879:, which can lead to a delay in obtaining a CT scan. In a 2004 study, this occurred in 12 percent of all cases and was more likely in people who had smaller hemorrhages and no impairment in their mental status. The delay in diagnosis led to a worse outcome. In some people, the headache resolves by itself, and no other symptoms are present. This type of headache is referred to as "sentinel headache", because it is presumed to result from a small leak (a "warning leak") from an aneurysm. A sentinel headache still warrants investigations with CT scan and lumbar puncture, as further bleeding may occur in the subsequent three weeks.
1742:(EVD), called EG-1962, is also available. In contrast to the tablets and solution formulations of Nimodipine which require an administration every 4hrs for a total of 21 days, the sustained formulation, EG-1962, needs to be administered once directly into the ventricles. The CSF concentrations from EG-1962, however, were at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than those with oral nimodipine. These results supported a phase 3 study that demonstrated a favorable safety profile for EG-1962 but yielded inconclusive efficacy results due to notable differences in clinical outcome based on baseline disease severity.
844:
703:
1933:
1496:
1376:
had a subarachnoid hemorrhage and people who had aneurysms detected by other means. Those having previously had a SAH were more likely to bleed from other aneurysms. In contrast, those having never bled and had small aneurysms (smaller than 10 mm) were very unlikely to have a SAH and were likely to sustain harm from attempts to repair these aneurysms. On the basis of the ISUIA and other studies, it is now recommended that people are considered for
1846:) for SAH is between 40 and 50 percent, but trends for survival are improving. Of those that survive hospitalization, more than a quarter have significant restrictions in their lifestyle, and less than a fifth have no residual symptoms whatsoever. Delay in diagnosis of minor SAH (mistaking the sudden headache for migraine) contributes to poor outcome. Factors found on admission that are associated with poorer outcome include poorer neurological grade;
2000:
1010:(measuring the absorption of particular wavelengths of light) or visual examination. It is unclear which method is superior. Xanthochromia remains a reliable ways to detect SAH several days after the onset of headache. An interval of at least 12 hours between the onset of the headache and lumbar puncture is required, as it takes several hours for the hemoglobin from the red blood cells to be metabolized into
6722:
961:
61:
990:, shows evidence of bleeding in three percent of people in whom a non-contrast CT was found normal. A lumbar puncture or CT scan with contrast is therefore regarded as mandatory in people with suspected SAH when imaging is delayed to after six hours from the onset of symptoms and is negative. At least three tubes of CSF are collected. If an elevated number of
1023:
2122:, and trials with nimodipine in an attempt to prevent this complication. In 1983, the Russian neurosurgeon Zubkov and colleagues reported the first use of transluminal balloon angioplasty for vasospasm after aneurysmal SAH. The Italian neurosurgeon Dr Guido Guglielmi introduced his endovascular coil treatment in 1991.
1829:. In some studies, use of these medications was associated with a worse prognosis; although it is unclear whether this might be because the drugs themselves actually cause harm, or because they are used more often in persons with a poorer prognosis. There is a possibility of a gastric hemorrhage due to stress ulcers.
1679:(eNOS), a potent vasodilator. Both of which are produced from a series of events that begin from the inflammatory reaction caused by the products released from erythrocytes' degradation. Following subarachnoid hemorrhage, different clotting factors and blood products are released into the surrounding
4677:
Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA, Sandercock P (2005). "International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency,
1372:(ADPKD), a hereditary kidney condition, is known to be associated with cerebral aneurysms in 8 percent of cases, but most such aneurysms are small and therefore unlikely to rupture. As a result, screening is only recommended in families with ADPKD where one family member has had a ruptured aneurysm.
994:
is present equally in all bottles, this indicates a subarachnoid hemorrhage. If the number of cells decreases per bottle, it is more likely that it is due to damage to a small blood vessel during the procedure (known as a "traumatic tap"). While there is no official cutoff for red blood cells in the
1663:
or cerebral angiography. About one third of people admitted with subarachnoid hemorrhage will have delayed ischemia, and half of those have permanent damage as a result. It is possible to screen for the development of vasospasm with transcranial
Doppler every 24–48 hours. A blood flow velocity
1541:
or CT angiogram later. It is hard to predict who will have a rebleed, yet it may happen at any time and carries a dismal prognosis. After the first 24 hours have passed, rebleeding risk remains around 40 percent over the subsequent four weeks, suggesting that interventions should be aimed
1350:
has been suggested by Ogilvy and Carter to predict outcome and gauge therapy. The system consists of five grades and it assigns one point for the presence or absence of each of five factors: age greater than 50; Hunt and Hess grade 4 or 5; Fisher scale 3 or 4; aneurysm size greater than 10 mm;
798:
Cerebral vasospasm is one of the complications caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage. It usually happens from the third day after the aneurysm event, and reaches its peak on 5th to 7th day. There are several mechanisms proposed for this complication. Blood products released from subarachnoid hemorrhage
2015:
Although the group of people at risk for SAH is younger than the population usually affected by stroke, the risk still increases with age. Young people are much less likely than middle-age people (risk ratio 0.1, or 10 percent) to have a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The risk continues to rise with age
1632:
reduction) if endovascular coiling was used as opposed to surgery. The main drawback of coiling is the possibility that the aneurysm will recur; this risk is extremely small in the surgical approach. In ISAT, 8.3 percent needed further treatment in the longer term. Hence, people who have undergone
1375:
An aneurysm may be detected incidentally on brain imaging; this presents a conundrum, as all treatments for cerebral aneurysms are associated with potential complications. The
International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) provided prognostic data both in people having previously
1900:
The prognosis of head trauma is thought to be influenced in part by the location and amount of subarachnoid bleeding. It is difficult to isolate the effects of SAH from those of other aspects of traumatic brain injury; it is unknown whether the presence of subarachnoid blood actually worsens the
951:
In emergency department patients complaining of acute-onset headache without significant risk factors for SAH, evidence suggests that CT scanning of the head followed by CT angiography can reliably exclude SAH without the need for a lumbar puncture. The risk of missing an aneurysmal bleed as the
5297:
Macdonald RL, Hänggi D, Strange P, Steiger HJ, Mocco J, Miller M, Mayer SA, Hoh BL, Faleck HJ, Etminan N, Diringer MN, Carlson AP, Aldrich F; NEWTON Investigators. (2021). "Nimodipine pharmacokinetics after intraventricular injection of sustained-release nimodipine for subarachnoid hemorrhage".
1901:
prognosis or whether it is merely a sign that a significant trauma has occurred. People with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury who have SAH when admitted to a hospital have as much as twice the risk of dying as those who do not. They also have a higher risk of severe disability and
2011:
of subarachnoid hemorrhage is 9.1 per 100,000 annually. Studies from Japan and
Finland show higher rates in those countries (22.7 and 19.7, respectively), for reasons that are not entirely understood. South and Central America, in contrast, have a rate of 4.2 per 100,000 on average.
445:. The routine use of medications to prevent further seizures is of unclear benefit. Nearly half of people with a SAH due to an underlying aneurysm die within 30 days and about a third who survive have ongoing problems. Between ten and fifteen percent die before reaching a hospital.
1542:
at reducing this risk as soon as possible. Some predictors of early rebleeding are high systolic blood pressure, the presence of a hematoma in the brain or ventricles, poor Hunt-Hess grade (III-IV), aneurysms in the posterior circulation, and an aneurysm >10 mm in size.
1104:(GCS) is ubiquitously used for assessing consciousness. Its three specialized scores are used to evaluate SAH; in each, a higher number is associated with a worse outcome. These scales have been derived by retrospectively matching characteristics of people with their outcomes.
1749:
therapy might reduce vasospasm, but a subsequent meta-analysis including further trials did not demonstrate benefit on either vasospasm or outcomes. While corticosteroids with mineralocorticoid activity may help prevent vasospasm their use does not appear to change outcomes.
722:. It often happens in the setting of other forms of traumatic brain injury. In these cases prognosis is poorer; however, it is unclear if this is a direct result of the SAH or whether the presence of subarachnoid blood is simply an indicator of a more severe head injury.
542:(the back of the head). About one-third of people have no symptoms apart from the characteristic headache, and about one in ten people who seek medical care with this symptom are later diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vomiting may be present, and 1 in 14 have
1955:, and cognitive impairment are common; 46 percent of people who have had a subarachnoid hemorrhage have cognitive impairment that affects their quality of life. Over 60 percent report frequent headaches. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage may lead to damage of the
2027:
Genetics may play a role in a person's disposition to SAH; risk is increased three- to fivefold in first-degree relatives of people having had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. But lifestyle factors are more important in determining overall risk. These risk factors are
1737:
Nimodipine is readily authorized in the form of tablets and solution for infusion for the prevention and treatment of complications due to vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Another sustained formulation of nimodipine administered via an
4029:
622:
The combination of intracerebral hemorrhage and raised intracranial pressure (if present) leads to a "sympathetic surge", i.e. over-activation of the sympathetic system. This is thought to occur through two mechanisms, a direct effect on the
6590:
6567:
1633:
coiling are typically followed up for many years afterwards with angiography or other measures to ensure recurrence of aneurysms is identified early. Other trials have also found a higher rate of recurrence necessitating further treatments.
1884:
So-called "angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage", SAH that does not show an aneurysm with four-vessel angiography, carries a better prognosis than SAH with aneurysm, but it is still associated with a risk of ischemia, rebleeding, and
1707:(ROS) which increases and decreases the production of endothelin 1 and endothelial NOS, respectively, the issue that yields in intrinsic vasoconstriction of the neighboring blood vessels and results in cerebral ischemia if left untreated.
2016:
and is 60 percent higher in the very elderly (over 85) than in those between 45 and 55. Risk of SAH is about 25 percent higher in women over 55 compared to men the same age, probably reflecting the hormonal changes that result from the
1392:
Management involves general measures to stabilize the person while also using specific investigations and treatments. These include the prevention of rebleeding by obliterating the bleeding source, prevention of a phenomenon known as
4811:
Piotin M, Spelle L, Mounayer C, Salles-Rezende MT, Giansante-Abud D, Vanzin-Santos R, Moret J (May 2007). "Intracranial aneurysms: treatment with bare platinum coils--aneurysm packing, complex coils, and angiographic recurrence".
914:
and will correctly identify 98.7% of cases within six hours of the onset of symptoms. A CT scan can rule out the diagnosis in someone with a normal neurological exam if done within six hours. Its efficacy declines thereafter, and
615:. Seizures are more common if the hemorrhage is from an aneurysm; it is otherwise difficult to predict the site and origin of the hemorrhage from the symptoms. SAH in a person known to have seizures is often diagnostic of a
4455:
Naggara ON, White PM, Guilbert F, Roy D, Weill A, Raymond J (September 2010). "Endovascular treatment of intracranial unruptured aneurysms: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on safety and efficacy".
3614:
McCormack RF, Hutson A (April 2010). "Can computed tomography angiography of the brain replace lumbar puncture in the evaluation of acute-onset headache after a negative noncontrast cranial computed tomography scan?".
