310:
that are now referred to as "crackles". He described them using unusual daily examples, such as "whistling of little birds", "crackling of salt on a heated dish", "cooing of the woodpidgeon", etc., but he soon realized that he was unable to use the term in front of his patients because it conjured
388:
Fine crackles are soft, high-pitched, and very brief. This sound can be simulated by rolling a strand of hair between one's fingers near the ears or by moistening one's thumb and index finger and separating them near the ears. Their presence usually indicates an interstitial process, such as
380:
Crackles are caused by explosive opening of small airways and are discontinuous, nonmusical, and brief. Crackles are more common during the inspiratory than the expiratory phase of breathing, but they may be heard during the expiratory phase.
838:
823:
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Crackles are often described as fine, medium, and coarse. They can also be characterized as to their timing: fine crackles are usually late-inspiratory, whereas coarse crackles are early inspiratory.
757:"Wheezes, crackles and rhonchi: simplifying description of lung sounds increases the agreement on their classification: a study of 12 physicians' classification of lung sounds from video recordings"
108:
329:'. That was not clearly understood by his translator, John Forbes, and the terminology became very confusing after the publication in the 1830s of Forbes's English translation of Laennec's
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Coarse crackles are somewhat louder, lower in pitch, and last longer than fine crackles. Their presence usually indicates an airway disease, such as
319:", the noise that people who are about to die make when they can no longer clear secretions. Therefore, at the bedside, he used the Latin word
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refers to the presence of crackles in both lungs. Basal crackles are crackles apparently originating in or near the base of the lung.
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Cahalin LP, Buck LA. Physical
Therapy Associated With Cardiovascular Pump Dysfunction and Failure. In: DeTurk WE, Cahalin LP. eds. '
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Crackles are often associated with inflammation or infection of the small bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
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is still common in
English-language medical literature, but cognizance of the ATS/CHEST guidelines calls for
1284:
458:
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reported on a study of various physicians listening to audiovisual recordings of auscultation findings and
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592:. Translated by Forbes J. New York & Philadelphia: Samuel Wood & Sons; Desilver, Thomas & Co.
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397:. The sounds from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis have been described as sounding like opening a
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was analyzed. The study found that broad descriptions agreed better than detailed descriptions.
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The
Quarterly Journal of Foreign Medicine and Surgery and of the Sciences Connected with Them
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On
Mediate Auscultation or Treatise on the Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Lungs and Heart
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De l'Auscultation Médiate, ou Traité du
Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur
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in
English remained variable until 1977, when a standardization was established by the
306:(which has been translated as "rattles", 'groans" and otherwise) to describe the added
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They can also be described as unilateral or bilateral, as well as dry or moist/wet.
210:"). Pulmonary crackles are abnormal breath sounds that were formerly referred to as
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Melbye H, Garcia-Marcos L, Brand P, Everard M, Priftis K, Pasterkamp H (2016).
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Cardiovascular and
Pulmonary Physical Therapy: An Evidence-Based Approach, 3e'
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itself had been remarked upon in a
British review of Laennec's work in 1820.
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Crackles heard in the lungs of a person with pneumonia using a stethoscope.
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202:, and occasionally during exhalation. They are usually heard only with a
628:"Report of the ATS-ACCP Ad Hoc Subcommittee on pulmonary nomenclature".
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441:. Crackles that partially clear or change after coughing may indicate
228:, are crackles heard at the bases of both the left and right lungs.
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650:
Forgacs P (March 1978). "The functional basis of pulmonary sounds".
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A Treatise on the
Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation
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1038:
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326:
191:
187:
884:
731:(3rd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 56.
231:
Crackles are caused by the "popping open" of small airways and
91:
34:
Respiratory sounds associated with abnormal lung conditions
133:
871:- Multiple case studies with audio files of lung sounds.
425:
Crackles that do not clear after a cough may indicate
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575:] (in French). Paris: Brosson & Chaudé.
528:(2003) , Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J (eds.),
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8:
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364:became its recommended substitute. The term
729:Acute care handbook for physical therapists
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39:
780:
532:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
239:, or lack of aeration during expiration.
555:. McGraw-Hill; Accessed August 16, 2020
517:
242:Crackles can be heard in patients with
1384:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
7:
354:American College of Chest Physicians
604:"Laennec's new system of diagnosis"
439:acute respiratory distress syndrome
264:acute respiratory distress syndrome
25:
333:. The difficulty of translating
186:that may be made by one or both
123:
81:
725:"Chapter 2; Respiratory System"
429:or fluid in the alveoli due to
877:- sound files of breath sounds
530:English Pronouncing Dictionary
1:
761:BMJ Open Respiratory Research
455:European Respiratory Society
325:, which originally meant a '
773:10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000136
315:, which translates to "the
1400:
300:adopted the existing word
26:
1207:Precordial catch syndrome
1107:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
449:Interobserver consistency
350:American Thoracic Society
331:De L'Auscultation Mediate
289:can also cause crackles.
