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nourishment and moisture from the lower soil. If the latter is too hard, the roots will not penetrate it readily and, as a result, the plant will be pushed up and out of the earth during the process of growth. A hard subsoil is impervious to water and prevents proper drainage. It should not be too loose, however, as this allows the water to pass through more freely than is desirable. Ideally, the soil should be deep, fairly fine and easily penetrable by the roots. It should also be capable of retaining moisture and at the same time admit of a free circulation of air and good drainage. Sugar beet crops exhaust the soil rapidly. Crop rotation is recommended and necessary. Normally, beets are grown in the same ground every third year, peas, beans or grain being raised the other two years.
1479:) deregulated glyphosate-resistant sugar beets after it conducted an environmental assessment and determined glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were highly unlikely to become a plant pest. Sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has been approved for human and animal consumption in multiple countries, but commercial production of biotech beets has been approved only in the United States and Canada. Studies have concluded the sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has the same nutritional value as sugar from conventional sugar beets. After deregulation in 2005, glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were extensively adopted in the United States. About 95% of sugar beet acres in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011.
495:
537:
inches) of rainfall are necessary to raise an average crop. High winds are harmful, as they generally crust the land and prevent the young beets from coming through the ground. The best results are obtained along the coast of southern
California, where warm, sunny days succeeded by cool, foggy nights seem to meet sugar beet's favored growth conditions. Sunshine of long duration but not of great intensity is the most important factor in the successful cultivation of sugar beets. Near the equator, the shorter days and the greater heat of the sun sharply reduce the sugar content in the beet.
1514:, revoked the deregulation of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets and declared it unlawful for growers to plant glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in the spring of 2011. Believing a sugar shortage would occur USDA-APHIS developed three options in the environmental assessment to address the concerns of environmentalists. In 2011, a federal appeals court for the Northern district of California in San Francisco overturned the ruling. In July 2012, after completing an environmental impact assessment and a plant pest risk assessment the USDA deregulated Monsanto's Roundup Ready sugar beets.
851:
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272:. In 2020, Russia, the United States, Germany, France and Turkey were the world's five largest sugar beet producers. In 2010–2011, Europe, and North America except Arctic territories failed to supply the overall domestic demand for sugar and were all net importers of sugar. The US harvested 1,004,600 acres (406,547 ha) of sugar beets in 2008. In 2009, sugar beets accounted for 20% of the world's sugar production and nearly 30% by 2013.
872:
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1491:. A study from the UK suggests yields of genetically modified beet were greater than conventional, while another from the North Dakota State University extension service found lower yields. The introduction of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets may contribute to the growing number of glyphosate-resistant weeds, so Monsanto has developed a program to encourage growers to use different herbicide modes of action to control their weeds.
1363:
404:, professor of physics in the Academy of Science of Berlin, isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3–1.6%. He also demonstrated that the sugar that could be extracted from beets was identical to that produced from cane. He found the best of these vegetable sources for sugar was the white beet. Despite Marggraf's success in isolating sugar from beets, it did not lead to commercial sugar production.
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338:, which grows exclusively in the tropical and subtropical zones. The average weight of a sugar beet ranges between 0.5 and 1 kg (1.1 and 2.2 lb). Sugar beet foliage has a rich, brilliant green color and grows to a height of about 35 cm (14 in). The leaves are numerous and broad and grow in a tuft from the crown of the beet, which is usually level with or just above the ground surface.
142:
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36:
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629:. Straw bales are used to shield the beets from the weather. Provided the clamp is well built with the right amount of ventilation, the beets do not significantly deteriorate. Beets that freeze and then defrost, produce complex carbohydrates that cause severe production problems in the factory. In the UK, loads may be hand examined at the factory gate before being accepted.
904:
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1338:, because it has a lower water content (resulting in better storage properties). Both the beet bulb and the leaves (with 25% protein) are fed to cattle. Although long considered toxic to cattle, harvested beet bulbs can be fed to cattle if they are appropriately transitioned to their new diet. Dairy cattle in New Zealand can thrive on just pasture and beets, without
462:(now Konary, Poland). The idea to produce sugar from beet was soon introduced to France, whence the European sugar beet industry rapidly expanded. By 1840, about 5% of the world's sugar was derived from sugar beets, and by 1880, this number had risen more than tenfold to over 50%. In North America, the first commercial production started in 1879 at a farm in
597:-like device that could be pulled by a horse team, the rest of the preparation was by hand. One laborer grabbed the beets by their leaves, knocked them together to shake free loose soil, and then laid them in a row, root to one side, greens to the other. A second worker equipped with a beet hook (a short-handled tool between a
636:
and the further growth of the root. Depending on the local climate, it may be carried out over the course of a few weeks or be prolonged throughout the winter months. The harvest and processing of the beet is referred to as "the campaign", reflecting the organization required to deliver the crop at a
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The second method to produce alcohol from sugar beet is to ferment the sugar beet themselves. I.e. without attempting to produce sugar. The idea to distill sugar from the beet came up soon after the first beet sugar factory was established. Between 1852 and 1854 Champonnois devised a good system to
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has developed the so-called tropical sugar beet. It allows the plant to grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Beets are planted from a small seed; 1 kg (2.2 lb) of beet seed comprises 100,000 seeds and will plant over one hectare (2.5 acres) of ground (one pound or 0.45 kilograms will
911:
The world harvested 260,998,614 metric tons (256,900,000 long tons; 287,700,000 short tons) of sugar beets in 2022. The world's largest producer was Russia, with a 48,907,753 metric tons (48,100,000 long tons; 53,900,000 short tons) harvest. The average yield of sugar beet crops worldwide was 60.8
563:
To cultivate beets successfully, the land must be properly prepared. Deep ploughing is the first principle of beet culture. It allows the roots to penetrate the subsoil without much obstruction, thereby preventing the beet from growing out of the ground, besides enabling it to extract considerable
621:
lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root in a single pass over the field. A modern harvester is typically able to cover six rows at the same time. The beets are dumped into trucks as the harvester rolls down the field, and then delivered to the factory. The conveyor then removes more
1325:
The feedstock-to-yield ratio for sugarbeet is 56:9. Therefore, it takes 6.22 kg of sugar beet to produce 1 kg of ethanol (approximately 1.27 L at room temperature). In 2006 it was found that producing ethanol from sugar beet or cane became profitable when market prices for ethanol were
536:
Climatic conditions, temperature, sunshine, rainfall and winds have an important bearing upon the success of sugar beet agriculture. A temperature ranging from 15 to 21 °C (59 to 70 °F) during the growing months is most favorable. In the absence of adequate irrigation, 460 mm (18
436:, meaning white Silesian sugar beet. In about 1800, this cultivar boasted about 5–6% sucrose by (dry) weight. It would go on to be the progenitor of all modern sugar beets. The plant breeding process has continued since then, leading to a sucrose content of around 18% in modern varieties.
