1454:
4759:
1421:
480:
469:
1476:
4744:
140:
2735:
119:
3846:
1442:
3188:
4752:
2740:
3200:
3194:
648:
3840:
3852:
1758:
1739:
619:
specimen NJSM 15435 was reported to measure 10 m (33 ft), though it lacks the skull and the frontmost neck vertebrae. The cranium of the holotype measures 42 cm (1.38 ft) long, with its mandible measuring 48 cm (1.57 ft) long. Its sharp
1374:
specimen found in the Pierre Shale of western Kansas included ground up fish bones mixed with the gastroliths. In addition, the weight of the gastroliths found in elasmosaur specimens is always much less than 1% of the estimated weight of the living animal.
575:, or "stomach stones". Although it is mounted at the School of Mines as if its head were looking up and out of the water, such a position would be physically impossible. In 2023, Elliott Smith and Robin O'Keefe also assigned this specimen to
1957:
Everhart, M. J. 2000. Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon
Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 103(1-2): 58-69.
1701:"A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids"
1948:
Cicimurri, D. J. and M. J. Everhart, 2001. An elasmosaur with stomach contents and gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (late
Cretaceous) of Kansas. Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans 104(3-4):129-143.
1616:
Welles, S. P. 1943. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with a description of the new material from
California and Colorado. University of California Memoirs 13:125-254. figs.1-37., pls.12-29.
4905:
2052:
Welles, S. P. 1962. A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of
Columbia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
1382:
and some other animals may use gastroliths for ballast today, it appears likely that elasmosaurs used them as a gastric mill. See
Henderson (2006) contra Wings (2004).
1740:"Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark,
4851:
1877:
Otero RA. (2016) Taxonomic reassessment of
Hydralmosaurus as Styxosaurus: new insights on the elasmosaurid neck evolution throughout the Cretaceous. PeerJ 4:e1777
1453:
2013:
Everhart, M. J. 2005b. Elasmosaurid remains from the Pierre Shale (Upper
Cretaceous) of western Kansas. Possible missing elements of the type specimen of
1996:
Everhart, M. J. 2000. Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon
Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), western Kansas.
2233:
1782:
4920:
4838:
2269:
2003:
Cicimurri, D. J. and M. J. Everhart, 2001. An elasmosaur with stomach contents and gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (late
Cretaceous) of Kansas.
1420:
4915:
1978:
1362:
do not use gastroliths for grinding of food, almost all reasonably complete elasmosaur specimens include gastroliths. Although it is possible
1967:
Wings, Oliver (2004): Identification, distribution, and function of gastroliths in dinosaurs and extant birds with emphasis on ostriches (
4758:
1664:(Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) in the Cenomanian: Implications for relationships of elasmosaurids of the Western Interior Seaway".
1632:
Carpenter, K. 1999. Revision of North
American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior. Paludicola 2(2):148-173.
1494:
4925:
4743:
2010:
Everhart, M. J. 2005a. Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press, 320 pp.
1000:
2734:
2024:
Everhart, M. J. 2006. The occurrence of elasmosaurids (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) in the Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas.
1128:
782:
758:
3556:
2262:
1065:
907:
139:
3845:
2031:
Henderson, J. 2006. Floating point: a computational study of buoyancy, equilibrium, and gastroliths in plesiosaurs.
1215:
1176:
722:
2038:
Welles, S. P. 1943. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with a description of the new material from California and Colorado.
