372:
the recurrence of that odious crime. Other participants felt that the
Special Rapporteur should have dealt exclusively with the problem of preventing future genocides, without referring to past events which were difficult or impossible to investigate. Turning specifically to the question of the massacre of the Armenians, the view was expressed by various speakers that such massacres indeed constituted genocide, as was well documented by the Ottoman military trials of 1919, eyewitness reports and official archives. Objecting to such a view, various participants argued that the Armenian massacre was not adequately documented and that certain evidence had been forged.
335:
number of controversial proposals including recommendations that the
Genocide Convention should be altered to include protection of groups based on politics and sexual orientation. Also "advertent omission" should become a crime and the defence of obeying superior orders should be removed. The report also suggested that consideration should be given to
33:
932:) "In its decision 2001/36 of 16 August 2001, the Sub-Commission, recalling its resolutions 1997/36 and 1997/37 of 28 August 1997, authorized Mr. Y.K.J. Yeung Sik Yuen to prepare, without financial implications, in the context of human rights and humanitarian norms, the working paper originally assigned to Ms. Forero Ucros".
313:
Mitsue
Inazumi draws the conclusion from the political debate that the Ruhashyankiko report started, that it was evocative of how divisive the dispute over historical genocides and alleged historical genocides is, while William Schabas draws the conclusion that Ruhashyankiko backed down in naming the
371:
According to various speakers, the
Special Rapporteur had correctly interpreted his mandate in referring, for instance in paragraph 24 of his report, to specific cases of allegations of genocide in past. The lessons of history were indispensable to keep the conscience of the world alive, and prevent
300:
However, as his review of historical genocide ignited a political debate, Ruhashyankiko took the conservative line that it was impossible to draw up an exhaustive list and that attempting to do so could reignite old quarrels and be unacceptable to all of the member states of the United
Nations. This
391:
The Sub-Commission revisited genocide in 1993 and in 1994 recommended that an international court statute be prepared to facilitate the prosecution of genocide. It also recommended that an international committee be created to examine reports by States into their undertakings under
Article 5 of the
334:
The report consisted of a
Forward, an Introduction, an Appendix, and four principal parts: Part I, Historical Survey; Part II, The Convention On The Prevention and Punishment of The Crime of Genocide; Part III, Future progress: The Possible Ways Forward; Part IV, List of Recommendations. It made a
309:
by explaining that the
Holocaust was universally recognised while the Armenian genocide was not. In the end the Sub-Commission sent the report with some amendments resulting from the debate within the Sub-Commission to the (UNCHR) with a recommendation that it should be widely distributed. Although
119:
in 2006, responsibility for the Sub-Commission passed from the former to the latter. On 30 June 2006 the
Council resolved to extend the Sub-Commission's mandate on an exceptional one-year basis and subject to the Council's subsequent review. The Sub-Commission met for the final time in August 2006;
296:
Much of
Ruhashyankiko's report was not found by the sub-committee to be controversial, for example his suggestion that the crime of genocide, like the crime of piracy, should be covered by universal jurisdiction, and that an international criminal court be set up to try those accused of genocide.
273:
had not been ratified by all of the members of the security council and appeared to be moribund after 20 years of inaction. Members of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities decided to investigate the subject and over the next decade launched a number of
382:
That opinions of the Sub-Commission were split came to the fore over the wording of the resolution to accept the report. In the end the second and weaker of two proposed resolutions was adopted, one that took note of the study and thanked Whitaker for his efforts and also noted "that divergent
356:
The Nazi aberration has unfortunately not been the only case of genocide in the twentieth century. Among other examples which can be cited as qualifying are the German massacre of Hereros in 1904, the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915–1916, the Ukrainian pogrom of Jews in 1919, the Tutsi
322:
By 1982, persisting hostility to Ruhashyankiko's handling of the Armenian issue led the Sub-Commission to consider a new report on genocide. In 1983, it requested that the Commission On Human Rights ask the Economic and Social Council to appoint a new Special Rapporteur to undertake the task.
301:
drew the criticism of one member of the Sub-Commission who complained that "genocide of the Palestinians" had been omitted. But most of the criticism was for a change Ruhashyankiko made between the first draft and the final version of the report. The first draft had cited the
383:
opinions have been expressed about the content and proposals of the report". Schabas states that "An attempt to strengthen the resolution by expressing the Sub-Commissions's thanks and congratulations for 'some' of the proposals in the report was resoundingly defeated".
498:
422:, or weapons with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and urged all states to curb the production and the spread of such weapons. The committee authorized a working paper, in the context of
314:
Armenian massacres as a genocide under the pressure from the Turkish state, and that "Ruhashyankiko's unpardonable wavering on the Armenian genocide cast a shadow over what was otherwise an extremely helpful and well-researched report".