268:interstitial lung disease
68:
55:
723:Paz JC, West MP (2009).
395:congestive heart failure
356:. As a result, the term
287:congestive heart failure
285:secondary to left-sided
226:bilateral basal crackles
27:For other meanings, see
1290:Charcot–Leyden crystals
459:interobserver variation
1007:Whispered pectoriloquy
664:10.1378/chest.73.3.399
706:"Unilateral crackles"
691:TheFreeDictionary.com
1285:Curschmann's spirals
1133:Respiratory distress
972:Pleural friction rub
418:Associated diagnoses
235:collapsed by fluid,
875:R.A.L.E. Repository
862:Audio Breath Sounds
586:Laennec RT (1835).
565:Laennec RT (1819).
360:was abandoned, and
340:The terminology of
311:the association of
196:respiratory disease
51:Crepitations, rales
1326:pulmonary embolism
1298:chronic bronchitis
1138:Respiratory arrest
1117:Ataxic respiration
1112:Kussmaul breathing
1102:Biot's respiration
1097:Agonal respiration
993:Elicited findings
937:Respiratory sounds
916:respiratory system
912:Signs and symptoms
867:2020-12-15 at the
710:Rightdiagnosis.com
506:Respiratory sounds
435:pulmonary fibrosis
391:pulmonary fibrosis
313:le râle de la mort
252:pulmonary fibrosis
218:Bilateral crackles
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738:978-1-4160-6948-5
539:978-3-12-539683-8
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37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1056:Hyperventilation
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914:relating to the
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184:crackling noises
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1337:Westermark sign
1254:Post-nasal drip
1249:Silhouette sign
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1172:Mouth breathing
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1061:Hypoventilation
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869:Wayback Machine
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501:Allergic asthma
496:Pertussis toxin
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427:pulmonary edema
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283:Pulmonary edema
182:, rattling, or
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224:, also called
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614:: 51–68, 1820
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74:Pronunciation
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30:
19:
1351:Kerley lines
1343:
1332:Hampton hump
1324:
1310:
1296:
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1002:Pectoriloquy
987:Death rattle
982:Bronchophony
951:
924:Auscultation
837:
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636:: 5–6. 1977.
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471:Bronchophony
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317:death rattle
312:
301:
298:René Laennec
296:
241:
230:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:auscultation
175:
174:
18:Subcrepitant
1312:sarcoidosis
1202:In children
1044:Prematurity
932:Stethoscope
481:Consumption
293:Terminology
272:thoracotomy
248:atelectasis
204:stethoscope
168:Pulmonology
48:Other names
1318:Kveim test
1304:Reid index
1239:Hemoptysis
1197:Chest pain
1157:Aerophagia
997:Percussion
512:References
276:metastasis
256:bronchitis
200:inhalation
1244:Epistaxis
1152:Trepopnea
1147:Platypnea
1143:Orthopnea
1081:Bradypnea
1071:Tachypnea
1066:Hyperpnea
1024:Breathing
401:fastener.
244:pneumonia
163:Specialty
1378:Category
1224:Cyanosis
1212:Pleurisy
1162:Asphyxia
1076:Hypopnea
1012:Egophony
977:Fremitus
952:Crackles
865:Archived
791:27158515
630:ATS News
476:Egophony
465:See also
370:crackles
362:crackles
322:rhonchus
279:ablation
270:or post
266:(ARDS),
254:, acute
180:clicking
178:are the
176:Crackles
43:Crackles
1177:Snoring
1090:Pattern
1051:Dyspnea
962:Stertor
957:Rhonchi
942:Stridor
782:4854017
526:Jones D
346:rhonchi
237:exudate
233:alveoli
198:during
194:with a
29:Crackle
1279:asthma
1259:Hiccup
1234:Sputum
967:Squawk
947:Wheeze
789:
779:
735:
686:"Rale"
672:630938
670:
536:
399:Velcro
154:
1229:Cough
1190:Other
1126:Other
1039:Apnea
848:786.7
833:R09.8
652:Chest
571:[
491:Croup
437:, or
376:Sound
366:rales
358:râles
342:rales
327:snore
303:râles
212:rales
206:("on
192:human
190:of a
188:lungs
117:RAHLZ
104:
1265:COPD
1032:Rate
843:9-CM
787:PMID
733:ISBN
668:PMID
534:ISBN
352:and
344:and
335:râle
150:RALZ
839:ICD
824:ICD
777:PMC
769:doi
660:doi
393:or
274:or
121:or
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775:.
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759:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.