1489:
1024:
854:
687:
371:
348:
333:
279:
1786:
4751:
3851:
2739:
4910:
4778:
3199:
3193:
2255:
1159:
1048:
3187:
1975:
4877:
3839:
837:
3060:
2534:
1441:
4825:
3046:
2199:
1852:
1673:
924:
549:
2142:
2109:
1576:
479:
468:
3130:
2354:
1481:
2684:
615:
was a large elasmosaur, with a long neck measuring about 5.25 metres (17.2 ft) in total. The
4444:
3667:
2656:
2527:
2162:
2129:
2088:
1720:
1596:
1544:
806:
695:
560:
553:
320:
253:
134:
4882:
2519:
4864:
4856:
3639:
3330:
2802:
2548:
2480:
2096:
1931:
1552:
413:
4869:
4816:
4619:
4544:
4318:
3748:
3632:
3476:
3409:
3292:
2963:
2890:
2854:
2207:
2154:
2121:
2080:
1921:
1911:
1860:
1712:
1681:
1588:
1536:
976:
434:
1972:
4683:
4476:
4374:
4309:
4291:
4229:
4192:
3998:
3909:
3713:
3686:
3588:
3490:
3448:
3067:
2840:
2770:
2757:
2706:
2677:
2509:
2498:
2490:
2460:
1367:
625:
118:
41:
2203:
1856:
1677:
4674:
4648:
4634:
4577:
4566:
4514:
4465:
4388:
4360:
4270:
4201:
4096:
3980:
3957:
3885:
3789:
3759:
3720:
3699:
3646:
3604:
3542:
3535:
3521:
3501:
3483:
3402:
3388:
3381:
3309:
3273:
3251:
3082:
2978:
2970:
2932:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2883:
2605:
1926:
1891:
1114:
962:
744:
662:
416:
233:
220:
4899:
4597:
4523:
4503:
4458:
4381:
4298:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4220:
4209:
4154:
4127:
4084:
4029:
4007:
3973:
3925:
3898:
3796:
3660:
3653:
3462:
3338:
3280:
3116:
3095:
3032:
3025:
3016:
2939:
2918:
2876:
2847:
2825:
2555:
2541:
2445:
2438:
2424:
2411:
2370:
2278:
1982:
1724:
600:
194:
76:
4690:
4641:
4611:
4604:
4552:
4537:
4530:
4437:
4409:
4167:
4143:
4135:
4120:
4105:
4063:
4014:
3966:
3946:
3918:
3869:
3807:
3782:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3706:
3597:
3528:
3469:
3441:
3421:
3395:
3374:
3323:
3316:
3301:
3244:
3144:
2989:
2925:
2869:
2832:
2791:
2691:
2663:
2580:
667:
427:
341:
283:
2084:
1685:
1540:
647:
17:
1716:
4810:
4704:
4662:
4590:
4489:
4451:
4416:
4395:
4325:
4284:
4277:
4236:
4112:
4076:
3939:
3618:
3549:
3514:
3345:
3137:
3123:
3053:
3039:
2998:
2811:
2670:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2567:
2452:
2323:
1700:
1562:
1432:
1389:
629:
572:
51:
4801:
699:
548:), meaning "lizard" or "reptile." The type specimen was found on Hell Creek in
4655:
4627:
4496:
4423:
4332:
4174:
4049:
4021:
3987:
3932:
3775:
3577:
3570:
3455:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3266:
3258:
3230:
3217:
3155:
3109:
3102:
3005:
2861:
2784:
2468:
2339:
2308:
2211:
1864:
1471:
726:
by Kenneth Carpenter in 1999, it was revalidated by Rodrigo A. Otero in 2016.
636:
591:
515:
431:
409:
207:
96:
61:
4711:
4697:
4430:
3768:
2950:
2818:
2225:
1900:: new insights on the elasmosaurid neck evolution throughout the Cretaceous"
1807:
1379:
730:
510:
a complete skull and 20 vertebrae and was first described by S.W. Williston
424:
356:
151:
101:
2100:
2045:
Welles, S. P. 1952. A review of the North American Cretaceous elasmosaurs.
1935:
1556:
563:, also in the US, in 1945. The specimen was originally described and named
4795:
4181:
3434:
2614:
2594:
2587:
2302:
1394:
1359:
595:
503:
171:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
702:) that were found near Hell Creek in western Kansas by Judge E.P. West.
567:
by Welles and Bump (1949) and remained so until it was synonymized with
4843:
3625:
3611:
2628:
2314:
2241:
2166:
2133:
2092:
1916:
1600:
1548:
181:
106:
81:
2296:
1971:). Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 187 pp. URN:
1878:
672:
628:
and were adapted to puncture and hold rather than to cut; like other
161:
4772:
2175:
2158:
2147:
Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science
2125:
2114:
Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science
2068:
1828:
1592:
1581:
Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science
1524:
4402:
691:
646:
621:
527:
405:
4830:
2247:
1644:
Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
1403:
4776:
3867:
3215:
2755:
2409:
2289:
2251:
590:, was named by Smith and O'Keefe, based on a specimen from the
559:
Another more complete specimen, SDSMT 451, was discovered near
2059:, a new elasmosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of South Dakota.