1528:. It has been sequenced and two reference genome sequences have already been generated. The genome size of the sugar beet is approximately 731 (714–758) Megabases, and sugar beet DNA is packaged in 18 metacentric chromosomes (2n=2x=18). All sugar beet centromeres are made up of a single
1502:, the Organic Seed Alliance and High Mowing Seeds filed a lawsuit against USDA-APHIS regarding their decision to deregulate glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in 2005. The organizations expressed concerns regarding glyphosate-resistant sugar beets' ability to potentially
1241:
An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has a consistency similar to that of
1383:("root madness"), which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots, making the crop economically unprocessable. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already present in some areas. It is also susceptible to both the
950:. This is done in a beet sugar factory, often abbreviated to sugar factory. Nowadays these most of the time also act as a sugar refinery, but historically the beet sugar factory produced raw sugar and the sugar refinery refined raw sugar to create white sugar.
1010:
The next steps to produce white sugar are not specific for producing sugar from sugar beet. They also apply to producing white sugar from sugar cane. As such, they belong to the sugar refining process, not to the beet sugar production process per se.
2044:"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées (Chemical experiments made with the intention of extracting real sugar from diverse plants that grow in our lands)"
1326:
close to $ 4 per gallon. According to
Atlantic Biomass president Robert Kozak, a study at University of Maryland Eastern Shore indicates sugar beets appear capable of producing 860 to 900 gallons (3,256 to 3,407 liters) of ethanol per acre.
3045:
Weber, Beatrice; Wenke, Torsten; Frömmel, Ulrike; et al. (1 February 2010). "The Ty1-copia families SALIRE and
Cotzilla populating the Beta vulgaris genome show remarkable differences in abundance, chromosomal distribution, and age".
1486:
without harming the crop. After planting sugar beet seed, weeds emerge in fields and growers apply glyphosate to control them. Glyphosate is commonly used in field crops because it controls a broad spectrum of weed species and has a low
1638:
The volume will be completely devoted to the sea beet, that is, the ancestor of all the cultivated beets. The wild plant, growing mainly on the shore of the
Mediterranean Sea, remains very important as source of useful traits for beet
1061:) from sugar beet. The first method produces alcohol as a byproduct of manufacturing sugar. It is about fermenting the sugar beet molasses that are left after (the second) centrifugation. This strongly resembles the manufacture of
616:
application for weed control, and mechanical harvesting have displaced this reliance on manual farm work. A root beater uses a series of blades to chop the leaf and crown (which is high in nonsugar impurities) from the root. The
571:
climates, beets are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn. At the northern end of its range, growing seasons as short as 100 days can produce commercially viable sugar beet crops. In warmer climates, such as in
929:
farmers have achieved yields of about 160 tonnes per hectare and over 26 tonnes sugar per hectare. Imperial Valley farms benefit from high intensities of incident sunlight and intensive use of irrigation and fertilizers.
2260:
588:
Until the latter half of the 20th century, sugar beet production was highly labor-intensive, as weed control was managed by densely planting the crop, which then had to be manually thinned two or three times with a
1511:
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distill alcohol from sugar beet. Within a few years a large sugar distilling industry was created in France. The current process to produce alcohol by fermenting and distilling sugar beet consists of these steps:
2953:
Zakrzewski, Falk; Weber, Beatrice; Schmidt, Thomas (2013), "A Molecular
Cytogenetic Analysis of the Structure, Evolution, and Epigenetic Modifications of Major DNA Sequences in Centromeres of Beta Species",
605:) followed behind, and would lift the beet and swiftly chop the crown and leaves from the root with a single action. Working this way, he would leave a row of beets that could be forked into the back of a
637:
steady rate to processing factories that run 24 hours a day for the duration of the harvest and processing (for the UK, the campaign lasts about five months). In the
Netherlands, this period is known as
1846:
540:
In high elevation regions such as those of Idaho, Colorado and Utah, where the temperature is high during the daytime, but where the nights are cool, the quality of the sugar beet is excellent. In
2906:"A sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) reference FISH karyotype for chromosome and chromosome-arm identification, integration of genetic linkage groups and analysis of major repeat family distribution"
2178:
548:, where production is concentrated, lies between the 41st and 46th parallels North) and the influence of the Great Lakes result in satisfactory climatic conditions for sugar beet culture.
1394:
Continual research looks for varieties with resistance, as well as increased sugar yield. Sugar beet breeding research in the United States is most prominently conducted at various
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is not necessarily detrimental, as sugar beets are not especially susceptible to injury by some alkali. The ground should be fairly level and well-drained, especially where
280:. In February 2015, a USDA factsheet reported that sugar beets generally account for about 55 percent of domestically produced sugar, and sugar cane for about 45 percent.
2455:"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/48 of 11 January 2018 entering a name in the register of traditional specialities guaranteed [Suikerstroop (TSG)]"
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Nowadays, most sugar factories then refine the raw juice themselves, without moving it to a sugar refinery. The beet pulp is processed on site to become cattle fodder.
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The remaining liquor is then boiled and centrifuged, producing a lower grade of crystallised sugar (which is redissolved to feed the white sugar pans) and molasses.
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and a proper climate for its successful cultivation. The most important requirements are that the soil must contain a large supply of nutrients, be rich in
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near Berlin in 1786. Achard started his plant breeding by evaluating 23 varieties of beet for sugar content. In the end he selected a local strain from
303:. The exact sugar content can vary between 12% and 21%, depending on the cultivar and growing conditions. Sugar is the primary value of sugar beet as a
4846:
5055:
3158:"BNR – a LINE family from Beta vulgaris– contains a RRM domain in open reading frame 1 and defines a L1 sub-clade present in diverse plant genomes"
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1967:
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3207:"Diversification, evolution and methylation of short interspersed nuclear element families in sugar beet and related Amaranthaceae species"
1703:
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381:. He wrote: "The beet-root, when being boiled, yields a juice similar to syrup of sugar, which is beautiful to look at on account of its
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in Dutch) is used as a spread for sandwiches, as well as for sweetening sauces, cakes and desserts. Dutch people generally top their
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533:, is not desirable, as cultivation to a depth of from 12 to 15 inches (30 to 38 cm) is necessary to produce the best results.
