578:
482:
1099:
431:
1145:
1183:
behaviors and signals (nudging, barking, growling, pawing, jumping, etc.) were used by the other dog to communicate the intent and/or desire to continue on with the dyadic play. Stronger or more frequent signaling was used if the attention of the other dog was not captured. These observations tell us that these dogs know how play behavior and signaling can be used to capture attention, communicate intent and desire, and manipulate one another. This characteristic and skill, called the "attention-getting skill" has generally only been seen in humans, but is now being researched and seen in many different species.
1330:
48:
1305:). The social benefits of play for many animals, for example, could instead be garnered by grooming. Patrick Bateson maintains that equifinality is exactly what play teaches. In accordance with the flexibility hypothesis, play may teach animals to avoid "false endpoints". In other words, they harness the childlike tendency to keep playing with something that works "well enough", eventually allowing them to come up with something that might work better, if only in some situations. This also allows mammals to build up various skills that could come in handy in entirely novel situations.
1080:
other age groups, the elderly are more likely to experience a variety of barriers, such as difficulty with environmental hazards and accessibility issues, that may hinder their abilities to play. Although playing may benefit seniors, it also has the potential to negatively impact their health. For example, those who play may be more susceptible to injury. Investigating these barriers may assist in the creation of useful interventions and/or the development of preventative measures, such as establishing safer recreational areas, that promote play throughout elderly life.
1130:
1195:
1114:
536:
141:
555:
283:
895:
942:. Overlooked are the benefits of play for adults—more specifically, adults who spend a lot of time in the workplace. Many adults in North America are in the workforce and spend half of their waking hours in a workplace environment with little to no time for play. Play in this context refers to leisure-type activities with colleagues during lunch breaks or short breaks throughout the working day. Leisure activities might include physical
747:(e.g., making friends). Electronics are a form of playtime, but researchers have found that most electronic play leads to lack of motivation, no social interaction, and can lead to obesity. Play is children using their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. Dramatic play is common in younger children. For youth to benefit from playtime, the following are recommended:
1272:
854:, and other related diseases. According to research by the Australian Early Childhood Mental Health Initiative, children can be assisted in dealing with and managing stress by developing their sense of optimism when playing sports. Young people also tend to be more nutrition-conscious in their food choices when they participate in sport. Girls involved in sport are less likely to experience teenage
1284:
88:. Accordingly, play can range from relaxed, free-spirited, spontaneous, and frivolous to planned or even compulsive. Play is not just a pastime activity; it has the potential to serve as an important tool in numerous aspects of daily life for adolescents, adults, and cognitively advanced non-human species (such as primates). Not only does play promote and aid in physical development (such as
4521:
1402:
versus playing styles with fathers and how it influences child social development. "ntegral to positive development is the child's social competence or, more precisely, the ability to regulate their own emotions and behaviors in the social contexts of early childhood to support the effective accomplishment of relevant developmental tasks."
1352:, the father of the child study movement that sparked an interest in the developmental, mental, and behavioral world of babies and children. Play promotes healthy development of parent-child bonds, establishing social, emotional, and cognitive developmental milestones that help them relate to others, manage stress, and learn resiliency.
2695:
1031:
tries to down-key playfight invitations to "treatment" or "learning," but playfighting also offers youth and staff identificatory respite from the institutional regime. Playfighting is a recurrent pattern in the social life of a youth care institution and sits at the core of what inmates and staff have to deal with
453:, game researcher and theorist Jesper Juul explores the relationship between real rules and unreal scenarios in play, such as winning or losing a game in the real world when played together with real-world friends, but doing so by slaying a dragon in the fantasy world presented in the shared video game.
1434:
Before and after the two hours of play, the children have the opportunity to express their plans and discuss with their peers. After the play, they get the opportunity to draw, write or explain what they did. Then, they watch the videos recorded the same day and explain how they played and comment on
1405:
Social benefits of play have been measured using basic interpersonal values such as getting along with peers. Play with parents reduces anxiety in children. Having play time with parents that involves socially acceptable behaviour makes it easier for children to relate to be more socially adjusted to
1079:
Play and activity tend to decline with age which may result in negative outcomes such as social isolation, depression, and mobility issues. American studies found that only 24% of seniors took part in regular physical activity and only 42% use the internet for entertainment purposes. In comparison to
1067:
for entertainment. Another study indicated a common pattern in game preferences among older adults: seniors often favor activities that encourage mental and physical fitness, incorporate past interests, have some level of competition, and foster a sense of belonging. Researchers investigating play in
1050:
Similar to the data surrounding children and adults, play and activity are associated with improved health and quality of life among seniors. Additionally, play and activity tend to affect successful aging as well as boost well-being throughout the lifespan. Although children, adults, and seniors all
906:
Although adults who engage in high amounts of play may find themselves described as "childish" or "young at heart" by less playful adults, play is an important activity, regardless of age. Creativity and happiness can result from adult play, where the objective can be more than fun alone, as in adult
124:
This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of human activity is sometimes referred to as the "magic circle" notion of play, a phrase also attributed to
Huizinga. Many other definitions exist. Jean Piaget stated, "the many theories of play expounded in the past are clear
592:
Play time can be a way for children to learn the different ways of their culture. Many communities use play to emulate work. The way in which children mimic work through their play can differ according to the opportunities they have access to, but it is something that tends to be promoted by adults.
550:
Parent interactions at playtime also differ within communities. Parents in the Mayan culture interact with their children in a playful mindset while parents in the United States tend to set aside time to play and teach their children through games and activities. In the Mayan community, children are
119:
Summing up the formal characteristic of play, we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside "ordinary" life as being "not serious" but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained
1430:
While planning, experimenting, building, and using the structures to play, the children have the opportunity to interact with peers, to think critically about what may work, to discuss the plan, and organize the construction work. The process is observed and recorded by the teachers and instructors
1182:
of the
University of California, the communication and attention-getting skills of dogs were investigated. In a natural setting, dyadic play behavior was observed; head-direction and posture was specifically noted. When one of the two dogs was facing away or otherwise preoccupied, attention-getting
1083:
A moderate level of play has numerous positive outcomes in the lives of senior citizens. To support and promote play within the older population, institutions should set up more diverse equipment, improve conditions within recreational areas, and create more video games or online forums that appeal
1075:
The ability to incorporate play into one's routine is important because these activities allow participants to express creativity, improve verbal and non-verbal intelligence, and enhance balance. These benefits may be especially crucial to seniors because cognitive and physical functioning declines
1030:
Contests, team-building exercises, fitness programs, mental health breaks, and other social activities make the work environment fun, interactive, and rewarding. Playfighting, i.e. playful fights or fictive disputes, may contribute to organizations and institutions, as in youth care settings. Staff
1026:
Companies that encourage play at work, whether short breaks throughout the day or during lunch breaks, are more successful because this leads to positive emotion among employees. Risk taking, confidence in presenting novel ideas, and embracing unusual and fresh perspectives are associated with play
546:
Some cultures, such as Euro-American ones, encourage play time in order to stress cognitive benefits and the importance of learning how to care for one's self. Other cultures, such as people of
African American or Asian American heritages, stress more group oriented learning and play where kids can
1426:
in traditional
Chinese) is an educational method based on children's self-directed play in outside spaces, using simple tools made of natural material. The teachers and instructors only observe and document the children's independent play. The method was created by Cheng Xueqin and is organized as
1389:
Various forms of play, physical or mental, influence cognitive abilities in individuals. As little as ten minutes of exercise (including physical play), can improve cognitive abilities. An "exergame" is a game that incorporates some physical movement but is not formal exercise. Such games increase
1300:
evolutionary biologist) proposes a "flexibility" hypothesis that attempts to incorporate these neurological findings. It argues that play helps animals learn to switch and improvise all behaviors more effectively, to be prepared for the unexpected. There may, however, be other ways to acquire even
585:
At an indigenous community of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in
Colombia, children's play is highly valued and encouraged by leaders and parents. They interact with the children of different ages and explore together different environments to let the children express themselves as part of the group.
245:
uses imagination to transcend what is known in the current state, to create a higher state. For example, a person might experiment to find a new way to use a musical instrument, thereby taking that form of music to a higher plane; or, as
Einstein was known to do, a person might wonder about things
165:
Free-form play gives children the freedom to decide what they want to play and how it will be played. Both the activity and the rules are subject to change in this form, and children can make any changes to the rules or objectives of the play at any time. Some countries in the twenty-first century
1158:
Evolutionary psychologists believe that there must be an important benefit of play, as there are so many other reasons to avoid it; observations have shown it has arisen independently in such varied groups as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. Animals are often injured
569:
Groups of children in Efe of the
Democratic Republic of Congo can be seen making ‘food’ from dirt or pretending to shoot bows and arrows much like their elders. These activities are similar to other forms of play worldwide. For instance, children can be seen comforting their toy dolls or animals,
499:
and games and children's drive for freedom to play. In the colonial era, toys were makeshift and children taught each other very simple games with little adult supervision. The market economy of the 19th century enabled the modern concept of childhood as a distinct, happy life stage. Factory-made
1401:
Play can also influence one's social development and social interactions. Much of the research focuses on the influence play has on child social development. There are different forms of play that influence child social development. One study explored the influence of playing styles with mothers
1186:
Observing play behavior in various species can tell much about the player's environment (including the welfare of the animal), personal needs, social rank (if any), immediate relationships, and eligibility for mating. Play activity, often observed through action and signals, serves as a tool for
1393:
Playing video games is one of the most common mediums of play for children and adults today. There have been mixed reviews on the effects of video games. One study found " was positively associated with skills strongly related to academic success, such as time management, attention, executive
120:
by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress the difference from the common world by disguise or other means.
96:
and social skills, and can even act as a stepping stone into the world of integration, which can be a very stressful process. Play is something that most children partake in, but the way play is executed is different between cultures, and the way that children engage with play varies.
1235:. While mimicking adult behavior, attacking actions such as kicking and biting are not completely fulfilled, so playmates do not generally injure each other. In social animals, playing might also help to establish dominance rankings among the young to avoid conflicts as adults.
1023:, and stress. Decreased stress leads to less illness, which results in lower health care costs. Play at work may help employees function and cope when under stress, refresh body and mind, encourage teamwork, trigger creativity, and increase energy while preventing burnout.
