1084:. The speed limit of rail transport had been pushed so hard to enable it to effectively compete with road and air transport. But this achievement was not done for different rail operating companies to compete among themselves. This phenomenon also reduces the airline desirability of SSTs, because, for very long-distance transportation (a couple of thousand kilometers), competition between different modes of transport is rather like a single-horse race: air transport does not have a significant competitor. The only competition is between the airline companies, and they would rather pay moderately to reduce cost and increase service quality than pay much more for a speed increase. Also, for-profit companies generally prefer low risk business plans with high probabilities of appreciable profit, but an expensive leading-edge technological research and development program is a high-risk enterprise, as it is possible that the program will fail for unforeseeable technical reasons or will meet cost overruns so great as to force the company, due to financial resource limits, to abandon the effort before it yields any marketable SST technology, causing potentially all investment to be lost.
1068:
competitive advantage, even to the extent that many customers will willingly pay higher fares for the benefit of saving time and/or arriving sooner. However, Concorde's high noise levels around airports, time zone issues, and insufficient speed meant that only a single return trip could be made per day, so the extra speed was not an advantage to the airline other than as a selling feature to its customers. The proposed
American SSTs were intended to fly at Mach 3, partly for this reason. However, allowing for acceleration and deceleration time, a trans-Atlantic trip on a Mach 3 SST would be less than three times as fast as a Mach 1 trip.
1050:
1285:
537:
1270:
1850:
1188:
604:
661:. The efficiency curve of the fan design means that the amount of bypass that maximizes overall engine efficiency is a function of forward speed, which decreases from propellers, to fans, to no bypass at all as speed increases. Additionally, the large frontal area taken up by the low-pressure fan at the front of the engine increases drag, especially at supersonic speeds, and means the bypass ratios are much more limited than on subsonic aircraft.
78:
796:, where the specific thrust (and therefore jet velocity and noise) is low at take-off, but is forced high during supersonic cruise. Transition between the two modes would occur at some point during the climb and back again during the descent (to minimize jet noise upon approach). The difficulty is devising a variable cycle engine configuration that meets the requirement for a low cross-sectional area during supersonic cruise.
1310:
202:
4259:
1235:
261:, stated to various magazines that an SST constructed of steel weighing 250,000 pounds (110,000 kg) could be developed for $ 160 million and in production lots of 200 or more sold for around $ 9 million. But it was the Anglo-French development of the Concorde that set off panic in the US industry, where it was thought that Concorde would soon replace all other long range designs, especially after
533:), to the square of the airspeed and to the air density. Since drag rises rapidly with speed, a key priority of supersonic aircraft design is to minimize this force by lowering the coefficient of drag. This gives rise to the highly streamlined shapes of SSTs. To some extent, supersonic aircraft also manage drag by flying at higher altitudes than subsonic aircraft, where the air density is lower.
4503:
2924:
993:
1993:
556:). Around Mach 1, the peak coefficient of drag is four times that of subsonic drag. Above the transonic range, the coefficient drops drastically again, although remains 20% higher by Mach 2.5 than at subsonic speeds. Supersonic aircraft must have considerably more power than subsonic aircraft require to overcome this wave drag, and although cruising performance above
36:
2932:
649:, it would have been much more competitive, though the 707 and DC-8 still carried more passengers. When these high bypass jet engines reached commercial service in the 1960s, subsonic jet engines immediately became much more efficient, closer to the efficiency of turbojets at supersonic speeds. One major advantage of the SST disappeared.
378:, and others, suggest that the drop in ozone would be at most, "no more" than 1 to 2% if a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft operated. Fahey expressed that this would not be a fatal obstacle for an advanced SST development – while "a big caution flag... should not be a showstopper for advanced SST development" because "removing the
101:
2901:
1209:(registration N9604Z) exceeded Mach 1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base. The crew were William Magruder (pilot), Paul Patten (copilot), Joseph Tomich (flight engineer), and Richard H. Edwards (flight test engineer). This is the first supersonic flight by a civilian airliner.
1698:
Design goals are a 4,200–5,300 nmi (7,800–9,800 km) range and a 9,500–10,500 ft (2,900–3,200 m) takeoff field length, a 75-80 PLdB sonic boom and a cruise of Mach 1.6–1.7 over land and Mach 1.7-1.8 over water. Twin tail-mounted nonafterburning 40,000 lbf (180 kN) engines
1441:
in Moscow a scale model of its
Supersonic Business Jet / Commercial Jet which should produce a low sonic boom permitting supersonic flight over land, optimised for 2,100 km/h (1,300 mph) cruise and 7,400–8,600 km (4,600–5,300 mi) range. The scientific research aims to optimise for
1212:
In total, 20 Concordes were built: two prototypes, two development aircraft and 16 production aircraft. Of the sixteen production aircraft, two did not enter commercial service and eight remained in service as of April 2003. All but two of these aircraft are preserved; the two that are not are F-BVFD
1075:
Supersonic aircraft have higher per-passenger fuel consumption than subsonic aircraft; this makes the ticket price necessarily higher, all other factors being equal, as well as making that price more sensitive to the price of oil. (It also makes supersonic flights less friendly to the environment and
837:
If the intensity of the boom can be reduced, then this may make even very large designs of supersonic aircraft acceptable for overland flight. Research suggests that changes to the nose cone and tail can reduce the intensity of the sonic boom below that needed to cause complaints. During the original
664:
For example, the early Tu-144S was fitted with a low bypass turbofan engine which was much less efficient than
Concorde's turbojets in supersonic flight. The later TU-144D featured turbojet engines with comparable efficiency. These limitations meant that SST designs were not able to take advantage of
1778:
transports using wings), would use a very large amount of propellant and operate best at speeds between about Mach 8 and orbital speeds. Rockets compete best with air-breathing jet engines on cost at very long range; however, even for antipodal travel, costs would be only somewhat lower than orbital
1485:
is a self-funded twinjet design aiming to cruise at Mach 1.6 over water for 6,200 nmi (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) with 22 passengers in a windowless cabin, with unspecified 20,000 lbf (89 kN) engines. A SX-1.2-scale model should have made its maiden flight in
September 2017 before
1399:
revealed that it is in the development phases of building a 40-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.7, claiming that the design simulation shows that it will be quieter and 30% more efficient than the
Concorde and will be able to fly Los Angeles to Sydney in 6 hours. It is planned to go
442:
Concorde only sold to
British Airways and Air France, with subsidized purchases that were to return 80% of the profits to the government. In practice for almost all of the length of the arrangement, there was no profit to be shared. After Concorde was privatized, cost reduction measures (notably the
197:
rates of the aircraft, at least on medium and long-range flights where the aircraft spends a considerable amount of time in cruise. SST designs flying at least three times as fast as existing subsonic transports were possible, and would thus be able to replace as many as three planes in service, and
1718:
was founded with the goal of developing a 70-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.8 and with a range of 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi). The company aims to introduce the jet commercially in the 2030s. In April 2021, Exosonic was awarded a contract to develop a supersonic
1071:
Since SSTs produce sonic booms at supersonic speeds they are rarely permitted to fly supersonic over land, and must fly supersonic over sea instead. Since they are inefficient at subsonic speeds compared to subsonic aircraft, range is deteriorated and the number of routes that the aircraft can fly
1067:
Airlines potentially value very fast aircraft, because it enables the aircraft to make more flights per day, providing a higher return on investment. Also, passengers generally prefer faster, shorter-duration trips to slower, longer-duration trips, so operating faster aircraft can give an airline a
775:
Nevertheless, fuel costs are not the bulk of the price for most subsonic aircraft passenger tickets. For the transatlantic business market that SST aircraft were utilized for, Concorde was actually very successful, and was able to sustain a higher ticket price. Now that commercial SST aircraft have
410:
Along with shifting political considerations, the flying public continued to show interest in high-speed ocean crossings. This started additional design studies in the US, under the name "AST" (Advanced
Supersonic Transport). Lockheed's SCV was a new design for this category, while Boeing continued
373:
of explosive energy being released in 1962, so therefore the equivalent amount of NOx from "1047" Concordes flying "10 hours a day", would likewise, not be unprecedented. In 1981 models and observations were still irreconcilable. More recent computer models in 1995 by David W. Fahey, an atmospheric
1360:
was proposed as a 12-seat trijet, with a range of 4,750 nmi (8,800 km; 5,470 mi) at Mach 1.4 over water or 5,300 nmi (9,800 km; 6,100 mi) at Mach 0.95 over land, although "boomless" Mach 1.1 flight was claimed to be possible. Backed by Airbus and with 20 launch orders
1079:
Investing in research and development work to design a new SST can be considered as an effort to push the speed limit of air transport. Generally, other than an urge for new technological achievement, the major driving force for such an effort is competitive pressure from other modes of transport.