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colour" (1575). Because crystallized cane sugar was already available and had a better taste, this process did not become popular.
1366:
Sugar beet farming using dam culture method. Used in Russia, Germany, France, Ukraine, Turkey, China, Poland, and sometimes Egypt.
5158:
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529:, but the ideal soil is a sandy loam, i.e., a mixture of organic matter, clay and sand. A subsoil of gravel, or the presence of
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1998:
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432:, Germany. Moritz Baron von Koppy and his son further selected white, conical tubers from this strain. The selection was named
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57:
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643:, a time to be careful when driving on local roads in the area while the beets are being grown, because the naturally high
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1990:
72:
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Sugar beets have been bred for increased sugar content, from 8% to 18% in the 200 years up to 2013, resistance to
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Evaporation, the thin juice is concentrated by evaporation to make a "thick juice", roughly 60% sucrose by weight.
79:
46:
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In New
Zealand, sugar beet is widely grown and harvested as feed for dairy cattle. It is regarded as superior to
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Crystallization, by boiling under reduced pressure the sugar liquor is turned into crystals and remaining liquor.
1536:. More than 60% of sugar beet's DNA is repetitive, mostly distributed in a dispersed way along the chromosomes.
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region of
Michigan; both the region and state are major sugar beet producers. Sebewaing is home to one of four
2734:"Management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant sugar beet for spring and autumn environmental benefit"
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2988:"Highly diverse chromoviruses of Beta vulgaris are classified by chromodomains and chromosomal integration"
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during the growing season. Harvesting also required many workers. Although the roots could be lifted by a
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3256:"Crop wild relative populations of Beta vulgaris allow direct mapping of agronomically important genes"
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Centrifugation, in a centrifuge the white sugar crystals are separated from the remaining sugar liquor.
68:
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content of the soil tends to cause slippery roads when soil falls from the trailers during transport.
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580:, sugar beets are a winter crop, planted in the autumn and harvested in the spring. In recent years,
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Purification, the raw juice undergoes a chemical process to remove impurities and create thin juice.
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2801:"Press Release: Monsanto Outlines New Weed Management Platform Under the Roundup Ready PLUS™ Brand"
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or other supplementary feed. The crop is also now grown in some parts of
Australia as cattle feed.
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393:
2861:"USDA Prepares Draft Environmental Assessment on Regulatory Options for Roundup Ready Sugar Beets"
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Der
ZuckerrĂĽbenbau: kurzgefasste Anleitung zum Anbau der ZuckerrĂĽbe fĂĽr den praktischen Landwirth
1388:
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451:
445:
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2826:
2631:"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. No. 10-17719, D.C. No. 3:10-cv-04038-JSW"
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1710:
292:) with a flat crown. The plant consists of the root and a rosette of leaves. Sugar is formed by
2156:"Sugar beet production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
1524:
The sugar beet genome shares a triplication event somewhere super-Caryophyllales and at or sub-
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Paesold, Susanne; Borchardt, Dietrich; Schmidt, Thomas; Dechyeva, Daryna (7 September 2012).
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Removing the sugar from the beet in an osmosis process, resulting in raw juice and beet pulp.
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3099:"Evolutionary reshuffling in the Errantivirus lineage Elbe within the Beta vulgaris genome"
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4372:
4294:
4002:
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2663:"Brief 43-2011. Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011"
2580:
2179:"THE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION OF AGRICULTURAL R&D OUTPUT IN THE UK BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY"
1994:
1951:
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Dohm, Juliane C.; Minoche, André E.; Holtgräwe, Daniela; et al. (18 December 2013).
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confers resistance to rhizomania, commonly known as the sugar beet root madness disease.
3271:
1772:
1471:. In 2005, the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (
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The species beet consists of several cultivar groups. The 16th-century French scientist
93:
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Harvesting and storage in a way that preserves the beet while they wait to be processed
633:
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224:
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2158:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
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In the United States, genetically modified sugar beets, engineered for resistance to
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US court bans GM sugar beet: Cultivation to take place under controlled conditions?
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Capistrano-Gossmann, Gina G.; Ries, D.; Holtgräwe, D.; et al. (6 June 2017).
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1547:) have been sequenced as well, allowing for identification of the resistance gene
323:, is used in animal feed. The byproducts of the sugar beet crop, such as pulp and
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Weber, Beatrice; Heitkam, Tony; Holtgräwe, Daniela; et al. (1 March 2013).
2881:. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 7 August 2012. Archived from
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In the 1960s, beet sugar processing was described as consisting of these steps.
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Schwichtenberg, Katrin; Wenke, Torsten; Zakrzewski, Falk; et al. (2016).
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1683:"NASS – Statistics by Subject – Crops & Plants – Field Crops – Sugarbeets"
1483:
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486:
308:
166:
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1800:
400:, subsidized experiments to develop processes for sugar extraction. In 1747,
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2390:
The Manufacture of Beet Sugar and Alcohol, and the Cultivation of Sugar-beet
1905:
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In many European countries rectified spirit from sugar beet is used to make
903:
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In the US, the fall harvest begins with the first hard frost, which arrests
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1987:
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Further sugar can be recovered from the molasses eg by the Steffen Process.
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2090:. Vol. XIX, no. 20. New Orleans. November 18, 1897. p. 312.
1828:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2 February 2015. Archived from
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1709:. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009. Archived from
1685:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2 October 2006. Archived from
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324:
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17:
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1882:
Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution
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had 8 beet sugar distilleries, located in France, Czechia and Romania.
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1791:
1525:
1296:
1266:
1200: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1079:
1058:
913:
835:
751:
530:
514:, and be able to contain a great deal of moisture. A certain amount of
459:
397:
389:
289:
216:
202:
152:
3223:
3206:
3097:
Wollrab, Cora; Heitkam, Tony; Holtgräwe, Daniela; et al. (2012).