1561:(opening of the skull) to locate the aneurysm, followed by the placement of clips around the neck of the aneurysm. Coiling is performed through the large blood vessels (endovascularly): a catheter is inserted into the
5355:
Carlson AP, Hänggi D, Wong GK, Etminan N, Mayer SA, Aldrich F, Diringer MN, Schmutzhard E, Faleck HJ, Ng D, Saville BR, Bleck T, Grubb R Jr, Miller M, Suarez JI, Proskin HM, Macdonald RL; NEWTON Investigators (2020).
2969:
Servadei F, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, et al. (February 2002). "Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: demographic and clinical study of 750 patients from the
European brain injury consortium survey of head injuries".
448:
Spontaneous SAH occurs in about one per 10,000 people per year. Females are more commonly affected than males. While it becomes more common with age, about 50% of people present under 55 years old. It is a form of
2240:"Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Describing the Diagnostic Accuracy of History, Physical Examination, Imaging, and Lumbar Puncture With an Exploration of Test Thresholds"
693:
While thunderclap headache is the characteristic symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage, less than 10% of those with concerning symptoms have SAH on investigations. A number of other causes may need to be considered.
927:
After a subarachnoid hemorrhage is confirmed, its origin needs to be determined. If the bleeding is likely to have originated from an aneurysm (as determined by the CT scan appearance), the choice is between
631:
and a local release of inflammatory mediators that circulate to the peripheral circulation where they activate the sympathetic system. As a consequence of the sympathetic surge there is a sudden increase in
1765:(excess fluid in the circulation), and hemodilution (mild dilution of the blood). Evidence for this approach is inconclusive; no randomized controlled trials have been undertaken to demonstrate its effect.
5559:
Kassell NF, Peerless SJ, Durward QJ, Beck DW, Drake CG, Adams HP (September 1982). "Treatment of ischemic deficits from vasospasm with intravascular volume expansion and induced arterial hypertension".
1695:
and others lead to microthrombosis around near vessels that leads to extrinsic vasoconstriction of these vessels. Besides that extrinsic vasoconstriction, the erythrocytes' degradation products like;
1722:
when taken by mouth improves outcome if given between the fourth and twenty-first day after the bleeding, even if it does not reduce the amount of vasospasm detected on angiography. It is the only
2846:
1939:
of a case with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The arachnoid mater is left in place on the exterior surface, containing extensive hemorrhage that also fills the sulci, as detailed in magnified image.
875:, in which bleeding occurs within the brain itself, is twice as common as SAH and is often misdiagnosed as the latter. It is not unusual for SAH to be initially misdiagnosed as a migraine or
5476:"Effect of statin treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and functional outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update"
690:(weakness of one side of the body). SAH is a frequent occurrence in traumatic brain injury and carries a poor prognosis if it is associated with deterioration in the level of consciousness.
2071:, the existence of cerebral aneurysms and the fact that they could rupture was not established until the 18th century. The associated symptoms were described in more detail in 1886 by
5974:
Lanterna LA, Ruigrok Y, Alexander S, Tang J, Biroli F, Dunn LT, Poon WS (August 2007). "Meta-analysis of APOE genotype and subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical outcome and delayed ischemia".
5642:
Rosengart AJ, Huo JD, Tolentino J, Novakovic RL, Frank JI, Goldenberg FD, Macdonald RL (August 2007). "Outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with antiepileptic drugs".
1909:, hydrocephalus, and longer stays in the intensive care unit. More than 90 percent of people with traumatic subarachnoid bleeding and a Glasgow Coma Score over 12 have a good outcome.
1467:
People with poor clinical grade on admission, acute neurologic deterioration, or progressive enlargement of ventricles on CT scan are, in general, indications for the placement of an
2087:(1890–1978) gave a complete account of all major symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and he coined the term "spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage". Symonds also described the use of
859:
As only 10 percent of people admitted to the emergency department with a thunderclap headache are having an SAH, other possible causes are usually considered simultaneously, such as
453:
and comprises about 5 percent of all strokes. Surgery for aneurysms was introduced in the 1930s. Since the 1990s many aneurysms are treated by a less invasive procedure called
1604:
and posterior cerebral artery are hard to reach surgically and are more accessible for endovascular management. These approaches are based on general experience, and the only
7393:
2118:
was applied to aneurysm treatment in 1972 in order to further improve outcomes. The 1980s saw the introduction of triple H therapy as a treatment for delayed ischemia due to
6774:
1384:
and have aneurysms that are highly likely to rupture. Moreover, there is only limited evidence that endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms is actually beneficial.
1787:(obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid) may complicate SAH in both the short and long term. It is detected on CT scanning, on which there is enlargement of the
3240:
Santos-Franco JA, Zenteno M, Lee A (April 2008). "Dissecting aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system. A comprehensive review on natural history and treatment options".
5460:
5405:
5341:
5202:
5139:
4993:
4635:
Guglielmi G, Viñuela F, Dion J, Duckwiler G (July 1991). "Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach. Part 2: Preliminary clinical experience".
3875:
1596:
In general, the decision between clipping and coiling is made on the basis of the location of the aneurysm, its size and the condition of the person. Aneurysms of the
2052:
and the risk of non-traumatic SAH, though confirmation of this association is hindered by a lack of studies. Approximately 4 percent of aneurysmal bleeds occur after
391:. Neck stiffness or neck pain are also relatively common. In about a quarter of people a small bleed with resolving symptoms occurs within a month of a larger bleed.
6712:
5007:
Suhardja A. (2004). "Mechanisms of disease: roles of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in delayed cerebral vasospasm produced by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage".
6505:
Zubkov YN, Nikiforov BM, Shustin VA (September–October 1984). "Balloon catheter technique for dilatation of constricted cerebral arteries after aneurysmal SAH".
5254:
Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, Roos YB (December 2006). "Effect of nimodipine on outcome in patients with traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review".
4950:
Kolias AG, Sen J, Belli A. (2009). "Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches".
4037:
3996:
1659:
due to lack of oxygen in parts of the brain. It can be fatal if severe. Delayed ischemia is characterized by new neurological symptoms, and can be confirmed by
5219:
Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, et al. (March 1983). "Cerebral arterial spasm--a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage".
4163:
Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM (January 1980). "Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning".
2036:. Having smoked in the past confers a doubled risk of SAH compared to those who have never smoked. Some protection of uncertain significance is conferred by
538:(a headache described as "like being kicked in the head", or the "worst ever", developing over seconds to minutes). This headache often pulsates towards the
1912:
There is also modest evidence that genetic factors influence the prognosis in SAH. For example, having two copies of ApoE4 (a variant of the gene encoding
1768:
If the symptoms of delayed ischemia do not improve with medical treatment, angiography may be attempted to identify the sites of vasospasms and administer
3148:
Armin SS, Colohan AR, Zhang JH (June 2006). "Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: our current understanding and its evolution over the past half century".
748:. About half of these are attributed to non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic hemorrhage, in which the blood is limited to the subarachnoid spaces around the
1963:, two areas of the brain that play a central role in hormonal regulation and production. More than a quarter of people with a previous SAH may develop
7472:
3663:
1537:
may benefit from urgent surgical removal of the blood or occlusion of the bleeding site. The remainder are stabilized more extensively and undergo a
6068:"Psychosocial outcomes at three and nine months after good neurological recovery from aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: predictors and prognosis"
752:(i.e. mesencephalon). In these, the origin of the blood is uncertain. The remainder are due to other disorders affecting the blood vessels (such as
4772:"Retreatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients randomized by coiling or clipping in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT)"
737:
and its branches. While most cases are due to bleeding from small aneurysms, larger aneurysms (which are less common) are more likely to rupture.
1585:
in the aneurysm, obliterating it. The decision as to which treatment is undertaken is typically made by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a
686:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage may also occur in people who have had a head injury. Symptoms may include headache, decreased level of consciousness and
6711:
3840:
Gussak I, Bjerregaard P, Egan TM, Chaitman BR. (1995). "ECG phenomenon called the J wave. History, pathophysiology, and clinical significance".
3572:"Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Headache"
7427:
6767:
1366:. However, if someone has two or more first-degree relatives who have had an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, screening may be worthwhile.
1072:, where the S point, also known as the J point, has a myocardial infarction-like elevation. J waves or Osborn waves, which represent an early
7228:
5867:
5102:
3323:(January 2009). "Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches".
2783:
2709:
2677:
2303:
2102:
then working in
Edinburgh. He introduced the wrapping of aneurysms in the 1930s, and was an early pioneer in the use of angiograms. American
1734:
have been studied, but are not presently recommended; neither is there any evidence that shows benefit if nimodipine is given intravenously.
7026:
2926:
Wartenberg KE, Mayer SA (April 2006). "Medical complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage: new strategies for prevention and management".
4200:"Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited"
3073:
2883:
Lee VH, Oh JK, Mulvagh SL, Wijdicks EF (2006). "Mechanisms in neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage".
7482:
6613:
4491:
1420:
may be preferable, especially since 15 percent may have further bleeding soon after admission. Nutrition is an early priority, mouth or
753:
616:
5599:, Albon H, Morgan L, Petzold A, Kitchen N (October 2003). "Triple-H therapy in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage".
1968:
1608:
directly comparing the different modalities was performed in relatively well people with small (less than 10 mm) aneurysms of the
7021:
6822:
5685:
Naval NS, Stevens RD, Mirski MA, Bhardwaj A (February 2006). "Controversies in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage".
1865:; and higher age. Factors that carry a worse prognosis during the hospital stay include occurrence of delayed ischemia resulting from
3520:"Sensitivity of Early Brain Computed Tomography to Exclude Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
803:
pathway causing the release of calcium ions from intracellular storage, resulting in smooth muscle contraction of cerebral arteries.
7477:
6812:
6760:
6727:
3067:
790:, usually caused by trauma, can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage if the dissection involves the part of the vessel inside the skull.
1730:
subarachnoid hemorrhage, nimodipine does not affect long-term outcome, and is not recommended. Other calcium channel blockers and
1471:
by a neurosurgeon. The external ventricular drain may be inserted at the bedside or in the operating room. In either case, strict
7487:
7328:
7195:
868:
500:
380:
292:
189:
68:
CT scan of the brain showing subarachnoid hemorrhage as a white area in the center (marked by the arrow) and stretching into the
6431:"Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial"
7363:
6973:
6817:
6117:"Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review"
1753:
A protocol referred to as "triple H" is often used as a measure to treat vasospasm when it causes symptoms; this is the use of
937:
4120:
Hunt WE, Hess RM (January 1968). "Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms".
2059:
Overall, about 1 percent of all people have one or more cerebral aneurysms. Most of these are small and unlikely to rupture.
612:
7172:
6394:
Krayenbühl HA, Yaşargil MG, Flamm ES, Tew JM (December 1972). "Microsurgical treatment of intracranial saccular aneurysms".
3679:"Spectrophotometry or visual inspection to most reliably detect xanthochromia in subarachnoid hemorrhage: systematic review"
3371:
Teunissen LL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J (March 1996). "Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review".
