329:. This has been proposed to be caused by a little influence of subliminal stimuli on the cognitive circuits that – together with survival ones – contribute to the conscious experience of fear. Spider-fearful and non-fearful undergraduates experienced either a positive, negative, or neutral subliminal priming stimulus followed immediately by a picture of a spider or a snake. Using visual analogue scales, the participants rated the affective quality of the picture. No evidence was found to support that the unpleasantness of the pictures can be modulated by subliminal priming. Non-fearful participants rated the spiders as being more frightening after being primed with a negative stimulus, but the event was not found in fearful participants. However, a systematic review of the literature found that the majority of negative results concerning subliminal phobic stimulations could be explained by a methodological issue (i.e., latency and duration of the subliminal stimulus) rather than by a real inefficacy of these pictures. Indeed, two meta-analyses of the scientific literature found significant – even if weak – results for both behavioral and brain imaging correlates of subliminal stimulation in panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder respectively.
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option over other habitually chosen options. If the subliminal stimuli are for a product that is not quickly accessible or if there is no need for it within a specific context then the stimuli will have little to no effect. Subliminal priming can direct people's actions even when they believe they are making free choices. When primed to push a button with their off-hand, people will use that hand even if they are given a free choice between using their off-hand and their dominant hand. However, a meta analysis of many strong articles displaying effectiveness of subliminal messaging revealed its effects on actual consumer purchasing choices between two alternatives are not statistically significant; subliminal messaging is only effective in behaviour in very specific present intentions and contexts, which means they do not have visible results for mischievous results. It is suggested, however, that subliminal stimuli can bias acting decisions, including internally and freely generated ones, but, since that effect remains along with the aforementioned intentions and contexts, any impact on the choice of action are not mischievous but rather appropriate and adaptive.
369:. In a set of experiments, words and non-words were used as subliminal primes. Priming stimuli that work best as subliminal stimuli are words that have been classified several times before they are used to prime. Word primes can also be made from parts of practiced words to create new words. In this case, the actual word used to prime can have the opposite meaning of the words it came from (its "parents"), but it will still prime for the meaning of the parent words. Non-words created from previously practiced stimuli have a similar effect, even when they are unpronounceable (e.g. made of all consonants). These primes generally only increase response times for later stimuli for a very short period of time (milliseconds).
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words, and it found evidence of priming in the absence of awareness of the stimuli. The effects of these subliminal stimuli were only seen in one of the outcome measures of priming, while the effects of conscious stimuli were seen in multiple outcome measures. However, the empirical evidence for the assumption of an impact of auditory subliminal stimuli on human behavior remains weak; in an experimental study on the influence of subliminal target words (embedded into a music track) on choice behavior for a drink, authors found no evidence for a manipulative effect.
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significantly improved scores on all dependent measures (cognition, self-concept, self-esteem, anxiety) except behavior. Results for the subliminal stimulation group were similar to those of the placebo treatment except for a significant self-concept improvement and a decline in self-concept-related irrational cognitions. The combined treatment yielded results similar to those of rational-emotive therapy, with tentative indications of continued improvement in irrational cognitions and self-concept from posttest to follow-up.
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their perceived accuracy ratings would indicate; that is, stimuli presented at a subjective threshold have a longer presentation time than those presented at an objective threshold. When using the objective threshold, priming stimuli neither facilitated nor inhibited the recognition of a color. However, the longer the duration of the priming stimulus, the greater effect it had on subsequent responding. These findings indicate that the results of some studies may be due to their definition of below threshold.
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body between each slide and the next. After exposure from something which the individuals consciously perceived as a flash of light, the participants exhibited more positive personality traits to those people whose slides were associated with an emotionally positive scene and vice versa. Despite the statistical difference, the subliminal messages had less of an impact on judgment than the slide's inherent level of physical attractiveness.
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However, this is not obvious at all from the perspective of a phobic person, who is typically afraid even by the mere thought of the phobic stimulus. This lack of emotional response induced by very brief phobic pictures that were nonetheless emerged to awareness has brought to the definition of emotionally-subliminal stimuli as stimuli that do not induce the expected emotional reaction even if consciously perceived.
