325:
212:
509:
3098:
504:
3109:
915:. It may cause allergic skin reactions and skin irritation. Exposure to the skin can happen by textile workers being subjected to direct exposure, or by wearing tight-fitting textiles dyed with Sudan I. Allergic reactions are induced when the azo dye binds to the human serum albumin (HSA), forming a dye-HSA conjugate which immunoglobulin E binds to, leading to an eventual release of histamine.
44:
3129:
35:
3139:
3088:
3119:
643:
943:
in 2009, when azo dyes were put on the REACH Restriction list Annex XVII. This includes that said dyes are forbidden to be used in textiles and leather, that may come in direct and prolonged contact with the skin or oral cavity. No textiles made of leather material are allowed to be coloured with azo
973:
Furthermore, DNA damage was depicted in the stomach and liver cells of mice. In rats, no significant increase was found in the amount of micro-nucleated epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This indicates the absence of genotoxic compounds in the gastrointestinal epithelial cells in rats.
927:
The regulation of Sudan I in Europe started in 2003, after repeated notifications were published in the EU rapid alert system. The EU rapid alert system announced that Sudan I was found in chili powder and other foods that were prepared with it. Due to the suspicion of genotoxicity and mutagenicity
918:
Sudan I is also suspected of causing genetic defects. The mutagenicity and genetic hazard have been evaluated with the Ames test and animal experiments. Furthermore, it is suspected of causing cancer. The carcinogenicity was estimated merely through animal testing. It has not been verified in human
847:
The bilogical breakdown of the nitrogen-nitrogen bond by hydrogenation of the Sudan I molecule (azo-reduction) produces aniline and 1-amino-2-naphthol. This reaction appears to contribute to the detoxification observed in animal studies. After oxidation of Sudan I, C-hydroxylated metabolites are
897:
It has been suggested that a CYP- or peroxidase-mediated activation of Sudan I or a combination of both mechanisms may be responsible for the organ specificity of this carcinogen for the liver and urinary bladder in animals. The Sudan I metabolites formed by peroxidase are much less likely to be
947:
A certificate for azo dyes exists to ensure that dyes that cleave to one of the forbidden amines are not being used for dyeing. All dyers should ensure that the supply company is fully informed about the legislation of the prohibited azo dyes. To ensure this, they should be members of the ETAD
902:
there are many nucleophilic molecules present which scavenge the Sudan I reactive species. Hence, the formation of adducts in the Sudan I reactive species with nucleophilic species (such as DNA, tRNA, proteins, polynucleotides, and polydeoxynucleotides) seems to be the preferred reaction under
977:
Contradictory to the findings in the gastrointestinal tract and liver, there was an increase in micro-nucleated cells found in the bone marrow. The frequency of micro-nucleated bone marrow cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. Significantly higher frequencies of micro-nucleated immature
934:
was asked its opinion and came to the conclusion that Sudan dyes are harmful to health. Sudan I was classified as a category three carcinogen and category three mutagen in Annex I of
Directive 67/548/EC. This classification was based on findings from animal experiments from this organisation.
870:
CYP1A1 constitutes less than 0.7% of the total hepatic CYP expression in human livers but can be responsible for up to 30% of the oxidation of Sudan I in a set of human liver microsomes. Moreover, Sudan I strongly induces CYP1A1 in rats and human cells in culture due to the activation of the
969:
Sudan I was associated with a significant increase in neoplastic nodules and carcinomas in both male and female rats. Other studies, however, showed no significantly increased incidence of micro-nucleated hepatocytes after the administration of Sudan I. These results suggest that the liver
948:(Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigments Manufacturers) from which they can receive their certificate. Non-ETAD member suppliers will be correlated with doubt about the origin and safety of their dyes. Dyes without certification are not advised to be used.
2718:
1395:
Stiborova, M.; Asfaw, B.; Anzenbacher, P.; Hodek, P., A New Way To
Carcinogenicity Of Azo Dyes - The Benzenediazonium Ion Formed From A Non-Aminoazo Dye, 1-Phenylazo-2-Hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan-I) By Microsomal-Enzymes Binds To Deoxyguanosine Residues Of DNA.
970:
carcinogenicity may not be due to the genotoxic effects of Sudan I. No carcinogenic effects were visible in livers of mice after the application of Sudan I. But when Sudan I is applied subcutaneously to mice, liver tumours were found.
944:
dyes, a specific list of which items can be found in the
Official Journal of the European Union. Furthermore, it is prohibited, in the European Union, to place any textile or leather articles coloured with azo dyes on the market.