2491:
5517:"Corticosteroids in the Management of Hyponatremia, Hypovolemia, and Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis"
6978:
1952:
1799:. Relief of hydrocephalus can lead to an enormous improvement in a person's condition. Fluctuations in blood pressure and
1616:(together the "anterior circulation"), who constitute about 20 percent of all people with aneurysmal SAH. This trial, the
1613:
948:
on a CT scan) to identify aneurysms. Catheter angiography also offers the possibility of coiling an aneurysm (see below).
461:
33:
6837:
4893:
Dorhout Mees SM, Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, van den Bergh WM, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J (July 2007). Rinkel GJ (ed.).
1980:
1791:. If the level of consciousness is decreased, drainage of the excess fluid is performed by therapeutic lumbar puncture,
1723:
1549:
is identified on angiography, two measures are available to reduce the risk of further bleeding from the same aneurysm:
649:
520:
6905:
6746:
4356:
4028:
Schatz SW, Morley T, Fleming JR, Geisler WO, Tator CH, Tasker RR, Gentili F, Vandewater SL, Lougheed WM (August 1999).
3652:"Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Emergency Department"
7266:
7261:
7111:
5358:"Single-Dose Intraventricular Nimodipine Microparticles Versus Oral Nimodipine for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"
1902:
1605:
1363:
1263:
787:
4241:"A universal subarachnoid hemorrhage scale: report of a committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies"
3723:"Revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage"
5728:
Liu KC, Bhardwaj A (2007). "Use of prophylactic anticonvulsants in neurologic critical care: a critical appraisal".
1262:
This scale has been modified by
Claassen and coworkers, reflecting the additive risk from SAH size and accompanying
675:, where a process of increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation causes leaking of fluid from the pulmonary
581:(bleeding into the eyeball) may occur in response to the raised pressure: subhyaloid hemorrhage (bleeding under the
6947:
6880:
4082:
1739:
1621:
1510:
with a residual aneurysmal sac. The person was a 34-year-old woman initially treated for a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
1468:
1270:
916:
843:
628:
516:
492:
485:
4414:
Wiebers DO, et al. (International Study of
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators) (December 1998).
1932:
702:
668:(in 3 percent of cases) may occur rapidly after the onset of hemorrhage. A further consequence of this process is
652:. The consequences of this sympathetic surge can be sudden, severe, and are frequently life-threatening. The high
433:
may be required to lower the blood pressure until repair can occur. Efforts to treat fevers are also recommended.
7409:
7368:
7221:
7016:
6983:
6875:
6865:
6167:"Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends"
5050:
Pluta RM. (2005). "Delayed cerebral vasospasm and nitric oxide: review, new hypothesis, and proposed treatment".
1554:
1507:
1475:
must be maintained during insertion. In people with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage the EVD is used to remove
1369:
1111:
and
Cannell in 1956 and referred to as the Botterell Grading Scale. This was modified by Hunt and Hess in 1968:
1033:
changes are relatively common in subarachnoid hemorrhage, occurring in 40–70 percent of cases. They may include
7439:
7313:
7103:
7054:
6901:
6624:
2008:
1808:
1671:
The pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage is attributed to the higher levels of
1609:
1495:
1266:(0 – none; 1 – minimal SAH w/o IVH; 2 – minimal SAH with IVH; 3 – thick SAH w/o IVH; 4 – thick SAH with IVH);.
1085:
872:
832:
637:
306:
4849:"Long-term angiographic recurrences after selective endovascular treatment of aneurysms with detachable coils"
4293:"A proposed comprehensive grading system to predict outcome for surgical management of intracranial aneurysms"
2472:"Historical perspective. Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach: part 1 and part 2"
1026:
ECG changes resembling those of an STEMI in a woman who had an acute CNS injury from a subarachnoid hemorrhage
1600:
and its related vessels are hard to reach with angiography and tend to be amenable to clipping. Those of the
7422:
7388:
7345:
7253:
7145:
7049:
6963:
6892:
6783:
5421:"Intraventricular Nimodipine for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Results of the NEWTON Phase 1/2a Study"
4067:
3987:
2056:
and 10 percent of people with SAH are bending over or lifting heavy objects at the onset of their symptoms.
1906:
1826:
1711:
1704:
1625:
1515:
1453:
719:
473:
438:
418:
is also required. After confirmation further tests are usually performed to determine the underlying cause.
196:
6742:
1436:
may impact on the mental status and thus interfere with the ability to monitor the level of consciousness.
1400:
Stabilizing the person is the first priority. Those with a depressed level of consciousness may need to be
7444:
7434:
7318:
7245:
3813:
De Sweit J. (1972). "Changes simulating hypothermia in the electrocardiogram in subarachnoid hemorrhage".
3651:
2506:
1917:
1870:
1792:
1597:
1534:
1421:
1405:
578:
566:
279:
5819:"Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage"
7492:
7378:
7373:
7335:
7167:
5454:
5399:
5335:
5196:
4987:
4723:"Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for people with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage"
3869:
1988:
1851:
1847:
1800:
1652:
1480:
1441:
1377:
1362:
for aneurysms is not performed on a population level; because they are relatively rare, it would not be
1347:
574:
512:
508:
69:
6896:
1084:
surge released in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage or brain damage, the issue that might lead to
7497:
7323:
7214:
6927:
4534:
1684:
1660:
1538:
1518:
somewhere between 140 and 160 mmHg is generally recommended. Medications to achieve this may include
1437:
1425:
1359:
1181:
929:
887:
535:
454:
426:
376:
181:
2526:"Pseudo-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Potential Imaging Pitfall Associated with Diffuse Cerebral Edema"
1416:, and Glasgow Coma Scale are monitored frequently. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, admission to an
7340:
7303:
7190:
7068:
7006:
6917:
6594:
5894:"Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies"
4721:
Lindgren A, Vergouwen MD, van der Schaaf I, Algra A, Wermer M, Clarke MJ, Rinkel GJ (August 2018).
2033:
1976:
1859:
1822:
1680:
1550:
1476:
1417:
1042:
1030:
975:
911:
903:
882:
The initial steps for evaluating a person with a suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage are obtaining a
808:
411:
403:
244:
2727:"A systematic review of Terson's syndrome: frequency and prognosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage"
7355:
7298:
7129:
6968:
6530:
6048:
5999:
5753:
5710:
5667:
5624:
5387:
5323:
5279:
5184:
5153:
Xie A, Aihara Y, Bouryi VA, Nikitina E, Jahromi BS, Zhang ZD, Takahashi M, Macdonald RL. (2007).
5120:
5032:
4975:
4932:
4703:
4145:
4102:
3963:
3920:
3795:
3752:
3549:
3500:
3410:
3348:
3265:
3222:
3173:
3038:
2995:
2951:
2908:
2865:
2395:
2238:
Carpenter CR, Hussain AM, Ward MJ, Zipfel GJ, Fowler S, Pines JM, Sivilotti ML (September 2016).
2053:
1874:
1788:
1718:
from entering smooth muscle cells, has been proposed for prevention. The calcium channel blocker
1484:
1196:
1101:
995:
CSF no documented cases have occurred at less than "a few hundred cells" per high-powered field.
979:
783:
771:
680:
657:
641:
562:
496:
442:
360:
206:
176:
4239:
Teasdale GM, Drake CG, Hunt W, Kassell N, Sano K, Pertuiset B, De
Villiers JC (November 1988).
3057:
7449:
7281:
7276:
7088:
7083:
6922:
6870:
6664:
6635:
6522:
6487:
6460:
6411:
6376:
6281:
6237:
6196:
6138:
6097:
6040:
5991:
5956:
5915:
5892:
Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS (December 2005).
5863:
5840:
5799:
5745:
5702:
5659:
5616:
5577:
5538:
5497:
5442:
5379:
5315:
5271:
5236:
5176:
5108:
5098:
5067:
5024:
4967:
4924:
4870:
4829:
4793:
4752:
4695:
4652:
4614:
4562:
4473:
4437:
4393:
4348:
4314:
4270:
4221:
4180:
4137:
4094:
4010:
3955:
3938:
Rosen DS, Macdonald RL (2005). "Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review".
3912:
3857:
3822:
3787:
3744:
3700:
3632:
3593:
3541:
3492:
3440:
3388:
3340:
3257:
3214:
3165:
3117:
3063:
3030:
2987:
2943:
2900:
2822:
2779:
2756:
2705:
2673:
2639:
2588:
2547:
2483:
2449:
2387:
2299:
2269:
2207:
2045:
1944:
1754:
1731:
1546:
1472:
1007:
987:
726:
711:
661:
624:
582:
523:
488:
399:
364:
263:
232:
202:
160:
4499:
7293:
6842:
6832:
6795:
6752:
6514:
6450:
6442:
6403:
6366:
6358:
6327:
6271:
6227:
6186:
6178:
6128:
6087:
6079:
6030:
5983:
5946:
5905:
5830:
5789:
5737:
5694:
5651:
5608:
5596:
5569:
5528:
5487:
5432:
5369:
5307:
5263:
5228:
5166:
5090:
5059:
5016:
4959:
4914:
4906:
4860:
4821:
4783:
4742:
4734:
4687:
4644:
4604:
4596:
4552:
4542:
4465:
4427:
4383:
4304:
4260:
4252:
4211:
4172:
4129:
4086:
4046:
4000:
3947:
3902:
3849:
3779:
3734:
3690:
3624:
3583:
3531:
3484:
3430:
3414:
3380:
3332:
3320:
3299:
3249:
3204:
3157:
3107:
3022:
2979:
2935:
2892:
2855:
2812:
2746:
2738:
2629:
2619:
2580:
2537:
2439:
2431:
2379:
2259:
2251:
2199:
1913:
1862:
1665:
1574:
1413:
876:
734:
645:
600:
570:
481:
85:
6019:"Hyperglycemia and clinical outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis"
1620:(ISAT), showed that in this group the likelihood of death or being dependent on others for
6827:
6216:"Cholesterol levels and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5132:
2088:
2084:
2041:
2029:
1964:
1960:
1688:
1676:
1381:
1108:
1034:
971:
891:
883:
852:
848:
800:
672:
604:
594:
415:
272:
6017:
Kruyt ND, Biessels GJ, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Rinkel GJ, Coert B, Roos YB (June 2009).
5085:
Zhou Y, Martin RD, Zhang JH. (2011). "Advances in
Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage".
2567:
4538:
3288:"Drug treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage following aneurysms"
1858:; more blood and larger aneurysm on the initial CT scan; location of an aneurysm in the
1269:
The World Federation of Neurosurgeons (WFNS) classification uses Glasgow coma score and
17:
7001:
6847:
6455:
6430:
6371:
6346:
6191:
6166:
6092:
6067:
5987:
5951:
5934:
5910:
5893:
5835:
5818:
5698:
4919:
4894:
4865:
4848:
4747:
4722:
4609:
4584:
4557:
4522:
4416:"Unruptured intracranial aneurysms--risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention"
4265:
4240:
2939:
2751:
2726:
2634:
2607:
2542:
2444:
2419:
2264:
2239:
2099:
2076:
2037:
1972:
1843:
1796:
1692:
1601:
1590:
1570:
1562:
1457:
1449:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1003:
991:
804:
715:
665:
633:
477:
6607:
6603:
5612:
5267:
4691:
3853:
3695:
3678:
3588:
3571:
3026:
2817:
2800:
2383:
1795:(a temporary device inserted into one of the ventricles), or occasionally a permanent
1107:
The first widely used scale for neurological condition following SAH was published by
7466:
6115:
Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A (September 2007).