357:(shock) or non-reinforcement were recorded. The findings indicate that the proportion of electrical skin changes that occurred following subliminal visual stimuli was significantly greater than expected, while the proportion of electrical skin changes that occurred in response to the stimuli which were not reinforced was significantly less. As a whole, participants were able to make below threshold discriminations.
33:
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message had succeeded among the thirsty. 80% of them chose a certain ice tea brand versus the 20% of the control group that were not exposed to the message. Those who were not thirsty did not choose the drink in question, despite the subliminal message. The experiment suggests that in certain circumstances (i.e., in the confines of one limited study) subliminal advertising worked.
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attention to the face perception and how subliminal presentation to different facial expression affects emotion. Visual subliminal stimuli have also been used to study emotion eliciting stimuli and simple geometric stimuli. A significant amount of research has been produced throughout the years to demonstrate the effects of subliminal visual stimuli.
163:(fMRI) studies showed that subliminal stimuli activate specific regions of the brain despite participants' unawareness, a result corroborated in a meta-analysis from 2023 concerning subliminal stimulation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then
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assessment can be problematic in studies comparing the brain responses to detected versus undetected stimuli, as the resulting differences could be attributed to the act of answering (e.g., pressing a button) rather than to the (un)conscious processing: in these cases, a no-report paradigm could be preferable.
322:. The results revealed that the subliminal sexual stimuli did not have an effect on men, but for women, lower levels of sexual arousal were reported. However, in conditions related to accessibility of sex-related thoughts, the subliminal sexual stimuli led to higher accessibility for both men and women.
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One method for creating subliminal auditory stimuli is masking, which involves hiding the target auditory stimulus in some way. Auditory subliminal stimuli are shown to have some effect on the participant, but not a large one. For example, one study used other speechlike sounds to cover up the target
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However, a debate was raised in the scientific literature because of the heterogeneity of paradigms to make stimuli subliminal and to assess their effectiveness: the best solution has been proposed to be a trial-by-trial assessment of each stimulus' conscious detection. Despite its rigorousness, this
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Similarly, a direct effect is the effect of a task stimulus on the instructed response to it, and is usually measured as accuracy. An indirect effect is an uninstructed effect of the task stimulus on behavior, sometimes measured by including an irrelevant or distracting component in the task stimulus
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In subliminal stimuli research, the threshold is the level at which the participant is not aware of the stimulus being presented. Researchers determine a threshold for the stimulus that is used as the subliminal stimulus. That stimulus is then presented during the study at some point and measures are
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Luís Bassat suggests an interesting observation by indicating that the current objective of advertising is "to get the consumer to take into account the brand when making the decision", a trend opposed to the objective of subliminal advertising. In turn, Fernando Ocañashowed that the essential thing
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A seminal article published in 1994 found that subliminal phobic pictures elicited specific electrodermal reactions even if not consciously perceived. This study paved the way to a prolific research field investigating the psychophysiological and behavioral correlates of emotionally-relevant stimuli
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Some stimuli supposed to elicit a specific emotional reaction (e.g., spider pictures shown to a spider-fearful person) could fail to elicit it even if consciously perceived. This sounds apparently obvious: even if one is arachnophobic, the spider picture could be too brief to elicit a fear reaction.
