88:
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121:
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people to drink less sugary drinks, and promoted water as a substitute. This campaign was modeled after a study done in
Portland, Oregon that found community based interventions were successful in influencing consumers likelihood of purchasing sugary drinks in supermarkets. Researchers associated sugary drinks with obesity, heart disease, and diabetes to influence the attitudes of the consumers and the purchasing behaviors of consumers.
25:
3521:
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493:, a law implemented in 2016, was the first national regulation to jointly mandate front-of-package warning labels, restrict child-directed marketing, and ban sales in schools of all foods and beverages containing added sugars, sodium, or saturated fats that exceed set nutrient or calorie thresholds. A study later confirmed that purchases of high-in beverages significantly declined following implementation of
457:
A community campaign in Howard County, Maryland, used the media to influence the attitudes and behaviors about the relationship between sugary drinks and obesity. The "Howard County
Unsweetened" campaign used social media, television ads, in-person marketing, and community organizations to encourage
270:
were laxer then, helping the payment to go undeclared. Taking into account "other recent analyses of sugar industry documents", the 2016 review concludes that such actions were part of a wider industry-sponsored research program in the 1960s and 1970s. It also concludes that "Policymaking committees
278:
funded a study comparing sugar-fed and starch-fed rats. "SRF Funds
Project 259: Dietary Carbohydrate and Blood Lipids in Germ-Free Rats" was funded from 1967 until 1971, when, after reporting preliminary results to the funders, it did not have its funding renewed. The research was never published.
432:
The new FDA requirements were initially proposed in 2014, they met with strong opposition from sugar and sugary food producers. Industry claimed the new rule lacked any scientific justification. Many specific companies also wrote letters requesting certain products to be exempt from the rule. The
321:
The development of official
European dietary guidelines was influenced by European sugar industry groups, who in 2000 threatened to block the report if a recommendation to limit sugar consumption to less than 10% of daily energy intake were not removed. The medical experts felt forced change the
340:
When the WHO updated the recommendations, a decade later in 2013, it commissioned two reviews, and found support for both the earlier recommendation and a new, stricter one, half as high as the old limit. This also met with industry opposition. The WHO began requiring anyone submitting formal
298:
that could have harmed the sugar industry was omitted from funding priorities. The NIDR's public health task force on caries and an industry task force on caries had almost exactly the same members. The NIDR copied 78% of the industry groups' report into their own, with portions being copied
226:
recommendations, with substantial spending documented from the 1960s to 2016. The results of research on the health effects of sugary food and drink differ significantly, depending on whether the researcher has financial ties to the food and drink industry. The authors of a 2016 review of
388:
had paid millions to promote controversial health messages related to sweet drinks, ranging from academic research to social media posts, since 2008. The money went to researchers, dietitians, health experts, research organizations, and professional associations, among others.
1219:
Moodie, Rob; Stuckler, David; Monteiro, Carlos; Sheron, Nick; Neal, Bruce; Thamarangsi, Thaksaphon; Lincoln, Paul; Casswell, Sally (23 February 2013). "Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries".
392:
Following this media attention, Coca-Cola released information on almost $ 120 million U.S. dollars given out to medical, health and community organizations between 2010 and 2015. These include $ 29 million for academic research; the largest donation was $ 7.5 million to
205:
targeting children; below age seven, they have difficulty recognizing persuasive intent, and below the age of twelve, they are more easily distracted from it than adults. Almost a quarter of food industry advertising money is spent on
437:
wanted the measurement on the back of their labels to be in grams instead of teaspoons, saying that teaspoon measurements would carry a negative connotation that misrepresents the factual nature of nutritional information.
1754:
235:
and advance their business interests at the expense of the public's health". A 2013 review concluded that "unhealthy commodity industries should have no role in the formation of national or international NCD policy".
182:
In the early 1950s, sugar was marketed as a healthy substance that would help curb hunger and provide an energy boost. More recent methods are necessarily less direct. Methods of marketing sugary products include:
360:
became involved in a lawsuit against one another, which continued as of 2015. In the course of this lawsuit, numerous internal documents were made public. These revealed funding of over $ 10 million to
250:. It was called "SRF Funds Project 226", and published as "Dietary Fats, Carbohydrates and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease". While this took place in 1965–1967, it was documented in a 2016
99:. The reason given is: The most recent given information in this article is from 2016, and the future tense for "US nutritional labelling changes" indicates newer information is needed.