867:
The aerodynamic design of a supersonic aircraft needs to change with its speed for optimal performance. Thus, an SST would ideally change shape during flight to maintain optimal performance at both subsonic and supersonic speeds. Such a design would introduce complexity which increases maintenance
771:
Higher fuel costs and lower passenger capacities due to the aerodynamic requirement for a narrow fuselage make SSTs an expensive form of commercial civil transportation compared with subsonic aircraft. For example, the Boeing 747 can carry more than three times as many passengers as
Concorde while
1477:
third-scale testbed should fly in 2018 as the powerplant is selected for a 45/55-seat trijet airliner reaching Mach 2.2 over water for 9,000 nmi (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) with one stop for a business-class fare. Aiming for 2023 deliveries, it received 10 commitments from Virgin and 15
188:
of subsonic aircraft. This implies that for any given required amount of lift, the aircraft will have to supply about twice the thrust, leading to considerably greater fuel use. This effect is pronounced at speeds close to the speed of sound, as the aircraft is using twice the thrust to travel at
921:
Subsonic aircraft are usually made of aluminium. However aluminium, while being light and strong, is not able to withstand temperatures much over 127 °C; above 127 °C the aluminium gradually loses its properties that were brought about by age hardening. For aircraft that fly at Mach 3,
1754:
While conventional turbo and ramjet engines are able to remain reasonably efficient up to Mach 5.5, some ideas for very high-speed flight above Mach 6 are also sometimes discussed, with the aim of reducing travel times down to one or two hours anywhere in the world. These vehicle proposals very
978:
The high per-passenger takeoff weight makes it difficult to obtain a good fuel fraction. This issue, along with the challenge presented by supersonic lift/drag ratios, greatly limits the range of supersonic transports. Because long-distance routes were not a viable option, airlines had little
822:
The annoyance of a sonic boom can be avoided by waiting until the aircraft is at high altitude over water before reaching supersonic speeds; this was the technique used by
Concorde. However, it precludes supersonic flight over populated areas. Supersonic aircraft have poor lift/drag ratios at
784:
Extreme jet velocities used during take-off caused
Concorde and Tu-144s to produce significant take-off noise. Communities near the airport were affected by high engine noise levels, which prompted some regulators to disfavor the practice. SST engines need a fairly high specific thrust (net
705:
are much stronger for their weight (important to deal with stresses) as well as being more rigid. As per-seat weight of the structure is much higher in an SST design, structural improvements would have led to a greater proportional improvement than the same changes in a subsonic aircraft.
434:, the fan concept is difficult to use at supersonic speeds where the "proper" bypass is about 0.45, as opposed to 2.0 or higher for subsonic designs. For both of these reasons the SST designs were doomed by higher operational costs, and the AST programs vanished by the early 1980s.
1080:
Competition between different service providers within a mode of transport does not typically lead to such technological investments to increase the speed. Instead, the service providers prefer to compete in service quality and cost. An example of this phenomenon is
446:
Since Concorde stopped flying, it has been revealed that over the life of Concorde, the plane did prove profitable, at least to British Airways. Concorde operating costs over nearly 28 years of operation were approximately £1 billion, with revenues of £1.75 billion.
858:
When it comes to public policy, for example, the FAA prohibits commercial airplanes from flying at supersonic speeds above sovereign land governed by the United States because of the negative impact the sonic boom brings to humans and animal populations below.
166:
during flight), high development costs, expensive construction materials, high fuel consumption, extremely high emissions, and an increased cost per seat over subsonic airliners. However, despite these challenges, Concorde claimed it operated profitably.
310:
warned that a fleet of 500 SSTs flying at 65,000 ft (20 km) for a period of years could raise stratospheric water content by as much as 50% to 100%. According to Train, this could lead to greater ground-level heat and hamper the formation of
850:
aircraft was flown which proved the soundness of the design and demonstrated the capability of reducing the boom by about half. Even lengthening the vehicle (without significantly increasing the weight) would seem to reduce the boom intensity (see
685:
to a greater differential than subsonic aircraft, which do not operate at the high altitudes necessary for supersonic flight. These factors together meant that the empty weight per seat of Concorde is more than three times that of a Boeing 747.
652:
Turbofan engines improve efficiency by increasing the amount of cold low-pressure air they accelerate, using some of the energy normally used to accelerate hot air in the classic non-bypass turbojet. The ultimate expression of this design is the
273:
designs, to produce an even more advanced, larger, faster and longer ranged design. The Boeing 2707 design was eventually selected for continued work, with design goals of ferrying around 300 passengers and having a cruising speed near to
880:
of about 4) at slow speed, but it travelled at high speed for most of the flight. Designers of Concorde spent 5000 hours optimizing the vehicle shape in wind tunnel tests to maximize the overall performance over the entire flightplan.
1800:
are jet engines with a heat exchanger at the inlet that cools the air at very high speeds. These engines may be practical and efficient at up to about Mach 5.5, and this is an area of research in Europe and Japan. The British company
1864:
2018 conference a Mach 6 (6,500 km/h; 3,500 kn) passenger airliner. Crossing the Atlantic in 2 hours or the Pacific in 3 at 100,000 ft (30 km) would enable same-day return flights, increasing airlines' asset
425:
Another problem was that the wide range of speeds over which an SST operates makes it difficult to improve engines. While subsonic engines had made great strides in increased efficiency through the 1960s with the introduction of the
1220:
A total of sixteen airworthy Tupolev Tu-144s were built; a seventeenth Tu-144 (reg. 77116) was never completed. There was also at least one ground test airframe for static testing in parallel with the prototype 68001 development.
567:(L/D ratio) of the wings. At supersonic speeds, airfoils generate lift in an entirely different manner than at subsonic speeds, and are invariably less efficient. For this reason, considerable research has been put into designing
256:
In the early 1960s, various executives of US aerospace companies were telling the US public and Congress that there were no technical reasons an SST could not be produced. In April 1960, Burt C Monesmith, a vice president with
579:
has an L/D ratio of 17). Because an aircraft's design must provide enough lift to overcome its own weight, a reduction of its L/D ratio at supersonic speeds requires additional thrust to maintain its airspeed and altitude.
108:
was the first SST to enter service and the first to leave it. Only 55 passenger flights were carried out before service ended due to safety concerns. A small number of cargo and test flights were also carried out after its
390:
Despite the model-observation discrepancy surrounding the ozone concern, in the mid-1970s, six years after its first supersonic test flight, Concorde was now ready for service. The US political outcry was so high that
599:
is greater at higher speeds. Because their speed over the ground is greater, this decrease in efficiency is less than proportional to speed until well above Mach 2, and the consumption per unit distance is lower.
871:
In practice all supersonic transports have used essentially the same shape for subsonic and supersonic flight, and a compromise in performance is chosen, often to the detriment of low speed flight. For example,
838:
SST efforts in the 1960s, it was suggested that careful shaping of the fuselage of the aircraft could reduce the intensity of the sonic boom's shock waves that reach the ground. One design caused the
414:
By this time, the economics of past SST concepts were no longer reasonable. When first designed, the SSTs were envisioned to compete with long-range aircraft seating 80 to 100 passengers such as the
315:. In relation to stratospheric water and its potential to increase ground temperatures, although not mentioning Concorde as the source of the "recent decline in water vapor is unknown", in 2010 the
1469:
convention in Las Vegas, with NASA supporting only research, various companies faced engineering challenges to propose aircraft with no engine available, variable top speeds and operating models:
241:
that included Mach 1.6 double-ogee wing and Mach 1.2 delta-wing with separate tail and four under-wing engine configurations. Avro's team moved to the UK where its design formed the basis of
3940:
1301:, the market for supersonic airliners costing $ 200 million could be 1,300 over a 10-year period, worth $ 260 billion. Development and certification is probably a $ 4 billion operation.