5573:
5391:
5327:
5063:
4600:
4388:
4372:"Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease"
4371:
4309:
4292:
4176:
3628:
2983:
2092:
1921:
1920:) seems to increase risk for delayed ischemia and a worse outcome. The occurrence of
1890:
1886:
1855:
1784:
1700:
1629:
1150:
1065:
999:
964:
945:
820:
812:
775:
586:
6599:
5778:"Prognostic factors for outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage"
5757:
5714:
5671:
5628:
5283:
5036:
4979:
4707:
4523:"Risk factors for rebleeding of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis"
4106:
3967:
3756:
3504:
3475:
Suarez JI, Tarr RW, Selman WR (January 2006). "Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage".
3352:
3177:
2999:
2955:
2912:
2869:
2399:
7417:
7237:
6675:
6534:
6052:
6003:
5188:
4936:
4910:
4738:
4149:
3924:
3799:
3553:
3269:
3042:
2115:
2107:
2103:
1999:
1956:
1924:(high blood sugars) after an episode of SAH confers a higher risk of poor outcome.
1905:, and traumatic SAH has been correlated with other markers of poor outcome such as
1762:
1758:
1672:
1656:
1586:
1131:
1064:
or Osborn waves, which are positive deflections that occur at the junction between
1050:
1046:
983:
941:
828:
824:
816:
779:
744:
In 15–20 percent of cases of spontaneous SAH, no aneurysm is detected on the first
653:
422:
302:
165:
3226:
3193:"Aspirin and Risk of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2067:
While the clinical picture of subarachnoid hemorrhage may have been recognized by
1211:
The Fisher Grade classifies the appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scan.
6710:
6629:
6331:
6232:
6215:
6035:
6018:
5794:
5777:
5492:
5475:
5374:
5357:
5155:"Novel mechanism of endothelin-1-induced vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage"
4788:
4771:
4547:
4030:"E. Harry Botterell: A Series of Papers Commemorating his Life and Contributions"
3536:
3519:
3209:
3192:
2471:
2098:
The first surgical intervention was performed by Norman Dott, who was a pupil of
7398:
6681:
6678:
6659:
5515:
Mistry AM, Mistry EA, Ganesh Kumar N, Froehler MT, Fusco MR, Chitale RV (2016).
5232:
5094:
4432:
4415:
4370:
Gibbs GF, Huston J, Qian Q, Kubly V, Harris PC, Brown RD, Torres VE (May 2004).
2080:
2068:
2049:
1819:
1811:
occur in about half the hospitalized persons with SAH and may worsen prognosis.
1773:
1769:
1523:
1499:
1253:
907:
757:
687:
676:
465:
395:
372:
239:
228:
6640:
6407:
6362:
5655:
4648:
4133:
2860:
2841:
2507:"Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
1951:. Even in those who have made good neurological recovery, anxiety, depression,
1428:
routes. In general, pain control is restricted to less-sedating agents such as
561:
Neck stiffness usually presents six hours after initial onset of SAH. Isolated
7383:
7308:
6939:
6857:
6584:
6580:
5741:
4825:
4090:
4051:
3951:
3783:
3304:
3287:
3253:
2896:
2203:
2003:
Average number of people with SAH per 100,000 person-years, broken down by age
1772:
medication (drugs that relax the blood vessel wall) directly into the artery.
1719:
1645:
1582:
1558:
1461:
1401:
1069:
860:
669:
590:
504:
434:
322:
313:
284:
252:
6446:
6182:
6133:
6116:
5311:
5171:
5154:
3570:
Godwin SA, Cherkas DS, Panagos PD, Shih RD, Byyny R, Wolf SJ (October 2019).
3161:
3112:
3096:"Subarachnoid hemorrhage without detectable aneurysm. A review of the causes"
3095:
2742:
1060:
changes that could be found in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, is the
7121:
6670:
6576:
6276:
6259:
5437:
5420:
4469:
4336:
4256:
4005:
3982:
3739:
3722:
3384:
2119:
2111:
2072:
2017:
1866:
1804:
1696:
1641:
1519:
1445:
1394:
1146:
1011:
745:
714:
such as a blow to the head. Traumatic SAH usually occurs near the site of a
706:
Circle of Willis with the most common locations of ruptured aneurysms marked
597:(occurring in 3–13 percent of cases) and is more common in more severe SAH.
555:
547:
430:
368:
329:
318:
169:
6380:
6241:
6200:
6165:
de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ (December 2007).
6142:
6101:
6044:
5995:
5960:
5919:
5844:
5803:
5749:
5706:
5663:
5620:
5542:
5501:
5446:
5383:
5319:
5275:
5180:
5112:
5071:
5028:
4971:
4928:
4874:
4833:
4797:
4756:
4699:
4618:
4566:
4477:
4397:
4352:
4225:
4098:
4014:
3959:
3916:
3907:
3890:
3791:
3748:
3704:
3636:
3597:
3545:
3496:
3444:
3435:
3418:
3344:
3261:
3218:
3169:
3059:
Critical care medicine: principles of diagnosis and management in the adult
3034:
2991:
2947:
2904:
2826:
2760:
2643:
2592:
2551:
2487:
2391:
2370:
van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ (January 2007). "Subarachnoid haemorrhage".
2273:
2211:
960:
894:
and possibly a lumbar puncture is required to confirm or exclude bleeding.
476:
that mimics a true subarachnoid hemorrhage. This occurs in cases of severe
60:
6526:
6491:
6464:
6415:
6285:
6083:
5581:
5240:
5020:
4656:
4441:
4318:
4274:
4216:
4199:
4184:
4141:
3861:
3826:
3392:
3121:
2453:
2435:
7159:
6912:
6730:
was created from a revision of this article dated 9 August 2008
4585:"Intracranial Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery Cured by Operation"
3488:
2021:
1894:
1714:, thought to be able to prevent the spasm of blood vessels by preventing
1649:
1578:
1530:
1433:
933:
864:
749:
356:
288:
185:
2584:
890:. The diagnosis cannot be made on clinical grounds alone and in general
7044:
6518:
5776:
Rosengart AJ, Schultheiss KE, Tolentino J, Macdonald RL (August 2007).
3013:
Schwedt TJ, Matharu MS, Dodick DW (July 2006). "Thunderclap headache".
2525:
2255:
1948:
1936:
1812:
1715:
1429:
1038:
767:
738:
543:
539:
469:
414:
of the head if done within six hours of symptom onset. Occasionally, a
407:
388:
268:
256:
248:
210:
6559:
5533:
5516:
4963:
3770:
Nguyen H, Zaroff JG (November 2009). "Neurogenic stunned myocardium".
3336:
2624:
1153:
1022:
608:
7011:
6787:
6571:
1893:
in the brain), however, has a very low rate of rebleeding or delayed
1776:(opening the constricted area with a balloon) may also be performed.
1746:
1166:
1061:
730:
450:
220:
Traumatic, spontaneous (aneurysmal, nonaneurysmal, perimesencephalic)
4198:
Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K, et al. (September 2001).
3191:
Phan K, Moore JM, Griessenauer CJ, Ogilvy CS, Thomas AJ (May 2017).
3677:
Chu K, Hann A, Greenslade J, Williams J, Brown A (September 2014).
3062:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1154.
2007:
According to a review of 51 studies from 21 countries, the average
1703:
lead to neuroinflammation that in turn increases the production of
733:
in the brain that becomes enlarged. They tend to be located in the
6804:
1998:
1984:
1931:
1878:
1566:
1494:
1409:
1200:
1021:
842:
835:
innervating cerebral arteries is also thought to cause vasospasm.
761:
701:
384:
6478:
Zubkov I, Nikiforov BM, Shustin VA (September–October 1983). "".
5935:"Life expectancy after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage"
2524:
Given CA, Burdette JH, Elster AD, Williams DW (1 February 2003).
2190:
Abraham MK, Chang WW (November 2016). "Subarachnoid Hemorrhage".
6887:
6618:
6429:
Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al. (March 1989).
3419:"Initial misdiagnosis and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage"
551:
7210:
6756:
5474:
Vergouwen MD, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Roos YB (January 2010).
3409:
Kowalski RG, Claassen J, Kreiter KT, Bates JE, Ostapkovich ND,
2565:
Marder CP, Narla V, Fink JR, Tozer Fink KR (26 December 2013).
7206:
3518:
Dubosh NM, Bellolio MF, Rabinstein AA, Edlow JA (March 2016).
2048:. There is likely an inverse relationship between total serum
1080:
of the heart ventricles, are thought to be caused by the high
1057:
851:
in progress. A large area on the back has been washed with an
138:
118:
4895:"Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage"
4498:. American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. Archived from
4492:"Care of the Patient with Anuerysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"
4068:"Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review"
2847:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
2801:"Acute neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage"
1842:
SAH is often associated with a poor outcome. The death rate (
1577:) that supply the brain. When the aneurysm has been located,
603:
abnormalities (affected eye looking downward and outward and
6708:
5817:
Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al. (March 2005).
1947:, mood disturbances, and other related symptoms, are common
2799:
Banki NM, Kopelnik A, Dae MW, et al. (November 2005).
2778:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 408–409.
2704:. Vol. 3 (Fourth ed.). Oxford. pp. 1032–34.
132:
100:
6318:
Symonds CP (1924). "Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage".
6258:
Longstreth WT, Koepsell TD, Yerby MS, van Belle G (1985).
4678:
seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion".
3721:
Cruickshank A, Auld P, Beetham R, et al. (May 2008).
1815:
occur during the hospital stay in about a third of cases.
1180:
Stuporous; moderate to severe hemiparesis; possibly early
144:
4847:
Raymond J, Guilbert F, Weill A, et al. (June 2003).
1644:, in which the blood vessels constrict and thus restrict
554:
may be present, as may neck stiffness and other signs of
141:
109:
94:
6299:
Bramwell B (1886). "Spontaneous meningeal haemorrhage".
6066:
Powell J, Kitchen N, Heslin J, Greenwood R (June 2002).
1726:(FDA)-approved drug for treating cerebral vasospasm. In
1100:
There are several grading scales available for SAH. The
4770:
Campi A, Ramzi N, Molyneux AJ, et al. (May 2007).
2294:
Longmore M, Wilkinson I, Turmezei T, Cheung CK (2007).
1351:
and posterior circulation aneurysm 25 mm or more.
3891:"The pathway of ventricular depolarization in the dog"
589:
of the eye) and vitreous hemorrhage may be visible on
460:
A true subarachnoid hemorrhage may be confused with a
3094:
Rinkel GJ, van Gijn J, Wijdicks EF (September 1993).
457:, which is carried out through a large blood vessel.
410:
use. Generally, the diagnosis can be determined by a
115:
112:
91:
88:
6549:
2032:, hypertension (high blood pressure), and excessive
1873:, or intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding into the
1675:, a potent vasoconstrictor, and the lower levels of
1252:
Diffuse or none with intraventricular hemorrhage or
919:(MRI) is more sensitive than CT after several days.