543:
536:
520:
2047:
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences
737:
within Elasmosauridae following an analysis by Otero, 2016:
579:
but considered it to be indeterminate at the species level.
1518:
1516:
1514:
2110:"A New Plesiosaur from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas"
1577:"A New Plesiosaur from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas"
720:, was named by Welles in 1952. Although synonymized with
303:
290:
269:
4785:
4673:
4576:
4513:
4475:
4358:
4308:
4246:
4219:
4191:
4153:
4095:
4062:
4047:
3997:
3956:
3908:
3884:
3806:
3758:
3685:
3587:
3500:
3420:
3291:
3228:
3154:
3081:
3015:
2988:
2949:
2801:
2768:
2705:
2604:
2566:
2508:
2479:
2422:
2369:
2338:
1612:
1610:
571:by Carpenter. Its chest cavity contained about 250
1660:Smith, E.A.; O'Keefe, F.R. (2023). "Occurrence of
552:, which is the source of the genus name coined by
1398:, etc.) and squid. With its interlocking teeth,
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1388:, like most other plesiosaurs, probably fed on
2143:"An Interesting Food Habit of the Plesiosaurs"
2263:
1998:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
8:
4906:Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs of North America
1751:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4773:
4582:
4481:
4366:
4305:
4159:
4068:
4059:
4055:
3890:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3691:
3506:
3426:
3236:
3225:
3212:
3087:
2955:
2776:
2765:
2752:
2572:
2430:
2419:
2406:
2366:
2344:
2335:
2286:
2270:
2256:
2248:
2244:at Sachs Vertebrate Palaeontology Research
690:in 1890. The specimen included a complete
117:
31:
1925:
1915:
1510:
1416:
2069:"Structure of the Plesiosaurian Skull"
1655:
1653:
1525:"Structure of the Plesiosaurian Skull"
682:to be described was initially called
7:
1783:"National Geiographic "Styxosaurus""
1666:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1232:
1201:
1151:
1144:
1120:
1040:
1016:
992:
968:
958:
899:
879:
829:
822:
798:
774:
750:
740:
556:, who described the genus in 1943.
2042:13:125-254. figs.1-37., pls.12-29.
1879:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1777
530:from the world of the living. The
25:
2055:Welles, S. P. and Bump, J. 1949.
709:by Williston in 1906 and then to
362:Williston & Moodie, 1903/1913
4921:Taxa named by Samuel Paul Welles
4757:
4750:
4742:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3198:
3192:
3186:
2738:
2733:
2040:University of California Memoirs
1474:
1452:
1440:
1419:
598:previously thought to belong to
478:
467:
138:
1764:from the original on 2011-07-16
1495:Timeline of plesiosaur research
1563:text on www.oceansofkansas.com
1402:could grab on to its slippery
705:The name was later changed to
514:is named for the mythological
1:
4916:Fossil taxa described in 1943
2176:"North American plesiosaurs:
2085:10.1126/science.ns-16.405.262
1829:"North American plesiosaurs:
1686:10.1080/14772019.2023.2242846
1541:10.1126/science.ns-16.405.262
1001:Alexandronectes zealandiensis
1717:10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928
1366:may have used the stones as
1129:Terminonatator pointeixensis
783:Callawayasaurus colombiensis
759:Eromangasaurus carinognathus
665:, and is closely related to
582:In 2023, another species of
537:
2192:American Journal of Science
1892:"Taxonomic reassessment of
1845:American Journal of Science
1646:. Indiana University Press.
1066:Aristonectes quiriquinensis
908:Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae
437:. Three species are known:
4942:
1216:Hydralmosaurus serpentinus
1177:Albertonectes vanderveldei
723:Hydralmosaurus serpentinus
544:
534:part comes from the Greek
521:
4739:
4585:
4484:
4369:
4162:
4071:
4058:
3893:
3880:
3876:
3863:
3836:
3694:
3509:
3429:
3239:
3224:
3211:
3184:
3090:
2958:
2779:
2764:
2751:
2731:
2575:
2433:
2418:
2405:
2365:
2347:
2334:
2285:
2212:10.2475/ajs.s4-21.123.221
2108:Williston S. W. (1890b).