3649:
1292:
The desire for a second-generation supersonic aircraft has remained within some elements of the aviation industry, and several concepts have emerged since the retirement of Concorde.
443:
closing of the metallurgical wing testing site which had done enough temperature cycles to validate the aircraft through to 2010) and ticket price raises led to substantial profits.
3115:
2871:
2680:
1644:
by early 2019. The FAA should make a proposition for landing-and-takeoff noise before March 31, 2020, for a rule after 2022; and for overland sonic boom from the end of 2020, while
665:
the dramatic improvements in fuel economy that high bypass engines brought to the subsonic market, but they were already more efficient than their subsonic turbofan counterparts.
395:
banned the plane. This threatened the aircraft's economic prospects — it had been built with the London–New York route in mind. The plane was allowed into Washington, D.C. (at
1418:. NASA should fly a low-boom demonstrator in 2019, reduced from double bangs to soft thumps by airframe shaping, to inquire community response, in support of a prospective
1096:(ICCT) estimates a SST would burn 5 to 7 times as much fuel per passenger. The ICCT shows that a New York to London supersonic flight would consume more than twice as much
162:
Supersonic airliners have been the objects of numerous recent ongoing design studies. Drawbacks and design challenges are excessive noise generation (at takeoff and due to
1861:
2371:
2353:
1736:
In April 2024, Boom received FAA licensure for Mach 1 and beyond tests of its XB-1 to be conducted at the Black Mountain Supersonic Corridor, in Mojave, California.
4295:
3465:
375:
316:
3973:
1115:
If there were 2,000 SSTs in 2035, there would be 5,000 flights per day at 160 airports and the SST fleet would emit ~96 million metric tons of CO₂ per year (like
1108:, and three times as much as subsonic business for Los Angeles to Sydney. Designers can either meet existing environmental standards with advanced technology or
180:
Throughout the 1950s an SST looked possible from a technical standpoint, but it was not clear if it could be made economically viable. Because of differences in
3862:
1632:
planned noise standards for supersonic transports, giving developers a regulatory certainty for their designs, mostly their engine choice. Rules for supersonic
1093:
324:
892:
to give higher efficiency at low speeds, but the increased space required for such a feature produced capacity problems that proved ultimately insurmountable.
3178:
2171:
1881:. A reusable demonstrator could be flown as early as 2023 or 2024 for a potential entry into service from the late 2030s. Aerodynamics would benefit from the
1365:
was selected in May 2017 for a joint engine study. In May 2021 the company announced that they would be ceasing operations due to inability to raise capital.
1179:
would be heard in Canada, Germany, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Romania, Turkey, and parts of the United States, up to 150–200 per day or one every five minutes.
155:
Following the permanent cessation of flying by Concorde, there are no remaining SSTs in commercial service. However, several companies have each proposed a
3156:
677:
problems, which require heavier structures to minimize unwanted flexing. SSTs also require a much stronger (and therefore heavier) structure because their
351:
3316:
2830:
403:), and the service was so popular that New Yorkers were soon complaining because they did not have it. It was not long before Concorde was flying into
1653:
1423:
803:
was not thought to be a serious issue due to the high altitudes at which the planes flew, but experiments in the mid-1960s such as the controversial
245:'s designs. By the early 1960s, the designs had progressed to the point where the go-ahead for production was given, but costs were so high that the
57:
44:
3086:
1333:, the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency, undertook aerodynamic testing of a scale model of an airliner designed to carry 300 passengers at Mach 2 (
1277:
834:
of 1.94 lb/sq ft (93 Pa) (133 dBA SPL). Overpressures over 1.5 lb/sq ft (72 Pa) (131 dBA SPL) often cause complaints.
3717:
3499:
3628:
3234:
1790:
concept, cruising at Mach 4 (4,400 km/h; 2,400 kn) at 105,000 ft (32,000 m) and attracting Japanese interest. The German
946:) have been used, at considerable increase in expense, as the properties of these materials make the aircraft much more difficult to manufacture.
396:
3297:
1466:
3353:
2231:
1451:
1430:
X-plane will mimic the shockwave signature of a Mach 1.6 to 1.8, 80- to 100-seat airliner for 75 PNLdB compared with 105 PNLdB for Concorde.
404:
347:
1143:
exposed area around airports could double compared to existing subsonic aircraft of the same size, with more than 300 operations per day at
463:. Commercial service was suspended until November 2001, and Concorde aircraft were retired in 2003 after 27 years of commercial operations.
4178:
1334:
789:
drag. Unfortunately this implies a high jet velocity, which makes the engines noisy, particularly at low speeds/altitudes and at take-off.
193:
effect is reduced as the aircraft accelerates to higher speeds. Offsetting this increase in fuel use was the potential to greatly increase
3107:
2688:
1329:—announced that it was considering working with Japanese companies to develop a larger, faster replacement for Concorde. In October 2005,
3815:
3760:
2965:
2796:
673:
Supersonic vehicle speeds demand narrower wing and fuselage designs, and are subject to greater stresses and temperatures. This leads to
4288:
4188:
3548:
1787:
1342:
2811:
3966:
3805:
2248:
1330:
596:
1036:
1192:
1003:
842:
to interfere with each other, greatly reducing the sonic boom. This was difficult to test at the time, but the increasing power of
3892:
2879:
3440:
3335:
3211:
2769:
159:, small SSTs has less environment impact and improved with modern technologies, which may bring supersonic transport back again.
4455:
3371:
3065:
2379:
1676:
1049:
847:
354:. However, while many purely theoretical models were indicating the potential for large ozone losses from SST nitrogen oxides (
4531:
4356:
4281:
4263:
4134:
2668:
1369:
827:
are employed), and hence burn more fuel, which results in their use being economically disadvantageous on such flight paths.
804:
494:
93:
2494:
4507:
3959:
2946:
3828:
3741:
2591:
2477:
1817:, potentially capable of flying at Mach 5+ nonstop from Brussels to Sydney in 4.6 hours. The follow-on research effort,
641:" engines) had not yet been deployed on subsonic aircraft. Had Concorde entered service against earlier designs like the
4096:
3614:
630:
369:
to serve as a guide and means of comparison, observing that no detectable ozone loss was evident from approximately 213
218:
2849:
4536:
4478:
4241:
4003:
2710:
Yi Zeng; Dini Wang; Xiang Xiong; Xun Zhang; Philip J. Withers; Wei Sun; Matthew Smith; Mingwen Bai; Ping Xiao (2017).
2006:
1649:
1427:
1415:
1408:
1200:
1144:
366:
299:
2402:
1127:
combined in 2017), 1.6 to 2.4 gigatonnes of CO₂ over their 25-year lifetime: one-fifth of the international aviation
1018:
3479:
2322:
2196:
1284:
591:
design shifts significantly between supersonic and subsonic aircraft. Jet engines, as a class, can supply increased
4546:
4541:
4183:
4071:
3186:
2428:
502:
459:
crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on ground killed; the only fatal incident involving
262:
1407:
to allow supersonic flight over land. In 2016, NASA announced it had signed a contract for the design of a modern
1014:
536:
265:
took out purchase options on the Concorde. Congress was soon funding an SST design effort, selecting the existing
49:
1356:
supersonic business jet. In late 2010, the project continued with a testbed flight of a section of the wing. The
1249:
246:
3675:
1269:
4404:
3818:(extract from article on civil engine market, including discussion of SST). Jane's. August 2006. Archived from
1802:
1668:
1575:
1097:
2632:
1733:
NASA is working with 2 teams led by Boeing and Northrop Grumman on developing concepts for a Mach 4 airliner.
1376:
that is to cruise at Mach 1.6, and is to create a sonic boom only 1% as strong as that generated by Concorde.