1951:
Schwartz, Marlene B.; Schneider, Glenn E.; Choi, Yoon-Young; Li, Xun; Harris, Jennifer; Andreyeva, Tatiana; Hyary, Maia; Vernick, Nicolette
Highsmith; Appel, Lawrence J. (1 May 2017).
433:
head of Ocean Spray
Cranberries wrote a letter to the FDA explaining that cranberries without sugar are "unpalatable" and claimed that they needed to be an exception to the bill. The
162:
recommendations. The results of research on the health effects of sugary food and drink differ significantly, depending on whether the researcher has financial ties to the food and
475:
A 2010 study of a sugar taxes in the US found that they decreased consumption of taxed drinks, but increased the consumption of untaxed high-calorie drinks, removing the benefit.
2209:"Changes in prices, sales, consumer spending, and beverage consumption one year after a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Berkeley, California, US: A before-and-after study"
1054:"Sugar Industry Influence on the Scientific Agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research's 1971 National Caries Program: A Historical Analysis of Internal Documents"
853:"Financial conflicts of interest and reporting bias regarding the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review of systematic reviews"
35:
497:; these reductions were larger than those observed from single, standalone policies, including sugar-sweetened-beverage taxes previously implemented in Latin America.
199:
advertising, through front groups and individuals with no obvious connection to the sugar industry, including people presenting themselves as independent scientists
478:
In Mexico, sugary drink consumption dropped after a public health campaign including a sugar tax came in in 2014, and dropped further a year later. A 2015 tax in
2207:
Silver, Lynn D.; Ng, Shu Wen; Ryan-Ibarra, Suzanne; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Induni, Marta; Miles, Donna R.; Poti, Jennifer M.; Popkin, Barry M. (18 April 2017).
2181:
267:
3262:
1918:
1788:
3185:
2334:
2267:
494:
566:
401:. Coca-Cola has now announced that it will "pull back" (reporter's phrasing) from funding health experts and obesity research, in order to improve its
1343:"Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents"
3132:
2369:"An evaluation of Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study"
417:, which, where ingredients lists are in order from largest to smallest quantity, can let sugars appear spuriously lower on the ingredients list.
1755:"'Soft lobbying' war between sugar, corn syrup shows new tactics in Washington influence: Inside the secretive war between sugar and corn syrup"
1735:
1709:
239:
There have been similar efforts to steer coverage of sugar-related health information in popular media, including news media and social media.
398:
303:
283:
151:
in setting like blogs, industry has worked to steer coverage of sugar-related health information in popular media, including news media and
3085:
1401:
3157:
3080:
425:
In 2016, the FDA enacted new requirements for US nutrition labels, which include calorie count in larger type and a separate line for
2156:
908:
3371:
3100:
3053:
1272:
McGandy, Robert B.; Hegsted, D.M.; Stare, F. J. (27 July 1967). "Dietary Fats, Carbohydrates and
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease".
69:
1817:
1176:
Aaron, Daniel G.; Siegel, Michael B. (January 2017). "Sponsorship of
National Health Organizations by Two Major Soda Companies".
2300:
539:
are common in the US, as government market intervention makes them cheaper than granulated sugar; outside the US, it is uncommon
373:, which publicly opposed one another's views on the healthiness of the rival products without acknowledging their funding (such
2448:
1316:
472:
Sugar taxes have been used to reduce the consumption of sugary drinks, often in combination with public information campaigns.
315:
835:
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773:
2931:
597:
434:
2961:
3195:
3115:
3110:
3095:
1864:
1557:
Boseley S. (2003). "Political context of the World Health
Organization: sugar industry threatens to scupper the WHO".
370:
971:
51:
3257:
3237:
3217:
2823:
661:
Mozaffarian, Dariush (2 May 2017). "Conflict of
Interest and the Role of the Food Industry in Nutrition Research".