922:. Play also offers adults the opportunity to practice concepts that may not have been explicitly or formally taught (e.g. how to manage misinformation or deceit). Thus, even though play is just one of many tools used by effective adults, it remains a necessary one.
1051:
tend to benefit from play, older adults often perform it in unique ways to account for possible issues, such as health restrictions, limited accessibility, and revised priorities. For this reason, elderly people may partake in physical exercise groups, interactive
1438:
Anji play is also called "true play" and its guiding principles are love, risk, joy, engagement, and reflection. This method of self-initiated and self-directed play is applied at the pre-schools (children from three to six years old) in Anji county, East China.
523:, thousands of local playgrounds and ball fields opened, promoting softball especially as a sport for all ages and genders. By the 21st century, Chudacoff notes, the old tension between parental controls and a child's individual freedom was being played out in
423:. Play can consist of an amusing, pretend, or imaginary activity alone or with another. Some forms of play are rehearsals or trials for later life events, such as "play fighting", pretend social encounters (such as parties with dolls), or flirting. Findings in
1320:
that came into association with each other during food provisioning by pilgrims at the
Ambagarh Forest Reserve, near Jaipur, India, shows the interspecific interaction that developed between the juveniles of the two species when opportunity presented itself.
132:. The definition reads as follows: "play is freely chosen, personally directed, intrinsically motivated behaviour that actively engages the child." This definition focuses more on the child's freedom of choice and personal motivation related to an activity.
1187:
communication and expression. Through mimicry, chasing, biting, and touching, animals act out in ways that send messages to one another; whether it's an alert, initiation of play, or expressing intent. When play behavior was observed for a study in
562:
All around the world, children use natural materials like stones, water, sand, leaves, fruits, sticks, and a variety of resources to play. In addition, there are groups that have access to crafts, industrialized toys, electronics, and video-games.
191:
for example, players kick a ball in a certain direction and push opponents out of their way as they do so. While appropriate within the sport's play space, these same behaviors might be inappropriate or even illegal outside the playing field.
1372:
Play is positively correlated with coping with daily stressors in children. By playing, children regulate their emotions. This is important for adaptive functioning because without regulation, emotions could be overwhelming and stressful.
1380:
relationship between higher intelligence in humans and its relationship to play, i.e., the relationship of play to the progress of whole evolutionary groups as opposed to the psychological implications of play to a specific individual.
577:
471:
Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational, and leisure
1230:
play by running and leaping as they acquire speed and agility. Hoofed mammals also practice kicking their hind legs to learn to ward off attacks. Indeed, time spent in physical play accelerates motor skill acquisition in wild
711:
to a point where everything else seems irrelevant. Sport fans can also imagine what it feels like to play for their preferred team. The feelings people experience can be so surreal that it affects their emotions and behavior.
911:" are examples of such creative play. In creative professions, such as design, playfulness can dispel more serious attitudes (such as shame or embarrassment) that impede brainstorming or artistic experimentation in design.
573:
In Brazil, children can be found playing with balls, kites, marbles, pretend houses, or mud kitchens, like in many other countries. In smaller communities they use mud balls, little stones or cashews to replace marbles.
3275:
2323:
72:
pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably
148:
Play can take the form of improvisation, pretense, interaction, performance, mimicry, games, sports, and thrill-seeking (including extreme or dangerous sports like sky-diving, high-speed racing, etc.).
427:
suggest that play promotes flexibility of mind, including adaptive practices such as discovering multiple ways to achieve a desired result, or creative ways to improve or reorganize a given situation.
1027:
at work. Play can increase self-reported job satisfaction and well-being. Employees experiencing positive emotions are more cooperative, more social, and perform better when faced with complex tasks.
589:
Some children in the Sahara use clay figures as their forms of playful toys. Toys in general are a representation of cultural practices. They usually illustrate characters and objects of a community.
468:
Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.
723:
can provide a positive outcome for youth development. Research shows adolescents are more motivated and engaged in sports than any other activity, and these conditions predict a richer personal and
1175:
physically active play is performed also during periods of low food availability and even if it is at the expense of growth, which highlights the developmental and evolutionary importance of play.
1258:(the outer areas of the brain—part of what distinguishes mammals). There is evidence that play helps the brain clean up this excess of cells, resulting in a more efficient cerebrum at maturity.
1191:, it was discovered that play signals weren't always used to initiate play; rather, these signals were viewed primarily as methods of communication (sharing information and attention-getting).
1068:
older adults are also interested in the benefits of technology and video games as therapeutic tools. These outlets can lower the risk of developing particular diseases, reduce feelings of
199:
with dedicated equipment and structures to promote active and social play. Some play spaces go even farther in specialization to bring the play indoors, and charge admission, as seen at
1072:
and stress, and promote creativity and the maintenance of cognitive skills. As a result, play has been integrated into physiotherapy and occupational therapy interventions for seniors.
1043:
predicted an increase of those aged 60 and above from 629 million in 2002 to approximately two billion in 2050 but increased life expectancy does not necessarily translate to a better
449:, researchers Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman outline 18 schemas for games, using them to define "play", "interaction", and "design" formally for behaviorists. Similarly, in his book
2839:
Lockett, Donna; Willis, Alette; Edwards, Nancy (2005). "Through
Seniors' Eyes: An Exploratory Qualitative Study to Identify Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking".
1098:
727:
development. Anxiety, depression and obesity can stem from lack of activity and social interaction. There is a high correlation between the amount of time that youth spend playing
1159:
during play, become distracted from predators, and expend valuable energy. In rare cases, play has even been observed between different species that are natural enemies such as a
500:
dolls and doll houses delighted young girls. Organized sports filtered down from adults and colleges, and boys learned to play with a bat, a ball, and an impromptu playing field.
1076:
with age. However, it might not be aging itself that is associated with the decline in cognitive and physical capabilities, but the higher levels of inactivity in older adults.
1242:, discovered that the amount of time spent at play for many mammals (e.g. rats and cats) peaks around puberty, and then drops off. This corresponds to the development of the
1055:, and social forums specifically geared towards their needs and interests. One qualitative research study found older adults often chose to engage in specific games such as
1004:, and liveliness that play provides. This provides the employee with the sense that they are integrated within the organization, and therefore they feel and perform better.
508:
With the rise of motor vehicle traffic in the 20th century, teenagers were increasingly organized into club sports supervised and coached by adults, with swimming taught at
543:
The act of play time is a cross-cultural phenomenon that is universally accepted and encouraged by most communities; however, it can differ in the ways that is performed.
2334:
551:
supported in their playing but also encouraged to play while watching their parents do household work in order to become familiar with how to follow in their footsteps.
2540:
Leone, M.; Lariviere, G.; Comtois, A.S. (2002). "Discriminant analysis of anthropometric and biomotor variables among elite adolescent female athletes in four sports".
6506:
1479:
985:, during their engagement with a task. While people are engaged in work, positive affect increases the satisfaction they feel from the work, and this increases their
3997:
Raudenská, Jaroslava; Gumančík, Jiří; Raudenský, Martin; Pasqualucci, Alberto; Narvaez Tamayo, Marco
Antonio; Varrassi, Giustino; Javůrková, Alena (15 August 2023).
1406:
peers at school or at play. Social development involving child interaction with peers is thus an area of influence for playful interactions with parents and peers.
84:
Play is often interpreted as frivolous; yet the player can be intently focused on their objective, particularly when play is structured and goal-oriented, as in a
1987:
1144:
2763:
3763:
7126:
5215:
1129:
566:
In Australia, games and sports are part of play. There, play can be considered as preparation for life and self-expression, like in many other countries.
481:
237:
an infant explores the ways in which his or her body works and interacts with the world, such as making funny sounds or discovering what happens in a fall
5505:
278:
play of learning and language that develops intellect, such as a parent reading aloud to a child, or a child retelling the story in his or her own words
5552:
4479:
Free, imaginative play is crucial for normal social, emotional and cognitive development. It makes us better adjusted, smarter and less stressed.
2081:
1556:
1178:
The social cognitive complexity of numerous species, including dogs, have been explored in experimental studies. In one such study, conducted by
2283:
993:
tasks as well as other tasks. The development of a persistent motivational style charged with positive affect may lead to lasting work success.
5306:
5003:
1390:
one's heart rate to the level of aerobics exercise and result in significant improvements in mental faculties such as math and recall memory.
6853:
4424:
4316:
4151:
3966:
2940:
1967:
1758:
1492:
1254:
in Alberta, Canada, discovered that play may shape the brain in other ways, too. Young mammals have an overabundance of brain cells in their
457:
2586:
430:
6624:
6499:
4491:
1359:(the neural mechanisms of emotion) has uncovered important links between role play and neurogenesis in the brain. For example, researcher
1369:
to describe the momentary disruption of perception that comes from forms of physical play that disorient the senses, especially balance.
878:. Sport provides an arena for young people to be physically active and so reduces the time spent in sedentary pursuits, such as watching
6880:
6792:
5537:
4572:
607:
Sport activities are one of the most universal forms of play. Different continents have their own popular/dominant sports. For example,
129:
5372:
3105:
2364:
Beets, M.W.; Pitetti, K H. (2005). "Contribution of physical education and sport to health-related fitness in high school students".
5405:
5342:
4447:
1817:
1540:
3416:
4374:
Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life
369:
is used as a clinical application of play aimed at treating children who suffer from trauma, emotional issues and other problems.
5056:
2873:
Chen, Tinghao; Sun, Kuo-Shun (2012). "Exploring the strategy to improve senior citizens' participations on recreational sports".
1113:
3718:"When do octopuses play? Effects of repeated testing, object type, age, and food deprivation on object play in Octopus vulgaris"
6559:
6492:
5847:
5200:
5046:
5367:
1427:
two hours of free play during which the children choose the available material they want to use and build structures to play.
1329:
775:
By participating regularly in a variety of sports, children can develop and become more proficient at various skills (such as
270:
involves others in activities such as tumbling, making faces, and building connections with another child or group of children
5490:
5357:
3401:"Problem of reptile play: Environmental enrichment and play behavior in a captive Nile soft-shelled turtle,Trionyx triunguis"
254:
a child invents scenarios from his or her imagination and acts within them as a form of play, such as princess or pirate play
1498:
1168:
1047:. For this reason, research has begun to investigate methods to maintain and/or improve quality of life among older adults.