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Karremans conducted a study assessing whether subliminal priming of a brand name of a drink would affect a person's choice of drink, and if this effect was caused by the individual's feelings of being thirsty. In another study, participant's ratings of thirst were higher after viewing an episode of
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Johan
Karremans suggests that subliminal messages have an effect when the messages are goal-relevant. In a study, researchers made half of the 105 volunteers feel thirsty by giving them food with lots of salt before performing the experiment. At the end, as predicted, they found that the subliminal
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Perception without awareness can be demonstrated through the comparison of direct and indirect measures of perception. Direct measures use responses to task definitions in accordance to the explicit instructions given to the subjects, while indirect measures use responses that are not a part of the
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The context that the stimulus is presented in affects their effectiveness. For example, if the target is thirsty then a subliminal stimulus for a drink is likely to influence the target to purchase that drink if it is readily available. The stimuli can also influence the target to choose the primed
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has shown that subliminal stimuli can only trigger actions a receiver of the message plans to perform anyway. However, consensus of subliminal messaging remains unsubstantiated by other research. Most actions can be triggered subliminally only if the person is already prepared to perform a specific
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characterises Key as "the kind of guy who could find something suggestive in a dial tone", citing an anecdote where Key objected to the use of subliminal sexual imagery in one of his own book covers, mistakenly believing that the publisher must have used an illustrative photo from an advertisement
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Attitudes can develop without being aware of their antecedents. Individuals viewed slides of people performing familiar daily activities after being exposed to either an emotionally positive scene, such as a romantic couple or kittens, or an emotionally negative scene, such as a werewolf or a dead
280:
In order to study the effects of subliminal stimuli, researchers often prime participants with specific visual stimuli, and determine if those stimuli elicit different responses. Subliminal stimuli have mostly been studied in the context of emotion; in particular, researchers have focused a lot of
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The subjective threshold is determined when the participant reports that their performance on the forced-choice procedure approximates chance. The subjective threshold is 30 to 50 ms slower than the objective threshold, demonstrating that participants' ability to detect the stimuli is earlier than
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was associated with more sales and customers moving at a slower pace. Findings such as these support the notion that external cues can affect behavior, although the stimulus may not fit into a strict definition of subliminal stimuli because although the music may not be attended to or consciously
500:
Currently, there is still speculation about this effect. Many authors have continued to argue for the effectiveness of subliminal cues in changing consumption behavior, citing environmental cues as a main culprit of behavior change. Authors who support this line of reasoning cite findings such as
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stated that subliminal stimuli are subordinated to previously structured associative stimuli, and that their only role is to reinforce a certain behavior or a certain previous attitude, without there being conclusive evidence that the stimulus that provokes these behaviors is properly subliminal.
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and auditory subliminal stimulation (separately and in combination) on 141 undergraduate students with self-concept problems. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving either rational-emotive therapy, subliminal stimulation, both, or a placebo treatment. Rational-emotive therapy
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activity in response to subliminal fear, and a greater left amygdala response to supraliminal fear. In a 2005 study, participants were exposed to a subliminal image flashed for 16.7 milliseconds that could signal a potential threat and again with a supraliminal image flashed for half a second.
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Ibáñez, Agustin; Hurtado, Esteban; Lobos, Alejandro; Escobar, Josefina; Trujillo, Natalia; Baez, Sandra; Huepe, David; Manes, Facundo; Decety, Jean (29 June 2011). "Subliminal presentation of other faces (but not own face) primes behavioral and evoked cortical processing of empathy for pain".
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paradigm, participants have to respond to a target stimulus (e.g. by identifying whether it is a diamond or a square) which is immediately preceded by a masked priming stimulus (also a diamond or a square). The prime has large effects on responses to the target: it speeds responses when it is
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by inserting in his cinema's movies some frames with "Drink Coca-Cola!" written on it. Five years later, however, he admitted to having inflated his results somewhat by including certain data that were labeled scientifically unreliable. However, Vicary's claim increased scientific interest in
465:. Subliminal messages produce only one-tenth of the effects of detected messages and the findings related to the effects of subliminal messaging were relatively ambiguous. Participants’ ratings of positive responses to commercials were not affected by subliminal messages in the commercials.
492:, by pointing out that the "recent studies" serving as the basis for his claims were not identified by place or experimenter. He also suggests that claims about subliminal images are due to the "tendency of chaotic shapes to form patterns vaguely resembling familiar things". In 2009, the
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consistent with the target, and slows responses when it is inconsistent. Response priming effects can be dissociated from visual awareness of the prime, such as when prime identification performance is at chance, or when priming effects increase despite decreases in prime visibility.
264:, subjects are asked to name the color of a patch of ink. A direct measure is accuracy—true to the instructions given to the participants. The popular indirect measure used in the same task is response time—subjects are not told that they are being measured for response times.
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taken to determine the effects of the stimulus. The way in which studies operationally define thresholds depends on the methods of the particular article. The methodology of the research also varies by the type of subliminal stimulus (auditory or visual) and the
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Visual stimuli are often masked by forward and backward masks so that they can be displayed for longer periods of time without the subject being able to recognize the priming stimuli. A forward mask is briefly displayed before the priming stimulus and a
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Comparison of the effects of auditory subliminal stimulation and rational-emotive therapy, separately and combined, on self-concept. Möller AT, Kotzé HF, Sieberhagen KJ. Department of
Psychology, University of Stellenbosch,
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that contained single frames of the word "thirsty", or of a picture of a Coca-Cola can. Some studies showed greater effects of subliminal messaging, with up to 80% of participants showing a preference for a particular
213:
The objective threshold is found using a forced-choice procedure, in which participants must choose which stimulus they saw from options given to them. For example, participants are flashed a stimulus (like the word
717:"Exposure to subliminal arousing stimuli induces robust activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, insular cortex and primary visual cortex: a systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies"
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and measuring its effect on accuracy. These effects are then compared on their relative sensitivity: an indirect effect that is greater than a direct effect indicates that unconscious cognition exists.