121:
106:
97:
7408:
7394:
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
7354:
7244:
7183:
7158:
7138:
7120:
7102:
7076:
7067:
7037:
6994:
6956:
6938:
6856:
6803:
6794:
6650:
6553:
6480:
Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N. N. Burdenko
3983:"Editorial: Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales"
3281:
3279:
338:
328:
312:
298:
278:
262:
238:
224:
216:
195:
175:
159:
135:
129:
126:
103:
76:
50:
45:
6214:Wang X, Dong Y, Qi X, Huang C, Hou L (July 2013).
6171:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
6072:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
4245:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2731:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2725:McCarron MO, Alberts MJ, McCarron P (March 2004).
2566:
2424:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1897:, and the prognosis of this subtype is excellent.
1655:(referred to as "delayed ischemia") and permanent
725:In 85 percent of spontaneous cases the cause is a
611:(loss of movement) may indicate bleeding from the
534:The classic symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage is
4630:
4628:
2296:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine, 7th edition
1648:, is a serious complication of SAH. It can cause
1397:, and prevention and treatment of complications.
952:cause of SAH with this approach is less than 1%.
5009:Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine
3286:Fei Liu Y, Qiu HC, Jiang WJ (18 February 2016).
2420:"Norman Dott's contribution to aneurysm surgery"
1145:Moderate to severe headache; neck stiffness; no
5159:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
4888:
4886:
4884:
4330:
4328:
660:(irregularities in the heart rate and rhythm),
6721:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
4286:
4284:
3716:
3714:
3366:
3364:
3362:
2670:Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine, 2nd edition
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
1991:, and is the most common cause of the latter.
1460:may be administered to help relieve distress.
1456:is usually inserted to monitor fluid balance.
855:-based disinfectant, leaving brown coloration.
7222:
6768:
6253:
6251:
5771:
5769:
5767:
4038:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
3997:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
2672:. Oxford University Press. pp. 466–470.
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
1889:. Perimesencephalic SAH (bleeding around the
1134:or minimal headache and slight neck stiffness
605:inability to lift the eyelid on the same side
402:. Risk factors for spontaneous cases include
8:
6351:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
5459:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5404:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5340:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5201:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4992:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4578:
4576:
3874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2114:, was the first to introduce clips in 1938.
1479:, blood, and blood byproducts that increase
1370:Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
811:(CSF) causes vasoconstriction by increasing
656:concentrations of adrenaline also may cause
27:Bleeding into the brain's subarachnoid space
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
4899:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4727:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
3565:
3563:
3404:
3402:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2612:Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology
2568:"Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Beyond Aneurysms"
2192:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
627:that leads to activation of the descending
406:, smoking, family history, alcoholism, and
7229:
7215:
7207:
7073:
6800:
6775:
6761:
6753:
6550:
6260:"Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage"
5554:
5552:
3772:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
3609:
3607:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2418:Todd NV, Howie JE, Miller JD (June 1990).
398:or spontaneously, usually from a ruptured
59:
42:
6454:
6370:
6275:
6231:
6190:
6132:
6091:
6034:
5950:
5909:
5834:
5793:
5532:
5491:
5436:
5419:Zussman B, Weiner GM, Ducruet A. (2017).
5373:
5170:
5138:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4918:
4864:
4787:
4746:
4608:
4556:
4546:
4521:Tang C, Zhang TS, Zhou LF (9 June 2014).
4431:
4387:
4308:
4264:
4215:
4050:
4004:
3906:
3738:
3694:
3587:
3535:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3434:
3303:
3208:
3111:
2859:
2816:
2750:
2633:
2623:
2541:
2443:
2263:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1618:International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial
756:), disorders of the blood vessels in the
334:45% risk of death at 30 days (aneurysmal)
6738:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5862:. United States: Churchill Livingstone.
5858:Lindsay KW, Bone I, Callander R (1993).
5214:
5212:
5087:Early Brain Injury or Cerebral Vasospasm
4409:
4407:
2700:Warrell DA, Cox TM, et al. (2003).
2530:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
2476:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
2465:
2463:
2298:. Oxford University Press. p. 841.
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1593:, and often other health professionals.
1464:drugs should be given to awake persons.
1275:
1213:
1113:
959:
6347:"Spontaneous Sub-arachnoid Haemorrhage"
3076:from the original on 10 September 2017.
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2131:
1745:Some older studies have suggested that
1687:). The released clotting factors like;
1533:, depressed level of consciousness, or
5860:Neurology and Neurosurgery Illustrated
5452:
5397:
5333:
5194:
5128:
5118:
4985:
4359:from the original on 20 December 2010.
4335:White PM, Wardlaw JM (December 2003).
3867:
2494:from the original on 14 November 2005.
2413:
2411:
2409:
1565:in the groin and advanced through the
729:—a weakness in the wall of one of the
550:, decreased level of consciousness or
1881:on the eighth day of admission.
1502:showing a partially coiled aneurysm (
7:
7027:Partial anterior circulation infarct
1967:(deficiencies in one or more of the
1818:People have often been treated with
998:The CSF sample is also examined for
754:cerebral arteriovenous malformations
387:, weakness, numbness, and sometimes
5221:The New England Journal of Medicine
4420:The New England Journal of Medicine
4337:"Unruptured intracranial aneurysms"
3666:from the original on 14 March 2012.
3650:Thomas L, et al. (July 2009).
3477:The New England Journal of Medicine
1529:People whose CT scan shows a large
932:(injecting radiocontrast through a
774:(usually in children) and, rarely,
741:also appears to increase the risk.
617:cerebral arteriovenous malformation
307:radiologically guided interventions
7022:Total anterior circulation infarct
6823:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
5988:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267640.03300.6b
5952:10.1161/01.STR.0000260093.49693.7a
5933:Greebe P, Rinkel GJ (April 2007).
5911:10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8
5836:10.1161/01.STR.0000141936.36596.1e
5699:10.1097/01.CCM.0000198331.45998.85
4866:10.1161/01.STR.0000073841.88563.E9
2940:10.1097/01.ccx.0000216571.80944.65
788:Dissection of the vertebral artery
25:
6813:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
5089:. Vol. 110. pp. 15–21.
4496:AANN Clinical Practice Guidelines
4291:Ogilvy CS, Carter BS (May 1998).
3696:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.023
3589:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.07.009
2818:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.558239
2573:American Journal of Roentgenology
1943:Neurocognitive symptoms, such as
1006:fluid. This can be determined by
7473:Central nervous system disorders
7329:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
7196:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
6720:
5574:10.1097/00006123-198209000-00001
5064:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.002
4952:Journal of Neuroscience Research
4601:10.1097/00000658-193805000-00003
4389:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00572.x
4310:10.1097/00006123-199805000-00001
4303:(5): 959–68, discussion 968–70.
4177:10.1097/00006123-198001000-00001
3629:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00694.x
3325:Journal of Neuroscience Research
2984:10.1097/00006123-200202000-00006
2608:"Pseudo-subarachnoid Hemorrhage"
1825:. This is controversial and not
1581:coils are deployed that cause a
910:, of the brain. This has a high
869:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
501:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
441:, is frequently used to prevent
381:decreased level of consciousness
293:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
190:decreased level of consciousness
84:
7364:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
6974:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
6818:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
5052:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
4066:Rosen DS, Macdonald RL (2005).
3727:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
1983:). SAH is also associated with
1969:hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
1380:only if they have a reasonable
1273:to gauge severity of symptoms.
1056:Also one of the characteristic
831:. Besides, the disturbances of
394:SAH may occur as a result of a
4911:10.1002/14651858.CD000277.pub3
4739:10.1002/14651858.CD003085.pub3
2978:(2): 261–7, discussion 267–9.
2840:O'Leary R, McKinlay J (2011).
2776:Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia
1877:of the brain) and presence of
1483:and may increase the risk for
1424:feeding being preferable over
613:posterior communicating artery
377:severe headache of rapid onset
182:Severe headache of rapid onset
1:
6979:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
6320:Quarterly Journal of Medicine
5613:10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00531-3
5268:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70582-8
4692:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67214-5
3854:10.1016/s0022-0736(05)80007-x
3292:Chinese Neurosurgical Journal
3248:(2): 131–40, discussion 140.
3027:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70497-5
2842:"Neurogenic pulmonary oedema"
2774:Allman KG, Wilson IH (2006).
2384:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60153-6
1953:posttraumatic stress disorder
1614:anterior communicating artery
710:Most cases of SAH are due to
664:(in 27 percent of cases) and
577:(pressure inside the skull).
509:leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
462:pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage
34:Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage
6233:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001326
6036:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529974
5795:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.484360
5493:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556332
5375:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027396
4789:10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.466987
4548:10.1371/journal.pone.0099536
3889:SCHER AM, YOUNG AC. (1956).
3842:Journal of Electrocardiology
3815:Journal of Electrocardiology
3683:Annals of Emergency Medicine
3576:Annals of Emergency Medicine
3537:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011386
3210:10.1161/strokeaha.116.015674
2668:Ramrakha P, Moore K (2007).
1981:follicle-stimulating hormone
1724:Food and Drug Administration
1668:is suggestive of vasospasm.
1169:; minimal neurologic deficit
780:problems with blood clotting
760:, and bleeding into various
662:electrocardiographic changes
650:systemic vascular resistance
7267:Intraventricular hemorrhage
7262:Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
5233:10.1056/NEJM198303173081103
5095:10.1007/978-3-7091-0353-1_3
4433:10.1056/NEJM199812103392401
3656:Emergency Medicine Practice
2702:Oxford Textbook of Medicine
2244:Academic Emergency Medicine
2042:hormone replacement therapy
1903:persistent vegetative state
1606:randomized controlled trial
1514:Efforts to keep a person's
1285:Focal neurological deficit
1264:intraventricular hemorrhage
1184:and vegetative disturbances
936:to the brain arteries) and
565:of a pupil and loss of the
495:contrast material into the
484:. It may also occur due to
7514:
7483:Disorders causing seizures
6948:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
6881:Lateral medullary syndrome
6408:10.3171/jns.1972.37.6.0678
6363:10.1177/003591572401700918
6332:10.1093/qjmed/os-118.69.93
4649:10.3171/jns.1991.75.1.0008
4134:10.3171/jns.1968.28.1.0014
4083:Neurocritical Care Society
3981:Wang AC, Heros RC (2016).
2606:Coulier B (1 March 2018).