47:
6554:
5362:
5087:
4724:
2308:
1703:
520:
757:
Youth should have a group of supportive people around them (teammates, coaches, and parents) with positive relationships.
6737:
6634:
5281:
5127:
5023:
4998:
4769:
382:
7040:
4943:
2029:
208:
5220:
3683:
Galpayage Dona, Hiruni Samadi; Solvi, Cwyn; Kowalewska, Amelia; Mäkelä, Kaarle; MaBouDi, HaDi; Chittka, Lars (2022).
1222:
play by chasing, pouncing, pawing, wrestling, and biting, as they learn to stalk and kill prey. Prey animals such as
4208:
The benefits of parent-child play for the social development of preschoolers with varying levels of anxiety problems
2771:
166:
have added emphasis of free play into their values for children in early childhood, for example Taiwan and Hungary.
6732:
6354:
5872:
5660:
5142:
4973:
4968:
4241:
3771:
2677:
3400:
1871:
1210:
One theory—"play as preparation"—was inspired by the observation that play often mimics adult themes of survival.
7111:
6727:
6594:
5588:
5352:
5311:
5147:
4867:
4699:
3106:"Games for a better life: effects of playing wii games on the well‑being of seniors in a long‑term care facility"
2412:
Brown, E.W.; Clark, M.A.; Ewing, M.E.; Malina, R.M. (1998). "Participation in youth sports: Benefits and risks".
445:
is used to describe the concept and theory of play and its relationship to rules and game design. In their book,
5472:
441:
As children get older, they engage in board games, video games, and computer play, and in this context the word
177:". Other play is unstructured or open-ended. Both types of play promote adaptive behaviors and mental states of
7164:
7121:
6644:
6371:
5939:
5547:
4719:
2111:
1251:
919:
489:
1988:"Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialised child-focused activities"
215:
businesses that facilitate play and entertainment, while Children's Museums and Science Centers are typically
3845:
Horowitz, Alexandra (January 2009). "Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play".
6639:
6281:
5175:
4565:
1928:"Toys, Play, Culture and Society. An anthropological approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara"
1194:
1001:
3208:"The Development of Social Interaction, Play, and Metacommunication in Mammals: An Ethological Perspective"
1904:
1171:. Animals on the lower strata, e.g. stressed and starving animals, generally do not play. However, in wild
6870:
6174:
6019:
5805:
5710:
5428:
5008:
4847:
4225:
Sinclair, Jeff; Hingston, Philip; Masek, Martin (2009). "Exergame development using the dual flow model".
4129:
2239:
1356:
1310:
1297:
875:
535:
3924:"The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds"
3312:
2621:
1532:
6629:
5954:
5398:
5337:
4898:
4822:
4749:
4714:
4458:
4182:
2501:"Participation in school sports clubs and related effects on cardiovascular risk factors in young males"
2302:
1337:
809:
396:
93:
89:
4266:
1909:
Making sense of developmentally and culturally appropriate practice (DCAP) in early childhood education
760:
Youth should possess skill development; such as physical, interpersonal, and knowledge about the sport.
200:
3889:
2164:
Larson, R.; Kleiber, D.A. (1993). "Daily experience of adolescents". In Tolan, P.; Cohler, B. (eds.).
2089:
1565:
6848:
6787:
6687:
6661:
5195:
5122:
5071:
4832:
4807:
4797:
4206:
3801:
3608:
3443:
3324:
1250:
behaviors, as much as building general connections in the brain. Sergio Pellis and colleagues at the
620:
262:
such as playing with toys, banging pots and pans, handling physical things in ways that use curiosity
188:
4335:
Colella, Massimo (2023). "Rinascimento ludens: Girolamo Bargagli ei «giuochi» delle veglie senesi".
4134:
2244:
1676:
140:
7116:
7101:
6009:
5949:
5810:
5542:
5445:
5210:
5137:
5061:
4882:
4862:
4817:
4754:
4637:
4589:
1239:
412:
378:
246:
which are not yet known and play with unproven ideas as a bridge to the discovery of new knowledge.
158:
3790:"Locomotor play drives motor skill acquisition at the expense of growth: A life history trade-off"
7184:
6609:
5974:
5603:
5510:
5439:
5256:
4993:
4729:
4558:
4157:
3870:
3431:
3188:
3132:
2927:
2802:
2744:
2597:
2565:
2481:
2198:
2010:
1179:
823:
4537:
4510:
3717:
1834:
1625:
Elbeltagi, Reem; Al-Beltagi, Mohammed; Saeed, Nermin Kamal; Alhawamdeh, Rawan (9 January 2023).
1167:. Yet play seems to be a normal activity with animals who occupy the higher strata of their own
1956:
A Typology of the Traditional Games of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
7179:
7174:
7169:
6935:
6823:
6802:
6762:
6584:
6315:
6309:
6238:
6067:
6060:
5929:
5770:
5628:
5347:
5190:
5112:
5092:
4963:
4903:
4842:
4837:
4802:
4779:
4709:
4694:
4443:
4420:
4403:
4360:
4312:
4147:
4099:
4030:
3962:
3945:
3862:
3827:
3745:
3737:
3665:
3624:
3577:
3559:
3518:
3500:
3477:
Eisenbeiser, Sofia; Serbe-Kamp, Étienne; Gage, Gregory J.; Marzullo, Timothy C. (2022-06-30).
3459:
3381:
3340:
3293:
3180:
2994:
2936:
2848:
2557:
2522:
2381:
2257:
2190:
1963:
1954:
1813:
1754:
1658:
1536:
1488:
1345:
997:
833:
644:
287:
4525:
3045:
Hoppes, S.; Hally, C.; Sewell, L. (2000). "An interest inventory of games for older adults".
6717:
6692:
6075:
5969:
5822:
5522:
5495:
5485:
5391:
5230:
5066:
5041:
5033:
4789:
4673:
4652:
4470:
4435:
4393:
4139:
4089:
4079:
4020:
4010:
3935:
3854:
3817:
3809:
3729:
3696:
3655:
3616:
3567:
3549:
3508:
3490:
3451:
3412:
3371:
3332:
3283:
3250:
3219:
3170:
3159:"Motivators, Barriers, and Beliefs Regarding Physical Activity in an Older Adult Population"
3124:
3116:
3081:
3054:
3025:
2984:
2882:
2794:
2734:
2660:
2591:
2549:
2512:
2473:
2373:
2249:
2182:
2002:
1883:
1805:
1648:
1638:
1605:
1232:
1172:
1069:
1019:, stronger or new social bonds, improved job performance, and a decrease in staff turnover,
915:
732:
554:
170:
3999:"Play as a Stress-Coping Method Among Children in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review"
3207:
2739:
2722:
894:
7141:
7091:
7020:
6995:
6965:
6875:
6722:
6436:
6149:
6083:
6004:
5433:
5261:
5180:
5017:
4877:
4627:
4474:
1349:
1188:
1044:
996:
Work and play are mutually supportive. Employees need to experience the sense of newness,
990:
974:
813:
744:
204:
28:
4068:"Bridge Over Troubled Water: Perspective Connections between Coping and Play in Children"
3014:"Turning Training into Play: Emobodied gaming, seniors, physical training and motivation"
302:
4025:
3998:
3805:
3612:
3596:
3595:
Burghardt, Gordon M.; Dinets, Vladimir; Murphy, James B. (2015). Ebensperger, L. (ed.).
3447:
3328:
3238:
2431:
2054:
1729:
842:
Regular participation in sport and physical activity is associated with a lower risk of
7131:
7015:
6955:
6619:
6614:
6604:
6599:
6564:
6195:
5573:
5516:
5321:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5246:
4923:
4852:
4642:
4094:
4067:
3822:
3789:
3572:
3537:
3513:
3478:
3336:
2377:
2173:
Weiss, Maureen R. (2008). "Field of dreams: Sport as a Context for Youth Development".
1653:
1626:
1525:
1360:
1316:
1271:
1104:
1040:
766:
Youth should have experiences that are on par with their needs and developmental level.
680:
461:
153:
112:
35:
6322:
6246:
3358:
Barabanov, Valerij; Gulimova, Victoria; Berdiev, Rustam; Saveliev, Sergey (May 2015).
495:
American historian Howard Chudacoff studied the interplay between parental control of
187:
with defined rules take place within designated play spaces, such as sports fields—in
7158:
7136:
7106:
7086:
6945:
6920:
6843:
6757:
6747:
6742:
6656:
6549:
6380:
5994:
5979:
5959:
5760:
5745:
5730:
5643:
5638:
5532:
5455:
5316:
5225:
5170:
5165:
5107:
4938:
4774:
4759:
4744:
4657:
4617:
4398:
4381:
4121:
3874:
2806:
2748:
2485:
2014:
1377:
863:
847:
736:
724:
696:
676:
628:
612:
602:
400:
4161:
3192:
3136:
2569:
2202:
1039:
Older adults represent one of the fastest growing populations around the world. The
6975:
6970:
6950:
6930:
6916:
6860:
6707:
6589:
6539:
6216:
6052:
6014:
5964:
5934:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5800:
5780:
5700:
5500:
5479:
5450:
5266:
5117:
5102:
4958:
4948:
4734:
4540:
4345:
4126:
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2477:
2186:
1302:
1064:
1008:
683:
showcase countries competing with each other and are broadcast all over the world.
652:
424:
390:
386:
366:
359:
69:
55:
17:
3716:
Kuba, Michael J.; Byrne, Ruth A.; Meisel, Daniela V.; Mather, Jennifer A. (2006).
3701:
3684:
1610:
1593:
914:
Imaginative play and role play may allow adults to practice useful habits such as
4436:
4186:
3175:
3158:
3157:
Costello, Ellen; Kafchinski, Marcia; Vrazel, JoEllen; Sullivan, Patricia (2011).
2886:
1806:
763:
Youth should be able to make their own decisions about their sport participation.
7081:
7076:
7050:
6940:
6925:
6906:
6865:
6833:
6828:
6666:
6544:
6034:
5924:
5842:
5765:
5715:
5618:
5276:
5251:
5097:
4933:
4918:
4704:
4632:
4622:
4330:. Translated by Barash, Meyer. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
3733:
3072:
Hoppes, S.; Wilcox, T.; Graham, G. (2001). "Meanings of play for older adults".