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followed by a supraliminal shock for a given slide every time it appeared. The shock was administered after a five-second interval. Electrical skin changes of the participants that occurred before the
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Furthermore, supraliminal fear showed more sustained cortical activity, suggesting that subliminal fear may not entail conscious surveillance while supraliminal fear entails higher-order processing.
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are no better than) that predicted by chance. The length of presentation that causes chance performance on the forced-choice task is used later in the study for the subliminal stimuli.
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task definition given to subjects. Both direct and indirect measures are displayed under comparable conditions except for the direct or indirect instruction. For example, in a typical
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Greenwald, Anthony G.; Klinger, Mark R.; Schuh, Eric S. (1995). "Activation by marginally
Perceptible ("Subliminal") Stimuli: Dissociation of Unconscious From Conscious Cognition".
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or colors) in which visibility is controlled by visual masking. Masked stimuli are then used to prime the processing of subsequently presented target stimuli. For instance, in the
2564:"No advertisement may use images of very brief duration, or any other technique that is likely to influence consumers, without their being fully aware of what has been done."
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Verwijmeren, Thijs; Karremans, Johan C.; Stroebe, Wolfgang; Wigboldus, Daniël H.J. (April 2011). "The workings and limits of subliminal advertising: The role of habits".
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Dijksterhuis, Ap; Smith, Pamela K.; van Baaren, Rick B.; Wigboldus, Daniel H.J. (2005). "The unconscious consumer: Effects of environment on consumer behavior".
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Kapoor, Vishal; Dwarakanath, Abhilash; Safavi, Shervin; Werner, Joachim; Besserve, Michel; Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I.; Logothetis, Nikos K. (2022-03-22).
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The presentation of geometric figures as subliminal stimuli can result in below threshold discriminations. The geometric figures were presented on slides of a
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was recorded. Researchers examined the accessibility of sex-related thoughts after following the same procedure with either a pictorial judgment task or
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2706:"Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal"
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United States Senate, Ninety-ninth
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Indeed, subliminal stimulation is now accepted as a legitimate research field in the scientific literature. A 2012 review of
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Baroni, Marina; Frumento, Sergio; Cesari, Valentina; Gemignani, Angelo; Menicucci, Danilo; Rutigliano, Grazia (2021-09-01).
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Effects of Subliminal Anger and Sadness Primes on Agency Appraisals".
440:. One of Key's most cited studies is a whisky ad in which he found several hidden figures in ice cubes. However,
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Abrams, R. L.; Greenwald, A. G. (2000). "Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning".
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is to obtain the greatest possible memory, which implies a conscious perception and not an subconscious one.
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A subliminal sexual stimulus has a different effect on men compared to women. In a study by Omri
Gilliath
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218:) and then given a few choices and asked which one they saw. Participants must choose an answer in this
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1910:"Unconscious processing of subliminal stimuli in panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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to interrupt processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.
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Subliminal stimuli can elicit significant emotional changes, but these changes are not valuable for a
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Milliman, Ronald E. (1982). "Using
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the objective threshold is obtained when participants' results in this task reach the level of (
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1420:"Priming relationship schemas: My advisor and the pope are watching me from the back of my mind"
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Brand choice : revealing customers' unconscious -automatic and strategic thinking processes
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Brooks, S. J.; Savov V.; Allzén E.; Benedict C.; Fredriksson R.; Schiöth H. B. (February 2012).
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that employed subliminal stimuli. It had been a simple unaltered photograph of a martini glass.
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Merikle, P. M.; Daneman, M. (1998), "Psychological
Investigations of Unconscious Perception",
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314:, men and women were subliminally exposed to either a sexual or a neutral picture, and their
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1798:"Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking"
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In 1957, the American cinematographer James Vicary claimed to have increased the sales of
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Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Klinger, Mark R. (June 1992). "Is the unconscious smart or dumb?".