394:
314:. The institute was founded by parties including Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and General Foods. Phillip James, head of the
3524:
774:"Do Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Cause Obesity and Diabetes? Industry and the Manufacture of Scientific Controversy"
349:
326:
275:
243:
2108:"In Mexico, Evidence Of Sustained Consumer Response Two Years After Implementing A Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax"
2065:
1113:"Are we selling our souls? Novel aspects of the presence in academic conferences of brands linked to ill health"
3137:
3105:
2683:
1842:
232:
190:
using words associated with health, such as "healthy", "natural", "naturally sweetened" and "lightly sweetened"
171:
158:
Sugar refiners and manufacturers of sugary foods and drinks have also sought to influence medical research and
333:
consumption (again, to less than 10% of daily energy intake). The US sugar industry additionally lobbied the
287:
254:
publication which reviewed industry documents. Among the researchers who put their names to the 1967 review,
3545:
3418:
3232:
3090:
2688:
402:
207:
1953:"Association of a Community Campaign for Better Beverage Choices With Beverage Purchases From Supermarkets"
482:, had a similar effect, although overall grocery spending did not decline. In 2016, the far larger city of
3492:
3272:
1002:"Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents"
378:
251:
222:
Sugar refiners and manufacturers of sugary foods and drinks have sought to influence medical research and
302:
After the WHO recommended cutting sugar consumption to less than 10% of daily energy intake in 1990, the
246:, a trade association for the sugar industry, conceived, funded, and participated in an influential 1967
3282:
3222:
385:
2728:
941:
1892:
851:
Bes-Rastrollo, Maira; Schulze, Matthias B.; Ruiz-Canela, Miguel; Martinez-Gonzalez, Miguel A. (2013).
2783:
2698:
2586:
1670:
479:
342:
47:
2367:
Smith Taillie, Lindsey; Reyes M. Arantxa Colchero, Marcela; Popkin, Barry; Corvalán, Camila (2020).
1739:
247:
3190:
3075:
3032:
2441:
366:
3450:
3277:
3167:
2833:
2008:
1582:
1253:
1148:
747:
263:
255:
1539:
318:, considered that this accreditation increased industry influence over world health guidelines.
213:
positioning sugary drinks and foods as a freedom-of-choice issue rather than a public health one
3381:
3247:
3162:
2636:
2400:
2342:
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1990:
1972:
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2119:
2106:
Colchero, M. Arantxa; Rivera-Dommarco, Juan; Popkin, Barry M.; Ng, Shu Wen (2 August 2017).
2080:
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1980:
1964:
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772:
Schillinger, Dean; Tran, Jessica; Mangurian, Christina; Kearns, Cristin (20 December 2016).
723:
670:
467:
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was lobbied by the sugar industry, which substantially influenced the types of research the
231:
concluded that "This industry seems to be manipulating contemporary scientific processes to
170:
concluded that "This industry seems to be manipulating contemporary scientific processes to
120:
3428:
3350:
3058:
2951:
2416:
2411:
634:
2066:"The effects of soft drink taxes on child and adolescent consumption and weight outcomes"
2035:"Developing Media Interventions to Reduce Household Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption"
1674:
101:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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supported the FDA in its request for the legislation, and, after it was enacted under
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marketing high-sugar versions of established low-sugar brands as flavour variations
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recommendation, to one that sugar should not be eaten more than four times a day.
2385:
2225:
2033:
Jordan, Amy; Taylor Piotrowski, Jessica; Bleakley, Amy; Mallya, Giridhar (2012).
1867:. The Nutrition Source. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 5 August 2013
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1919:"New F.D.A. Nutrition Labels Would Make 'Serving Sizes' Reflect Actual Servings"
1570:
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and foods. Apart from direct marketing methods such as messaging on packaging,
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3012:
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2873:
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2601:
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2123:
1789:"Coke Discloses Millions in Grants for Health Research and Community Programs"
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536:
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353:
330:
144:
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2050:
1976:
1930:
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1625:
1477:"Nutrition and diet for healthy lifestyles in Europe: the 'Eurodiet' Project"
1413:
1368:
1341:
Kearns, Cristin E.; Apollonio, Dorie; Glantz, Stanton A. (21 November 2017).
1293:
1241:
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and advance their business interests at the expense of the public's health".
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3333:
3308:
3267:
2895:
2818:
2813:
2765:
2703:
2561:
2528:
2491:
567:"Coca-Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away From Bad Diets"
2404:
2252:
2141:
1994:
1692:
1643:
1578:
1502:
1461:
1386:
1249:
1205:
1144:
1097:
1052:
Kearns, Cristin E.; Glantz, Stanton A.; Schmidt, Laura A. (10 March 2015).
1035:
888:
818:
743:
690:
674:
2426:
2335:"First US sugar tax sees soft drink sales fall by almost 10%, study shows"
2268:"First US sugar tax sees soft drink sales fall by almost 10%, study shows"
1617:
1301:
3318:
2900:
2778:
2718:
2486:
2064:
Fletcher, Jason M.; Frisvold, David E.; Tefft, Nathan (1 December 2010).