2067:Williston S. W. (1890a).
1865:10.2475/ajs.s4-21.123.221
1575:Williston S. W. (1890b).
1523:Williston S. W. (1890a).
1490:List of plesiosaur genera
1254:
1237:
1230:
1206:
1199:
1173:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1125:
1118:
1062:
1045:
1038:
1021:
1014:
997:
990:
973:
966:
956:
921:
904:
897:
884:
877:
851:
834:
827:
820:
803:
796:
779:
772:
755:
748:
367:Thalassonomosaurus marshi
326:
319:
312:Smith & O'Keefe, 2023
266:
261:
135:Scientific classification
133:
125:
116:
34:
27:Extinct genus of reptiles
2174:Williston S. W. (1906).
2141:Williston S. W. (1891).
1827:Williston S. W. (1906).
1642:Everhart, M. J. (2005).
1025:Morturneria seymourensis
855:Thalassomedon haningtoni
387:Alzadasaurus kansasensis
379:Alzadasaurus pembertonii
2061:Journal of Paleontology
2057:Alzadasaurus pembertoni
2005:Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans
1973:urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-04626
1699:O'Gorman, J.P. (2016).
733:shows the placement of
661:is from a group called
565:Alzadasaurus pembertoni
526:), which separated the
382:Welles & Bump, 1949
2238:at National Geographic
2049:29:46-144. figs. 1-25.
2015:Elasmosaurus platyurus
1738:Mike Everhart (2005).
1406:before swallowing it.
1160:Elasmosaurus platyurus
1049:Aristonectes parvidens
671:, which was found in
668:Elasmosaurus platyurus
655:
4926:Sauropterygian genera
4878:Paleobiology Database
1890:Otero, R. A. (2016).
1742:Cretoxyrhina mantelli
1459:Fossil skull and neck
838:Tuarangisaurus keyesi
650:
374:, 1906) Welles, 1943
1808:"oceansofkansas.com"
925:Futabasaurus suzukii
684:Cimoliasaurus snowii
550:Logan County, Kansas
330:Cimoliasaurus snowii
47:Cenomanian–Campanian
2230:at Oceans of Kansas
2204:1906AmJS...21..221W
1857:1906AmJS...21..221W
1789:on October 15, 2007
1678:2023JSPal..2142846A
1482:Paleontology portal
713:by Welles in 1943.
707:Elasmosaurus snowii
4445:Plesioelasmosaurus
3668:Stenorhynchosaurus
2657:Protenodontosaurus
2528:Largocephalosaurus
2242:Styxosaurus snowii
1917:10.7717/peerj.1777
1258:Styxosaurus browni
1241:Styxosaurus snowii
807:Libonectes morgani
718:Styxosaurus browni
716:A second species,
711:Styxosaurus snowii
696:cervical vertebrae
659:Styxosaurus snowii
656:
561:Iona, South Dakota
554:Samuel Paul Welles
508:Styxosaurus snowii
488:Skull diagrams of
128:Styxosaurus snowii
126:Holotype skull of
18:Styxosaurus snowii
4893:
4892:
4865:Open Tree of Life
4779:Taxon identifiers
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
3859:
3858:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3640:Megacephalosaurus
3331:Bishanopliosaurus
3207:
3206:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3077:
3076:
3061:Proneusticosaurus
2803:Pachypleurosauria
2747:
2746:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2701:
2700:
2549:Sinosaurosphargis
2481:Helveticosauridae
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2007:104(3-4):129-143.
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1188:
1187:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
945:
944:
936:
935:
866:
865:
694:and more than 20
423:lived during the
397:
396:
391:
383:
375:
363:
352:
337:
313:
300:
287:
257:
16:(Redirected from
4933:
4886:
4885:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4774:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4746:
4620:Hydrotherosaurus
4583:
4545:Hydrotherosaurus
4482:
4367:
4319:Dolichorhynchops
4306:
4160:
4069:
4060:
4056:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3749:Westphaliasaurus
3692:
3507:
3477:Pachycostasaurus
3427:
3410:Yuzhoupliosaurus
3293:Rhomaleosauridae
3237:
3226:
3213:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3088:
2964:Brevicaudosaurus
2956:
2891:Majiashanosaurus
2855:Dianopachysaurus
2777:
2766:
2753:
2742:
2737:
2573:
2535:Prosaurosphargis
2431:
2420:
2407:
2367:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2287:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2215:
2198:(123): 221–236.