3030:
3013:
2322:
Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L.; D'Agostino, Heidi; DeLong, Raeka (2009).
1283:
1052:
1020:
982:
955:
951:
939:
883:
871:
867:
819:
720:
692:
509:
222:
The California-based National Institute for Play describes seven play patterns:
196:
107:
3276:"Play behaviour by captive tree monitors, Varanus macraei and Varanus prasinus"
2253:
1707:
1627:"Play therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations"
751:
Give children ample, unscheduled time to be creative to reflect and decompress.
7060:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6985:
6838:
6712:
6574:
6569:
6525:
6347:
6156:
6124:
5989:
5914:
5882:
5862:
5735:
5725:
5685:
5665:
5623:
5291:
5185:
4988:
4913:
4857:
4827:
4764:
4662:
4532:
4176:
3858:
3455:
3376:
3359:
2553:
2464:
Brady, F. (2004). "Children's organized sports: A developmental perspective".
2006:
1734:
1395:
1277:
Playing in the surf is among the favorite activities of children at the beach.
1243:
1160:
1012:
986:
947:
672:
664:
636:
632:
524:
355:
342:
216:
65:
4364:
4227:
Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment
4084:
3741:
3669:
3628:
3563:
3504:
3385:
3344:
3297:
3113:
Proceedings from the 6th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment
2798:
973:
Playing games may promote a persistent and optimistic motivational style and
7045:
6911:
6890:
6772:
6697:
6649:
6579:
6534:
6395:
6141:
6132:
5984:
5817:
5795:
5785:
5740:
5720:
5690:
5680:
5655:
5578:
5527:
4982:
4953:
4928:
4812:
4667:
4581:
4143:
3643:
3120:
2989:
2972:
1341:
978:
963:
855:
829:
656:
420:
282:
178:
6267:
4505:
4438:
The Interrelationship of Leisure and Play: Play as Leisure, Leisure as Play
4407:
4103:
4034:
3949:
3940:
3923:
3866:
3831:
3813:
3749:
3581:
3538:"Salmonid Jumping and Playing: Potential Cultural and Welfare Implications"
3522:
3463:
3254:
3184:
2998:
2852:
2561:
2526:
2385:
2261:
2194:
1888:
1662:
4520:
3660:
3085:
3058:
3012:
Aarhus, Rikke; Gronvall, Erik; Larsen, Simon B.; Wollsen, Susanne (2011).
2517:
2500:
2324:"Children's Pastimes and Play in Sixteen Nations: Is Free-Play Declining?"
2230:
Larson, R.W. (2000). "Toward a psychology of positive youth development".
1643:
7096:
7035:
7025:
6960:
6797:
6777:
6702:
6484:
6467:
6388:
6329:
6209:
6117:
5999:
5919:
5877:
5852:
5827:
5775:
5705:
5650:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5583:
5271:
5205:
4612:
4015:
1255:
1211:
1060:
1056:
959:
843:
792:
788:
740:
708:
640:
516:
442:
404:
212:
3495:
3288:
3128:
128:
Another definition of play from the twenty-first century comes from the
27:"Playing" redirects here. For the jazz album by Old and New Dreams, see
7055:
7030:
6807:
6443:
6429:
6362:
6302:
6295:
6260:
6223:
6188:
5944:
5867:
5837:
5790:
5750:
5675:
5633:
4908:
4872:
3554:
908:
859:
851:
799:
784:
780:
776:
704:
700:
688:
668:
435:
3620:
3597:"Highly Repetitive Object Play in a Cichlid Fish ( Tropheus duboisi )"
3417:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:3<223::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-D
2727:
Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior
2659:
Erez & Isen, 2002; Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987; Staw &
2499:
Kawabe, H.; Murata, K.; Shibata, H.; Hirose, H.; Tsujiola, M. (2000).
1531:. Translated by Gattegno, C.; Hodgson, F.M. New York: Norton. p.
6980:
6767:
6752:
6515:
6411:
6403:
6274:
6253:
6202:
6181:
6139:
6130:
6107:
6024:
5755:
5414:
5132:
5051:
4647:
4607:
4602:
4597:
2696:"National Health Costs Could Decrease if Managers Reduce Work Stress"
2676:
Robinson, Lawrence; Smith, Melinda; Segal, Jeanne; Shubin, Jennifer.
1016:
728:
684:
660:
624:
616:
608:
184:
74:
3223:
1927:
290:
is a form of competition that requires cooperation with a partner.
111:
first published in 1944 with several subsequent editions, in which
6885:
6288:
6230:
6109:
6101:
5897:
5857:
5695:
5557:
1365:
1333:
Toys are often arranged by children in extraordinary circumstances
1328:
1227:
1193:
1135:
943:
935:
931:
899:
893:
803:
754:
Give children "true" toys, such as blocks or dolls for creativity.
576:
570:
anything that they have modeled from adults in their communities.
553:
534:
480:
429:
416:
335:
such as children pretending to be animals or a storybook character
281:
139:
46:
4178:
Cognitive effects and academic consequences of video game playing
3479:"Gills Just Want to Have Fun: Can Fish Play Games, Just like Us?"
2929:
State of world population 2002: People, poverty and possibilities
1348:. Some of the earliest studies of play started in the 1890s with
907:
expression of the arts, or curiosity-driven science. Some adult "
6671:
6459:
6451:
5909:
5832:
5670:
4739:
4124:(2012). "The acute cognitive benefits of casual exergame play".
2142:
Sheed, Wilson (1995). "Endangered pastimes: Why sports matter".
1223:
1219:
1215:
1203:
1120:
967:
930:
There has been extensive research on the benefits of play among
648:
408:
174:
85:
78:
6488:
5387:
4554:
4417:
Play and Evolution: Second Thoughts on the Behaviour of Animals
2785:
Wästerfors, David (2016). "Playfights as Trouble and Respite".
6029:
5013:
1808:
Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds
1199:
1164:
791:, etc.) if they focus on skill mastery and development. Young
496:
451:
Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds
1986:
Morelli, Gilda A.; Rogoff, Barbara; Angelillo, Cathy (2003).
211:. Family Entertainment Centers (or Play Zones) are typically
4550:
3360:"Object play in thick-toed geckos during a space experiment"
3104:
Jung, Y.; Li, K.J.; Ng, J.S.; Wong, G.L.C.; Lee, K. (2009).
1872:"Cultural Variations in Parental Support of Children's Play"
558:
This elephant was made out of mud during play with children.
229:
establishes a connection, such as between newborn and mother
4545:
4346:"Play as a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence"
3644:"Probable Play Behavior in a Surgeonfish (Naso vlamingii )"
2166:
Handbook of Clinical Research and Practice with Adolescents
1564:. National Playing Fields Association. 2000. Archived from
1015:
and innovation, higher job satisfaction, greater workplace
879:
350:
such as playing with toy versions of food in a play kitchen
5383:
3399:
Burghardt, Gordon M.; Ward, Brian; Rosscoe, Roger (1996).
1431:
without intervention, even in instances of possible risk.
323:
such as playing on a team or making up a new game together
105:
The seminal text in the field of play studies is the book
4294:
Bateson, Gregory (1955). "A theory of play and fantasy".
2721:
Diener, Ed; Thapa, Stuti; Tay, Louis (21 January 2020).
1487:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
4181:(Master of Science thesis). University of Mississippi.
4066:
Capurso, Michele; Ragni, Benedetta (26 December 2016).
3959:
The Genius of Play: Celebrating the Spirit of Childhood
2646:
2644:
1246:, suggesting that play is not so much about practicing
125:
proof that the phenomenon is difficult to understand."
6236:
2028:
Gosso, Yumi; Almeida Carvalho, Ana Maria (June 2013).
6073:
6050:
3890:"Interspecific Play Behaviour between Hanuman Langur
2913:
Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Canadian Perspective
2466:
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
1558:
Best Play: What Play Provision Should Do For Children
1376:
Evolutionary psychologists have begun to explore the
294:
Another classification system uses these categories:
1394:
control, memory, and spatial abilities—when playing
7069:
6899:
6816:
6680:
6523:
6421:
6339:
6166:
6093:
6043:
5566:
5464:
5421:
5330:
5239:
5156:
5080:
5032:
4891:
4788:
4683:
4588:
1481:
Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture
699:it is an important part of "civilization process".
456:Play is explicitly recognized in Article 31 of the
1926:
1524:
866:. Young athletes have shown lower levels of total
329:such as making up a new story or drawing a picture
3313:"Precocious Courtship and Play in Emydid Turtles"
3074:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics
3047:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics
2638:Prodaniuk, Plotnikoff, Spence, & Wilson, 2004
1340:has been long recognized as a critical aspect of
977:. Positive affect enhances people's experiences,
2973:"The Fun Culture in Seniors' Online Communities"
2671:
2669:
1677:"Unstructured Vs Structured Play & Examples"
4339:(in Italian). Vol. XXVII. pp. 87–118.
3788:Berghänel, A.; Schülke, O.; Ostner, J. (2015).
3648:International Journal of Comparative Psychology
1995:International Journal of Behavioral Development
117:
4242:"Child's play preparations for future success"
4214:(Master of Arts thesis). Concordia University.
4115:
4113:
3311:Kramer, Matthew; Burghardt, Gordon M. (1998).
1598:International Journal of Early Years Education
7010:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
6500:
6465:
6449:
5399:
4566:
3902:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
3099:
3097:
3095:
1778:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1460:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1421:
1415:
1264:Humans and non-human animals playing in water
219:organisations for educational entertainment.
44:Voluntary, intrinsically motivated recreation
8:
3783:
3781:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
1905:"Culture and Development in Children's Play"
547:learn what they can do with and for others.
358:(cooperative and competitive) or building a
6401:
6378:
6369:
6360:
4200:
4198:
4196:
2034:Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development
1007:Incorporating play at work results in more
395:In young children, play is associated with
6507:
6493:
6485:
6040:
5506:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
5406:
5392:
5384:
4573:
4559:
4551:
4382:"Physical Activity and School Performance"
2290:. Archived from the original on 2017-04-24
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
838:increased likelihood of maintaining weight
4397:
4133:
4093:
4083:
4024:
4014:
3939:
3821:
3764:"Stuart Brown says play is more than fun"
3700:
3659:
3571:
3553:
3512:
3494:
3375:
3287:
3174:
3029:
2988:
2738:
2516:
2243:
2175:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
2082:"Top 10 Most Popular Sports in The World"
1920:
1918:
1887:
1876:Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
1652:
1642:
1609:
2581:
2579:
1925:Rossie, Jean-Pierre (21 November 2013).