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1003:"Perceptually Visible but Emotionally Subliminal Stimuli to Improve Exposure Therapies"
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Record Labeling: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
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Recommandation adoptée par le Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel le 27 février 2002
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Laboratory research on unconscious perception often employs simple stimuli (e.g.,
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Cooper, Joel; Cooper, Grant (2002). "Subliminal motivation: A story revisited".
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1600:"Does subliminal exposure to sexual stimuli have the same effects on men women?"
1464:"Differential priming effect for subliminal fear and disgust facial expressions"
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2297:"Beyond Vicary's fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice"
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667:"Beyond Vicary's fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice"
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Vorberg, D.; Mattler, U.; Heinecke, A.; Schmidt, T.; Schwarzbach, J. (2003).
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2428:(September–October 2019). "Subliminal Advertising, Trumpian and Otherwise".
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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
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2596:"Staatsvertrag für Rundfunk und Telemedien (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag - RStV)"
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Subliminal seduction: Ad media's manipulation of a not so innocent America
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821:"Subliminal stimuli can bias 'free' choices between response alternatives"
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in the United Kingdom and France, as well as German television and radio.
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when subliminally primed by the name being placed backwards in an advert.
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usually follows it to prevent the subject from recognizing the stimulus.
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2121:"Is there an effect of subliminal messages in music on choice behavior?"
1598:; Mikulincer, Mario; Birnbaum, Gurit E.; Shaver, Phillip R. (May 2007).
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Sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold for conscious perception
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1371:"Amygdala–prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear"
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1067:"Direct and indirect measures to study perceptions without awareness"
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Karremans, Johan C.; Stroebe, Wolfgang; Claus, Jasper (2006-11-01).
1001:
Frumento, Sergio; Gemignani, Angelo; Menicucci, Danilo (July 2022).
664:
Karremans, Johan C.; Stroebe, Wolfgang; Claus, Jasper (2006-11-01).
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338:
1699:"Different time courses for visual perception and action priming"
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affecting the customers, they are certainly able to perceive it.
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Some studies looked at the efficacy of subliminal messaging in
2206:"Are subliminal messages secretly embedded in advertisements?"
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Studies on advertising with subliminal stimuli in still images
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Egermann, Hauke; Kopiez, Reinhard; Reuter, Christoph (2007).
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Ronald Millman's research that showed slow-paced music in a
1859:""Unconscious anxiety": Phobic responses to masked stimuli"
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Among the researchers in favor of subliminal stimuli was
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Hippo Eats Dwarf: A Field Guide to Hoaxes and Other B.S
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https://loalab.net/the-science-of-subliminal-messages/
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Expert discusses the effects of subliminal advertising
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Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis
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A study investigated the effects on self-concept of
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
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2652:Subliminal Perception: The nature of a controversy
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1418:Baldwin, M.; Carrell, D. F.; Lopez, D. F. (1990).
1211:
665:
584:Unconscious thought theory § Criticism of UTT
130:literally "below" or "less than") are any sensory
2760:, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
1903:
1901:
2554:. Committees on Advertising Practice (CAP). 2013
2289:
2287:
2285:
758:
756:
754:
1856:Öhman, Arne; Soares, Joaquim J. F. (May 1994).
488:, however, criticizes claims, such as those by
1590:
1588:
1065:Reingold, Eyal M.; Merikle, Philip M. (1988).
2670:"New Look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed"
8:
2770:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
365:Another form of visual stimuli is words and
2823:The Science of Subliminal Messages, (2023)
2347:"Subliminal advertising may work after all"
1763:Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
1756:
1754:
1752:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1468:Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
1331:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
957:Chessman, Jim; Merikle, Philip M. (1984).
2488:
2321:
2302:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
2103:
2033:
1996:
1821:
1732:
1722:
1618:
1525:
1479:
1438:
1427:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
1394:
1300:
1186:
1168:
1082:
1036:
1018:
974:
890:
836:
780:
734:
691:
672:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
2450:"Los mensajes subliminales sí funcionan"
1914:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2405:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
594:
2763:
574:Subliminal messages in popular culture
509:Subliminal messaging is prohibited in
421:The prominent barcode pattern on this
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
996:
994:
457:Consumption, television and criticism
161:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
2372:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
2226:, Editorial Planeta, Barcelona, 2003
2078:Breitmeyer, B.G.; Ogmen, H. (2007).