2009:"Sugary drink sales drop nearly 20 percent after multi-faceted campaign"
972:
Sugar-coating science: How the Food Industry Misleads Consumers on Sugar
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3022:
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2921:
2848:
2798:
2738:
2713:
2523:
2518:
2513:
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1112:
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original publication referred to, not cited as an information source:
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for health research and media outreach, and a combined $ 4 million to
3423:
3411:
2883:
2828:
2501:
792:
727:
291:
271:
should consider giving less weight to food industry–funded studies".
1683:
1658:
2868:
2803:
2693:
2618:
2457:
2039:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
511:
490:
429:. By July 2018 most manufacturers will need to use the new label.
374:
196:
128:
119:
2430:
2936:
2182:"Berkeley soda tax takes a big gulp out of sugary-drink sales"
942:"8 Insane Vintage Ads That Make Sugar Seem Like A Health Food"
311:
307:
81:
18:
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1475:
Kafatos, Anthony; Codrington, Caroline A. (2 January 2007).
1710:"Stealth Lobbying Used to Tout Sugar Over Rival Corn Syrup"
2301:"Philadelphia becomes first major US city with a soda tax"
846:
844:
2415: This article incorporates text available under the
2157:"Mexican Soda Tax Followed by Drop in Sugary Drink Sales"
325:
Industry groups also criticized the evidence behind the
202:
targeting women, who make many food purchasing decisions
1540:"Sugar Industry Takes on the World Health Organization"
43:
1818:"Coke Spends Lavishly on Pediatricians and Dietitians"
486:
brought in a sugar tax to fund children's programs.
306:
gained accreditation as a research organization the
258:
went on to write national nutrition guidelines, and
3474:
3364:
3296:
3208:
3178:
3046:
2983:
2974:
2914:
2752:
2617:
2610:
2549:
2474:
1000:Kearns, C. E.; Schmidt, L. A; Glantz, S. A (2016).
909:"Studies Linked to Soda Industry Mask Health Risks"
767:
765:
763:
761:
635:"Soda Companies Fund 96 Health Groups In the U.S."
193:using associations with fruit to imply healthiness
449:, said that the government had "got this right".
1893:"F.D.A. Finishes Food Labels for How We Eat Now"
1402:"Sugar Industry Long Downplayed Potential Harms"
1047:
1045:
702:
700:
1811:
1809:
1602:"The science behind the sweetness in our diets"
656:
654:
591:
589:
587:
1538:Ydstie, John; Marion, Nestle (24 April 2003).
836:Author's conflict of interest disclosure forms
560:
558:
556:
218:Influence on health information and guidelines
2442:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1317:"How the Sugar Industry Shifted Blame to Fat"
707:Anderson, P.; Miller, D. (11 February 2015).
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1704:
1702:
902:
900:
898:
495:Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising
268:conflicts of interest in academic publishing
3263:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
995:
993:
991:
989:
628:
626:
266:'s nutrition department. Rules surrounding
2980:
2614:
2449:
2435:
2427:
1843:"Different Words for Sugar on Food Labels"
1514:
1512:
413:Sugar is added to ingredients lists under
2394:
2384:
2242:
2224:
2131:
1984:
1682:
1633:
1606:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1521:"Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO"
1492:
1451:
1376:
1358:
1087:
1069:
1025:
878:
868:
808:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:Sifferlin, Alexandra (10 October 2016).
598:"Rival Industries Sweet-Talk the Public"
1917:Tavernise, Sabrina (27 February 2014).
1736:"Western Sugar Litigation Case History"
1659:"Storm brewing over WHO sugar proposal"
1600:Mann, J.; Fleck, F. (1 November 2014).
1178:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
974:(Report). Union of Concerned Scientists
552:
528:
341:comments on the proposal to fill out a
1816:O'Connor, Anahad (28 September 2015).
1787:O’Connor, Anahad (22 September 2015).
1315:O'Connor, Anahad (12 September 2016).
1400:O’Connor, Anahad (21 November 2017).
1064:(3). Simon Capewell (ed.): –1001798.
399:Pennington Biomedical Research Center
304:International Life Sciences Institute
294:program called for. Research on food
284:National Institute of Dental Research
7:
907:O’Connor, Anahad (31 October 2016).