1527:Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood
460:(adopted by the General Assembly of the
5553:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
3888:Manohar, B. Ram; Mathur, Reena (1992).
1791:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals
1448:
1301:these benefits of play (the concept of
1094:
918:, which is helpful in managing fear or
4442:. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
2740:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2300:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
1981:
1979:
1865:
1863:
1789:Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2003).
771:Research findings on benefits in youth
667:are played amongst common folks, with
464:, November 29, 1989), which declares:
4475:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0209-22
3642:Tribelhorn, Gunnar Wyn (2024-07-16).
3430:Burghardt, Gordon M. (January 2015).
3163:Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2764:"Playing at work and working at play"
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2076:
2074:
1854:Children at Play: An American History
1587:
1585:
458:Convention on the Rights of the Child
7:
6625:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3432:"Play in fishes, frogs and reptiles"
2620:Henig, Robin M. (17 February 2008).
2059:Harvard Graduate School of Education
1631:World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
512:and through supervised playgrounds.
169:Structured play has clearly defined
5538:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
4056:Campos, Frankel, & Camras, 2004
2787:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography
1870:Vandermaas-Peeler, Maureen (2002).
1812:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
1728:Braga, Matthew (6 September 2022).
808:enhanced functioning and health of
659:are played professionally; however
365:Separate from self-initiated play,
130:National Playing Fields Association
5373:Parents Against Child Exploitation
3337:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00028.x
2587:"Tim Brown on Creativity and Play"
2378:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb00005.x
1793:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
1751:Doctor Toy's Smart Play Smart Toys
1730:"How Do You Make the Perfect Toy?"
1308:A study on two species of monkeys
989:and improves their performance on
407:and recreation often incorporates
195:Other designed play spaces can be
173:and rules. Such play is called a "
156:wrote about play in his 1961 book
25:
5343:Mothers Apart from Their Children
3722:Journal of Comparative Psychology
2915:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson.
2678:"The Benefits of Play for Adults"
4519:
4419:. Utrecht: International Books.
4399:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00026.x
4267:"How Did "Anji Play" Go Global?"
1835:"What Park Did You Hang Out At?"
1355:Modern research in the field of
1282:
1270:
1143:
1128:
1112:
1097:
870:and other favorable profiles in
581:Child playing around the kitchen
6560:Breastfeeding and mental health
5201:Management of domestic violence
5047:Corporal punishment in the home
4546:The National Institute for Play
4047:Goldstein & Russ, 2000–2001
3212:The Quarterly Review of Biology
2053:Bauld, Andrew (7 August 2017).
1238:John Byers, a zoologist at the
739:(e.g., subjective well-being),
735:(e.g., better general health),
5491:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
5358:National Fatherhood Initiative
2478:10.1080/07303084.2004.10608557
2187:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599510
1704:"The Science–Patterns of Play"
1138:cubs playing with their mother
707:in sports can influence one's
354:Some forms overlap, such as a
1:
6555:Breastfeeding and medications
5363:National Parents Organization
5088:Adverse childhood experiences
4415:Kortmulder, Koenraad (1998).
4307:Burghardt, Gordon M. (2006).
3961:. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press.
3922:Ginsburg, Kenneth R. (2007).
3702:10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.08.013
1702:National Institute for Play.
1611:10.1080/09669760.2018.1527278
623:(also known as ‘football’ in
521:Works Progress Administration
477:History of childhood playtime
362:(construction and creative).
7117:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
6738:Infant cognitive development
6635:Neonatal intensive care unit
6140:
6131:
6108:
5128:Effects of domestic violence
4770:Social emotional development
4511:Resources in other libraries
4434:Stebbins, Robert A. (2015).
4296:Psychiatric Research Reports
3536:Fagen, Robert (2017-05-30).
3176:10.1519/jpt.0b013e31820e0e71
2911:Crocker, Peter R.E. (2011).
2887:10.1016/j.knosys.2011.07.008
2768:Kansas Employment Law Letter
2282:Bilich, Karin (2006-10-25).
2088:. 2014-09-08. Archived from
1289:Dolphins playing in the surf
531:Cultural differences of play
317:such as building with blocks
209:Family Entertainment Centers
7041:Supplemental nursing system
6237:
6074:
6051:
4944:Identification (psychology)
4459:"The Serious Need for Play"
4205:Sullivan, Caroline (2003).
3734:10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.184
3282:(149, Autumn 2019): 28–31.
3274:Kane, Daniel (2019-10-01).
3031:10.4017/gt.2011.10.2.005.00
2723:"Positive Emotions at Work"
2030:"Play and Cultural Context"
1749:Auerbach, Stevanne (2004).
1385:Physical, mental and social
874:parameters associated with
743:(e.g., school grades), and
695:. According to sociologist
251:imaginative or pretend play
7201:
6793:Prenatal development table
6733:Irritant diaper dermatitis
5368:Parent–teacher association
5143:Parental abuse by children
5024:Positive Parenting Program
4974:Parent management training
4969:Normative social influence
4538:Encyclopedia: Play Science
4309:The Genesis of Animal Play
4265:Jing, Chang (2016-10-26).
2762:Byers, Boyd (2007-02-23).
2542:Journal of Sports Sciences
2432:"Why Sports Are Important"
2254:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.170
1852:Chudacoff, Howard (2008).
1107:playing with a monkey doll
970:, and boot-camp sessions.
600:
376:
26:
7112:Prenatal cocaine exposure
6900:Infant care and equipment
6817:Socialization and Culture
6728:Infant visual development
6595:Infant and toddler safety
5353:National Childbirth Trust
5148:Stress in early childhood
4868:Taking children seriously
4700:Applied behavior analysis
4506:Resources in your library
3986:Affective Neuroscience 98
3957:Jenkinson, Sally (2001).
3859:10.1007/s10071-008-0175-y
3456:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.027
3377:10.1007/s10164-015-0426-8
2554:10.1080/02640410252925116
2414:Spotlight on Youth Sports
2307:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2007:10.1080/01650250244000335
1774:Sutton-Smith, B. (1997).
1422:
1416:
1084:to the needs of seniors.
539:Museum of toys – Portugal
383:Children's street culture
115:defines play as follows:
34:. For the 2007 film, see
7122:Parental child abduction
6645:Oral rehydration therapy
5009:The talk (sex education)
4720:Developmental psychology
4533:American Journal of Play
4457:Wenner, Melinda (2009).
4386:Journal of School Health
4353:American Journal of Play
4311:. Cambridge: MIT Press.
4175:Hollis, Sean D. (2014).
4085:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01953
3237:Ficken, S. (July 1977).
2799:10.1177/0891241614554087
2366:Journal of School Health
2331:American Journal of Play
2284:"The Importance of Play"
1753:. Educational Insights.
1435:each other's creations.
1325:Development and learning
1252:University of Lethbridge
490:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
7127:Parental responsibility
6640:Newborn care and safety
5216:Parental responsibility
5176:Cost of raising a child
4240:Euronews (2016-08-10).
4144:10.1145/2207676.2208323
4072:Frontiers in Psychology
3280:Herpetological Bulletin
3121:10.1145/1746050.1746055
2926:United Nations (1996).
2875:Knowledge-Based Systems
2622:"Taking Play Seriously"
2055:"The Diversity of Play"
1911:. New York: Peter Lang.
1420:in simplified Chinese,
1398:occurs in moderation".
1150:Tigers playing in water
92:), but it also aids in
66:intrinsically motivated
6871:Grandparent visitation
6466:
6450:
6402:
6379:
6370:
6361:
4380:Taras, Howard (2009).
4326:Caillois, R. (2001) .
3941:10.1542/peds.2006-2697
3814:10.1126/sciadv.1500451
3685:"Do bumble bees play?"
2971:Nimrod, Galit (2010).
1889:10.9707/2307-0919.1054
1856:. New York: NYU Press.
1594:"The play's the thing"
1357:affective neuroscience
1334:
1311:Semnopithecus entellus
1298:University of Colorado
1207:
903:
876:cardiovascular disease
582:
559:
540:
492:
438:
434:Children playing in a
291:
145:
122:
58:
6630:Infant sleep training
5955:Righteous indignation
5338:Families Need Fathers
4899:After-school activity
4823:Concerted cultivation
4818:Buddha-like parenting
4750:Nature versus nurture
4715:Cognitive development
4528:at Wikimedia Commons
4271:China Education Daily
3661:10.46867/IJCP...20283
3206:Bekoff, Marc (1972).
3086:10.1300/j148v18n03_04
3059:10.1300/j148v18n02_05
2990:10.1093/geront/gnq084
2700:HBS Working Knowledge
2518:10.1291/hypres.23.227
2505:Hypertension Research
2232:American Psychologist
1953:Edwards, Ken (2012).
1804:Juul, Jesper (2011).
1776:The Ambiguity of Play
1644:10.5409/wjcp.v12.i1.1
1592:Murray, Jane (2018).
1523:Piaget, Jean (1962).
1478:Huizinga, J. (1980).
1338:Learning through play
1332:
1197:
897:
691:activity or within a
675:. Events such as The
601:Further information:
580:
557:
538:
484:
433:
403:. Play that promotes
397:cognitive development
377:Further information:
341:such as playing with
285:
143:
94:cognitive development
90:hand-eye coordination
50:
6788:Prenatal development
6688:Attachment parenting
6662:Shaken baby syndrome
5473:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
5196:Right to family life
5123:Dysfunctional family
4833:Free-range parenting
4808:Attachment parenting
4798:Achievement ideology
4328:Man, play, and games
4016:10.7759/cureus.43550
3255:10.1093/auk/94.3.573
2650:Ventura et al., 2013
2144:The Wilson Quarterly
189:association football
68:activities done for
7102:Infant ear piercing
5543:Theological virtues
5446:Positive psychology
5211:Parental alienation
5138:Narcissistic parent
5062:Positive discipline
4883:Work at home parent
4863:Strict father model
4848:Nurturant parenting
4755:Parental investment
4590:Kinship terminology
4463:Scientific American
4337:La parola del testo
3894:and Rhesus Macaque
3806:2015SciA....1E0451B
3613:2015Ethol.121...38B
3496:10.3390/ani12131684
3448:2015CBio...25...R9B
3364:Journal of Ethology
3329:1998Ethol.104...38K
3289:10.33256/hb149.2831
2438:. 28 November 2018.