2048:
Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin
4762:
4694:
4610:
4556:
4367:
4355:
3827:
3772:
3445:
2122:
1339:
1151:
1144:
793:
772:
709:
688:
625:
If the beets are to be left for later delivery, they are formed into
602:
594:
515:
320:
316:
4978:
3313:
942:
A sugar beet farm in Belgium: Beyond the field is the sugar factory.
919:
The most productive sugar beet farms in the world, in 2022, were in
2710:. Pest Management Science Pest Manag Sci 64:319–325. Archived from
2018:
Hanelt, Peter; BĂĽttner, R.; Mansfeld, Rudolf; Kilian, Ruth (2001).
5086:
4736:
4679:
4669:
4622:
3812:
3747:
3637:
3562:
3401:
3363:
1476:
1430:
1361:
1243:
1232:
1155:
1043:
994:
937:
920:
902:
856:
814:
511:
493:
485:
477:
467:
364:
356:
238:
220:
1671:. United States Department of Agriculture: FAS Information. 2011.
299:
The root of the beet contains 75% water, about 20% sugar, and 5%
4704:
4674:
1747:"The genome of the recently domesticated crop plant sugar beet (
1472:
1143:
Large sugar beet distilleries remain limited to Europe. In 2023
1065:
from sugar cane molasses. In a number of countries, notably the
644:
606:
560:
factories. The town sponsors an annual Michigan Sugar Festival.
526:
507:
5021:
4982:
4483:
3374:
2020:
Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
923:, with a nationwide average yield of 106.2 tonnes per hectare.
4684:
3880:
2352:
The Sugar Beet: Its Adaptability for Cultivation in the Colony
1169:
1159:
1062:
544:, the long summer days from the relatively high latitude (the
146:
Sugar beet, illustration of root, leaf, and flowering patterns
29:
4479:
2218:"Attention to detail critical in meeting beet yield targets"
1314:
plan to use agricultural surpluses of sugar beet to produce
1253:
area, and in the Netherlands, this sugar beet syrup (called
223:
production. In plant breeding, it is known as the Altissima
1847:"Agribusiness Handbooks, vol. 4: Sugar Beets / White Sugar"
1307:
1583:
line – this has especially been useful in yield breeding.
974:
Slicing the beet in small pieces called cossettes or chips
377:
discovered a process for preparing sugar syrup from (red)
3333:
University of North Texas Government Documents Department
2393:. Government printing office, Washington. pp. 40–59.
2235:"An economic study of the beet sugar industry in Montana"
1920:"L'histoire du sucre | Klorane Botanical Foundation"
1512:
US District Court for the Northern District of California
525:
Generous crops can be grown in both sandy soil and heavy
2708:"Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide: Mini-review"
2084:"Supplement to the Chronicle of the Beet Sugar Industry"
1387:, which causes crinkling and stunting of the leaves and
1272:
Suikerstroop made according to the Dutch tradition is a
268:
Sugar beets are grown in climates that are too cold for
2317:"Silver Wedge: The Sugar Beet Industry in Fort Collins"
215:
is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of
2682:"2010 Growers' Guide for Producing Quality Sugarbeets"
1958:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1417:
Other economically important members of the subfamily
1276:
under EU and UK law. Commercially, if the syrup has a
2625:
2623:
1402:, headed by Linda Hanson and Leonard Panella; one in
3328:
Sugar beet culture in the northern Great Plains area
2119:"De-icing Highways and Roads Using Sugar Beet Juice"
288:
The sugar beet has a conical, white, fleshy root (a
4991:
4902:
4834:
4750:
4641:
4517:
4418:
4308:
4240:
4152:
4122:
3990:
3927:
3918:
3858:
3696:
3561:
3554:
3493:
3418:
2477:"Economics of Sugar Beet and Cane Biofuel — Energy"
1506:with conventional sugar beets. U.S. District Judge
198:
188:
165:
151:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2783:"Roundup Ready Crops Prove to be a Hit in the USA"
1284:and converted to a high-fructose syrup, much like
1057:There are two obvious methods to produce alcohol (
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1398:Agricultural Research Stations, including one in
1237:Traditional Dutch stroop and the bottled version
388:Modern sugar beets date to the mid-18th century
369:French sugar beet mill in operation in the 1840s
4842:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2550:"Fodder, sugar beets dream feed if grown right"
2186:Proc South African Sugar Technology Association
1704:"Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar"
1087:, a similar drink is made under the brand name
971:Washing and scrubbing to remove soil and debris
327:, add another 10% to the value of the harvest.
233:). Together with other beet cultivars, such as
3322:article on how sugar beet can be used for fuel
2958:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 39–55,
2706:Stephen O Duke & Stephen B Powles (2008).
2310:
2308:
2229:
2227:
296:in the leaves and is then stored in the root.
4993:Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Altissima Group
4495:
3386:
2501:"Sugar beets ~ a reliable source of biofuel?"
1139:Refining, the result is a highly pure alcohol
27:Plant grown commercially for sugar production
8:
2088:The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer
1698:
1696:
1604:Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
1579:. Breeding has been eased by discovery of a
4207:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2803:. monsanto. 19 October 2010. Archived from
2610:"Roundup Ready® Sugar Beet Case – Timeline"
2344:
2342:
2340:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1983:
1981:
1979:
638:
450:Franz Karl Achard opened the world's first
4979:
4502:
4488:
4480:
3924:
3558:
3393:
3379:
3371:
2355:. George Robertson, Melbourne. p. 18.
2262:Chemical Process Technology and Simulation
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1823:"USDA Coexistence Fact Sheets Sugar Beets"
140:
131:
4847:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
3287:
3222:
3173:
3124:
3114:
3021:
3003:
2921:
2823:"Roundup Ready Sugar Beet Case: Timeline"
2757:
2612:. APHIS. 7 September 2010. Archived from
2503:. University of Maryland. 21 October 2016
2387:d'Aligny, Henry Ferdinand Quarré (1869).
1942:
1940:
1898:Histoire Centennale du Sucre de Betterave
1790:
1780:
1482:Weeds may be chemically controlled using
1216:Learn how and when to remove this message
1053:, a sugar-beet-based alcohol from Czechia
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2240:. Montana State University. 1 March 1969
2050:. Marggraf (1747). 1749. pp. 79–90.
1073:, this analogy led to making a rum-like
654:
361:A geneticist evaluates sugar beet plants
3156:Heitkam, Tony; Schmidt, Thomas (2009).