2170:
2137:
2104:
2000:103(1-2): 58–69.
1985:
1969:Struthio camelus
1965:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1851:(123): 221–236.
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1785:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1748:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1520:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1456:
1444:
1423:
1233:
1202:
1152:
1145:
1121:
1041:
1017:
993:
977:Kaiwhekea katiki
969:
959:
900:
880:
830:
823:
799:
775:
751:
741:
675:, USA, in 1867.
639:its food whole.
547:
546:
540:
528:Greek underworld
524:
523:
482:
471:
389:
381:
369:
361:
346:
332:
311:
305:
298:
292:
277:
271:
252:
245:
232:
219:
206:
193:
143:
142:
121:
111:
48:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4781:
4771:
4762:
4749:
4741:
4717:
4684:Alexandronectes
4669:
4572:
4509:
4477:Euelasmosaurida
4471:
4375:Callawayasaurus
4363:
4338:
4310:Dolichorhynchia
4304:
4292:Serpentisuchops
4242:
4230:Plesiopleurodon
4215:
4193:Palmulasaurinae
4187:
4149:
4091:
4052:
4035:
3999:Muraenosaurinae
3993:
3952:
3910:Colymbosaurinae
3904:
3872:
3855:
3822:
3802:
3754:
3714:Franconiasaurus
3687:Plesiosauroidea
3673:
3589:Brachaucheninae
3583:
3496:
3491:Thalassiodracon
3449:Attenborosaurus
3416:
3287:
3233:
3220:
3203:
3170:
3150:
3073:
3068:Silvestrosaurus
3047:Metanothosaurus
3011:
2984:
2945:
2841:Diandongosaurus
2797:
2773:
2771:Eosauropterygia
2760:
2758:Eosauropterygia
2743:
2721:
2707:Eosauropterygia
2697:
2678:Psephosauriscus
2600:
2562:
2510:Saurosphargidae
2504:
2499:Helveticosaurus
2491:Eusaurosphargis
2475:
2461:Pomolispondylus
2427:
2414:
2385:
2361:
2330:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2222:
2173:
2159:10.2307/3623988
2140:
2126:10.2307/3623798
2107:
2066:
2063:23(5): 521–535.
1993:
1988:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1593:10.2307/3623798
1574:
1573:
1569:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1436:
1426:Restoration of
1424:
1412:
1356:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1189:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
946:
937:
867:
645:
610:
500:
499:
498:
497:
485:
484:
483:
474:
473:
472:
461:
251:
243:
230:
217:
204:
191:
137:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
42:Late Cretaceous
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4874:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4807:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4675:Aristonectinae
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4652:
4649:Tuarangisaurus
4645:
4638:
4635:Marambionectes
4631:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4578:Weddellonectia
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4567:Terminonatator
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4517:
4515:Elasmosaurinae
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4466:Woolungasaurus
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4389:Eromangasaurus
4385:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4361:Elasmosauridae
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4271:Mauriciosaurus
4267:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4202:Pahasapasaurus
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4099:
4097:Leptocleididae
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4072:
4066:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4011:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3981:Ophthalmothule
3977:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3958:Cryptoclidinae
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3886:Cryptoclididae
3874:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3790:Occitanosaurus
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3760:Microcleididae
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3721:Leurospondylus
3717:
3710:
3703:
3700:Eoplesiosaurus
3695:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3647:Monquirasaurus
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3605:Brachauchenius
3601:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3553:
3546:
3543:Megalneusaurus
3539:
3536:Lorrainosaurus
3532:
3525:
3522:Gallardosaurus
3518:
3510:
3504:
3502:Thalassophonea
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3484:Rhaeticosaurus
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3403:Thaumatodracon
3399:
3392:
3389:Sthenarosaurus
3385:
3382:Rhomaleosaurus
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3310:Archaeonectrus
3306:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3274:Sinopliosaurus
3270:
3263:
3255:
3252:Bathyspondylus
3248:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3083:Pistosauroidea
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2979:Sanchiaosaurus
2975:
2971:Hispaniasaurus
2967:
2959:
2953:
2951:Nothosauroidea
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2933:Serpianosaurus
2929:
2922:
2915:
2912:Prosantosaurus
2908:
2905:Odoiporosaurus
2901:
2898:Neusticosaurus
2894:
2887:
2884:Luopingosaurus
2880:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2606:Cyamodontoidea
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2221:
2220:External links
2218:
2217:
2216:
2171:
2138:
2105:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:2007-07-16 at
1960:
1950:
1941:
1894:Hydralmosaurus
1882:
1870:
1819:
1799:
1774:
1730:
1711:(3): 245–268.