453:Campaigns to lower sugar consumption
441:The changes had bipartisan support;
421:2016 US nutritional labeling changes
2155:O'Connor, Anahad (6 January 2016).
1753:Hamburger, Tom (12 February 2014).
1436:"Sugar industry sour on WHO report"
1891:Tavernise, Sabrina (20 May 2016).
1111:Flint, Stuart W. (1 August 2016).
565:O’Connor, Anahad (9 August 2015).
166:. The authors of a 2016 review of
14:
3372:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
2468:List of sugars and sugar products
1738:. 9 November 2015. Archived from
596:Lipton, Eric (11 February 2014).
377:is legal in the US following the
274:Immediately afterwards, the same
3520:
3519:
3510:
3509:
2410:
2333:Boseley, Sarah (18 April 2017).
2266:Boseley, Sarah (18 April 2017).
1519:Boseley, Sarah (21 April 2003).
1434:Barbara Sibbald (10 June 2003).
86:
23:
1969:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9650
1274:New England Journal of Medicine
1018:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394
316:International Obesity Taskforce
1657:Owens, Brian (11 March 2014).
384:In 2015, it was reported that
124:A Redpath Sugar advertisement.
1:
2085:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.09.005
2045:(1). Sage Journals: 118–135.
1234:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62089-3
970:; Phartiyal, Pallavi (2014).
435:American Beverage Association
2386:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015
2226:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002283
1360:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003460
1190:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.010
1117:J Epidemiol Community Health
1071:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798
870:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001578
709:"Commentary: Sweet policies"
131:is heavily marketed both by
2073:Journal of Public Economics
1571:10.2190/u0mw-wm82-n5bh-e20c
1286:10.1056/NEJM196707272770405
781:Annals of Internal Medicine
512:Sugar § Health effects
371:Center for Consumer Freedom
337:to cut funding to the WHO.
46:, discuss the issue on the
3562:
3258:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
3238:Demerara rebellion of 1823
3218:1811 German Coast uprising
2824:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
465:
395:Louisiana State University
329:2003 recommended limit on
3505:
2465:
2124:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1231
1865:"Added Sugar in the Diet"
1494:10.1017/S1368980099000439
415:dozens of different names
350:Corn Refiners Association
327:World Health Organization
276:Sugar Research Foundation
244:Sugar Research Foundation
95:This article needs to be
2684:High-fructose corn syrup
2051:10.1177/0002716211425656
1165:(second issn: 1470-2738)
1129:10.1136/jech-2015-206586
3233:Colonial molasses trade
2689:High-maltose corn syrup
1481:Public Health Nutrition
832:original url, paywalled
722:(feb10 16): –780–h780.
348:In 2011, the competing
288:National Caries Program
208:advertising to children
3493:Pure, White and Deadly
3273:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
3179:By region (historical)
1957:JAMA Internal Medicine
1006:JAMA Internal Medicine
675:10.1001/jama.2017.3456
379:Citizens United ruling
252:JAMA Internal Medicine
125:
3283:Taiwan Sugar Railways
3223:Amelioration Act 1798
1618:10.2471/BLT.14.031114
135:and the producers of
123:
2962:Unrefined sweeteners
2784:Crystalline fructose
2699:Inverted sugar syrup
480:Berkeley, California
343:conflict-of-interest
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
3047:By region (current)
2947:Sugar confectionery
1742:on 9 November 2015.
1716:. 18 September 2012
1675:2014Natur.507..150O
367:Citizens for Health
3451:Sweetened beverage
3278:Sugar Intervention
3186:Danish West Indies
3168:U.S. Sugar Program
2927:Cotton candy floss
2834:Plantation Reserve
2729:Steen's cane syrup
1923:The New York Times
1897:The New York Times
1845:. 27 February 2013
1406:The New York Times
1321:The New York Times
913:The New York Times
602:The New York Times
264:Harvard University
256:David Mark Hegsted
233:create controversy
172:create controversy
126:
16:Marketing of sugar
3533:
3532:
3382:Blood sugar level
3248:Leith Sugar House
3204:
3203:
3163:Sugar Association
2970:
2969:
2932:Maple sugar foods
2637:Barley malt syrup
2460:as food commodity
1559:Int J Health Serv
1228:(9867): 670–679.
968:Goldman, Gretchen
966:Bailin, Deborah;
669:(17): 1755–1756.