2523:"Grower lauds sugar beet 'wonder fuel'"
2367:"Czechs and Their Billion Dollar Beets"
1591:
1463:marketed as Roundup, were developed by
1370:Sugar beets are an important part of a
1131:Dehydration, this results in Bioethanol
585:plant about one acre or 0.40 hectares.
2576:
2566:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1406:, headed by John Wieland; and one at
1377:Sugar beet plants are susceptible to
7:
4915:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
1654:. Food and Agriculture Organization.
1198:adding citations to reliable sources
330:Sugar beets grow exclusively in the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2259:Koyikkal, Srikumar (8 April 2013).
946:Most sugar beet are used to create
466:. The sugar beet was introduced to
253:. Its closest wild relative is the
219:and that is grown commercially for
2636:. 25 February 2011. Archived from
1623:Beta Maritima: The Origin of Beets
1571:diseases, increased taproot size,
1246:. No other ingredients are used.
656:Top ten sugar beet producers—2022
440:History of the beet sugar industry
25:
5100:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2878296-4
4316:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
3412:List of sugars and sugar products
1299:can be isolated from sugar beet.
1288:, or isoglucose syrup in the EU.
1274:Traditional Speciality Guaranteed
412:Marggraf's student and successor
276:accounts for most of the rest of
4963:
4962:
4464:
4463:
4454:
4453:
3175:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03923.x
3116:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05107.x
2923:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05102.x
2879:"Roundup Ready® Sugar Beet News"
2785:. Farmers Weekly. Archived from
1885:. San Francisco, J. J. Newbegin.
1610:from the original on 4 May 2013.
1280:above 30, the product has to be
1174:
870:
849:
828:
807:
786:
765:
744:
723:
702:
681:
482:A sugar beet farm in Switzerland
470:by German settlers around 1850.
311:in water and mainly composed of
34:
2781:Mike Abrams (6 February 2009).
2286:Dowse, Peter (31 August 2021).
1999:University of California, Davis
1924:www.kloranebotanical.foundation
1666:"Sugar:World Markets and Trade"
1532:family and centromere-specific
1451:Genetically modified sugar beet
1185:needs additional citations for
669:
490:Worldwide sugar beet production
241:, it belongs to the subspecies
45:needs additional citations for
3126:11858/00-001M-0000-000E-F0B9-B
2840:USDA-APHIS (29 January 2009).
2821:USDA-APHIS (4 February 2011).
2324:SWCA Environmental Consultants
2220:. Farmers Guardian. June 2010.
2022:. Springer. pp. 235–241.
1652:"Crops and livestock products"
1350:Molasses can serve to produce
934:From sugar beet to white sugar
1:
2732:May, MJ; et al. (2005).
2481:North Dakota State University
1249:In Germany, particularly the
408:Development of the sugar beet
2069:Die ZuckerrĂĽbe und ihr Anbau
1539:Crop wild beet populations (
1414:, headed by Rachel Naegele.
927:Imperial Valley (California)
434:weiĂźe schlesische ZuckerrĂĽbe
4945:Issues relating to biofuels
4935:Energy return on investment
2315:Eric Twitty (August 2003).
5185:
4202:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
4182:Demerara rebellion of 1823
4162:1811 German Coast uprising
3768:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
2842:"Environmental Compliance"
2596:"Roundup Ready Sugarbeets"
2430:"Raw Material, Sugar Beet"
2369:. Tres Bohemes. 2017-02-09
2292:sugarnutritionresource.org
2072:. Eduard Trewent, Breslau.
1581:cytoplasmic male sterility
1448:
988:
957:
612:Today, mechanical sowing,
443:
402:Andreas Sigismund Marggraf
350:
4958:
4920:Energy content of biofuel
4449:
3409:
3060:10.1007/s10577-009-9104-4
2964:10.1002/9781118525715.ch4
2265:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
2192:: 107–115. Archived from
2101:Birnbaum, Eduard (1887).
1469:genetically modified crop
1408:Michigan State University
1278:dextrose equivalency (DE)
907:Sugar beet output in 2009
342:History of the sugar beet
139:
4894:Thermal depolymerization
4867:Industrial biotechnology
3628:High-fructose corn syrup
3343:13 December 2010 at the
2956:Plant Centromere Biology
2680:Michigan Sugar Company.
2349:Levi, Nathaniel (1870).
1551:in the wild progenitor.
1312:Associated British Foods
1286:high-fructose corn syrup
5159:Phytoremediation plants
4862:Fischer–Tropsch process
4852:Biomass heating systems
4177:Colonial molasses trade
3633:High-maltose corn syrup
3353:Popular Science Monthly
2665:. ISAAA. Archived from
2475:Cole Gustafson (2010).
1993:20 January 2009 at the
1322:in the United Kingdom.
347:Discovery of beet sugar
278:sugar produced globally
4437:Pure, White and Deadly
4217:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
4123:By region (historical)
3314:How Beet Sugar is Made
2750:10.1098/rspb.2004.2948
2066:Doering, Emil (1896).
1900:. Fortier et Marotte.
1852:. 1999. Archived from
1496:Center for Food Safety
1412:East Lansing, Michigan
1400:Fort Collins, Colorado
1367:
1238:
1054:
1007:
1001:Chelsea Sugar Refinery
943:
908:
639:
558:Michigan Sugar Company
499:
491:
483:
370:
362:
4227:Taiwan Sugar Railways
4167:Amelioration Act 1798
3260:Nature Communications
3005:10.1186/1759-8753-4-8
2405:"Alcohol and ethanol"
2288:"Refining sugar cane"
2107:. W.G. Korn, Breslau.
1879:George Rolph (1873).
1365:
1236:
1047:
998:
941:
906:
651:Production statistics
506:, needs a particular
502:The sugar beet, like
497:
489:
481:
368:
360:
334:zone, in contrast to
3906:Unrefined sweeteners
3728:Crystalline fructose
3643:Inverted sugar syrup
2789:on 24 November 2011.
2669:on 10 February 2012.
2554:ruralnewsgroup.co.nz
1896:Jules HĂ©lot (1912).
1835:on 12 February 2024.
1600:"Sorting Beta names"
1534:LTR retrotransposons
1445:Genetic modification
1385:beet leaf curl virus
1352:monosodium glutamate
1346:Monosodium glutamate
1194:improve this article
1123:in fermentation vats
464:Alvarado, California
227:of the common beet (
54:improve this article
4950:Sustainable biofuel
3991:By region (current)
3891:Sugar confectionery
3280:10.1038/ncomms15708
3272:2017NatCo...815708C
3048:Chromosome Research
2867:on 6 November 2010.