571:
for sustained supersonic cruise. At about Mach 2, a typical wing design will cut its L/D ratio in half (e.g.,
1691:, featuring an almost 70 ft (21 m) long nose and a 78 ft (24 m) cabin. The sharply swept
697:. Modern, advanced materials were not to come out of development for a few decades. These materials, such as
4366:
4336:
4203:
4116:
3562:
1825:
1764:
895:
336:
332:
328:
156:
3859:"Advanced Concept Studies for Supersonic Commercial Transports Entering Service in the 2018 to 2020 Period"
2372:"Increase in supersonic jets could be threat to ozone U-2 plane trails Concorde, studies exhaust particles"
2153:
2135:
2117:
2099:
2081:
4435:
4139:
1922:
1684:
1614:
1214:
568:
498:
471:
456:
422:
carrying four times that, the speed and fuel advantages of the SST concept were taken away by sheer size.
3083:
2651:
2618:
2065:
4304:
4086:
3782:
3592:
1882:
1849:
1160:
969:
915:
843:
819:). By 1964, whether civilian supersonic aircraft would be licensed was unclear, because of the problem.
793:
213:
were entering service. In Britain and France, government-subsidized SST programs quickly settled on the
1836:
300-passenger airliner capable to fly at about 10,000 km/h (Mach 8) above 30 km of altitude.
3522:
902:. By lowering the outer panels of the wings at high Mach numbers, they were able to take advantage of
4450:
4440:
4319:
2723:
1977:, being able to cross the Atlantic four or five times a day, up from a possible twice a day with the
1974:
1894:
1797:
1172:
379:
258:
3871:
1767:
have also been proposed. There are many difficulties with such flight, both technical and economic.
1217:
outside Paris on July 25, 2000, killing 100 passengers, 9 crew members, and 4 people on the ground.
1187:
4416:
4341:
4106:
3998:
1813:
1771:
1474:
1314:
1152:
972:
824:
603:
523:
226:
129:
3253:
1213:(cn 211), parked as a spare-parts source in 1982 and scrapped in 1994, and F-BTSC (cn 203), which
4061:
3466:"Virgin Galactic debuts design of future Mach 3 high-speed aircraft, signs deal with Rolls-Royce"
2587:
2271:
2214:
1866:
1124:
877:
776:
stopped flying, it has become clearer that Concorde made substantial profit for British Airways.
646:
564:
185:
3696:
3588:
785:
thrust/airflow) during supersonic cruise, to minimize engine cross-sectional area and, thereby,
382:
of the " would essentially eliminate the hypothesized 1%–2% ozone-destruction-reaction-pathway.
327:
10%, with Susan Solomon of NOAA calculating that it is this change which is responsible for the
2982:
1345:). If pursued to commercial deployment, it would be expected to be in service around 2020–25.
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is a suborbital hypersonic winged passenger spaceplane project under preliminary development.
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Serious work on SST designs started in the mid-1950s, when the first generation of supersonic
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non-stop is reduced. This also reduces the desirability of such aircraft for most airlines.
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compresses the air in front of it. The increased temperature of the air heats the aircraft.
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144:. The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978 and it was last flown in 1999 by
77:
2712:"Ablation-resistant carbide Zr0.8Ti0.2C0.74B0.26 for oxidizing environments up to 3,000 °C"
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1478:
from an undisclosed European airline in 2016, totalling 76 from five airlines by June 2017;
306:
and all overland commercial supersonic flight was banned over the US. Presidential advisor
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https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/supersonic-flight-recommendations.pdf
1998:
1918:
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1384:
1373:
1273:
1252:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1811:, which examined a design for a hydrogen-fueled plane carrying 300 passengers called the
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in Germany is the only location where both Concorde and the Tu-144 are displayed together
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3650:"Swiss Hypersonic Startup Destinus Appears Destined For Same Path As U.S. Counterparts"
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1958:
1950:
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Boeing concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010
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Later, an additional threat to the ozone was hypothesized as a result of the exhaust's
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105:
3629:"This hypersonic airliner would take you from Los Angeles to Tokyo in under two hours"
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a manned testbed in 2019 and the prototype in 2021, with market availability for 2023.
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sustainability, two growing concerns of the general public, including air travelers.)
201:
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3108:"Aerion Supersonic shuts down, ending plans to build silent high speed business jets"
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Concorde and the TU-144 were both constructed of conventional aluminum: Concorde of
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generation, aircraft operating at supersonic speeds have approximately one-half the
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between 2,000 and 7,000 miles (3,200 and 11,300 km), including 72 million in
148:. Concorde's last commercial flight was in October 2003, with a November 26, 2003
3899:. The trials and tribulations of trying to resurrect supersonic passenger travel.
3795:
2925:"Partnership gears up for Concorde sequel; British, French firms sign plane pact"
2498:
1403:
For its economic viability, NASA research since 2006 has focused on reducing the
1313:
1/10-scale model of a McDonnell Douglas Mach 2.2 transport in 1992, part of NASA
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4216:
4051:
2429:
A Technique for Integrating Engine Cycle and Aircraft Configuration Optimization
2011:
1942:
1906:
1700:
1687:(XVS). The 225 ft (69 m) long design is significantly longer than the
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3084:"More details emerge on the $ 80 million Aerion Supersonic Business Jet."
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1988:
1970:
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are located between V-tails. Integrated low-noise propulsion include advanced
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subsonic speeds as compared to subsonic aircraft (unless technologies such as
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speed is more efficient, it is still less efficient than flying subsonically.
419:
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163:
89:
2850:"Noise and climate impacts of an unconstrained commercial supersonic network"
2535:
956:
coating material was discovered which could resist temperatures occurring at
657:, where almost all of the jet thrust is used to power a very large fan – the
4421:
4236:
3701:
3484:
2521:
2330:
2305:
2249:"Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone.
1886:
1708:
1606:
1602:
1443:
1411:
1361:
from Flexjet, first deliveries were pushed back from 2023 by two years when
906:
on the underside of the aircraft. This improved the L/D ratio by about 30%.
694:
658:
654:
557:
549:
545:
370:
3718:"A passenger aircraft that flies around the world at Mach 9? Sure, why not"
3066:"Orders for Aerion's Concorde executive jet are more than $ 3 billion"
2755:
478:, and a third which had taken off from Heathrow on a loop flight over the
35:
3697:"Venus Aerospace unveils its new dart-like Mach 9 hypersonic plane design"
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1978:
1962:
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137:
82:
4273:
3500:"Is a Mach 4 Passenger Jet Possible? NASA, Industry Explore Idea – NASA"
3480:"Virgin Galactic unveils Mach 3 design for supersonic passenger flights"
2736:
1969:
a higher risk. Mach 6 was chosen as the limit achievable with available
1695:
has a 73 ft (22 m) span, slightly narrower than the Concorde.
4193:
3951:
3883:
3414:
3157:"This Aerospace Company Wants to Bring Supersonic Civilian Travel Back"
1946:
1926:
1843:
1679:
design; integrated low-noise propulsion; swept-wing supersonic natural
953:
950:
786:
618:
3930:
3872:"Supersonic jets can fly from New York to L.A. in 2.5 hours (or less)"
3761:"Hypersonic airliner "may not be as hard as people think": Boeing CTO"
3271:
1621:
projects 13 million would be interested in supersonic transport then.
4430:
4076:
3858:
2797:"Environmental performance of emerging supersonic transport aircraft"
2795:
Kharina, Anastasia; MacDonald, Tim; Rutherford, Dan (July 17, 2018).
2310:. AAAS Sy~posium, Toronto, January 1981 – via escholarship.org.
2267:
2124:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. March 26, 1971. p. 1.
1938:
1934:
1914:
1857:
1807:
1805:, with 50% EU money, has been engaged in a research programme called
1756:
1349:
1326:
931:
702:
621:, England shows the slender fuselage necessary for supersonic flight.
323:
levels in the 1980s and 1990s were higher than that in the 2000s, by
279:
230:
194:
1901:
at slower speeds, and avoiding afterburners on takeoff would reduce
1846:, and Venus Aerospace are developing hypersonic passenger aircraft.