1916:that also plays a role in
1850:; a previous diagnosis of
1740:external ventricular drain
1622:activities of daily living
1504:indicated by yellow arrows
1469:external ventricular drain
1271:focal neurological deficit
1244:More than 1 mm thick
1243:
1236:Less than 1 mm thick
1165:
1002:—the yellow appearance of
978:(CSF) is removed from the
917:magnetic resonance imaging
902:The modality of choice is
823:and reducing the level of
629:sympathetic nervous system
486:intrathecally administered
31:
7440:Injury of accessory nerve
7173:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
7017:Transient ischemic attack
6984:Subclavian steal syndrome
6876:Medial medullary syndrome
6866:Brainstem stroke syndrome
6301:Edinburgh Medical Journal
5742:10.1007/s12028-007-0061-5
4826:10.1148/radiol.2431060006
4341:Journal of Neuroradiology
4052:10.1017/S0317167100000305
3784:10.1007/s11910-009-0071-0
3305:10.1186/s41016-016-0023-x
3254:10.1007/s10143-008-0124-x
2204:10.1016/j.emc.2016.06.011
1823:antiepileptic medications
1624:was reduced (7.4 percent
1508:posterior cerebral artery
1220:Appearance of hemorrhage
679:into the air spaces, the
375:. Symptoms may include a
67:
58:
7478:Cerebrovascular diseases
7314:Post-concussion syndrome
7055:Transient global amnesia
6902:Lateral pontine syndrome
6838:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
6784:Cerebrovascular diseases
6447:10.1136/bmj.298.6674.636
6183:10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655
6134:10.1001/jama.298.12.1429
5521:Cerebrovascular Diseases
5312:10.3171/2019.9.JNS191366
5172:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600471
3162:10.1179/016164106X115053
3113:10.1161/01.STR.24.9.1403
2861:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr006
2743:10.1136/jnnp.2003.016816
2470:Strother CM (May 2001).
2020:, such as a decrease in
1712:calcium channel blockers
1610:anterior cerebral artery
1355:Screening and prevention
1278:
1216:
1116:
1086:ventricular fibrillation
873:Intracerebral hemorrhage
833:autonomic nervous system
786:can also result in SAH.
636:; mediated by increased
513:intracranial hypotension
464:, an apparent increased
54:Subarachnoid haemorrhage
18:Subarachnoid haemorrhage
7488:Intensive care medicine
7423:Peripheral nerve injury
7389:Posterior cord syndrome
7346:Penetrating head injury
7287:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
7254:Intracranial hemorrhage
7146:Intracranial hemorrhage
6964:Carotid artery stenosis
6893:Medial pontine syndrome
6396:Journal of Neurosurgery
6277:10.1161/01.STR.16.3.377
5644:Journal of Neurosurgery
5300:Journal of Neurosurgery
4637:Journal of Neurosurgery
4470:10.1148/radiol.10091982
4257:10.1136/jnnp.51.11.1457
4122:Journal of Neurosurgery
4006:10.3171/2015.3.JNS15336
3988:Journal of Neurosurgery
3740:10.1258/acb.2008.007257
3385:10.1161/01.STR.27.3.544
1907:post traumatic epilepsy
1761:(high blood pressure),
1705:reactive oxygen species
1626:absolute risk reduction
1516:systolic blood pressure
1406:mechanically ventilated
1092:in unmanaged patients.
720:intracerebral contusion
491:, leakage of high-dose
439:calcium channel blocker
421:Treatment is by prompt
349:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
46:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
7445:Brachial plexus injury
7435:Wallerian degeneration
7369:Brown-Séquard syndrome
7319:Second-impact syndrome
7246:Traumatic brain injury
6716:
6696:Listen to this article
6357:(Neurol Sect): 39–52.
5687:Critical Care Medicine
5656:10.3171/JNS-07/08/0253
3908:10.1161/01.res.4.4.461
3436:10.1001/jama.291.7.866
2004:
1940:
1871:intracerebral hematoma
1827:based on good evidence
1809:cardiac decompensation
1793:extraventricular drain
1757:to achieve a state of
1666:centimeters per second
1664:of more than 120
1598:middle cerebral artery
1569:to the arteries (both
1557:. Clipping requires a
1539:transfemoral angiogram
1535:focal neurologic signs
1511:
1027:
968:
856:
707:
579:Intraocular hemorrhage
573:as a result of rising
567:pupillary light reflex
517:cerebellar infarctions
499:, or in patients with
429:. Medications such as
363:—the area between the
280:Differential diagnosis
7379:Central cord syndrome
7374:Cauda equina syndrome
7336:Diffuse axonal injury
7168:Intracranial aneurysm
6957:Extracranial arteries
6715:
6084:10.1136/jnnp.72.6.772
5601:The Lancet. Neurology
5438:10.1093/neuros/nyx260
5256:The Lancet. Neurology
5021:10.1038/ncpcardio0046
4583:Dandy WE (May 1938).
4217:10.1161/hs0901.095677
3150:Neurological Research
3015:The Lancet. Neurology
2436:10.1136/jnnp.53.6.455
2002:
1989:cerebral salt wasting
1935:
1848:systolic hypertension
1801:electrolyte imbalance
1498:
1491:Preventing rebleeding
1481:intracranial pressure
1442:compression stockings
1348:classification scheme
1025:
963:
846:
705:
648:leading to increased
585:, which envelops the
575:intracranial pressure
342:1 per 10,000 per year
7324:Dementia pugilistica
7104:Cerebral/Intra-axial
7050:Binswanger's disease
6747:More spoken articles
6507:Acta Neurochirurgica
4376:Kidney International
3895:Circulation Research
3489:10.1056/NEJMra052732
3242:Neurosurgical Review
1685:Virchow-Robin spaces
1661:transcranial doppler
1438:Deep vein thrombosis
1378:preventive treatment
1197:decerebrate rigidity
1182:decerebrate rigidity
1043:cardiac dysrhythmias
1031:Electrocardiographic
930:cerebral angiography
888:physical examination
536:thunderclap headache
455:endovascular coiling
427:endovascular coiling
7341:Abusive head trauma
7304:Cerebral laceration
7191:Cerebral vasculitis
7069:Haemorrhagic stroke
7007:Cerebral infarction
6345:Symonds CP (1924).
4539:2014PLoSO...999536T
4502:on 29 December 2013
4091:10.1385/NCC:2:2:110
3952:10.1385/NCC:2:2:110
3056:Parrillo J (2013).
2928:Curr Opin Crit Care
2897:10.1385/NCC:5:3:243
2585:10.2214/AJR.12.9749
2038:caucasian ethnicity
2034:alcohol consumption
1977:luteinizing hormone
1918:Alzheimer's disease
1838:Short-term outcomes
1780:Other complications
1681:perivascular spaces
1477:cerebrospinal fluid
1448:compression of the
1418:intensive care unit
1120:Signs and symptoms
976:cerebrospinal fluid
906:(CT scan), without
904:computed tomography
809:cerebrospinal fluid
658:cardiac arrhythmias
593:. This is known as
497:subarachnoid spaces
404:high blood pressure
245:High blood pressure
7356:Spinal cord injury
7299:Cerebral contusion
7130:Duret haemorrhages
6717:
6651:External resources
6519:10.1007/BF01406044
5730:Neurocritical Care
4075:Neurocritical Care
3940:Neurocritical Care
3319:Kolias AG, Sen J,
2256:10.1111/acem.12984
2085:Charles P. Symonds
2079:. In 1924, London
2054:sexual intercourse
2005:
1941:
1928:Long-term outcomes
1789:lateral ventricles
1755:intravenous fluids
1583:blood clot to form
1575:vertebral arteries
1512:
1485:cerebral vasospasm
1440:is prevented with
1408:. Blood pressure,
1340:Present or absent
1329:Present or absent
1102:Glasgow Coma Scale
1028:
980:subarachnoid space
969:
857:
784:pituitary apoplexy
772:sickle cell anemia
708:
530:Signs and symptoms
524:subdural hematomas
365:arachnoid membrane
361:subarachnoid space
207:cerebral vasospasm
7458:
7457:
7450:Traumatic neuroma
7410:Peripheral nerves
7282:Epidural hematoma
7277:Subdural hematoma
7204:
7203:
7154:
7153:
7063:
7062:
6928:Claude's syndrome
6923:Benedikt syndrome
6713:
6691:
6690:
5869:978-0-443-04345-1
5534:10.1159/000446251
5165:(10): 1692–1701.
5104:978-3-7091-0352-4
4964:10.1002/jnr.21823
4589:Annals of Surgery
3689:(3): 256–264.e5.
3417:(February 2004).
3337:10.1002/jnr.21823
2785:978-0-19-856609-0
2711:978-0-19-857013-4
2679:978-0-19-852072-6
2625:10.5334/jbsr.1509
2305:978-0-19-856837-7
2046:diabetes mellitus
1869:, development of
1732:magnesium sulfate
1547:cerebral aneurysm
1473:aseptic technique
1344:
1343:
1260:
1259:
1209:
1208:
1008:spectrophotometry
988:hypodermic needle
967:versus normal CSF
886:and performing a
727:cerebral aneurysm
489:contrast material
400:cerebral aneurysm
346:
345:
264:Diagnostic method
233:cerebral aneurysm
203:cerebral ischemia
40:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
7505:
7294:Brain herniation
7231:
7224:
7217:
7208:
7112:Intraventricular
7074:
6918:Weber's syndrome
6843:Watershed stroke
6833:Moyamoya disease
6801:
6796:Ischaemic stroke
6777:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6737:
6735:
6724:
6723:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6697:
6551:
6539:
6538:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6458:
6441:(6674): 636–42.
6426:
6420:
6419:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6235:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6194:
6162:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6038:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5889:
5874:
5873:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5773:
5762:
5761:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5450:
5440:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5395:
5377:
5368:(4): 1142–1149.
5352:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5331:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5192:
5174:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4983:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4922:
4890:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4686:(9488): 809–17.
4674:
4661:
4660:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3865:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3742:
3733:(Pt 3): 238–44.
3718:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3472:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3212:
3203:(5): 1210–1217.
3188:
3182:
3181:
3145:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2378:(9558): 306–18.
2367:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2216:
2215:
2187:
1914:apolipoprotein E
1591:neuroradiologist
1571:carotid arteries
1454:bladder catheter
1422:nasogastric tube
1414:respiratory rate
1346:A comprehensive
1276:
1214:
1114:
877:tension headache
735:circle of Willis
646:vasoconstriction
601:Oculomotor nerve
583:hyaloid membrane
571:brain herniation
482:cerebral hypoxia
371:surrounding the
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
63:
43:
21:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7454:
7404:
7350:
7240:
7235:
7205:
7200:
7179:
7150:
7134:
7116:
7098:
7059:
7033:
6990:
6952:
6934:
6852:
6828:Amaurosis fugax
6790:
6781:
6751:
6750:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6728:This audio file
6725:
6718:
6709:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6646:
6645:
6562:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6177:(12): 1365–72.
6164:
6163:
6150:
6127:(12): 1429–38.
6114:
6113:
6109:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6016:
6015:
6011:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5904:(12): 2773–80.
5891:
5890:
5877:
5870:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5775:
5774:
5765:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5527:(3–4): 263–71.
5514:
5513:
5509:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5451:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5396:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5332:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5262:(12): 1029–32.
5253:
5252:
5248:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5193:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5127:
5117:
5105:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4984:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4905:(3): CD000277.
4892:
4891:
4882:
4859:(6): 1398–403.
4846:
4845:
4841:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4733:(8): CD003085.
4720:
4719:
4715:
4676:
4675:
4664:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4426:(24): 1725–33.