2616:on 17 October 2010.
2548:Group, Rural News.
2129:on 10 February 2013
1956:Agricultural plants
1782:10.1038/nature12817
1773:2014Natur.505..546D
1520:Genome and genetics
1404:Fargo, North Dakota
1035:Ethanol and alcohol
660:
550:Sebewaing, Michigan
394:Frederick the Great
4395:Sweetened beverage
4222:Sugar Intervention
4130:Danish West Indies
4112:U.S. Sugar Program
3871:Cotton candy floss
3778:Plantation Reserve
3673:Steen's cane syrup
3350:"Sugar From Beets"
2885:on 13 October 2010
2848:on 6 October 2014.
2643:on 16 October 2013
2579:has generic name (
1859:on 6 October 2014.
1689:on 3 October 2006.
1626:. Springer. 2012.
1389:beet yellows virus
1368:
1239:
1055:
1008:
960:Beet sugar factory
944:
909:
655:
500:
492:
484:
452:beet sugar factory
446:Beet sugar factory
371:
363:
251:var. saccharifera
249:but classified as
205:, mid-18th century
5136:
5135:
4985:Taxon identifiers
4976:
4975:
4889:Sabatier reaction
4477:
4476:
4326:Blood sugar level
4192:Leith Sugar House
4148:
4147:
4107:Sugar Association
3914:
3913:
3876:Maple sugar foods
3581:Barley malt syrup
3404:as food commodity
3224:10.1111/tpj.13103
3211:The Plant Journal
3162:The Plant Journal
3103:The Plant Journal
2910:The Plant Journal
2744:(1559): 111–119.
2029:978-3-540-41017-1
1969:978-0-521-40563-8
1633:978-1-4614-0841-3
1255:ZuckerrĂĽben-Sirup
1226:
1225:
1218:
901:
900:
672:(million tonnes)
640:de bietencampagne
414:Franz Karl Achard
375:Olivier de Serres
315:, hemicellulose,
209:
208:
181:var. saccharifera
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5176:
5129:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5090:
5089:
5077:
5076:
5064:
5063:
5051:
5050:
5038:
5037:
5025:
5024:
5012:
5011:
5010:
4980:
4966:
4965:
4810:Pongamia pinnata
4504:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4390:Sugar substitute
4232:Triangular trade
3925:
3586:Brown rice syrup
3559:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3367:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3226:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3118:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3007:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:. Archived from
2856:
2850:
2849:
2844:. Archived from
2837:
2831:
2830:
2825:. Archived from
2818:
2809:
2808:
2807:on 22 June 2012.
2797:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2684:. Archived from
2677:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2177:Limb Re (2008).
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2125:. Archived from
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2002:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1952:Langer, R. H. M.
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1784:
1765:Nature Portfolio
1742:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1508:Jeffrey S. White
1303:Alternative fuel
1221:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1178:
1170:
1116:Saccharification
1075:distilled spirit
876:
874:
873:
855:
853:
852:
834:
832:
831:
813:
811:
810:
792:
790:
789:
771:
769:
768:
750:
748:
747:
729:
727:
726:
708:
706:
705:
687:
685:
684:
661:
642:
498:A beet harvester
144:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5164:Root vegetables
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5072:
5067:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4987:
4977:
4972:
4954:
4930:Energy forestry
4898:
4830:
4792:Jatropha curcas
4753:
4746:
4654:Camelina sativa
4644:
4637:
4513:
4508:
4478:
4473:
4445:
4414:
4373:Sugar addiction
4304:
4295:Sugar sculpture
4236:
4144:
4118:
4095:Tate & Lyle
4086:United Kingdom
4003:Bundaberg Sugar
3986:
3982:Sugar marketing
3910:
3896:Sugarcane juice
3854:
3692:
3550:
3489:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3358:
3345:Wayback Machine
3310:
3305:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2829:on 1 July 2013.
2820:
2819:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2575:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2005:
1995:Wayback Machine
1986:
1977:
1970:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1561:
1522:
1504:cross-pollinate
1453:
1447:
1419:Chenopodioideae
1360:
1348:
1332:
1305:
1294:
1231:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1191:
1179:
1168:
1097:
1095:From sugar beet
1042:
1037:
993:
987:
962:
956:
936:
871:
869:
850:
848:
829:
827:
808:
806:
787:
785:
766:
764:
745:
743:
724:
722:
703:
701:
682:
680:
671:
653:
578:Imperial Valley
546:Lower Peninsula
476:
448:
442:
410:
355:
349:
344:
286:
194:Altissima Group
147:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:wfo-0000739250
5117:
5104:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5052:
5039:
5026:
5013:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4781:Chinese tallow
4778:
4771:
4766:
4758:
4756:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4628:Water hyacinth
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4383:Residual sugar
4378:Sugars in wine
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Health effects
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4336:Flavored syrup
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4300:Treacle mining
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4070:Tongaat Hulett
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Sugarcane mill
3959:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Molasses sugar
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:List of syrups
3567:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3485:Reducing sugar
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3426:Monosaccharide
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3347:
3335:
3331:hosted by the
3324:
3316:
3309:
3308:External links
3306:
3304:
3303:
3246:
3217:(2): 229–244.
3197:
3168:(6): 872–882.
3148:
3109:(4): 636–651.
3089:
3054:(2): 247–263.
3037:
2978:
2972:
2945:
2916:(4): 600–611.
2896:
2870:
2851:
2832:
2810:
2792:
2773:
2724:
2698:
2672:
2654:
2619:
2601:
2586:
2540:
2529:. 24 June 2014
2514:
2492:
2467:
2446:
2421:
2396:
2379:
2358:
2336:
2304:
2278:
2271:
2251:
2223:
2209:
2169:
2140:
2110:
2093:
2075:
2053:
2035:
2028:
2003:
1975:
1968:
1936:
1911:
1888:
1862:
1838:
1814:
1726:
1692:
1674:
1657:
1643:
1632:
1613:
1606:. 4 May 2013.