392:
Genocide Convention. The committee also followed up on one of the Ruhashyankiko Reports ideas and suggested that the convention be improved by including a clause enabling the crime of genocide to be tried under universal jurisdiction.
310:
the UNCHR accepted the recommendation and passed the resolution to enable its distribution, the foreseen distribution never took place, leaving copies of the report to be found only in the research libraries of some major universities
162:
It was composed of 26 human rights experts, each with an alternate and each elected for a term of four years, with half of the posts up for election every two years. Membership was selected from amongst the eligible candidates from
305:, but that reference was deleted from the final version due to pressure from Turkey, an omission that was supported by only one member. Ruhashyankiko justified his omission of the Armenian genocide and the inclusion of the Jewish
357:
massacre of Hutu in Burundi in 1965 and 1972, the Paraguayan massacre of Ache Indians prior to 1974, the Khmer Rouge massacre in Kampuchea between 1975 and 1978, and the contemporary Iranian killings of Baha'is.
218:
The Sub-Commission had eight working groups to conduct studies on discriminatory practices and make recommendations to ensure that racial, national, religious and linguistic minorities were protected by law.
459:
The Turkish government intervened to advocate deletion of the mention of genocide. These debates resulted in a resolution that simply took note of Whitaker's report, but stopped short of endorsing it.
395:
In a resolution dated 3 August 1995 the Sub-Commission concluded "that a veritable genocide is being committed massively and in a systematic manner against the civilian population in
726:
Schabas p. 466 footnote 128 Whitaker presented a preliminary report in 1984 UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/40; UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/SR.3, pp. 2–4, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/SR.4, pp. 2–12
1198:
426:
and humanitarian norms, of the weapons. The requested UN working paper was delivered in 2002 by Y.K.J. Yeung Sik Yuen in accordance with Sub-Commission's resolution 2001/36.
120:
among the recommendations it adopted at that session was one for the creation of a human rights consultative committee as a standing body to assist the Human Rights Council.
1193:
778:
Schabas 467, footnotes 135 & 137. Footnote 135: UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/SR.36/Add.1,paragraph 21. Footnote 137: UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/SR.36/Add.1,paragraph 57.
903:
E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 "Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering"
991:
445:
The report was adopted by a 15–4 majority of the panel of experts in the Sub-Commission, thereby recognizing the massacres of Armenians in 1915–16 as genocide. .
1152:
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The sources are somewhat split on this interpretation of the Sub-Commission's response to the Whitaker Report with some stating that the report was endorsed:
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Universal jurisdiction in modern international law: expansion of national jurisdiction for prosecuting serious crimes under international law
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293:(UNCHR) with a recommendation that it be given the widest possible distribution, and the UNCHR made a decision to do so.
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of the United Kingdom was appointed to the position and mandated to write a revised, updated study. His study,
258:
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initiatives. which included publication of the Ruhashyankiko report in 1978 and the Whitaker report in 1985.
282:
624:
744:
396:
499:"The Nature and Status of the Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities"
402:
Later the same month on 18 August, the Sub-Commission passed another resolution explicitly mentioning
116:
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Revised and Updated Report on thè Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
159:
Other functions and tasks could also be assigned to it by ECOSOC or the Commission on Human Rights.
1166:
270:
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1139:(A review of some of the complexity of the laws on genocide which the two reports looked into).
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The Sub-Commission, passed two motions — the first in 1996 and the second in 1997. They listed
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In the debates over whether to accept the report the Sub-Commission's final report stated:
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and fundamental freedoms and the protection of racial, national, religious and linguistic
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Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights concludes final session
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The crime of destruction and the law of genocide: their impact on collective memory
423:
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The Study on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
148:
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With the dissolution of the Commission on Human Rights and its replacement by the
589:
UN ‘think tank’ winds up by proposing expert body to advise Human Rights Council
536:
UN ‘think tank’ winds up by proposing expert body to advise Human Rights Council
787:
Schabas 467, citing footnote 137 UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/SR.36/Add.1,para. 57.
352:
The report created further controversy, because in paragraph 24 it stated that
18:
Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
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522:
143:, and to make recommendations to the Commission concerning the prevention of
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58:
485:
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Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
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UN site for Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
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UN site for Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
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Prevention of incitement to hatred and genocide, particularly by the media
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705:
Schabas p. 466, footnote 126 UNCHR Res 1983/24, & ECOSOC Res 1983/33
336:
128:
The Sub-Commission was first formed in 1947, under the auspices of the
183:
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was appointed as a special Rapporteur in 1973 and produced a report
769:
Schabas, p. 466, citing UN Doc, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/SR.57, para. 42.
