll.H)
2155:Highness
2040:Holiness
1998:nobility
1857:Venice:
1598:Louis XV
1518:Henry IV
1496:Henry IV
1425:Henry II
1150:Louis XI
1015:Philip V
947:Louis IX
932:Louis IX
853:Louis VI
849:Philip I
803:987–1031
798:Used by
745:Cerdagne
733:Catalans
647:Louis XI
643:Provence
619:Viennois
609:Dauphiné
493:Henry IV
447:Montfort
389:Louis IV
378:Brittany
306:against
284:Clovis I
2512:Georgia
2460:Islamic
2260:Georgia
2251:Dominus
2119:Majesty
2032:Western
2022:Pharaoh
1994:royalty
1937:Sources
1865:Spain:
1788:Henry V
1105:John II
1090:John II
1075:John II
1060:John II
996:Louis X
845:Henry I
830:Henry I
759:Navarra
615:Dauphin
164:Navarre
162:and of
94:scholar
2542:Canada
2532:Sweden
2527:Serbia
2507:France
2482:Sharif
2477:Hadrat
2446:Shogun
2436:Mikado
2419:Khagan
2377:Senhor
2323:(HDSH)
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2210:Milord
2145:(HMEH)
2139:(Msgr)
2081:(HMCM)
2005:Africa
1996:, and
1000:John I
792:Period
775:German
771:Alsace
743:, and
672:Naples
627:France
451:Claude
344:French
329:, the
288:realms
160:France
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2391:Asian
2345:Grace
2329:(HSH)
2305:(HRH)
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2151:(HEH)
2133:(HRH)
2125:Grace
2115:(HRM)
2099:(HBM)
2093:(HOM)
2087:(HFM)
2075:(HCM)
2064:(HAM)
2058:(HIM)
2017:Nkosi
1990:popes
795:Style
763:Spain
755:Gauls
718:Genoa
707:Milan
694:Blois
517:(See
275:, or
134:style
101:JSTOR
87:books
2441:Shah
2414:Khan
2353:(HE)
2347:(HG)
2335:(HS)
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2267:Mepe
2175:(HE)
2157:(HH)
2127:(HG)
2121:(HM)
1988:for
1786:), (
757:and
714:Asti
674:and
605:The
404:Anne
321:and
170:." (
73:news
2372:Don
1782:, (
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649:by
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499:or
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