1213:"Current concerns in visual masking"
959:"Priming with and without awareness"
912:
910:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
819:Schlaghecken, F.; Eimer, M. (2004).
814:
812:
810:
808:
602:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles.
2548:"Section 3. Misleading-advertising"
1796:Kouider, S; Dehaene, S (May 2007).
2384:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01860.x
1802:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
1111:Journal of Experimental Psychology
494:American Psychological Association
25:
2456:. Londres: BBC. 28 September 2009
825:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
553:Peripheral vision horizon display
406:rational emotive behavior therapy
183:of a message. Research on action
2742:Journal of Consciousness Studies
736:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.077
538:Instances of subliminal messages
83:
31:
1926:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.023
1210:Wiens, Stefan (November 2006).
2632:, Orlando: Harcourt, pp.
2477:Journal of Consumer Psychology
1864:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1518:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.014
871:Journal of Consumer Psychology
769:Journal of Affective Disorders
428:car served as advertising for
1:
2713:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2264:Journal of Applied Psychology
2204:Adams, Cecil (26 June 1987).
2183:"Wilson Bryan Key is insane!"
1667:Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
2434:. Vol. 43, no. 5.
1449:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90068-W
1071:Perception and Psychophysics
963:Perception and Psychophysics
255:Direct and indirect measures
2601:. die medienanstalten. 1991
2224:Libro rojo de la publicidad
1876:10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.231
175:Applications of subliminal
148:stimuli (above threshold).
2856:
2689:10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.766
2499:10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_3
2314:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.002
2276:10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.866
1981:10.1038/s41380-021-01395-5
1285:10.1038/s41467-022-28897-2
1123:10.1037/0096-3445.124.1.22
883:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.11.004
684:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.002
643:10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.761
400:Self-help audio recordings
2725:10.1017/s0140525x00021269
2668:Greenwald, A. G. (1992).
2654:, New York: McGraw-Hill,
2650:Dixon, Norman F. (1971),
2105:10.4249/scholarpedia.3330
1679:10.1080/10615809908248330
1629:10.1080/00224490701263579
1481:10.3758/s13414-010-0032-3
1230:10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.675
1170:10.3389/fnins.2021.654170
1157:Frontiers in Neuroscience
782:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.047
361:Word and non-word stimuli
302:Emotion eliciting stimuli
46:toward certain viewpoints
1343:10.1177/0146167292182006
1020:10.3390/brainsci12070867
559:Pre-attentive processing
333:Simple geometric stimuli
2044:10.1111/1467-9280.00226
1724:10.1073/pnas.0931489100
1607:Journal of Sex Research
293:Individuals show right
179:are often based on the
1814:10.1098/rstb.2007.2093
921:. Palgrave Macmillan.
433:
373:Masking visual stimuli
143:
134:below an individual's
124:
2704:Holender, D. (1986),
2677:American Psychologist
2238:"Media Advertisement"
2022:Psychological Science
1265:Nature Communications
630:American Psychologist
420:
320:lexical decision task
156:subliminal messages.
2624:Boese, Alex (2006),
2514:Journal of Marketing
1969:Molecular Psychiatry
917:Trappey, R. (2014).
564:Priming (psychology)
237:Subjective threshold
2793:2001Natur.413..844W
2096:2007SchpJ...2.3330B
1715:2003PNAS..100.6275V
1375:Human Brain Mapping
1277:2022NatCo..13.1535K
246:Emotional threshold
209:Objective threshold
203:dependent variables
52:improve the article
18:Subliminal messages
2436:Center for Inquiry
2431:Skeptical Inquirer
2397:Key, W.B. (1973),
2236:Keith, Christian.
2187:University of Iowa
1084:10.3758/bf03207490
976:10.3758/bf03202793
838:10.3758/bf03196596
609:A Latin Dictionary
434:
327:therapeutic effect
79:Subliminal stimuli
2787:(6858): 844–848.
2661:978-0-07-094147-2
2643:978-0-15-603083-0
2438:. pp. 28–29.