1691:
1672:(1): 2242846.
1649:
1634:
1618:
1606:
1567:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:Elasmosaurinae
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
996:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
972:
967:
965:
963:Aristonectinae
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
903:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
883:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
859:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
802:
797:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
778:
773:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
754:
749:
747:
745:Elasmosauridae
739:
729:The following
688:S.W. Williston
644:
643:Classification
641:
609:
606:
487:
486:
477:
476:
475:
466:
465:
464:
463:
462:
460:
457:
417:Elasmosauridae
395:
394:
393:
392:
384:
376:
364:
353:
338:
324:
323:
317:
316:
315:
314:
301:
288:
264:
263:
259:
258:
241:
237:
236:
234:Elasmosaurinae
228:
224:
223:
221:Elasmosauridae
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4938:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Elasmosaurids
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4745:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:Chubutinectes
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:Albertonectes
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4504:Thalassomedon
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:Wapuskanectes
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:Cimoliasaurus
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4299:Trinacromerum
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:Georgiasaurus
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:Eopolycotylus
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4248:Polycotylinae
4245:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4221:Occultonectia
4218:
4212:
4211:
4210:Palmulasaurus
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Polycotylidae
4152:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:Nichollssaura
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4085:Nichollssaura
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4032:
4031:
4030:Vinialesaurus
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:Muraenosaurus
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:Kimmerosaurus
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:Colymbosaurus
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3899:Opallionectes
3896:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3797:Seeleyosaurus
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3661:Sachicasaurus
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:Polyptychodon
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:Hauffiosaurus
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:Borealonectes
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3282:
3281:Termatosaurus
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:Tanaisosaurus
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:Kwangsisaurus
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:Augustasaurus
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:Germanosaurus
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:Ceresiosaurus
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3017:Nothosauridae
3014:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2940:Wumengosaurus
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:Panzhousaurus
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:Keichousaurus
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:Dianmeisaurus
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:Dactylosaurus
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2736:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2556:Stauromatodon
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:Saurosphargis
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:Atopodentatus
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:Alexeyisaurus
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:Sauropterygia
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:Sauropterygia
2408:
2404:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2371:Sauropterygia
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:Sauropterygia
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:Cimoliasaurus
2179:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2028:5(4):170-183.
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:archive.today
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:Cimoliasaurus
1832:
1823:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:Palaeobiology
1353:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
978:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
909:
902:
901:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:
882:
881:
875:
874:
871:
870:
862:
861:
858:
857:
856:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
839:
832:
831:
825:
824:
818:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