2168:. pp. 125–145.
1839:Somerville Archives
1833:Warner, Stephanie.
1456:Garvey, C. (1990).
1240:University of Idaho
687:can be played as a
515:Under the American
159:Man, Play and Games
18:Substitute behavior
6610:Infant food safety
5975:Self-transcendence
5567:Individual virtues
5511:Nine Noble Virtues
5440:Nicomachean Ethics
5257:T. Berry Brazelton
4994:Social integration
4730:Identity formation
4367:. ERIC #EJ1069037.
3892:Presbytis entellus
3555:10.3390/ani7060042
2626:The New York Times
2112:"Story of Cricket"
1335:
1208:
1180:Alexandra Horowitz
1169:hierarchy of needs
904:
795:can also develop:
583:
560:
541:
493:
439:
311:such as a footrace
301:such as solving a
292:
201:Children's Museums
146:
59:
7152:
7151:
7012:
6849:Children's rights
6763:Object permanence
6585:Failure to thrive
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
5629:Conscientiousness
5496:Epistemic virtues
5381:
5380:
5191:Family disruption
5113:Cinderella effect
5093:Child abandonment
5067:Tactical ignoring
4964:Moral development
4843:Helicopter parent
4838:Gatekeeper parent
4803:Atlas personality
4780:Social psychology
4725:Human development
4710:Child development
4695:Attachment theory
4524:Media related to
4492:Library resources
4426:978-90-5727-013-0
4372:Gray, P. (2013),
4344:Gray, P. (2009).
4318:978-0-262-52469-8
4153:978-1-4503-1015-4
3968:978-1-903458-04-4
3621:10.1111/eth.12312
2977:The Gerontologist
2942:978-0-89714-650-0
2702:. 26 January 2015
2436:Sports Domain Lab
2116:BBC World Service
1969:978-0-9872359-0-9
1903:Hyun, E. (1998).
1760:978-1-56767-652-5
1683:. 7 December 2016
1681:Playground Centre
1494:978-0-7100-0578-6
1346:child development
1233:Assamese macaques
1173:Assamese macaques
810:cardiorespiratory
716:Benefits in youth
651:, sports such as
645:American football
631:countries prefer
314:construction play
288:three-legged race
275:storytelling play
144:People having fun
16:(Redirected from
7192:
7008:
6693:Baby-led weaning
6509:
6502:
6495:
6486:
6471:
6455:
6407:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6242:
6145:
6136:
6113:
6079:
6056:
6041:
5970:Self-cultivation
5523:Prussian virtues
5486:Cardinal virtues
5408:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5231:Shared parenting
5042:Blanket training
5034:Child discipline
4674:In loco parentis
4653:Shared parenting
4575:
4568:
4561:
4552:
4523:
4481:
4453:
4441:
4430:
4411:
4401:
4376:
4368:
4350:
4340:
4331:
4322:
4303:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4246:www.euronews.com
4237:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4137:
4128:. p. 1863.
4117:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4018:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3953:
3943:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3847:Animal Cognition
3842:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3794:Science Advances
3785:
3776:
3775:
3770:. Archived from
3760:
3754:
3753:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3689:Animal Behaviour
3680:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3557:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3178:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3110:
3101:
3090:
3089:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2968:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2836:
2811:
2810:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2770:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2602:
2601:
2596:. Archived from
2583:
2574:
2573:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2461:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2390:
2389:
2361:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2333:. Archived from
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2247:
2227:
2210:
2206:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1706:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1497:. Archived from
1486:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1286:
1274:
1189:Tonkean macaques
1147:
1132:
1116:
1101:
1070:social isolation
916:learned optimism
822:, mobility, and
814:muscular systems
619:countries enjoy
486:Children's Games
379:Children's games
320:cooperative play
308:competitive play
21:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7165:Play (activity)
7155:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7142:Paternity fraud
7092:Closed adoption
7065:
7021:Infant clothing
6996:Haberman Feeder
6966:Car seat safety
6895:
6876:Infant swimming
6854:UN Child rights
6812:
6723:Gestational age
6676:
6519:
6513:
6483:
6474:
6417:
6335:
6162:
6089:
6039:
5562:
5548:Three Treasures
5465:Virtue families
5460:
5434:Moral character
5417:
5412:
5382:
5377:
5326:
5307:Matthew Sanders
5262:Rudolf Dreikurs
5235:
5221:Parents' rights
5181:Deadbeat parent
5158:
5152:
5076:
5028:
5004:The talk (race)
4887:
4878:Tiger parenting
4784:
4679:
4628:Extended family
4584:
4579:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4500:
4499:
4497:Play (activity)
4495:
4488:
4456:
4450:
4433:
4427:
4414:
4379:
4371:
4348:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4319:
4306:
4293:
4290:
4288:Further reading
4285:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4154:
4135:10.1.1.248.3183
4119:
4118:
4111:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3436:Current Biology
3429:
3428:
3424:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3018:Gerontechnology
3011:
3010:
3006:
2970:
2969:
2950:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2894:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2838:
2837:
2814:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2463:
2462:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2393:
2363:
2362:
2345:
2337:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2245:10.1.1.468.2523
2229:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1412:
1387:
1350:G. Stanley Hall
1327:
1296:Marc Bekoff (a
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1090:
1045:quality of life
1037:
991:problem-solving
981:, and sense of
975:positive affect
928:
892:
773:
745:social benefits
718:
605:
599:
533:
506:
479:
393:
375:
226:attunement play
205:Science Centers
138:
103:
45:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7198:
7196:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7132:Parenting plan
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7016:Infant carrier
7013:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6956:Baby transport
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6620:Infant massage
6617:
6615:Infant formula
6612:
6607:
6605:Infant feeding
6602:
6600:Infant bathing
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6565:Bottle feeding
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6521:
6520:
6518:and their care
6514:
6512:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6463:
6456:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6105:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6080:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6047:
6045:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Accountability
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:Mothers' Union
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5322:Benjamin Spock
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5302:Penelope Leach
5299:
5297:Annette Lareau
5294:
5289:
5287:Alan E. Kazdin
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5247:Mary Ainsworth
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5159:social aspects
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Dishabituation
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4853:Slow parenting
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4684:Theories
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4663:Blended family
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:Nuclear family
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:External links
4484:
4483:
4482:
4454:
4448:
4431:
4425:
4412:
4392:(6): 214–218.
4377:
4369:
4359:(4): 476–522.
4341:
4332:
4323:
4317:
4304:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4257:
4232:
4217:
4192:
4167:
4152:
4122:Mandryk, Regan
4109:
4058:
4049:
4040:
3989:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3954:
3934:(1): 182–191.
3918:
3911:
3896:Macaca mulatta
3880:
3853:(1): 107–118.
3837:
3777:
3774:on 2009-05-31.
3755:
3728:(3): 184–190.
3708:
3675:
3634:
3587:
3528:
3469:
3422:
3411:(3): 223–238.
3391:
3370:(2): 109–115.
3350:
3303:
3266:
3249:(3): 573–582.
3229:
3224:10.1086/407400
3218:(4): 412–434.
3198:
3169:(3): 138–147.
3142:
3091:
3064:
3037:
3024:(2): 110–120.
3004:
2983:(2): 226–237.
2948:
2941:
2918:
2892:
2858:
2812:
2793:(2): 168–197.
2777:
2774:on 2010-02-17.
2754:
2713:
2687:
2665:
2652:
2640:
2631:
2603:
2600:on 2009-03-25.
2575:
2548:(6): 443–449.
2532:
2511:(3): 227–232.
2491:
2441:
2423:
2391:
2343:
2340:on 2013-10-24.
2314:
2267:
2238:(1): 170–183.
2211:
2208:
2207:
2181:(4): 434–449.
2170:
2160:
2153:
2127:
2103:
2070:
2045:
2020:
1975:
1968:
1945:
1914:
1895:
1859:
1844:
1825:
1818:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1720:
1694:
1668:
1617:
1604:(4): 335–339.
1581:
1548:
1541:
1515:
1493:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1411:
1408:
1386:
1383:
1363:used the word
1361:Roger Caillois
1326:
1323:
1317:Macaca mulatta
1288:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1105:Cocker spaniel
1103:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1041:United Nations
1036:
1033:
927:
924:
891:
888:
840:
839:
836:
826:
816:
806:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
717:
714:
681:FIFA World Cup
629:North American
613:South American
598:
595:
532:
529:
505:
502:
478:
475:
474:
473:
469:
462:United Nations
374:
371:
352:
351:
348:
345:
339:
338:nurturing play
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
299:
298:challenge play
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
154:Roger Caillois
137:
134:
113:Johan Huizinga
102:
99:
64:is a range of
43:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7197:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7107:Open adoption
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7087:Child neglect
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6921:Hidden camera
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6844:Child custody
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Nursery rhyme
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:Kangaroo care
6746:
6744:
6743:Infant crying
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6657:Preterm birth
6655:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Breastfeeding
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6498:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Sportsmanship
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Righteousness
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5873:Nonattachment
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:Seven virtues
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5480:Brahmavihārās
5477:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5456:Virtue ethics
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:About virtues
5420:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:Organizations
5329:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:B. F. Skinner
5315:
5313:
5312:William Sears
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Thomas Gordon
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Child support
5169:
5167:
5166:Child custody
5164:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Child neglect
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Homeschooling
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Socialization
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Paternal bond
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Maternal bond
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Single parent
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Alloparenting
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4449:9781137513038
4445:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4009:(8): e43550.
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:(1): R9–R10.
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:. Australia.
3114:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2682:HelpGuide.org
2679:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2092:on 2015-09-24
2091:
2087:
2086:Sporty Ghost!