1667:, a Mach 1.8, transpacific airliner concept for 40 passenger. Lower
1446:
and Mach 1.5–2.0 supersonic speeds, a similar design is tested in a
1021:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
544:
As speeds approach the speed of sound, the additional phenomenon of
3676:"Why a Mach 5 passenger plane is a crazy idea that might just work"
3523:"Boom's XB-1 test plane gets FAA green light for supersonic flight"
2812:"NBAA: Supersonic flight may be feasible – but can Earth stand it?"
2118:"Boeing will lay off 7,000 workers with disbandment of SST program"
1659:
In June 2019, inspired by the NASA quiet supersonic initiative and
298:. Both problems impacted the thinking of lawmakers, and eventually
3941:"U.S. and Europe clash over global supersonic jet noise standards"
1848:
1829:
1726:
with Rolls-Royce unveiled the concept of a Mach 3 capable twinjet
1434:
1308:
1283:
1268:
1186:
1048:
939:
602:
535:
312:
200:
100:
99:
86:
76:
2902:"French transport chief speculates about new-generation Concorde"
3389:
2354:"24 Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer?"
1770:
Rocket-engined vehicles, while technically practical (either as
1645:
1512:
1322:
808:
540:
Qualitative variation in Cd factor with Mach number for aircraft
145:
4277:
3955:
3838:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
1965:. Cruising at 90,000–100,000 feet (27,000–30,000 m) makes
1941:, and a bypass duct around the turbine engine to a combination
3680:
3441:"Exclusive look at designs for US supersonic presidential jet"
3212:"NASA Begins Work to Build a Quieter Supersonic Passenger Jet"
2848:
Dan Rutherford; Brandon Graver; Chen Chen (January 30, 2019).
2197:""Environment: SST: Boon or Boom-Doggie?", Time, June 1, 1970"
1917:
at Mach 6 would avoid the need for a scramjet, similar to the
1641:
1629:
1419:
1228:
986:
355:
238:
29:
253:
eventually merged their efforts in 1962 to produce Concorde.
2983:
https://www.nasa.gov/langley/100/designing-a-plane-for-speed
2947:"Potential Mach 2.2 Airliner Market Pegged At $ 260 Billion"
132:
designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the
1352:
Corporation had $ 3 billion of pre-order sales on its
968:
The range of supersonic aircraft can be estimated with the
3336:"Noise Standards One Key To Comeback Of Supersonic Flight"
278:. The Soviet Union set out to produce its own design, the
198:
thereby lower costs in terms of manpower and maintenance.
136:. To date, the only SSTs to see regular service have been
2215:"Stratospheric Water Vapor is a Global Warming Wild Card"
548:
appears. This is a powerful form of drag that begins at
2142:. (Oregon). Associated Press. March 25, 1971. p. 1.
2106:. (Oregon). Associated Press. March 24, 1971. p. 1.
2054:
Cold War Tech War: The Politics of America's Air Defense
346:, a threat that was, in 1974, seemingly validated by an
3906:"Review and prospect of supersonic business jet design"
3829:"Fundamental Aeronautics Program – Supersonics Project"
3549:"Paris: EADS details near-hypersonic transport concept"
1905:. The Boeing hypersonic airliner would be powered by a
1010:
294:
and the potential for its engine exhaust to damage the
3317:"FAA Rulemakings Will Pave Way for New Supersonic Era"
2831:"Supersonic Future Remains Uncertain, Says New Report"
2253:
244, 545 – 551 (31 August 1973); doi:10.1038/244545a0"
290:
The SST was seen as particularly offensive due to its
282:, which the western press nicknamed the "Concordski".
3354:"Lockheed Martin adds momentum for supersonic travel"
518:
For all vehicles traveling through air, the force of
3372:"Lockheed Martin Floats Supersonic Airliner Concept"
846:
has since made this considerably easier. In 2003, a
4464:
4390:
4327:
4318:
4311:
4229:
4202:
4166:
4157:
4115:
4044:
4035:
4014:
3893:"11 Outlandish Attempts To Build The Next Concorde"
2136:"SST supporters see little chance of reviving plan"
3735:
3733:
3365:
3363:
3298:"Spike: Supersonic Market To Draw 13M Pax by 2025"
2966:"The dream of resuming supersonic flight ramps up"
1112:policymakers to establish new standards for SSTs.
792:Therefore, a future SST might well benefit from a
485:By the end of the 20th century, projects like the
3172:
3170:
2457:"Did Concorde make a profit for British Airways?"
2160:. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. March 25, 1971. p. 1.
2088:. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. March 24, 1971. p. 1.
898:had an unusual approach to this problem with the
3939:Lampert, Allison; Freed, Jamie (July 12, 2018).
2799:. International Council on Clean Transportation.
2082:"Senators reject more funds for transport plane"
1832:and universities) with the goal of developing a
2865:
2863:
1929:at higher speeds. It would be integrated in an
1873:airframe, its capacity would be smaller than a
376:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
317:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3139:"Supersonic jet promises to fly nearly silent"
868:needs, operations costs, and safety concerns.
575:managed a ratio of 7.14, whereas the subsonic
4289:
3967:
3904:Sun, Yicheng; Smith, Howard (December 2016).
3863:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3013:"Japan, France working on new supersonic jet"
2687:. April 23, 1964. p. 649. Archived from
2056:, pp. 226–9. Burlington: Apogee Books, 2008.
1730:aircraft that can carry up to 19 passengers.
1094:International Council on Clean Transportation
772:using approximately the same amount of fuel.
466:The last regular passenger flights landed at
229:proposed a more radical design, the Mach 1.2
8:
3742:"Boeing Unveils Hypersonic Airliner Concept"
3235:"TsAGI Plans ICAO Chapter 14-compliant SSBJ"
2872:"I Was There: When the DC-8 Went Supersonic"
1945:/ramjet at the rear. It would need advanced
1450:while the engines are conceptualised at the
365:" turned to historical ozone monitoring and
2495:"Aerodynamic Database: Lift-to-Drag Ratios"
1652:low-boom flight demonstrator from 2021 for
960:or above, perhaps as high as 3000 °C.
4502:
4324:
4315:
4296:
4282:
4274:
4163:
4041:
3974:
3960:
3952:
3563:"LAPCAT aims at supersonic civil aviation"
2066:"Here's A Peek At Tomorrow's Huge Planes."
1821:began in 2008 and was to last four years.
1719:jet which could be used as Air Force One.
713:
563:Another issue in supersonic flight is the
352:United States Department of Transportation
302:dropped funding for the US SST program in
3929:
3096:, July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
2745:
2735:
2451:
2449:
2427:Geiselhart, Karl A. (February 21, 1994).
1824:STRATOFLY MR3 is an EU research program (
1037:Learn how and when to remove this message
335:by about 25 percent when compared to the
92:, a slender fuselage and four underslung
3547:Kaminski-Morrow, David (June 19, 2011).
2514:NASA SP-472 Supersonic Cruise Technology
1592:200–270 kN (45,000–60,000 lbf)
1489:
1278:Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate
1248:Relevant discussion may be found on the
595:at supersonic speeds, even though their
60:of all important aspects of the article.
3870:Hargreaves, Steve (November 26, 2014).
3179:"Problems Aerospace Still Has To Solve"
2323:"SST Emissions Cut Stratospheric Ozone"
2304:Johnston, Harold S. (January 2, 1981).
2023:
361:Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing
27:Airliner faster than the speed of sound
3206:
3204:
2652:"NASA Dryden Fact Sheet – Sonic Booms"
2401:O'Ceallaigh, John (January 21, 2016).
2176:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
2172:"FAR 91.817 Civil aircraft sonic boom"
1640:certification will be proposed by the
418:, but with newer aircraft such as the
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
2621:globalsecurity.org, November 12, 2008
2596:Wendover Productions (May 10, 2016),
1452:Central Institute for Aviation Motors
411:studies with the 2707 as a baseline.
7:
4179:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
3759:Trimble, Stephen (August 10, 2018).