808:
801:
800:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
784:
777:
776:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
760:
753:
752:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
654:
649:
642:
640:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
602:
601:Thalassomedon
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
541:
539:
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
491:
481:
470:
458:
456:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
388:
385:
380:
377:
373:
368:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:
325:
322:
318:
310:
309:
302:
297:
296:
289:
285:
281:
276:
275:
268:
267:
265:
260:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
213:
212:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:Sauropterygia
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4786:
4748:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4691:Aristonectes
4689:
4682:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4642:Morenosaurus
4640:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4612:Fresnosaurus
4610:
4605:Futabasaurus
4603:
4596:
4589:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4553:Nakonanectes
4551:
4543:
4538:Fluvionectes
4536:
4531:Elasmosaurus
4529:
4522:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4438:Orophosaurus
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4410:Lagenanectes
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4235:
4228:
4208:
4200:
4180:
4173:
4168:Edgarosaurus
4166:
4144:Vectocleidus
4142:
4136:Umoonasaurus
4134:
4126:
4121:Leptocleidus
4119:
4111:
4106:Brancasaurus
4104:
4083:
4075:
4064:Leptocleidia
4028:
4020:
4015:Picrocleidus
4013:
4006:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3967:Cryptoclidus
3965:
3947:Spitrasaurus
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3919:Abyssosaurus
3917:
3897:
3870:Cryptoclidia
3843:
3808:Cryptoclidia
3795:
3788:
3783:Microcleidus
3781:
3774:
3767:
3747:
3742:Plesiosaurus
3740:
3735:Plesiopterys
3733:
3728:Plesiopharos
3726:
3719:
3712:
3707:Eretmosaurus
3705:
3698:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3598:Acostasaurus
3596:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3529:Liopleurodon
3527:
3520:
3513:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3470:Marmornectes
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3442:Arminisaurus
3440:
3433:
3422:Pliosauridae
3408:
3401:
3396:Stratesaurus
3394:
3387:
3380:
3375:Meyerasaurus
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3324:Avalonnectes
3322:
3317:Atychodracon
3315:
3308:
3302:Anningasaura
3300:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3245:Anningasaura
3243:
3231:Plesiosauria
3218:Plesiosauria
3191:
3156:Plesiosauria
3145:Yunguisaurus
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3004:
2997:
2990:Simosauridae
2977:
2969:
2962:
2938:
2931:
2926:Qianxisaurus
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2870:Honghesaurus
2868:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2833:Dawazisaurus
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2792:Cymatosaurus
2790:
2783:
2692:Sinocyamodus
2690:
2685:Psephosaurus
2683:
2676:
2669:
2664:Psephochelys
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2593:
2586:
2581:Paraplacodus
2579:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2497:
2489:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2319:
2234:
2226:
2195:
2194:. Series 4.
2191:
2185:
2181:
2178:Elasmosaurus
2177:
2150:
2146:
2117:
2113:
2079:(405): 262.
2076:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2039:
2035:39: 227–244.
2032:
2025:
2021:4(3): 19–32.
2018:
2014:
2004:
1997:
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1847:. Series 4.
1844:
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1834:
1831:Elasmosaurus
1830:
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1811:. Retrieved
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1777:
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390:Welles, 1952
386:
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342:Elasmosaurus
340:
329:
307:
306:
299:Welles, 1943
294:
293:
273:
272:
247:
246:
208:Plesiosauria
188:Superorder:
127:
35:
29:
4817:Styxosaurus
4811:Wikispecies
4787:Styxosaurus
4705:Morturneria
4663:Zarafasaura
4591:Aphrosaurus
4560:Styxosaurus
4490:Cardiocorax
4452:Scanisaurus
4417:Leivanectes
4396:Goniosaurus
4326:Martinectes
4285:Scalamagnus
4278:Polycotylus
4237:Sulcusuchus
4113:Hastanectes
4077:Hastanectes
3940:Pantosaurus
3619:Kronosaurus
3550:Peloneustes
3515:Eardasaurus
3346:Eurycleidus
3138:Wangosaurus
3124:Pistosaurus
3054:Nothosaurus
3040:Lariosaurus
2999:Paludidraco
2812:Anarosaurus
2671:Psephoderma
2650:Placochelys
2643:Parahenodus
2636:Macroplacus
2622:Glyphoderma
2568:Placodontia
2453:Palatodonta
2324:Neodiapsida
2235:Styxosaurus
2227:Styxosaurus
2186:Polycotylus
2153:: 121–122.
2120:: 174–178.
2017:Cope 1868?
1898:Styxosaurus
1839:Polycotylus
1705:Ameghiniana
1662:Styxosaurus
1587:: 174–178.