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1819:9780262284134
1815:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1710:on 2014-07-29
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1571:on 2018-12-06
1567:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1542:9780393001716
1538:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1504:on 2015-07-01
1500:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1285:
1273:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1202:plays with a
1201:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1088:Other animals
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
923:
921:
917:
912:
910:
901:
896:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:breast cancer
862:, or develop
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:heart disease
845:
837:
835:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
798:
797:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:psychological
734:
730:
726:
725:interpersonal
722:
715:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Norbert Elias
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Olympic Games
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
603:Street sports
596:
594:
590:
587:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
503:
501:
498:
491:
487:
483:
476:
470:
467:
466:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
447:Rules of Play
444:
437:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:socialization
398:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
363:
361:
357:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
326:creative play
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
289:
284:
277:
274:
273:
269:
266:
265:
261:
258:
257:
253:
250:
249:
244:
242:creative play
241:
240:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
161:
160:
155:
150:
142:
135:
133:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:
110:
109:
100:
98:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
49:
40:
38:
33:
31:
19:
7070:Other topics
7009:
6976:Cradle board
6971:Cloth diaper
6931:Baby shampoo
6917:Baby monitor
6907:Baby bouncer
6861:Circumcision
6782:
6708:Birth defect
6590:Immunization
6540:Birth weight
6458:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6410:
6394:
6387:
6353:
6346:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6229:
6222:
6217:Brahmacharya
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6155:
6148:
6123:
6116:
6100:
6082:
6066:
6059:
6015:Tranquillity
5965:Self-control
5935:Renunciation
5893:Philanthropy
5888:Perspicacity
5848:Magnificence
5801:Intelligence
5781:Impartiality
5701:Faithfulness
5589:Authenticity
5515:
5501:Five virtues
5478:
5471:
5451:Trait theory
5438:
5267:David Elkind
5118:Codependency
5103:Child labour
4978:
4959:Latchkey kid
4949:Introjection
4735:Introjection
4685:
4672:
4638:Noncustodial
4541:Scholarpedia
4518:
4496:
4478:
4466:
4462:
4437:
4416:
4389:
4385:
4373:
4356:
4352:
4336:
4327:
4308:
4302:(39): 39–51.
4299:
4295:
4274:. Retrieved
4270:
4260:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:
4235:
4226:
4220:
4207:
4177:
4170:
4125:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3958:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3797:
3793:
3772:the original
3767:
3758:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3607:(1): 38–44.
3604:
3600:
3590:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3489:(13): 1684.
3486:
3482:
3472:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3323:(1): 38–56.
3320:
3316:
3306:
3279:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3246:
3242:
3239:"Avian Play"
3232:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3166:
3162:
3129:10356/101524
3112:
3080:(3): 57–68.
3077:
3073:
3067:
3053:(2): 71–83.
3050:
3046:
3040:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2980:
2976:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2878:
2874:
2847:(3): 48–65.
2844:
2840:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2772:the original
2767:
2757:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2681:
2655:
2634:
2625:
2598:the original
2590:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2472:(3): 35–41.
2469:
2465:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2372:(1): 25–30.
2369:
2365:
2335:the original
2330:
2317:
2303:cite journal
2292:. Retrieved
2287:
2235:
2231:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2085:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
1998:
1994:
1955:
1948:
1938:23 September
1936:. Retrieved
1933:Academia.edu
1932:
1908:
1898:
1879:
1875:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1828:
1807:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1733:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:the original
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1601:
1597:
1573:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1557:
1551:
1526:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1480:
1457:
1451:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1378:phylogenetic
1375:
1371:
1364:
1354:
1336:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:equifinality
1295:
1247:
1237:
1209:
1185:
1177:
1157:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1009:productivity
1006:
995:
983:satisfaction
972:
946:activities,
929:
913:
905:
882:and playing
841:
824:coordination
774:
719:
653:table tennis
606:
591:
588:
584:
572:
568:
565:
561:
549:
545:
542:
514:
510:summer camps
507:
504:20th Century
494:
485:
455:
450:
446:
440:
425:neuroscience
394:
391:Street games
387:Make believe
367:play therapy
364:
360:blanket fort
353:
347:replica play
332:pretend play
303:Rubik's Cube
293:
221:
194:
183:
168:
164:
157:
152:Philosopher
151:
147:
127:
123:
118:
106:
104:
83:
70:recreational
61:
60:
56:Paul Manship
51:
36:
29:
7082:Babywearing
7077:Baby shower
7051:Swim diaper
6941:Baby walker
6926:Baby powder
6866:Foster care
6834:Child abuse
6829:Babysitting
6681:Development
6667:Soy formula
6545:Breast pump
6035:Workmanship
5925:Punctuality
5843:Magnanimity
5766:Hospitality
5716:Forgiveness
5661:Discernment
5619:Cleanliness
5277:Haim Ginott
5252:John Bowlby
5098:Child abuse
5018:educational
4934:Habituation
4919:Co-sleeping
4705:Behaviorism
4633:Foster care
4623:Coparenting
3695:: 239–251.
3405:Zoo Biology
2733:: 451–477.
1637:(1): 1–22.
1414:Anji play (
1119:A group of
1053:video games
1021:absenteeism
956:video games
952:board games
940:adolescence
902:in Shanghai
884:video games
872:serum lipid
868:cholesterol
820:flexibility
721:Youth sport
693:competition
671:popular in
472:activities.
419:, or other
267:social play
259:object play
197:playgrounds
108:Homo Ludens
101:Definitions
52:Playfulness
7159:Categories
7061:Travel cot
7006:Infant bed
7001:High chair
6991:Baby wipes
6986:Diaper bag
6951:Baby swing
6839:Child care
6824:Attachment
6713:Childbirth
6575:Cradle cap
6526:Pediatrics
6348:Auctoritas
6196:Aparigraha
6175:Adhiṭṭhāna
6157:Sophrosyne
6125:Eutrapelia
6010:Temperance
5990:Solidarity
5980:Simplicity
5940:Resilience
5915:Politeness
5883:Patriotism
5863:Moderation
5736:Good faith
5726:Generosity
5686:Equanimity
5666:Discipline
5624:Compassion
5292:Truby King
5186:Disownment
4999:Television
4989:Role model
4914:Child care
4892:Techniques
4858:Soccer mom
4828:Enmeshment
4765:Pediatrics
4276:2018-12-06
4251:2018-12-06
4187:1620743598
4120:Gao, Yue;
3984:Panksepp,
3928:Pediatrics
3800:(7): 1–8.
3260:2024-07-27
2706:16 October
2294:2017-04-24
2121:2020-12-02
2064:2018-12-04
2039:2018-12-04
2001:(3): 269.
1735:The Walrus
1714:2014-07-25
1687:16 October
1575:2018-12-06
1443:References
1396:video game
1244:cerebellum
1161:polar bear
1013:creativity
987:creativity
948:card games
828:increased
673:South Asia
665:basketball
637:ice hockey
633:basketball
525:cyberspace
356:relay race
343:baby dolls
217:non-profit
213:for-profit
7185:Childhood
7137:Paternity
7046:Swaddling
6912:Baby gate
6891:Wet nurse
6881:Milk bank
6773:Parenting
6698:Baby talk
6650:Pedialyte
6580:Esotropia
6535:Baby food
6396:Humanitas
6142:Phronesis
6133:Philotimo
5985:Sincerity
5950:Reverence
5818:Judgement
5806:Emotional
5796:Integrity
5786:Innocence
5741:Gratitude
5721:Frugality
5711:Foresight
5691:Etiquette
5681:Endurance
5656:Diligence
5579:Alertness
5528:Scout Law
5429:Endowment
5226:Paternity
5157:Legal and
5057:Grounding
4954:Kommune 1
4929:Education
4904:Allowance
4813:Baby talk
4668:Surrogacy
4582:Parenting
4469:: 22–29.
4365:1938-0399
4130:CiteSeerX
3908:(1): 114.
3875:207050813
3768:TED talks
3742:1939-2087
3670:2168-3344
3629:0179-1613
3564:2076-2615
3548:(6): 42.
3505:2076-2615
3386:0289-0771
3345:0179-1613
3298:1473-0928
2881:: 86–92.
2807:143662339
2749:210483700
2486:143710636
2420:(2): 1–4.
2240:CiteSeerX
2015:145563973
1410:Anji play
1342:childhood
1212:Predators
1002:discovery
979:enjoyment
964:ping-pong
926:Workplace
856:pregnancy
818:improved
657:badminton
627:), while
421:playmates
234:body play
179:happiness
7180:Learning
7175:Ethology
7170:Behavior
7097:Cry room
7036:Stroller
7026:Pacifier
6961:Bassinet
6936:Baby toy
6798:Teething
6778:Peekaboo
6718:Crawling
6703:Babbling
6524:Health (
6389:Gravitas
6372:Dignitas
6118:Ataraxia
6000:Sympathy
5930:Religion
5920:Prudence
5878:Patience
5853:Meekness
5828:Kindness
5776:Humility
5771:Humanity
5706:Fidelity
5651:Courtesy
5614:Chivalry
5609:Chastity
5599:Charisma
5594:Calmness
5584:Altruism
5272:Jo Frost
5206:Marriage
5072:Time-out
4648:Orphaned
4613:Adoptive
4408:16014127
4183:ProQuest
4162:14178354
4104:28082926
4078:: 1953.