3746:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3674:Prisco, Jacopo (December 29, 2021).
3376:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3340:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3233:Karnazov, Vladimir (July 25, 2017).
3183:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3137:Hagerman, Eric (February 16, 2007).
2232:"Environment: Pre-Mortem on the SST"
2154:"Boeing workers hardest hit by vote"
1885:experience, riding the leading edge
1665:Quiet Supersonic Technology Airliner
1335:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
625:When Concorde was being designed by
152:being its last airborne operation.
4189:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
3891:Clarke, Chris (November 24, 2015).
3797:U.S. Supersonic Commercial Aircraft
3334:Warwick, Graham (October 4, 2018).
3064:O'Connell, Dominic (May 18, 2008).
2904:. Associated Press. August 17, 2000
2321:Lipkin, Richard (October 7, 1995).
1853:Boeing hypersonic transport concept
1343:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
3794:National Research Council (1997).
3783:"The United States SST Contenders"
3272:"Boom Overture – official website"
3039:"Japan tests supersonic jet model"
2995:"Firm considers 'son of Concorde'"
2870:Wasserzieher, Bill (August 2011).
2810:Thisdell, Dan (October 15, 2018).
1348:In May 2008, it was reported that
1193:Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum
363:, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone
358:), other scientists in the paper "
25:
3439:O'Hare, Maureen (April 2, 2021).
3252:Jackson, Paul (October 8, 2017).
3118:from the original on May 21, 2021
2964:Trimble, Stephen (May 16, 2017).
2650:Gibbs, Yvonne (August 15, 2017).
2378:. October 8, 1995. Archived from
1707:concepts and distortion-tolerant
1426:ban lift in the early 2020s. The
914:At supersonic speeds an aircraft
4501:
4258:
4257:
3884:"The Rise & Fall of The SST"
3827:Peter Coen (March 15–17, 2011).
3254:"Emerging Aircraft: Supersonics"
3106:Sheetz, Michael (May 21, 2021).
2478:2003: End of an era for Concorde
2403:"Concorde: 40 fascinating facts"
1991:
1617:, reaching 128 million by 2025;
1233:
991:
737:Passenger miles/imperial gallon
34:
4456:Vehicular communication systems
3589:"LAPCAT II – Facts and figures"
3177:Warwick, Graham (May 6, 2016).
2307:The Nitrogen Oxides Controversy
1663:, Lockheed Martin unveiled the
1605:in 2017, over 650 million flew
1542:960 kN (216,000 lbf)
1414:. The designing team is led by
848:Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration
217:in most studies, including the
48:may be too short to adequately
4135:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
3922:10.1016/j.paerosci.2016.12.003
3910:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
3716:Berger, Eric (April 3, 2023).
2829:Phelps, Mark (July 18, 2018).
1636:authorization in the U.S. and
1586:4,250 nmi (7,870 km)
1567:676 kN (152,000 lbf)
1561:3,900 nmi (7,200 km)
1372:is a 12-passenger design from
1370:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
805:Oklahoma City sonic boom tests
505:, etc. had not been realized.
495:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
94:Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
3886:. AirVectors. August 1, 2015.
3740:Norris, Guy (June 26, 2018).
3315:Lynch, Kerry (May 17, 2018).
3296:Lynch, Kerry (May 18, 2018).
2923:Cody, Edward (May 10, 1990).
1933:annular layout with a single
1877:but larger than a long-range
1589:77.1 t (170,000 lb)
979:interest in buying the jets.
759:Litres/passenger 100 km
331:in surface temperatures from
4097:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
3800:. National Academies Press.
3695:Spry, Jeff (June 28, 2022).
3521:Jeff Spry (April 17, 2024).
3370:Guy Norris (June 19, 2019).
1564:185 t (408,000 lb)
1135:to stay under a 1.5 °C
430:engine with ever-increasing
237:proposed several designs to
219:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
85:supersonic transport had an
4479:Automated vacuum collection
4242:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
3239:Aviation International News
2007:List of supersonic aircraft
1650:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
1454:and designs are studied by
1428:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
1416:Lockheed Martin Aeronautics
1201:Concorde aircraft histories
1104:, six times as much as for
1017:the claims made and adding
718:fuel efficiency comparison
367:atmospheric nuclear testing
4563:
4184:Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2
4072:High Speed Civil Transport
2599:Why Flying is So Expensive
2562:"Technical Specifications"
2512:McLean, F. Edward (1985).
1743:
1536:3,500 nmi (6,500 km)
1276:concept presented to NASA
1198:
1131:if aviation maintains its
748:Passenger miles/US gallon
503:High Speed Civil Transport
470:on October 24, 2003, from
189:about the same speed. The
4497:
4255:
4022:Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde
3989:
3816:"Overview: Civil Engines"
3214:. NASA. February 29, 2016
3001:. BBC. November 23, 2003.
2497:. Aerodyn. Archived from
1387:have also been proposed.
1242:This section needs to be
597:specific fuel consumption
350:team commissioned by the
337:warming rate in the 1990s
321:Stratospheric Water Vapor
247:Bristol Aeroplane Company
4405:Alternative fuel vehicle
2876:Air & Space Magazine
2635:. For Your Information.
2633:"Anyone Else for Space?"
2631:Ley, Willy (June 1964).
1803:Reaction Engines Limited
1765:pulse detonation engines
1601:Of the four billion air
1576:Boom Technology Overture
1539:207 t (456,000 lb)
4367:Pulse detonation engine
4337:Adaptive compliant wing
3045:. BBC. October 10, 2005
1973:. It would have a high
1925:, but shutting off the
1923:Pratt & Whitney J58
1826:German Aerospace Center
1325:—the parent company of
983:Commercial practicality
896:North American Aviation
522:is proportional to the
474:, a second flight from
157:supersonic business jet
4436:Personal rapid transit
4357:High-altitude platform
4140:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
3089:March 5, 2012, at the
2637:Galaxy Science Fiction
1913:that transitions to a
1854:
1685:external vision system
1437:exhibited at the 2017
1400:into service in 2029.
1318:
1289:
1281:
1205:On August 21, 1961, a
1196:
1064:
876:had very high drag (a
853:Sonic boom § Abatement
817:Sonic boom § Abatement
815:proved otherwise (see
622:
541:
499:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
457:Air France Flight 4590
286:Environmental concerns
206:
110:
97:
4532:Supersonic transports
4305:Emerging technologies
4230:Experimental programs
4087:North American NAC-60
3593:European Space Agency
3258:Aviation Week Network
2716:Nature Communications
2681:"Design for Mach 2.2"
2619:Concord Airport Noise
2501:on February 20, 2008.
2140:Eugene Register-Guard
2104:Eugene Register-Guard
1883:Boeing X-51 Waverider
1852:
1798:Precooled jet engines
1755:typically either use
1624:In October 2018, the
1312:
1287:
1272:
1190:
1052:
844:computer-aided design
794:variable cycle engine
606:
539:
329:slow down in the rise
204:
103:
80:
4451:Transit Elevated Bus
4382:Supersonic transport
3983:Supersonic transport
3789:. February 13, 1964.
3787:Flight International
3551:. Flight Daily News.
2816:Flight International
2685:Flight International
2382:on September 1, 2016
2071:, April 1960, p. 86.
1975:capacity utilization
1949:technology like the
1786:, EADS unveiled its
1740:Hypersonic transport
1465:At the October 2017
1088:Environmental impact
825:variable-sweep wings
115:supersonic transport
18:Suborbital transport
4474:Pneumatic transport
4417:Ground-effect train
4342:Backpack helicopter
4107:HyperMach SonicStar
3999:Supersonic aircraft
3845:on January 21, 2022
3822:on August 21, 2006.
3595:. November 17, 2009
2953:. October 12, 2016.
2935:on January 3, 2014.
2929:The Washington Post
2737:10.1038/ncomms15836
2728:2017NatCo...815836Z
2639:. pp. 110–128.
2459:(FAQ). Concorde SST
2285:on December 8, 2016
2238:, September 9, 1974
2052:Whitcomb, Randall.
1656:standards in 2025.