4413:
4412:
4405:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4022:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3866:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3474:
3473:
3452:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3370:
3369:
3360:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3147:
3146:
3129:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3070:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2651:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2369:
2368:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2250:(9): 963–1003.
2237:
2236:
2219:
2189:
2188:
2133:
2128:
2089:lumbar puncture
2065:
1997:
1965:hypopituitarism
1961:pituitary gland
1930:
1840:
1835:
1782:
1689:fibrinopeptides
1677:endothelial NOS
1639:
1628:, 23.5 percent
1493:
1458:Benzodiazepines
1444:, intermittent
1390:
1382:life expectancy
1357:
1149:deficit except
1098:
1035:QT prolongation
1020:
992:red blood cells
972:Lumbar puncture
958:
956:Lumbar puncture
925:
900:
892:medical imaging
884:medical history
849:lumbar puncture
841:
801:tyrosine kinase
799:stimulates the
796:
794:Pathophysiology
700:
683:, of the lung.
673:pulmonary edema
595:Terson syndrome
532:
416:lumbar puncture
273:lumbar puncture
155:
125:
87:
83:
41:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7511:
7509:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7465:
7464:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7428:classification
7425:
7414:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7401:(Quadriplegia)
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7012:Classification
7009:
7004:
7002:Brain ischemia
6998:
6996:
6995:Classification
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6906:Millard-Gubler
6899:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6848:Lacunar stroke
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6740:
6726:
6719:
6707:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6667:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6632:
6621:
6610:
6587:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:Classification
6547:
6546:External links
6544:
6541:
6540:
6513:(1–2): 65–79.
6497:
6470:
6421:
6386:
6337:
6326:(69): 93–122.
6310:
6291:
6247:
6206:
6148:
6107:
6058:
6029:(6): e424-30.
6009:
5966:
5925:
5875:
5868:
5850:
5809:
5788:(8): 2315–21.
5763:
5720:
5677:
5634:
5607:(10): 614–21.
5587:
5548:
5507:
5466:
5411:
5347:
5289:
5246:
5227:(11): 619–24.
5208:
5145:
5129:|journal=
5103:
5077:
5042:
5015:(2): 110–116.
4999:
4942:
4880:
4839:
4803:
4782:(5): 1538–44.
4762:
4713:
4662:
4624:
4572:
4513:
4483:
4447:
4403:
4362:
4324:
4280:
4231:
4210:(9): 2012–20.
4190:
4155:
4112:
4058:
4045:(3): 230–246.
4020:
3973:
3930:
3901:(4): 461–469.
3881:
3832:
3805:
3762:
3710:
3669:
3642:
3617:Acad Emerg Med
3603:
3582:(4): e41–e74.
3559:
3510:
3450:
3398:
3358:
3311:
3275:
3232:
3183:
3127:
3079:
3068:
3048:
3005:
2961:
2918:
2891:(3): 243–249.
2885:Neurocrit Care
2875:
2832:
2811:(21): 3314–9.
2791:
2784:
2766:
2717:
2710:
2685:
2678:
2649:
2598:
2557:
2536:(2): 254–256.
2516:
2497:
2459:
2405:
2311:
2304:
2279:
2217:
2198:(4): 901–916.
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2100:Harvey Cushing
2095:in diagnosis.
2077:Byrom Bramwell
2064:
2061:
1996:
1993:
1973:growth hormone
1929:
1926:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1781:
1778:
1693:thromboxane A2
1638:
1635:
1602:basilar artery
1563:femoral artery
1492:
1489:
1389:
1386:
1364:cost-effective
1356:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1097:
1096:Classification
1094:
1090:cardiac arrest
1082:catecholamines
1078:depolarization
1074:repolarization
1049:that mimics a
1019:
1016:
957:
954:
938:CT angiography
924:
921:
899:
896:
840:
837:
805:Oxyhaemoglobin
795:
792:
716:skull fracture
699:
696:
666:cardiac arrest
644:and increased
634:blood pressure
531:
528:
478:cerebral edema
474:basal cisterns
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
316:
310:
309:
300:
296:
295:
282:
276:
275:
266:
260:
259:
242:
236:
235:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
199:
193:
192:
179:
173:
172:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
80:
78:
74:
73:
72:to either side
65:
64:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7510:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7461:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7227:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6748:
6744:
6729:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6402:(6): 678–86.
6401:
6397:
6390:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6270:(3): 377–85.
6269:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6226:(7): 1833–9.
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6111:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6078:(6): 772–81.
6077:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5982:(8): 766–75.
5981:
5977:
5970:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5945:(4): 1222–4.
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5736:(2): 175–84.
5735:
5731:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5693:(2): 511–24.
5692:
5688:
5681:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5650:(2): 253–60.
5649:
5645:
5638:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5568:(3): 337–43.
5567:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5486:(1): e47-52.
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5351:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5306:(1): 95–101.
5305:
5301:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:(6): e99536.
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:(3): 887–97.
4463:
4459:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4382:(5): 1621–7.
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:(5): 336–50.
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:(6): 486–91.
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:(4): 444–51.
3622:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:(4): 387–96.
3482:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:(4): 445–52.
3155:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3106:(9): 1403–9.
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3069:9780323089296
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:(7): 621–31.
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:(5): 1010–2.
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:, working in
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2093:xanthochromia
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:physician Dr
2074:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1922:hyperglycemia
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:mesencephalon
1888:
1887:hydrocephalus
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:liver disease
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:, as well as
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Hydrocephalus
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:oxyhemoglobin
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:relative risk
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:, or both. A
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:None evident
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:cranial nerve
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:QRS complexes
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:centrifugated
1001:
1000:xanthochromia
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
965:Xanthochromia
962:
955:
953:
949:
947:
946:radiocontrast
943:
942:blood vessels
940:(visualizing
939:
935:
931:
922:
920:
918:
913:
909:
905:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
850:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:prostaglandin
818:
814:
813:free radicals
810:
806:
802:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:anticoagulant
773:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
704:
697:
695:
691:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:contractility
635:
630:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:vitreous body
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
527:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:, such as by
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
324:
320:
317:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:
281:
277:
274:
270:
267:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:
197:Complications
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
158:
149:
82:
81:
79:
77:Pronunciation
75:
71:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
44:
38:
35:
30:
19:
7493:Neurosurgery
7460:
7418:Nerve injury
7286:
7273:Extra-axial
7258:Intra-axial
7094:Subarachnoid
7093:
6669:
6658:
6634:
6623:
6612:
6589:
6566:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6486:(5): 17–23.
6483:
6479:
6473:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6267:
6263:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6174:
6170:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6026:
6022:
6012:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5901:
5897:
5859:
5853:
5829:(3): 583–7.
5826:
5822:
5812:
5785:
5781:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5565:
5562:Neurosurgery
5561:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5455:cite journal
5428:
5425:Neurosurgery
5424:
5414:
5400:cite journal
5365:
5361:
5350:
5336:cite journal
5303:
5299:
5292:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5224:
5220:
5197:cite journal
5162:
5158:
5148:
5086:
5080:
5058:(1): 23–56.
5055:
5051:
5045:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4988:cite journal
4955:
4951:
4945:
4902:
4898:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4820:(2): 500–8.
4817:
4813:
4806:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4683:
4679:
4640:
4636:
4595:(5): 654–9.
4592:
4588:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4500:the original
4495:
4486:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4423:
4419:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4344:
4340:
4300:
4297:Neurosurgery
4296:
4251:(11): 1457.
4248:
4244:
4234:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4168:
4165:Neurosurgery
4164:
4158:
4128:(1): 14–20.
4125:
4121:
4115:
4078:
4074:
4061:
4042:
4036:
4023:
3992:
3986:
3976:
3946:(2): 110–8.
3943:
3939:
3933:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3870:cite journal
3848:(1): 49–58.
3845:
3841:
3835:
3821:(2): 93–95.
3818:
3814:
3808:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3730:
3726:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3620:
3616:
3579:
3575:
3530:(3): 750–5.
3527:
3523:
3513:
3480:
3476:
3429:(7): 866–9.
3426:
3422:
3379:(3): 544–9.
3376:
3372:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3295:
3291:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3153:
3149:
3103:
3099:
3058:
3051:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2975:
2972:Neurosurgery
2971:
2964:
2934:(2): 78–84.
2931:
2927:
2921:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2854:(3): 87–92.
2851:
2845:
2835:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2737:(3): 491–3.
2734:
2730:
2720:
2701:
2669:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2579:(1): 25–37.
2576:
2572:
2560:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2510:
2500:
2479:
2475:
2430:(6): 455–8.
2427:
2423:
2375:
2371:
2295:
2247:
2243:
2195:
2191:
2116:Microsurgery
2108:Walter Dandy
2104:neurosurgeon
2097:
2066:
2058:
2026:
2014:
2006:
1995:Epidemiology
1957:hypothalamus
1942:
1911:
1899:
1883:
1852:heart attack
1841:
1820:preventative
1817:
1783:
1767:
1763:hypervolemia
1759:hypertension
1752:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1709:
1673:endothelin 1
1670:
1657:brain damage
1653:brain injury
1640:
1617:
1595:
1587:neurosurgeon
1544:
1528:
1513:
1503:
1466:
1399:
1391:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1345:
1268:
1261:
1210:
1132:Asymptomatic
1106:
1099:
1076:and delayed
1055:
1051:heart attack
1047:ST elevation
1029:
997:
984:spinal canal
970:
950:
926:
901:
881:
858:
829:prostacyclin
825:nitric oxide
817:endothelin-1
797:
766:
743:
724:
709:
692:
685:
621:
599:
569:may reflect
560:
533:
459:
447:
423:neurosurgery
420:
393:
379:, vomiting,
352:
348:
347:
303:Neurosurgery
240:Risk factors
166:Neurosurgery
37:
29:
7498:Neurotrauma
7399:Tetraplegia
7238:Neurotrauma
7077:Extra-axial
6969:precerebral
6660:MedlinePlus
4958:(1): 1–11.
4643:(1): 8–14.
4085:: 110–118.
3999:: 296–298.
3411:Connolly ES
3331:(1): 1–11.
2805:Circulation
2511:Radiopaedia
2081:neurologist
2069:Hippocrates
2050:cholesterol
1863:circulation
1774:Angioplasty
1770:vasodilator
1710:The use of
1524:nicardipine
1500:Arteriogram
1254:parenchymal
1195:Deep coma;
1070:ST segments
974:, in which
923:Angiography
912:sensitivity
758:spinal cord
688:hemiparesis
677:capillaries
493:intravenous
472:within the
466:attenuation
396:head injury
229:Head injury
51:Other names
7467:Categories
7384:Paraplegia
7309:Concussion
6940:Cerebellum
6858:Brain stem
6786:including
6743:Audio help
6734:2008-08-09
6636:DiseasesDB
4171:(1): 1–9.
2126:References
1875:ventricles
1720:nimodipine
1683:known as (
1646:blood flow
1559:craniotomy
1462:Antiemetic
1426:parenteral
1256:extension
1147:neurologic
861:meningitis
770:abuse and
670:neurogenic
591:fundoscopy
505:meningitis
435:Nimodipine
323:nimodipine
314:Medication
285:Meningitis
253:alcoholism
32:See also:
7122:Brainstem
6897:Foville's
6682:emerg/559
6679:neuro/357
6671:eMedicine
5976:Neurology
5431:: N3–N4.
