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defining the dominant meaning of a word, and the right hemisphere more involved in divergent semantic priming, defining alternate meanings of a word. For example, when primed with the word "bank," the left hemisphere would be bias to define it as a place where money is stored, while the right hemisphere might define it as the shore of a river. The right hemisphere may extend this and may also associate the definition of a word with other words that are related. For example, while the left hemisphere will define pig as a farm animal, the right hemisphere will also associate the word pig with farms, other farm animals like cows, and foods like pork.
90:) for the various conditions for which the words (or the pseudowords) differ. A very common effect is that of frequency: words that are more frequent are recognized faster. In a cleverly designed experiment, one can draw theoretical inferences from differences like this. For instance, one might conclude that common words have a stronger
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Studies in right hemisphere deficits found that subjects had difficulties activating the subordinate meanings of metaphors, suggesting a selective problem with figurative meanings. Bias has also been found in semantic processing with the left hemisphere more involved in semantic convergent priming,
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Other LDT studies have found that the right hemisphere is unable to recognize abstract or ambiguous nouns, verbs, or adverbs. It is, however, able to distinguish the meaning of concrete adjectives and nouns as efficiently as the left hemisphere. The same study also found that the right hemisphere is
101:, in which the subject is 'primed' with a certain stimulus before the actual lexical decision task has to be performed. In this way, it has been shown that subjects are faster to respond to words when they are first shown a
128:. Tests like the LDT that use semantic priming have found that deficits in the left hemisphere preserve summation priming while deficits in the right hemisphere preserve direct or coarse priming.
510:
Mashal, Nira, et al. "Hemispheric differences in processing the literal interpretation of idioms: Converging evidence from behavioral and fMRI studies." cortex 44.7 (2008): 848-860.
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related prime: participants are faster to confirm "nurse" as a word when it is preceded by "doctor" than when it is preceded by "butter". This is one example of the phenomenon of
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Faust, Miriam; Lavidor, Michal (2003). "Semantically convergent and semantically divergent priming in the cerebral hemispheres: Lexical decision and semantic judgment".
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have found that there is lateralization for semantic processing by investigating hemisphere deficits, which can either be lesions, damage or disease, in the
415:
Kotz, Sonja A.; et al. (2002). "Modulation of the lexical–semantic network by auditory semantic priming: An event-related functional MRI study".
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of brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other. Studies in
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Meyer, D.E.; Schvaneveldt, R.W.; Ruddy, M.G. (1975), "Loci of contextual effects on visual word recognition", in
Rabbitt, P.; Dornic, S. (eds.),
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Meyer, D.E.; Schvaneveldt, R.W. (1971). "Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations".
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in the early 1970s. Since then, the task has been used in thousands of studies, investigating semantic memory and lexical access in general.
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Schvaneveldt, R.W.; Meyer, D.E. (1973), "Retrieval and comparison processes in semantic memory", in
Kornblum, S. (ed.),
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whereas processing of an idiom’s literal interpretation was associated with increased activity in the right hemisphere.
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in
English). Their task is to indicate, usually with a button-press, whether the presented stimulus is a word or not.
557:"Processing homonymy and polysemy: Effects of sentential context and time-course following unilateral brain damage"
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study found that the left hemisphere was dominant in processing the metaphorical or idiomatic interpretation of
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experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords.
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Beeman, Mark; et al. (1994). "Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere".
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Although versions of the task had been used by researchers for a number of years, the term
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Lexical decision tasks are often combined with other experimental techniques, such as
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Day, James (1977). "Right-hemisphere language processing in normal right-handers".
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Subjects are presented, either visually or auditorily, with a mixture of words and
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Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
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47:, who brought the task to prominence in a series of studies on
319:"Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review"
368:"A Diffusion Model Account of the Lexical Decision Task"
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Ratcliff, Roger; Gomez, Pablo; McKoon, Gail (2004).
270:"Context effects in lexical access: A meta-analysis"
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555:Klepousniotou, Ekaterini; Baum, Shari R. (2005).
645:The Psychology of Language. From Data To Theory
144:Examples of direct or coarse priming include:
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239:, New York: Academic Press, pp. 395–409
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131:Examples of summation priming include:
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140:Railroad, coal, conductor -> Train
113:Lateralization in semantic processing
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135:Shuttle, ground, space -> Launch
71:(nonsense strings that respect the
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470:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
323:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
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24:) is a procedure used in many
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317:Lucas, Margery (2000-12-01).
268:Lucas, Margery (1999-05-01).
82:The analysis is based on the
237:Attention and performance IV
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384:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.159
255:Attention and performance V
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649:. Hove: Psychology Press.
75:rules of a language, like
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679:Neuropsychological tests
604:Cognitive Brain Research
482:10.1162/jocn.1994.6.1.26
171:superordinate categories
641:Harley, Trevor (2001).
86:(and, secondarily, the
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429:10.1006/nimg.2002.1316
274:Memory & Cognition
94:than uncommon words.
92:mental representation
45:Roger W. Schvaneveldt
37:lexical decision task
18:lexical decision task
372:Psychological Review
126:medial temporal lobe
122:semantic processing
561:Brain and Language
336:10.3758/bf03212999
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153:Write -> Pencil
148:Cut -> Scissors
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65:logatomes
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