1475:Boom XB-1 Baby Boom
1315:High-Speed Research
807:and studies of the
719:
524:coefficient of drag
227:Armstrong-Whitworth
130:supersonic aircraft
123:supersonic airliner
4537:British inventions
4062:Convair Model 58-9
4015:Historic airliners
3637:. August 23, 2019.
3189:on January 2, 2018
3161:Bloomberg Business
3155:(March 21, 2016).
2691:on January 3, 2017
2333:on January 7, 2023
2100:"SST funds denied"
1855:
1683:; and the cockpit
1442:both Mach 0.8–0.9
1321:In November 2003,
1319:
1290:
1282:
1225:Future development
1197:
1183:Completed projects
1151:, and over 100 in
1137:climate trajectory
1098:fuel per passenger
1065:
1002:possibly contains
922:materials such as
878:lift to drag ratio
811:'s North American
714:
647:de Havilland Comet
623:
565:lift to drag ratio
542:
380:sulfur in the fuel
207:
186:lift-to-drag ratio
111:
98:
4547:French inventions
4542:Soviet inventions
4517:
4516:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4271:
4270:
4225:
4224:
4153:
4152:
3897:Popular Mechanics
3569:. August 30, 2007
3502:. August 22, 2023
3488:. August 3, 2020.
3468:. August 3, 2020.
2376:The Baltimore Sun
2069:Popular Mechanics
1782:At the June 2011
1774:transports or as
1750:Hypersonic flight
1648:plans to fly the
1599:
1598:
1305:Previous concepts
1267:
1266:
1100:than in subsonic
1047:
1046:
1039:
1004:original research
769:
768:
455:On 25 July 2000,
374:scientist at the
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
4554:
4505:
4504:
4446:Self-driving car
4410:Hydrogen vehicle
4325:
4316:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4261:
4260:
4164:
4057:Bristol Type 223
4042:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3948:
3935:
3933:
3900:
3887:
3879:
3866:
3865:. February 2013.
3854:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3836:Project Overview
3833:
3823:
3811:
3790:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3617:. July 19, 2018.
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3415:"Supersonic Jet"
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:. Archived from
3174:
3165:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3103:
3097:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2931:. Archived from
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2878:. Archived from
2867:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:2060/19850020600
2509:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2278:. Archived from
2268:10.1038/244545a0
2257:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2122:Spokesman-Review
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2032:"Retirement FAQ"
2028:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1967:depressurization
1955:Reaction Engines
1860:unveiled at the
1746:Hypersonic speed
1722:In August 2020,
1509:
1490:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:inline citations
995:
994:
987:
910:Skin temperature
904:compression lift
830:Concorde had an
720:
615:Filton Aerodrome
305:
223:Bristol Type 223
211:fighter aircraft
205:Concorde landing
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4485:
4460:
4386:
4307:
4302:
4272:
4267:
4251:
4221:
4212:Gulfstream X-54
4198:
4194:Hermeus Halcyon
4159:
4149:
4111:
4082:Lockheed L-2000
4037:
4031:
4010:
3985:
3980:
3938:
3903:
3890:
3882:
3869:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3831:
3826:
3814:
3808:
3793:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3694:
3693:
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3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3438:
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3433:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3276:Boom Supersonic
3270:
3269:
3265:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:Wayback Machine
3081:
3077:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3019:. June 15, 2005
3011:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2882:on May 11, 2014
2869:
2868:
2861:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2592:Wayback Machine
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2407:telegraph.co.uk
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
1999:Aviation portal
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1919:SR-71 Blackbird
1752:
1742:
1724:Virgin Galactic
1705:noise shielding
1675:are allowed by
1626:reauthorization
1503:
1397:Boom Technology
1395:In March 2016,
1393:
1385:Gulfstream X-54
1379:The supersonic
1374:Lockheed Martin
1307:
1274:Lockheed Martin
1263:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1207:Douglas DC-8-43
1203:
1185:
1149:London Heathrow
1133:emissions share
1090:
1082:high-speed rail
1043:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1008:
996:
992:
985:
966:
924:stainless steel
912:
865:
863:Variable speeds
782:
780:Noise pollution
712:
671:
608:British Airways
593:fuel efficiency
586:
552:speeds (around
531:
516:
511:
468:London Heathrow
453:
440:
388:
344:nitrogen oxides
303:
288:
267:Lockheed L-2000
243:Hawker Siddeley
178:
173:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Delivery drone
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4145:Tupolev Tu-444
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4102:Tupolev Tu-244
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4027:Tupolev Tu-144
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3994:Civil aviation
3990:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3936:
3901:
3888:
3880:
3867:
3855:
3824:
3812:
3807:978-0309058780
3806:
3791:
3777:
3776:External links
3774:
3771:
3770:
3751:
3729:
3708:
3687:
3666:
3648:Tegler, Eric.
3640:
3620:
3606:
3580:
3554:
3539:
3513:
3491:
3471:
3457:
3431:
3406:
3381:
3359:
3345:
3326:
3307:
3288:
3263:
3244:
3225:
3200:
3166:
3144:
3129:
3098:
3075:
3056:
3030:
3004:
2986:
2975:
2956:
2938:
2915:
2893:
2859:
2840:
2821:
2802:
2787:
2761:
2702:
2672:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2611:
2579:
2566:Boeing 747-400
2553:
2527:
2504:
2486:
2470:
2445:
2434:(Report). NASA
2419:
2393:
2363:
2344:
2313:
2296:
2240:
2224:
2206:
2188:
2163:
2145:
2127:
2109:
2091:
2073:
2058:
2045:
2034:. Concorde SST
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1986:
1983:
1959:liquid methane
1957:, maybe using
1951:heat exchanger
1897:would enhance
1834:cryogenic fuel
1784:Paris Air Show
1779:launch costs.
1741:
1738:
1634:flight-testing
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:Tupolev Tu-144
1522:
1521:
1520:Thrust/weight
1518:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1392:
1389:
1381:Tupolev Tu-444
1306:
1303:
1265:
1264:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1184:
1181:
1102:business-class
1089:
1086:
1061:Paris Air Show
1057:Tupolev Tu-144
1045:
1044:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
965:
962:
949:In 2017 a new
928:XB-70 Valkyrie
911:
908:
900:XB-70 Valkyrie
864:
861:
813:XB-70 Valkyrie
781:
778:
767:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
727:
724:
711:
708:
693:and TU-144 of
675:aeroelasticity
670:
667:
637:jet engines ("
585:
582:
569:wing planforms
529:
515:
512:
510:
507:
491:Tupolev Tu-344
487:Tupolev Tu-244
452:
449:
439:
436:
387:
384:
333:global warming
287:
284:
177:
174:
172:
169:
142:Tupolev Tu-144
134:speed of sound
106:Tupolev Tu-144
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4559:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
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4469:
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4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4204:Business jets
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Boom Overture
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4117:Business jets
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Rockwell X-30
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:Vance, Ashlee
3148:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2951:Aviation Week
2948:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2770:"In Pictures"
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2352:Stas Bekman.