1590:
1588:
1585:
1560:
1557:
1521:
1518:
1449:Main article:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:or fodder beet
1433:
1428:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1328:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1261:in German, or
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1067:Czech Republic
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
991:Sugar refinery
989:Main article:
986:
985:Sugar refinery
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
935:
932:
899:
898:
893:
890:
884:
883:
880:
867:
863:
862:
859:
846:
842:
841:
838:
825:
821:
820:
817:
804:
800:
799:
796:
783:
779:
778:
775:
762:
758:
757:
754:
741:
737:
736:
733:
720:
716:
715:
712:
699:
695:
694:
691:
678:
674:
673:
668:
665:
652:
649:
634:photosynthesis
619:beet harvester
522:is practiced.
475:
472:
444:Main article:
441:
438:
428:in modern-day
420:sugar beet in
418:plant breeding
409:
406:
351:Main article:
348:
345:
343:
340:
294:photosynthesis
285:
282:
225:cultivar group
207:
206:
200:
196:
195:
192:
190:Cultivar group
186:
185:
169:
163:
162:
155:
149:
148:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5181:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Food vs. fuel
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4582:vegetable oil
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Robert Lustig
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4102:United States
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:British Sugar
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Sugar alcohol
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Glucose syrup
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Maesil-cheong
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3320:Guardian (UK)
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
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3100:
3093:
3090:
3085:
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3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2973:9781118525715
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2941:
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2900:
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2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:Proc Biol Sci
2735:
2728:
2725:
2714:on 2019-07-02
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2688:on 2013-08-09
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2639:
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2626:
2624:
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2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2597:
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2570:
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2544:
2541:
2528:
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2496:
2493:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2383:
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2362:
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2354:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2272:9788120347090
2268:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2199:on 2013-02-06
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1749:Beta vulgaris
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1716:on 2015-09-05
1712:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1647:
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1635:
1629:
1625:
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1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:satellite DNA
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:In 2008, the
1492:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1372:crop rotation
1364:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:with stroop.
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1206:February 2012
1199:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:This section
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1135:Rectification
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:Ă…land Islands
1082:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:From molasses
1039:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
984:
982:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:
965:
961:
954:Sugar factory
953:
951:
949:
940:
933:
931:
928:
924:
922:
917:
915:
905:
897:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
731:United States
721:
718:
717:
713:
711:
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
679:
676:
675:
666:
663:
662:
659:
650:
648:
646:
641:
635:
630:
628:
623:
620:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
496:
488:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
439:
437:
435:
431:
430:Saxony-Anhalt
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
367:
359:
354:
353:Beta vulgaris
346:
341:
339:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:Beta vulgaris
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Beta vulgaris
240:
236:
232:
231:
230:Beta vulgaris
226:
222:
218:
214:
204:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:Beta vulgaris
170:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:Beta vulgaris
156:
154:
150:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2021
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5149:Beta (plant)
4992:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4773:
4769:Big bluestem
4761:
4754:energy crops
4721:
4709:
4652:
4435:
4285:Sugar people
4273:Sugar packet
4197:Molasses Act
4172:Blackbirding
4065:Illovo Sugar
4060:South Africa
4013:Wilmar Sugar
3808:Butterscotch
3803:Barley sugar
3708:
3623:Golden syrup
3601:Mogwa-cheong
3500:
3453:Disaccharide
3360:"Beet Sugar"
3355:, March 1935
3352:
3327:
3319:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3051:
3047:
3040:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2955:
2948:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:the original
2873:
2865:the original
2859:USDA-APHIS.
2854:
2846:the original
2835:
2827:the original
2805:the original
2795:
2787:the original
2776:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2675:
2667:the original
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2638:the original
2614:the original
2604:
2589:
2559:25 September
2557:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2533:25 September
2531:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2495:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2389:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2361:
2351:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2261:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2212:
2201:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2189:
2185:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2131:. Retrieved
2127:the original
2113:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2068:
2047:
2038:
2019:
1955:
1928:. Retrieved
1923:
1914:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1854:the original
1841:
1830:the original
1817:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1718:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1687:the original
1677:
1660:
1646:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1594:
1562:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1516:
1493:
1481:
1454:
1437:Mangelwurzel
1435:
1416:
1393:
1378:
1376:
1369:
1349:
1333:
1324:
1306:
1295:
1271:
1263:Suikerstroop
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1229:Sugary syrup
1212:
1203:
1192:Please help
1187:verification
1184:
1149:
1142:
1127:Distillation
1121:Fermentation
1112:Liquefaction
1098:
1088:
1078:
1056:
1048:
1009:
980:
963:
945:
925:
918:
910:
895:
887:
631:
624:
611:
587:
566:
562:
539:
535:
524:
501:
454:in 1801, at
449:
433:
411:
387:
372:
329:
307:. The pulp,
298:
287:
267:
262:
258:
250:
246:
242:
228:
212:
210:
180:
176:
172:
157:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Sugar beet"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4925:Energy crop
4872:Pellet fuel
4857:Biorefinery
4821:Switchgrass
4665:Coconut oil
4643:Energy from
4577:Cooking oil
4562:Biogasoline
4537:Babassu oil
4431:John Yudkin
4341:Fruit syrup
4258:Sugar shack
4248:Added sugar
4187:Holing cane
4045:Philippines
3945:Casa-grande
3859:Other forms
3835:Sugar glass
3798:Sugar candy
3738:Gula melaka
3718:Candi sugar
3697:Solid forms
3688:YacĂłn syrup
3678:Table syrup
3653:Maple syrup
3606:Yuja-cheong
3576:Agave syrup
3511:Agave syrup
3480:Added sugar
2577:|last=
1926:(in French)
1792:10230/22493
1767:: 546–549.
1575:, and less
1541:B. vulgaris
1500:Sierra Club
1358:Agriculture
1336:fodder beet
1330:Cattle feed
1320:East Anglia
1089:Kobba Libre
1005:New Zealand
948:white sugar
912:tonnes per
878:Netherlands
426:Halberstadt
284:Description
5143:Categories
4835:Technology
4816:Salicornia
4799:Miscanthus
4722:Sugar beet
4594:cellulosic
4567:Bioliquids
4547:Biobutanol
4469:Production
4346:Date honey
4331:Cane knife
4268:Sugar nips
3957:Sugar bush
3940:Plantation
3928:Production
3823:Rock candy
3788:Preserving
3668:Pine honey
3613:Corn syrup
3501:Sugar beet
2992:Mobile DNA
2718:2012-11-02
2692:2011-04-05
2594:Monsanto.