4035:37719538
4026:10502394
3950:17200287
3867:18679727
3832:26601237
3750:16893255
3601:Ethology
3582:28556816
3523:35804583
3464:25562306
3317:Ethology
3193:25924736
3185:21937904
3137:42855745
2999:21030471
2853:16268089
2570:19561518
2562:12137174
2527:10821131
2386:15776877
2262:11392861
2203:45415254
2195:19177945
2096:1 August
1663:36685315
1256:cerebrum
1214:such as
1061:checkers
1057:dominoes
960:foosball
932:children
898:Playing
858:, begin
844:diabetes
834:strength
793:athletes
789:throwing
741:academic
733:physical
709:emotions
641:baseball
609:European
517:New Deal
488:, 1560,
443:gameplay
405:learning
373:Children
7056:Teether
7031:Playpen
6808:Weaning
6803:Walking
6516:Infants
6444:Sadaqah
6430:Ganbaru
6363:Decorum
6355:Caritas
6310:Śraddhā
6296:Shaucha
6261:Kshanti
6189:Akrodha
6044:Chinese
5945:Respect
5868:Modesty
5838:Loyalty
5823:Justice
5791:Insight
5751:Honesty
5746:Heroism
5676:Empathy
5634:Courage
5604:Charity
5517:Pāramīs
5415:Virtues
5240:Experts
5016: (
4981: (
4909:Bedtime
4873:Theybie
4095:5183588
3823:4643810
3802:Bibcode
3609:Bibcode
3573:5483605
3542:Animals
3514:9265024
3483:Animals
3444:Bibcode
3325:Bibcode
3243:The Auk
2661:Barsade
2288:Parents
1654:9850869
1123:playing
1035:Seniors
920:terrors
909:hobbies
860:smoking
852:obesity
830:stamina
800:agility
785:running
781:kicking
777:jumping
701:Victory
689:leisure
669:cricket
617:African
436:sandbox
75:mammals
37:Playing
32:(album)
30:Playing
6981:Diaper
6768:Parent
6753:Mother
6412:Virtus
6404:Pietas
6323:Upekṣā
6316:Saddhā
6282:Prajñā
6275:Muditā
6254:Kshama
6247:Karuṇā
6210:Asteya
6203:Ārjava
6182:Ahimsa
6167:Indian
6150:Sophia
6025:Wisdom
5903:Filial
5811:Social
5756:Honour
5133:Incest
5052:Curfew
4790:Styles
4608:Father
4603:Mother
4598:Parent
4494:about
4446:
4423:
4406:
4363:
4315:
4229:: 1–7.
4185:
4160:
4150:
4132:
4102:
4092:
4033:
4023:
4003:Cureus
3965:
3948:
3873:
3865:
3830:
3820:
3748:
3740:
3668:
3627:
3580:
3570:
3562:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3462:
3384:
3343:
3296:
3191:
3183:
3135:
2997:
2939:
2851:
2805:
2747:
2663:, 1993
2568:
2560:
2525:
2484:
2384:
2260:
2242:
2201:
2193:
2013:
1966:
1816:
1757:
1661:
1651:
1539:
1508:3 June
1491:
1228:zebras
1163:and a
1121:wolves
1063:, and
1017:morale
938:, and
890:Adults
729:sports
705:defeat
685:Sports
661:soccer
625:Europe
621:soccer
615:, and
597:Sports
389:, and
305:puzzle
185:Sports
39:(film)
6886:Nanny
6570:Colic
6468:Virtù
6422:Other
6381:Fides
6340:Latin
6330:Vīrya
6289:Satya
6268:Mettā
6231:Dhṛti
6110:Arete
6102:Agape
6094:Greek
6020:Trust
6005:Taste
5898:Piety
5858:Mercy
5731:Glory
5696:Faith
5644:Moral
5639:Civil
5558:Yamas
5081:Abuse
4688:Areas
4349:(PDF)
4212:(PDF)
4158:S2CID
3871:S2CID
3654:(1).
3189:S2CID
3133:S2CID
3109:(PDF)
2933:(PDF)
2803:S2CID
2745:S2CID
2594:talks
2566:S2CID
2482:S2CID
2338:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2011:S2CID
1991:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1882:(1).
1569:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1366:ilinx
1248:exact
1220:bears
1216:lions
1136:Tiger
1065:bingo
944:sport
936:youth
900:weiqi
804:speed
647:. In
643:, or
417:tools
413:props
207:, or
171:goals
136:Forms
79:birds
6783:Play
6672:SIDS
6460:Sisu
6452:Seny
6437:Giri
6303:Sevā
6224:Dāna
6061:Jing
5910:Pity
5833:Love
5761:Hope
5671:Duty
4983:date
4979:Play
4740:Love
4526:play
4444:ISBN
4421:ISBN
4404:PMID
4361:ISSN
4313:ISBN
4148:ISBN
4100:PMID
4031:PMID
3963:ISBN
3946:PMID
3863:PMID
3828:PMID
3746:PMID
3738:ISSN
3666:ISSN
3625:ISSN
3578:PMID
3560:ISSN
3519:PMID
3501:ISSN
3460:PMID
3382:ISSN
3341:ISSN
3294:ISSN
3181:PMID
2995:PMID
2937:ISBN
2849:PMID
2841:CJNR
2708:2023
2558:PMID
2523:PMID
2382:PMID
2309:link
2258:PMID
2191:PMID
2150:(1).
2098:2015
1964:ISBN
1940:2023
1814:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1689:2023
1659:PMID
1537:ISBN
1510:2015
1489:ISBN
1458:Play
1423:安吉遊戲
1417:安吉游戏
1344:and
1314:and
1226:and
1224:deer
1218:and
1204:ball
998:flow
968:yoga
832:and
812:and
802:and
731:and
703:and
679:and
663:and
655:and
649:Asia
497:toys
409:toys
399:and
175:game
86:game
77:and
62:Play
6946:Bib
6239:Hrī
6076:Ren
6030:Wit
5014:Toy
4471:doi
4394:doi
4140:doi
4090:PMC
4080:doi
4021:PMC
4011:doi
3936:doi
3932:119
3855:doi
3818:PMC
3810:doi
3730:doi
3726:120
3697:doi
3693:194
3656:doi
3617:doi
3605:121
3568:PMC
3550:doi
3509:PMC
3491:doi
3452:doi
3413:doi
3372:doi
3333:doi
3321:104
3284:doi
3251:doi
3220:doi
3171:doi
3125:hdl
3117:doi
3082:doi
3055:doi
3026:doi
2985:doi
2883:doi
2795:doi
2735:doi
2592:TED
2550:doi
2513:doi
2474:doi
2374:doi
2250:doi
2183:doi
2003:doi
1884:doi
1649:PMC
1639:doi
1606:doi
1533:147
1200:dog
1165:dog
519:'s
54:by
7161::
6084:Yi
6068:Li
6053:De
4477:.
4467:20
4465:.
4461:.
4402:.
4390:75
4388:.
4384:.
4355:.
4351:.
4298:.
4269:.
4244:.
4195:^
4156:.
4146:.
4138:.
4112:^
4098:.
4088:.
4074:.
4070:.
4029:.
4019:.
4007:15
4005:.
4001:.
3944:.
3930:.
3926:.
3906:89
3904:.
3900:.
3869:.
3861:.
3851:12
3849:.
3826:.
3816:.
3808:.
3796:.
3792:.
3780:^
3766:.
3744:.
3736:.
3724:.
3720:.
3691:.
3687:.
3664:.
3652:37
3650:.
3646:.
3623:.
3615:.
3603:.
3599:.
3576:.
3566:.
3558:.
3544:.
3540:.
3517:.
3507:.
3499:.
3487:12
3485:.
3481:.
3458:.
3450:.
3440:25
3438:.
3434:.
3409:15
3407:.
3403:.
3380:.
3368:33
3366:.
3362:.
3339:.
3331:.
3319:.
3315:.
3292:.
3278:.
3247:94
3245:.
3241:.
3216:47
3214:.
3210:.
3187:.
3179:.
3167:34
3165:.
3161:.
3145:^
3131:.
3123:.
3111:.
3094:^
3078:18
3076:.
3051:18
3049:.
3022:10
3020:.
3016:.
2993:.
2981:51
2979:.
2975:.
2951:^
2935:.
2895:^
2879:26
2877:.
2861:^
2845:37
2843:.
2815:^
2801:.
2791:45
2789:.
2766:.
2743:.
2729:.
2725:.
2698:.
2680:.
2668:^
2643:^
2624:.
2606:^
2589:.
2578:^
2564:.
2556:.
2546:20
2544:.
2521:.
2509:23
2507:.
2503:.
2480:.
2470:75
2468:.
2444:^
2434:.
2418:21
2416:.
2394:^
2380:.
2370:75
2368:.
2346:^
2329:.
2305:}}
2301:{{
2286:.
2270:^
2256:.
2248:.
2236:55
2234:.
2214:^
2197:.
2189:.
2179:79
2177:.
2148:19
2146:.
2130:^
2114:.
2084:.
2073:^
2057:.
2032:.
2009:.
1999:27
1997:.
1993:.
1978:^
1962:.
1931:.
1917:^
1907:.
1878:.
1874:.
1862:^
1837:.
1732:.
1679:.
1657:.
1647:.
1635:12
1633:.
1629:.
1602:26
1600:.
1596:.
1584:^
1535:.
1466:^
1198:A
1059:,
1011:,
1000:,
966:,
962:,
958:,
954:,
950:,
934:,
886:.
880:TV
850:,
846:,
787:,
783:,
779:,
639:,
635:,
611:,
527:.
415:,
411:,
385:,
381:,
286:A
203:,
181:.
162:.
81:.
6919:/
6528:)
6508:e
6501:t
6494:v
6313:/
5407:e
5400:t
5393:v
5020:)
4985:)
4686:·
4574:e
4567:t
4560:v
4473::
4452:.
4429:.
4410:.
4396::
4357:1
4321:.
4300:2
4279:.
4254:.
4189:.
4164:.
4142::
4106:.
4082::
4076:7
4037:.
4013::
3971:.
3952:.
3938::
3898:"
3877:.
3857::
3834:.
3812::
3804::
3798:1
3752:.
3732::
3705:.
3699::
3672:.
3658::
3631:.
3619::
3611::
3584:.
3552::
3546:7
3525:.
3493::
3466:.
3454::
3446::
3419:.
3415::
3388:.
3374::
3347:.
3335::
3327::
3300:.
3286::
3263:.
3253::
3226:.
3222::
3195:.
3173::
3139:.
3127::
3119::
3088:.
3084::
3061:.
3057::
3034:.
3028::
3001:.
2987::
2945:.
2889:.
2885::
2855:.
2809:.
2797::
2751:.
2737::
2731:7
2710:.
2684:.
2628:.
2572:.
2552::
2529:.
2515::
2488:.
2476::
2388:.
2376::
2311:)
2297:.
2264:.
2252::
2205:.
2185::
2124:.
2100:.
2067:.
2042:.
2017:.
2005::
1972:.
1942:.
1892:.
1886::
1880:6
1841:.
1822:.
1763:.
1738:.
1717:.
1691:.
1665:.
1641::
1614:.
1608::
1578:.
1545:.
1512:.
1206:.
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.