5392:212569228
5328:208870207
5131:ignored (
5121:cite book
4814:Radiology
4458:Radiology
2618:(1): 32.
2505:Dixon A.
2120:vasospasm
2112:Baltimore
2073:Edinburgh
2018:menopause
2009:incidence
1867:vasospasm
1860:posterior
1844:mortality
1833:Prognosis
1805:pneumonia
1728:traumatic
1697:bilirubin
1642:Vasospasm
1637:Vasospasm
1573:and both
1520:labetalol
1506:) of the
1446:pneumatic
1402:intubated
1395:vasospasm
1388:Treatment
1360:Screening
1123:Survival
1109:Botterell
1012:bilirubin
839:Diagnosis
778:therapy,
746:angiogram
642:ventricle
556:meningism
548:Confusion
521:bilateral
503:, severe
443:vasospasm
431:labetalol
369:pia mater
359:into the
339:Frequency
330:Prognosis
319:Labetalol
299:Treatment
170:Neurology
161:Specialty
7160:Aneurysm
7089:Subdural
7084:Epidural
6913:Midbrain
6745: ·
6676:med/2883
6381:19983808
6242:23704101
6201:17470467
6143:17895459
6102:12023423
6045:19390078
5996:17709709
5961:17332451
5920:16282541
5845:15662039
5804:17569871
5758:18547651
5750:17763834
5715:24028808
5707:16424735
5672:37400347
5664:17695377
5629:38149776
5621:14505583
5543:27173669
5502:19875741
5447:28873993
5384:32138631
5320:31812149
5284:43488740
5276:17110283
5181:17392694
5113:21116908
5072:15626454
5037:23446475
5029:16265315
4980:23626380
4972:18709660
4929:17636626
4875:12775880
4834:17293572
4798:17395870
4757:30110521
4708:18777412
4700:16139655
4619:17857170
4567:24911172
4527:PLOS ONE
4478:20634431
4398:15086900
4357:Archived
4353:14752379
4226:11546890
4107:13925503
4099:16159052
4015:26381258
3968:13925503
3960:16159052
3917:13330192
3792:19818236
3757:24393459
3749:18482910
3705:24635988
3664:Archived
3637:20370785
3598:31543134
3546:26797666
3505:45645505
3497:16436770
3445:14970066
3415:Mayer SA
3353:23626380
3345:18709660
3262:18309525
3219:28341753
3178:23726077
3170:16759448
3074:Archived
3035:16781992
3000:38900336
2992:11844260
2956:29858980
2948:16543780
2913:20268064
2905:17290097
2870:18066655
2827:16286583
2761:14966173
2644:30039044
2593:24370126
2552:12591643
2492:Archived
2488:11337350
2400:29126514
2392:17258671
2274:27306497
2212:27741994
2024:levels.
2022:estrogen
1971:such as
1959:and the
1949:sequelae
1895:ischemia
1854:or SAH;
1813:Seizures
1650:ischemic
1579:platinum
1551:clipping
1531:hematoma
1434:sedation
1318:Present
1201:moribund
986:using a
934:catheter
908:contrast
865:migraine
750:midbrain
731:arteries
563:dilation
544:seizures
470:CT scans
389:seizures
367:and the
357:bleeding
289:migraine
211:seizures
201:Delayed
186:vomiting
177:Symptoms
7139:General
7045:CADASIL
6871:Medulla
6732: (
6703:minutes
6630:D013345
6535:1628687
6527:6234754
6492:6228084
6465:2496789
6456:1835889
6416:4654697
6372:2201441
6286:3890278
6192:2095631
6093:1737916
6053:7684816
6004:8596810
5597:Belli A
5595:Sen J,
5582:7133349
5241:6338383
5189:6830602
4937:1767194
4920:7044719
4748:6513627
4657:2045924
4610:1386933
4558:4049799
4535:Bibcode
4506:14 June
4442:9867550
4319:9588539
4275:3236024
4266:1032822
4185:7354892
4150:2871628
4142:5635959
3925:8830952
3862:7897337
3827:5033416
3800:9169045
3554:7268382
3393:8610327
3321:Belli A
3270:8755665
3122:8362440
3043:5511658
2752:1738971
2635:6032606
2543:7974121
2454:2199609
2445:1014202
2265:5018921
2063:History
2030:smoking
1945:fatigue
1937:Autopsy
1716:calcium
1555:coiling
1430:codeine
1307:Absent
1296:Absent
1062:J waves
1039:Q waves
982:of the
898:Imaging
768:Cocaine
739:Aspirin
681:alveoli
640:of the
625:medulla
540:occiput
412:CT scan
408:cocaine
269:CT scan
257:cocaine
249:smoking
6788:stroke
6665:000701
6619:105800
6533:
6525:
6490:
6463:
6453:
6414:
6379:
6369:
6307:: 101.
6284:
6264:Stroke
6240:
6220:Stroke
6199:
6189:
6141:
6100:
6090:
6051:
6043:
6023:Stroke
6002:
5994:
5959:
5939:Stroke
5918:
5898:Stroke
5866:
5843:
5823:Stroke
5802:
5782:Stroke
5756:
5748:
5713:
5705:
5670:
5662:
5627:
5619:
5580:
5541:
5500:
5480:Stroke
5445:
5390:
5382:
5362:Stroke
5326:
5318:
5282:
5274:
5239:
5187:
5179:
5111:
5101:
5070:
5035:
5027:
4978:
4970:
4935:
4927:
4917:
4873:
4853:Stroke
4832:
4796:
4776:Stroke
4755:
4745:
4706:
4698:
4680:Lancet
4655:
4617:
4607:
4565:
4555:
4476:
4440:
4396:
4351:
4317:
4273:
4263:
4224:
4204:Stroke
4183:
4148:
4140:
4105:
4097:
4013:
3966:
3958:
3923:
3915:
3860:
3825:
3798:
3790:
3755:
3747:
3703:
3635:
3596:
3552:
3544:
3524:Stroke
3503:
3495:
3443:
3391:
3373:Stroke
3351:
3343:
3268:
3260:
3227:227321
3225:
3217:
3197:Stroke
3176:
3168:
3120:
3100:Stroke
3066:
3041:
3033:
2998:
2990:
2954:
2946:
2911:
2903:
2868:
2825:
2782:
2759:
2749:
2708:
2676:
2642:
2632:
2591:
2550:
2540:
2486:
2452:
2442:
2398:
2390:
2372:Lancet
2302:
2272:
2262:
2210:
2044:, and
1747:statin
1450:calves
1279:Grade
1217:Grade
1167:Drowsy
1117:Grade
1045:, and
867:, and
853:iodine
762:tumors
712:trauma
698:Causes
654:plasma
451:stroke
225:Causes
152:
7184:Other
7038:Other
6805:Brain
6641:12602
6608:852.1
6604:852.0
6585:S06.6
6581:P10.3
6531:S2CID
6049:S2CID
6000:S2CID
5754:S2CID
5711:S2CID
5668:S2CID
5625:S2CID
5388:S2CID
5324:S2CID
5280:S2CID
5185:S2CID
5033:S2CID
4976:S2CID
4933:S2CID
4704:S2CID
4146:S2CID
4103:S2CID
4081:(2).
4071:(PDF)
4033:(PDF)
3995:(2).
3964:S2CID
3921:S2CID
3796:S2CID
3753:S2CID
3662:(7).
3550:S2CID
3501:S2CID
3349:S2CID
3298:(4).
3266:S2CID
3223:S2CID
3174:S2CID
3039:S2CID
2996:S2CID
2952:S2CID
2909:S2CID
2866:S2CID
2396:S2CID
1985:SIADH
1979:, or
1879:fever
1797:shunt
1567:aorta
1545:If a
1432:, as
1410:pulse
1337:<7
1315:13–14
1304:13–14
1154:palsy
944:with
609:palsy
607:) or
519:, or
385:fever
373:brain
355:) is
217:Types
70:sulci
6888:Pons
6625:MeSH
6614:OMIM
6595:9-CM
6523:PMID
6488:PMID
6461:PMID
6412:PMID
6377:PMID
6282:PMID
6238:PMID
6197:PMID
6139:PMID
6121:JAMA
6098:PMID
6041:PMID
5992:PMID
5957:PMID
5916:PMID
5864:ISBN
5841:PMID
5800:PMID
5746:PMID
5703:PMID
5660:PMID
5617:PMID
5578:PMID
5539:PMID
5498:PMID
5461:link
5443:PMID
5406:link
5380:PMID
5342:link
5316:PMID
5272:PMID
5237:PMID
5203:link
5177:PMID
5140:link
5133:help
5109:PMID
5099:ISBN
5068:PMID
5025:PMID
4994:link
4968:PMID
4925:PMID
4903:2007
4871:PMID
4830:PMID
4794:PMID
4753:PMID
4731:2018
4696:PMID
4653:PMID
4615:PMID
4563:PMID
4508:2013
4474:PMID
4438:PMID
4394:PMID
4349:PMID
4315:PMID
4271:PMID
4222:PMID
4181:PMID
4138:PMID
4095:PMID
4011:PMID
3956:PMID
3913:PMID
3876:link
3858:PMID
3823:PMID
3788:PMID
3745:PMID
3701:PMID
3633:PMID
3594:PMID
3542:PMID
3493:PMID
3441:PMID
3423:JAMA
3389:PMID
3341:PMID
3258:PMID
3215:PMID
3166:PMID
3118:PMID
3064:ISBN
3031:PMID
2988:PMID
2944:PMID
2901:PMID
2823:PMID
2780:ISBN
2757:PMID
2706:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2640:PMID
2589:PMID
2548:PMID
2484:PMID
2450:PMID
2388:PMID
2300:ISBN
2270:PMID
2208:PMID
2091:and
2083:Sir
1987:and
1807:and
1699:and
1612:and
1553:and
1404:and
1326:7–12
1282:GCS
1205:10%
1187:20%
1172:50%
1158:60%
1137:70%
1088:and
1068:and
827:and
782:and
552:coma
437:, a
6600:430
6591:ICD
6577:I60
6568:ICD
6515:doi
6451:PMC
6443:doi
6439:298
6435:BMJ
6404:doi
6367:PMC
6359:doi
6328:doi
6272:doi
6228:doi
6187:PMC
6179:doi
6129:doi
6125:298
6088:PMC
6080:doi
6031:doi
5984:doi
5947:doi
5906:doi
5831:doi
5790:doi
5738:doi
5695:doi
5652:doi
5648:107
5609:doi
5570:doi
5529:doi
5488:doi
5433:doi
5370:doi
5308:doi
5304:134
5264:doi
5229:doi
5225:308
5167:doi
5091:doi
5060:doi
5056:105
5017:doi
4960:doi
4915:PMC
4907:doi
4861:doi
4822:doi
4818:243
4784:doi
4743:PMC
4735:doi
4688:doi
4684:366
4645:doi
4605:PMC
4597:doi
4593:107
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