523:Explanatory notes
358:Sugar Association
260:Fredrick J. Stare
149:product placement
116:
115:
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
3553:
3523:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3446:Sugar substitute
3288:Triangular trade
2981:
2642:Brown rice syrup
2615:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2307:. 16 June 2016.
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1362:
1353:(11): –2003460.
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1073:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1029:
997:
984:
983:
981:
979:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
946:Business Insider
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
904:
893:
892:
882:
872:
863:(12): –1001578.
848:
839:
829:
827:
825:
812:
793:10.7326/L16-0534
778:
769:
756:
755:
728:10.1136/bmj.h780
713:
704:
695:
694:
658:
649:
648:
646:
644:
630:
621:
620:
618:
616:
593:
582:
581:
579:
577:
562:
540:
533:
468:Sugary drink tax
111:
108:
102:
90:
89:
82:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3501:
3470:
3429:Sugar addiction
3360:
3351:Sugar sculpture
3292:
3200:
3174:
3151:Tate & Lyle
3142:United Kingdom
3059:Bundaberg Sugar
3042:
3038:Sugar marketing
2966:
2952:Sugarcane juice
2910:
2748:
2606:
2545:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2425:
2424:
2379:(2): e1003015.
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2219:(4): –1002283.
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2188:. 19 April 2017
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2079:(11): 967–974.
2068:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:Washington Post
1752:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1684:10.1038/507150a
1656:
1655:
1651:
1612:(11): 780–781.
1599:
1598:
1594:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1487:(3a): 327–328.
1474:
1473:
1469:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1155:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1012:(11): 1680–85.
999:
998:
987:
977:
975:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
906:
905:
896:
850:
849:
842:
823:
821:
787:(12): 895–897.
776:
771:
770:
759:
711:
706:
705:
698:
660:
659:
652:
642:
640:
632:
631:
624:
614:
612:
595:
594:
585:
575:
573:
564:
563:
554:
549:
544:
543:
534:
530:
525:
503:
470:
464:
455:
423:
411:
220:
180:
133:sugar producers
112:
106:
103:
100:
91:
87:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3546:Sugar industry
3538:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3439:Residual sugar
3434:Sugars in wine
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Health effects
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3392:Flavored syrup
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3356:Treacle mining
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:Tongaat Hulett
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Sugarcane mill
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Molasses sugar
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:List of syrups
2623:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2541:Reducing sugar
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2482:Monosaccharide
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2359:
2325:
2292:
2258:
2199:
2173:
2147:
2118:(3): 564–571.
2112:Health Affairs
2098:
2056:
2025:
2000:
1963:(5): 666–674.
1943:
1909:
1878:
1856:
1834:
1805:
1779:
1745:
1727:
1698:
1649:
1592:
1549:
1530:
1508:
1467:
1426:
1392:
1333:
1307:
1280:(4): 186–192.
1263:
1211:
1168:
1123:(8): 739–740.
1103:
1041:
985:
958:
933:
894:
840:
757:
696:
650:
622:
583:
551:
550:
548:
545:
542:
541:
527:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:Sugar industry
514:
509:
502:
499:
466:Main article:
463:
460:
454:
451:
443:George W. Bush
422:
419:
410:
407:
248:medical review
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
203:
200:
194:
191:
188:
179:
176:
164:drink industry
141:television ads
114:
113:
94:
92:
85:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3558:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Robert Lustig
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:United States
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:British Sugar
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Sugar alcohol
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Glucose syrup
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Maesil-cheong
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:PLOS Medicine
2370:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:PLOS Medicine
2210:
2203:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1715:
1714:Bloomberg.com
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:(7491): 150.
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1311:
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3243:Holing cane
3101:Philippines
3001:Casa-grande
2915:Other forms
2891:Sugar glass
2854:Sugar candy
2794:Gula melaka
2774:Candi sugar
2753:Solid forms
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2734:Table syrup
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2662:Yuja-cheong
2632:Agave syrup
2567:Agave syrup
2536:Added sugar
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2018:2 September
1936:2 September
1902:11 December
1871:3 September
1849:2 September
1419:2 September
1326:11 December
978:3 September
951:11 December
537:corn syrups
462:Sugar taxes
363:James Rippe
335:US Congress
3525:Production
3402:Date honey
3387:Cane knife
3324:Sugar nips
3013:Sugar bush
2996:Plantation
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547:References
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3081:Caribbean
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3475:Research
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