1538:
Stiborova, M.; Frei, E.; Anzenbacher, P., STUDY ON OXIDATION AND BINDING TO MACROMOLECULES OF THE CARCINOGENIC NON-AMINOAZO DYE 1-PHENYLAZO-2-HYDROXYNAPHTALENE CATALYZED BY HORSERADISH (AMORACIA-RUSTICANA L) PEROXIDASE.
517:
484:
855:
The C-hydroxylated metabolites may be considered as the detoxification products, while the benzene diazonium ion (BDI), formed by the microsome-catalyzed enzymatic splitting of the azo group of Sudan I, reacts with DNA
1558:
Stiborova, M.; Frei, E.; Schmeiser, H. H.; Wiessler, M., P-32 POSTLABELING ANALYSIS OF ADDUCTS FORMED FROM 1-PHENYLAZO-2-HYDROXYNAPHTHALENE (SUDAN I, SOLVENT YELLOW 14) WITH DNA AND HOMOPOLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES.
758:
which have been used to color hydrocarbon solvents, oils, fats, waxes, shoes, and floor polishes. As recently as 1974, about 270,000 kg (600,000 lb) of Sudan I, 236,000 kg (520,000 lb) of
978:
erythrocytes (MNIME) were found at a dose of 150mg/day or more. This supports the explanation that Sudan I is oxidized or activated by peroxidase in the blood cells, thereby forming micro-nucleated cells.
1335:, Analysis of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, and Sudan IV in food by HPLC with electrochemical detection: Comparison of glassy carbon electrode with carbon nanotube-ionic liquid gel modified electrode.
894:, and protein adducts are formed. Therefore, peroxidase-catalyzed activation of Sudan I has been suggested as mechanism. This is similar to other carcinogens, such as the carcinogenic aromatic amines.
1604:
Stiborova, M.; Schmeiser, H. H.; Breuer, A.; Frei, E., P-32-postlabelling analysis of DNA adducts with 1-(phenylazo)-2-naphthol (Sudan I, Solvent Yellow 14) formed in vivo in Fisher 344 rats.
2881:
738:(not classifiable due to its carcinogenicity to humans). Nevertheless, Sudan I remains valuable as a coloring reagent for non-food-related uses, such as in the formulation of orange-
1519:, MECHANISM OF FORMATION AND P-32 POSTLABELING OF DNA ADDUCTS DERIVED FROM PEROXIDATIVE ACTIVATION OF CARCINOGENIC NON-AMINOAZO DYE 1-PHENYLAZO-2-HYDROXYNAPHTHALENE (SUDAN-I).
2846:
656:
2876:
2332:
1117:
867:(CYP) enzymes, with CYP1A1 being the major enzyme involved in the oxidation of Sudan I in human tissues rich in this enzyme, while CYP3A4 is also active in human liver.
2836:
1712:, Sudan I Is a Potential Carcinogen for Humans Evidence for Its Metabolic Activation and Detoxication by Human Recombinant Cytochrome P450 1A1 and Liver Microsomes.
1927:"Sudan I is a potential carcinogen for humans: evidence for its metabolic activation and detoxication by human recombinant cytochrome P450 1A1 and liver microsomes"
1643:
Wise, R. W.; Zenser, T. V.; Kadlubar, F. F.; Davis, B. B., Metabolic activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines by dog bladder and kidney prostaglandin H synthase.
2013:
2768:
860:. The major DNA adduct formed from this reaction is the 8-(phenylazo)guanine adduct, which was also found in the liver DNA of rats who were exposed to Sudan I.
3021:
2735:
374:
2959:
1420:
Stiborova, M.; Asfaw, B.; Frei, E., Peroxidase-Activated
Carcinogenic Azo-Dye Sudan-I (Solvent Yellow-14) Binds To Guanosine In Transfer-Ribonucleic-Acid.
912:
735:
1354:
Griffiths, J.; Hawkins, C., Synthesis and photochemical stability of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol dyes containing insulated singlet oxygen quenching groups.
2797:
1855:
Maronpot, R.; Boorman, G., Interpretation of rodent hepatocellular proliferative alterations and hepatocellular tumors in chemical safety assessment.