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553:"Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights"
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825:, Sub-Commission resolution 1995/4 27th meeting 18 August 1995
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Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
102:
Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
26:
539:
61:. Starts off with its demise without saying what it was.
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while under the aegis of the Commission on Human Rights.
139:"To undertake studies, particularly in the light of the
65:
1001:
Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
836:"Citizen Inspectors Foiled in Search for DU Weapons"
663:
661:
1045:
Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes
399:, often in the presence of United Nations forces".
1180:while under the aegis of the Human Rights Council.
889:"Opendocument Sub-Commission resolution 1997/36"
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167:in such a way as to result in roughly equal and
992:"United Nations Sub-Commission on Human Rights"
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377:Sub-Commissions final report, paragraphs 41,42.
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579:, United Nations press release, 25 August 2006
234:Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery
178:As of 2004, the breakdown of membership was:
8:
627:footnote 124 citing UNCHR Decision 9 (XXXV).
450:(Genocide Education Project p. 1 footnote 1)
414:Human rights and weapons of mass destruction
1089:The Armenian question and international law
254:Working Group on Transnational Corporations
1199:United Nations Economic and Social Council
224:Working Group on Administration of Justice
1117:International law at a time of perplexity
291:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
110:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
1194:International human rights organizations
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239:Working Group on Indigenous Populations
112:. It was wound up in late August 2006.
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1119:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989,
990:Kleine-Ahlbrandt, Stephanie (2006) .
141:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
135:Its primary mandate is described as:
7:
557:United Nations Human Rights Councils
875:"Sub-Commission resolution 1996/16"
404:Radio Démocratie-La Voix du Peuple
25:
861:"Depleted Uranium UN Resolutions"
108:) was a subsidiary agency of the
1069:, Oxford University Press, 1993
811:Sub-Commission resolution 1995/1
362:Whitaker Report, (paragraph 24).
31:
455:and others stating it was not:
269:By the middle of the 1970s the
1100:Prevent Genocide International
1047:, Cambridge University Press,
749:Prevent Genocide International
229:Working Group on Communication
1:
1167:Leaflet on the Sub-Commission
464:Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt. (
406:, which had been stirring up
249:Working Group on Social Forum
1004:. eNotes.com. Archived from
948:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
165:United Nations member states
1094:Whitaker, Benjamin (1985).
420:weapons of mass destruction
408:genocidal hatred in Burundi
244:Working Group on Minorities
169:proportional representation
130:Economic and Social Council
104:(before 1999, known as the
1215:
944:Fournet, Caroline (2007).
503:International Organization
259:Working Group on Terrorism
1043:Schabas, William (2000).
813:6th meeting 3 August 1995
515:10.1017/S0020818300015344
998:; Cengage, Gale (eds.).
967:Inazumi, Mitsue (2005).
745:Whitaker Report: Page 17
497:Claude, Inis L. (1951).
147:of any kind relating to
45:may need to be rewritten
1150:Text of Whitaker Report
47:. The reason given is:
1087:Toriguian, Shavarsh.
751:, Retrieved 2009-05-15
471:
453:
397:Bosnia and Herzegovina
380:
365:
323:Sub-Commission member
283:Nicodème Ruhashyankiko
57:. Does not adequately
1065:Thornberry, Patrick.
466:Kleine-Ahlbrandt 2006
278:Ruhashyankiko Report
117:Human Rights Council
271:Genocide Convention
1155:2016-01-12 at the
1111:Shabtai, Rosenne;
1091:, ULV Press, 1988.
1032:|editor-last=
971:, Intersentia nv,
636:Inazumi, pp. 72,75
59:summarize the body
49:No definition per
1133:978-90-247-3654-6
1083:978-0-19-825829-2
1061:978-0-521-78790-1
1029:External link in
985:978-90-5095-366-5
962:978-0-7546-7001-8
760:Toriguian, p. 170
346:cultural genocide
303:Armenian genocide
214:and other States.
171:from each of the
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134:
127:
124:Organisation
114:
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64:Please help
48:
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42:lead section
1188:Categories
939:References
920:|url=
846:2009-07-19
678:2024-09-03
562:2021-09-20
173:continents
153:minorities
132:(ECOSOC).
1022:cite book
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652:Schabas,
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611:Fournet,
599:Inazumi,
523:1531-5088
341:ethnocide
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911:cite web
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307:genocide
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337:ecocide
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430:Notes
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1129:ISBN
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1049:ISBN
1037:help
1014:2010
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