1447:Restoration
1433:Xiphactinus
1428:Styxosaurus
1400:Styxosaurus
1386:Styxosaurus
1372:Styxosaurus
1364:Styxosaurus
1358:While most
1210:Styxosaurus
886:CM Zfr 115
735:Styxosaurus
680:Styxosaurus
663:elasmosaurs
634:Styxosaurus
630:plesiosaurs
613:Styxosaurus
608:Description
584:Styxosaurus
577:Styxosaurus
573:gastroliths
512:Styxosaurus
421:Styxosaurus
401:Styxosaurus
359:ischiadicus
248:Styxosaurus
227:Subfamily:
36:Styxosaurus
4900:Categories
4656:Vegasaurus
4628:Kawanectes
4497:Libonectes
4424:Mauisaurus
4333:Unktaheela
4175:Manemergus
4050:Xenopsaria
4022:Tricleidus
3988:Tatenectes
3933:Djupedalia
3817:see below↓
3776:Lusonectes
3578:Simolestes
3571:Pliosaurus
3559:Pliosaurus
3456:Cryonectes
3368:Maresaurus
3361:Macroplata
3353:Lindwurmia
3267:Lindwurmia
3259:Bobosaurus
3165:see below↓
3110:Chinchenia
3103:Bobosaurus
3006:Simosaurus
2862:Hanosaurus
2785:Corosaurus
2716:see below↓
2469:Hanosaurus
2380:see below↓
2355:Sauropsida
2340:Sauropsida
2313:Subclass:
2309:Sauropsida
2026:Paludicola
1813:2008-02-21
1793:2008-02-21
1768:2009-10-02
1506:References
1390:belemnites
1380:crocodiles
678:The first
592:Cenomanian
516:River Styx
492:(top) and
432:Cretaceous
410:plesiosaur
4712:Wunyelfia
4698:Kaiwhekea
4431:Ogmodirus
3769:Hydrorion
2819:Chusaurus
2520:Hemilopas
2295:Kingdom:
1910:: e1777.
1725:133139689
1360:predators
731:cladogram
700:KUVP 1301
653:S. browni
651:Skull of
637:swallowed
617:S. snowii
588:S. rezaci
569:S. snowii
494:S. browni
490:S. snowii
459:Discovery
452:S. rezaci
446:S. browni
440:S. snowii
425:Campanian
372:Williston
357:Ogmodirus
349:Williston
334:Williston
308:S. rezaci
295:S. browni
280:Williston
274:S. snowii
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
4802:Q2555300
4796:Wikidata
4182:Thililua
3633:Makhaira
3563:andrewsi
3435:Anguanax
2615:Cyamodus
2595:Placodus
2588:Pararcus
2315:Diapsida
2303:Chordata
2301:Phylum:
2297:Animalia
2101:17829759
1979:Archived
1936:27019781
1759:Archived
1557:17829759
1468:See also
1395:Gillicus
1392:, fish (
596:Nebraska
504:holotype
496:(bottom)
321:Synonyms
282:, 1890;
262:Species
214:Family:
182:Reptilia
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
4870:4946316
4857:1356402
4844:4823561
4831:4532462
3626:Luskhan
3612:Eiectus
2629:Henodus
2307:Class:
2200:Bibcode
2167:3623988
2134:3623798
2093:1766513
2073:Science
2033:Lethaia
2019:PalArch
1991:Sources
1927:4806632
1853:Bibcode
1674:Bibcode
1601:3623798
1549:1766513
1529:Science
1410:Gallery
1368:ballast
1213:sp. (="
626:conical
532:-saurus
430:of the
412:of the
351:, 1890)
240:Genus:
201:Order:
178:Class:
2184:, and
2165:
2132:
2099:
2091:
1934:
1924:
1837:, and
1723:
1599:
1555:
1547:
1378:While
673:Kansas
545:σαυρος
538:sauros
449:, and
435:period
414:family
344:snowii
336:, 1890
256:, 1943
254:Welles
4883:36516
4852:IRMNG
4403:Jucha
2320:Clade
2163:JSTOR
2130:JSTOR
2089:JSTOR
1904:PeerJ
1762:(PDF)
1757:(2).
1747:(PDF)
1721:S2CID
1597:JSTOR
1545:JSTOR
1501:Notes
692:skull
624:were
622:teeth
406:genus
404:is a
4839:GBIF
2353:see
2097:PMID
1932:PMID
1553:PMID
1430:and
1404:prey
1370:, a
522:Στυξ
502:The
284:type
52:PreꞒ
4826:EoL
2208:doi
2155:doi
2122:doi
2081:doi
1922:PMC
1912:doi
1896:as
1861:doi
1713:doi
1682:doi
1589:doi
1537:doi
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686:by
594:of
428:age
408:of
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97:K
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82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
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