2426:Radford, Benjamin
2412:978-0-13-859090-1
2378:(11): 2213–2227.
1709:(10): 6275–6280.
1387:10.1002/hbm.20208
928:978-1-349-52357-3
307:made subliminal.
142:, in contrast to
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
2847:
2820:
2801:10.1038/35101601
2775:
2769:
2761:
2750:
2735:
2710:
2700:
2674:
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2440:
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2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2345:Motluk, Alison.
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2299:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:straightdope.com
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:. Archived from
2181:Johns, Craig M.
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2159:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2080:"Visual Masking"
2075:
2064:
2063:
2037:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1975:(3): 1322–1330.
1960:
1954:
1953:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1808:(1481): 857–75.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1775:10.1037/h0083570
1758:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1622:
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1592:
1583:
1582:
1571:10.1037/a0020306
1554:
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1494:
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978:
954:
941:
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914:
905:
904:
894:
866:
851:
850:
840:
816:
803:
802:
784:
760:
749:
748:
738:
729:(3): 2962–2973.
712:
706:
705:
695:
669:
661:
655:
654:
624:
618:
617:
599:
569:Response priming
490:Wilson Bryan Key
449:in the field of
438:Wilson Bryan Key
391:Auditory masking
386:Auditory stimuli
343:response priming
339:geometric shapes
228:
227:
223:
121:
120:
117:
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68:
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59:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2840:Sensory systems
2830:
2829:
2778:
2762:
2753:
2738:
2708:
2703:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2649:
2644:
2623:
2620:
2618:Further reading
2615:
2604:
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2593:
2589:
2581:
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2573:
2572:
2568:
2557:
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2546:
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2541:
2526:10.2307/1251706
2511:
2510:
2506:
2490:10.1.1.167.6867
2474:
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2014:
1962:
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1652:
1620:10.1.1.581.7310
1602:
1594:
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1556:
1555:
1551:
1502:
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1497:
1461:
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806:
762:
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714:
713:
709:
663:
662:
658:
626:
625:
621:
614:Perseus Project
601:
600:
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519:
459:
415:
402:
393:
388:
375:
363:
335:
304:
287:
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86:
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63:
60:
49:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2776:
2751:
2736:
2701:
2683:(6): 766–779.
2665:
2660:
2647:
2642:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2587:
2566:
2539:
2504:
2483:(3): 193–202.
2467:
2441:
2417:
2411:
2389:
2362:
2337:
2308:(6): 792–798.
2281:
2270:(6): 866–874.
2251:
2228:
2222:Bassat, Luís,
2215:
2196:
2193:on 2007-01-08.
2173:
2144:
2134:
2111:
2065:
2035:10.1.1.79.8405
2028:(2): 118–124.
2012:
1955:
1897:
1870:(2): 231–240.
1848:
1837:
1788:
1748:
1684:
1673:(2): 217–229.
1650:
1613:(2): 111–121.
1584:
1565:(6): 915–922.
1549:
1506:Brain Research
1495:
1474:(2): 473–481.
1454:
1440:10.1.1.321.544
1433:(5): 435–454.
1410:
1381:(8): 652–661.
1356:
1337:(2): 152–162.
1316:
1251:
1224:(4): 675–680.
1202:
1136:
1098:
1077:(6): 563–575.
1052:
1007:Brain Sciences
990:
969:(4): 387–395.
942:
927:
906:
877:(2): 206–213.
852:
831:(3): 463–468.
804:
750:
707:
678:(6): 792–798.
656:
619:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
581:
579:Suggestibility
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
518:
515:
486:Martin Gardner
458:
455:
451:media planning
414:
411:
401:
398:
392:
389:
387:
384:
374:
371:
362:
359:
334:
331:
316:sexual arousal
303:
300:
286:
283:
277:
276:Visual stimuli
274:
256:
253:
247:
244:
238:
235:
210:
207:
205:they measure.
197:
194:
181:persuasiveness
172:
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138:for conscious
74:
71:
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39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2403:
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2373:
2366:
2363:
2352:
2351:New Scientist
2348:
2341:
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2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
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2225:
2219:
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2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2163:on 2007-02-08
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:"Chen, Adam.
2148:
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1846:
1845:www.monyms.ir
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1597:
1596:Gillath, Omri
1591:
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