2486:2023-02-08
2460:16 October
2373:2023-03-17
2244:20 January
2203:2012-02-07
2133:2 November
1930:2023-02-08
1720:2012-02-06
1587:References
1484:glyphosate
1457:glyphosate
1380:Rhizomania
1316:biobutanol
1282:hydrolyzed
1166:Other uses
670:Production
574:California
552:, lies in
520:irrigation
396:, king of
213:sugar beet
167:Subspecies
135:Sugar beet
80:newspapers
5048:242414722
5035:242414722
4910:Agflation
4803:giganteus
4732:Sunflower
4727:Sugarcane
4645:foodstock
4552:Biodiesel
4511:Bioenergy
4405:Sweetness
4400:Sweetener
4290:Sugar tit
4278:Sucrology
4253:Crop Over
4212:Sugar Act
4055:Sri Lanka
4040:Mauritius
4025:Caribbean
3998:Australia
3840:Sugarloaf
3758:Muscovado
3710:Peen tong
3648:Kuromitsu
3506:Sugarcane
3473:Trehalose
3436:Galactose
3419:Chemistry
3266:: 15708.
3233:1365-313X
3184:1365-313X
3135:1365-313X
3068:1573-6849
3014:1759-8753
2932:0960-7412
2647:28 August
2297:3 January
1988:Sugarbeet
1801:0028-0836
1639:breeding.
1573:monogermy
1461:herbicide
1251:Rhineland
1083:. On the
614:herbicide
569:temperate
554:the Thumb
504:sugarcane
422:Kaulsdorf
383:vermilion
336:sugarcane
332:temperate
313:cellulose
309:insoluble
305:cash crop
274:Sugarcane
270:sugarcane
18:Sugarbeet
5113:50250833
5108:Tropicos
5087:164505-1
5002:Wikidata
4968:Category
4903:Concepts
4786:Duckweed
4775:Camelina
4752:Non-food
4700:Rapeseed
4690:Palm oil
4633:Wood gas
4606:Methanol
4599:mixtures
4519:Biofuels
4459:Category
4419:Research
4263:Sugaring
4077:Tanzania
3952:Refinery
3920:Industry
3845:Wasanbon
3783:Powdered
3723:Chancaca
3663:Molasses
3555:Products
3531:Honeydew
3431:Fructose
3341:Archived
3298:28585529
3241:26676716
3192:19473321
3143:22804913
3084:24883110
3076:20039119
3032:23448600
2998:(1): 8.
2940:22775355
2768:15695200
2569:cite web
2507:5 August
2439:19 March
2414:19 March
2329:9 August
1991:Archived
1954:(1991).
1948:Hill, G.
1906:11941819
1809:24352233
1763:(7484).
1608:Archived
1559:Breeding
1545:maritima
1526:Eudicots
1489:toxicity
1465:Monsanto
1426:Beetroot
1267:pancakes
1071:Slovakia
667:Country
599:billhook
582:Syngenta
567:In most
542:Michigan
379:beetroot
325:molasses
263:maritima
255:sea beet
247:vulgaris
235:beetroot
177:vulgaris
5061:8033197
5008:Q151964
4717:Soybean
4711:Sorghum
4660:Cassava
4589:Ethanol
4572:Biomass
4542:Bagasse
4527:Alcohol
4410:Vinasse
4321:Bagasse
4309:Related
4241:Culture
4154:History
3967:Engenho
3935:Boilery
3901:Tuzemák
3866:Caramel
3793:Sucanat
3743:Jaggery
3733:Gelling
3683:Treacle
3658:Mizuame
3521:Coconut
3494:Sources
3468:Sucrose
3463:Maltose
3458:Lactose
3441:Glucose
3289:5467160
3268:Bibcode
3023:3605345
2889:28 July
2759:1634958
2162:10 June
2001:website
1997:from a
1960:197–199
1769:Bibcode
1577:bolting
1374:cycle.
1354:(MSG).
1297:Uridine
1292:Uridine
1154:, e.g.
1104:Adding
1080:Tuzemak
1077:called
1059:ethanol
1050:Tuzemák
914:hectare
836:Ukraine
752:Germany
531:hardpan
474:Culture
460:Silesia
398:Prussia
390:Silesia
290:taproot
261:subsp.
245:subsp.
217:sucrose
203:Silesia
175:subsp.
153:Species
94:scholar
5074:310650
5022:585884
4763:Arundo
4695:Potato
4611:Stover
4557:Biogas
4440:(1972)
4368:Nectar
4356:Jallab
4140:Hawaii
4082:Uganda
4050:Rwanda
3828:Toffee
3773:Panela
3591:Cheong
3563:Syrups
3446:Xylose
3296:
3286:
3239:
3231:
3190:
3182:
3141:
3133:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3030:
3020:
3012:
2970:
2938:
2930:
2766:
2756:
2434:Tereos
2409:Tereos
2269:
2123:Yahoo!
2026:
1966:
1904:
1807:
1799:
1756:Nature
1630:
1569:fungal
1498:, the
1340:silage
1162:etc..
1152:Liquor
1145:Tereos
1106:Starch
875:
854:
833:
812:
794:Poland
791:
773:Turkey
770:
749:
728:
710:France
707:
689:Russia
686:
627:clamps
622:soil.
603:sickle
601:and a
595:plough
516:alkali
456:Kunern
416:began
392:where
321:pectin
319:, and
317:lignin
199:Origin
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5169:Sugar
5154:Crops
4882:stove
4737:Wheat
4680:Maize
4670:Grape
4623:Straw
4532:Algae
4351:Grape
4035:India
4030:Kenya
3977:Zafra
3972:Batey
3850:White
3813:Candy
3748:Misri
3704:Brown
3638:Honey
3536:Maple
3516:Birch
3402:Sugar
3364:JSTOR
3080:S2CID
2641:(PDF)
2634:(PDF)
2527:Stuff
2320:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2182:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1826:(PDF)
1714:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1565:viral
1543:ssp.
1477:APHIS
1467:as a
1431:Chard
1244:honey
1156:vodka
921:Chile
896:261.0
892:World
888:Total
857:China
819:13.6
815:Egypt
798:14.2
777:19.0
756:28.2
735:29.6
714:31.5
693:48.9
664:Rank
658:(FAO)
527:loams
512:humus
468:Chile
239:chard
221:sugar
101:JSTOR
87:books
5095:POWO
5082:IPNI
5069:GRIN
5056:GBIF
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