2348:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:developed by
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1776:semiballistic
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1716:Exosonic, Inc
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:airport noise
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:MAKS Air Show
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:low-noise SST
1406:
1401:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:Aviation Week
1295:According to
1293:
1286:
1280:in April 2010
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1258:December 2020
1251:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:San Francisco
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:carbon budget
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:economy class
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1027:December 2023
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
989:
988:
982:
980:
976:
974:
971:
963:
961:
959:
955:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
917:
916:adiabatically
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
869:
862:
860:
856:
854:
849:
845:
841:
835:
833:
828:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
779:
777:
773:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
717:
709:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
668:
666:
662:
660:
656:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
583:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
534:
532:
525:
521:
513:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
480:Bay of Biscay
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
451:Final flights
450:
448:
444:
438:Profitability
437:
435:
433:
432:bypass ratios
429:
423:
421:
417:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
385:
383:
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:approximately
322:
318:
314:
309:
308:Russell Train
301:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
199:
196:
192:
187:
183:
175:
170:
168:
165:
160:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
107:
102:
95:
91:
88:
84:
79:
69:
66:December 2023
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4519:
4506:
4431:Maglev train
4400:Airless tire
4381:
4262:
4067:Douglas 2229
3982:
3944:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3875:
3849:December 28,
3847:. Retrieved
3840:the original
3835:
3820:the original
3796:
3786:
3765:Flightglobal
3764:
3754:
3745:
3723:Ars Technica
3721:
3711:
3700:
3690:
3679:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:
3643:
3632:
3623:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3566:
3557:
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3526:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3494:
3483:
3474:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3444:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3375:
3348:
3339:
3329:
3320:
3310:
3301:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3275:
3266:
3257:
3247:
3238:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3182:
3160:
3147:
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3111:
3101:
3094:My duck eggs
3093:
3078:
3069:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2978:
2970:Flightglobal
2969:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2933:the original
2928:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2875:
2853:
2843:
2834:
2824:
2815:
2805:
2790:
2780:November 16,
2778:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:the original
2684:
2675:
2664:
2655:
2645:
2636:
2626:
2614:
2605:November 20,
2603:, retrieved
2598:
2588:Ghostarchive
2586:Archived at
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2543:. Retrieved
2540:Concorde SST
2539:
2536:"Powerplant"
2530:
2513:
2507:
2499:the original
2489:
2480:
2473:
2463:November 16,
2461:. Retrieved
2436:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2375:
2366:
2357:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2327:Science News
2326:
2316:
2306:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2280:the original
2259:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:ScienceDaily
2218:
2209:
2203:. June 1970.
2200:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2158:The Bulletin
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2086:The Bulletin
2085:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2038:November 16,
2036:. Retrieved
2026:
1931:axisymmetric
1895:Flow control
1891:induced drag
1879:business jet
1856:
1838:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1781:
1769:
1753:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1713:
1697:
1681:laminar flow
1664:
1658:
1623:
1600:
1517:Total Thrust
1464:
1456:Aviadvigatel
1432:
1402:
1394:
1391:2016–present
1378:
1367:
1347:
1338:
1320:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1255:
1243:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1165:New York-JFK
1114:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1033:
1024:
1001:
977:
967:
948:
920:
913:
894:
883:
870:
866:
857:
836:
832:overpressure
829:
821:
798:
791:
783:
774:
770:
715:
699:carbon fibre
688:
672:
663:
651:
627:Aérospatiale
624:
587:
562:
543:
527:
517:
514:Aerodynamics
484:
465:
454:
445:
441:
424:
413:
409:
389:
359:
341:
289:
255:
251:Sud Aviation
208:
190:
179:
161:
154:
150:ferry flight
122:
118:
114:
112:
63:
47:
45:lead section
4247:Quiet Spike
4217:Spike S-512
4052:Boeing 2707
3615:"Stratofly"
3567:Gizmo Watch
3506:November 2,
2886:February 3,
2572:January 11,
2545:December 2,
2438:October 27,
2386:October 27,
2289:October 26,
2012:Supercruise
1943:afterburner
1907:turboramjet
1867:utilization
1701:plug nozzle
1677:shaped-boom
1661:X-59 QueSST
1615:first class
1483:Spike S-512
1448:wind tunnel
1363:GE Aviation
1177:sonic booms
1175:. Frequent
1153:Los Angeles
890:swing wings
886:Boeing 2707
840:shock waves
683:pressurized
635:high bypass
319:noted that
304:March 1971,
296:ozone layer
271:Boeing 2707
235:Avro Canada
225:, although
164:sonic booms
109:retirement.
4526:Categories
4377:Spaceplane
4352:Flying car
4130:Aerion SBJ
4125:Aerion AS2
3931:1826/11307
3599:August 10,
3321:AIN online
3302:AIN online
3193:January 2,
2835:AIN online
2695:January 2,
2358:stason.org
2337:January 5,
2018:References
1971:technology
1889:for lower
1875:Boeing 737
1869:. Using a
1792:SpaceLiner
1744:See also:
1728:delta wing
1709:fan blades
1693:delta wing
1673:sonic boom
1603:passengers
1595:0.26–0.35
1496:Passengers
1460:NPO Saturn
1405:sonic boom
1358:Aerion AS2
1354:Aerion SBJ
1199:See also:
1011:improve it
975:equation.
944:Sukhoi T-4
801:sonic boom
730:Boeing 747
691:Hiduminium
643:Boeing 707
589:Jet engine
577:Boeing 747
420:Boeing 747
416:Boeing 707
292:sonic boom
215:delta wing
90:delta wing
4422:Hyperloop
4320:Transport
4237:Boom XB-1
4167:Airliners
4045:Airliners
3916:: 12–38.
3876:CNN Money
3702:Space.com
3532:April 19,
3527:Space.com
3485:Space.com
3390:"Company"
3082:Nanveen.
3072:. London.
3070:The Times
2722:: 15836.
2412:March 25,
1887:shockwave
1819:LAPCAT II
1772:ballistic
1763:engines;
1714:In 2019,
1703:designs,
1607:long-haul
1558:Mach 2.02
1533:Mach 2.0
1444:transonic
1412:prototype
1250:talk page
1169:Frankfurt
1157:Singapore
1125:Southwest
1015:verifying
888:featured
726:Concorde
723:Aircraft
695:duralumin
669:Structure
659:propeller
655:turboprop
558:transonic
554:Mach 0.88
550:transonic
546:wave drag
476:Edinburgh
50:summarize
4466:Pipeline
4426:Vactrain
4372:Scramjet
4362:Jet pack
4264:Category
4160:projects
4038:projects
4036:Historic
3634:NBC News
3419:Exosonic
3394:Exosonic
3218:March 3,
3116:Archived
3087:Archived
3049:June 30,
3023:June 30,
3017:NBC News
2908:June 30,
2756:28613275
2590:and the
2568:. Boeing
2516:. NASA.
2482:BBC News
2181:July 20,
1985:See also
1979:Concorde
1963:jet fuel
1911:turbofan
1871:titanium
1840:Destinus
1761:scramjet
1689:Concorde
1611:business
1583:Mach 1.7
1551:Concorde
1117:American
1054:Aeroflot
936:titanium
874:Concorde
716:Concorde
681:must be
679:fuselage
639:turbofan
611:Concorde
573:Concorde
472:New York
461:Concorde
428:turbofan
401:Virginia
393:New York
386:Concorde
371:megatons
300:Congress
259:Lockheed
191:relative
176:Planning
140:and the
138:Concorde
127:civilian
96:engines.
83:Concorde
4441:Platoon
4158:Current
3945:Reuters
3659:June 7,
3573:July 3,
3281:June 4,
3122:May 21,
2747:5474735
2724:Bibcode
2276:4222122
1961:and/or
1947:cooling
1927:turbine
1844:Hermeus
1628:of the
1341:, then
1317:Program
1244:updated
1215:crashed
1173:Bangkok
1063:in 1975
1059:at the
1009:Please
970:Breguet
954:ceramic
951:carbide
787:nacelle
619:Bristol
584:Engines
171:History
121:) or a
4329:Aerial
4312:Fields
4077:LAPCAT
3804:
3654:Forbes
3450:May 3,
3424:May 3,
3399:May 3,
3141:. CNN.
2754:
2744:
2274:
2260:Nature
2251:Nature
1939:nozzle
1935:intake
1915:ramjet
1858:Boeing
1808:LAPCAT
1757:rocket
1502:Range
1499:Cruise
1350:Aerion
1327:Airbus
1171:, and
958:Mach 5
932:MiG-25
703:Kevlar
509:Design
397:Dulles
280:Tu-144
276:Mach 3
263:Pan Am
231:M-Wing
195:sortie
87:ogival
3843:(PDF)
3832:(PDF)
2776:. BBC
2432:(PDF)
2283:(PDF)
2272:S2CID
2256:(PDF)
1903:noise
1830:ONERA
1788:ZEHST
1638:noise
1619:Spike
1570:0.37
1545:0.44
1493:Model
1435:TsAGI
1339:NEXST
1145:Dubai
1141:Noise
1121:Delta
1110:lobby
973:range
964:Range
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