1629:
Biological
Oxidation of Nitrogen in Organic Molecules: Chemistry, Toxicology and Pharmacology (Gorrod JW, Damani LA, eds). England: Ellis Horwood Ltd
2841:
2703:
2811:
1986:
730:, the compound has been banned in many countries (including the United States and the European Union) due to its classification as a category 3
2655:
2802:
2750:
929:
3142:
3005:
2816:
2745:
2670:
2489:
928:
of Sudan I, a daily intake was not tolerable. The
European Commission therefore prohibited the import of chili and hot chili products. The
848:
formed as major oxidation products and are excreted in urine. These metabolites are also found after oxidation with rat hepatic microsomes
2993:
2871:
2006:
1689:, Promoting effects of dimethylarsinic acid on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.
1134:
1582:, DETOXICATION PRODUCTS OF THE CARCINOGENIC AZODYE SUDAN-I (SOLVENT YELLOW 14) BIND TO NUCLEIC-ACIDS AFTER ACTIVATION BY PEROXIDASE.
1496:, PEROXIDASE-MEDIATED REACTION OF THE CARCINOGENIC NON-AMINOAZO DYE 1-PHENYLAZO-2-HYDROXYNAPHTHALENE WITH TRANSFER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID.
3178:
3010:
2969:
2934:
2919:
2901:
2826:
2605:
339:
3015:
2851:
2782:
2777:
1450:, Repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with CI Solvent Yellow 14 (Sudan I) using young adult rats.
886:. In bladder tissue, CYP enzymes are not detectable, but relatively high levels of peroxidases are expressed. As a consequence,
2954:
2861:
2725:
2640:
2403:
2983:
2856:
2693:
2660:
2759:
2713:
2149:
1999:
583:
567:
2988:
557:
282:
903:
physiological conditions, with deoxyguanosine as the major target for Sudan-I DNA binding, followed by deoxyadenosine.
603:
508:
3042:
2740:
2698:
2052:
575:
303:
1250:
Genualdi, Susie; MacMahon, Shaun; Robbins, Katherine; Farris, Samantha; Shyong, Nicole; DeJager, Lowri (April 2016).
863:
The formation of C-hydroxylated metabolites and DNA-adducts from Sultan I oxidation was also demonstrated with human
129:
503:
3037:
663:
3067:
2787:
219:
2929:
2290:
2282:
2125:
1926:
1846:
Evaluation, Authorisation and
Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII. Commission, E., Ed. 2009
1150:
Refat NA, Ibrahim ZS, Moustafa GG, et al. (2008). "The induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 by sudan dyes".
3173:
2909:
2821:
2262:
2137:
461:
3122:
961:
No specific information exists on Sudan I related to the toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effect on humans.
595:
207:
2977:
2897:
2792:
2615:
2494:
169:
844:
The metabolism of Sudan I, as characterized in rabbits, involves both oxidative and reductive reactions.
2999:
2949:
2944:
2688:
2436:
1025:
939:
The regulation of azo colorants by ‘The EU azo
Colorants Directive 2002/61/EC’ has been replaced by the
531:
496:
56:
1256:
Food
Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment
1252:"Method development and survey of Sudan I–IV in palm oil and chilli spices in the Washington, DC, area"
1195:"Evaluation of impact of exposure of Sudan azo dyes and their metabolites on human intestinal bacteria"
549:
3163:
3112:
2426:
2255:
2110:
1021:
874:
In addition to oxidation by CYP enzymes, Sudan I and its C-hydroxylated metabolites are oxidized by
320:
3183:
3128:
3072:
2831:
2529:
95:
824:
when exposed to light. This process involves the breakdown of the dye due to the interaction with
2730:
2683:
2625:
2509:
2181:
1175:
796:
778:(1-(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl) azo naphthalen-2-ol) are primarily used for the same application.
571:
784:
melts at a 68°C (154.4°F), a much lower temperature than Sudan I, which melts at 131°C (268°F).
3168:
3057:
2866:
2552:
2186:
2171:
2153:
2067:
1938:
1756:
Dye-makers of Great
Britain. 1856-1976: A History of Chemists, Companies, Products and Changes
1735:, A one-electron oxidation of carcinogenic nonaminoazo dye Sudan I by horseradish peroxidase.
1289:
1271:
1232:
1214:
1167:
1130:
1005:
763:, 70,000 kg (150,000 lb) of Sudan III, and 1,075,000 kg (2,370,000 lb) of
587:
348:
InChI=1S/C16H12N2O/c19-15-11-10-12-6-4-5-9-14(12)16(15)18-17-13-7-2-1-3-8-13/h1-11,19H/b18-17+
189:
358:
InChI=1/C16H12N2O/c19-15-11-10-12-6-4-5-9-14(12)16(15)18-17-13-7-2-1-3-8-13/h1-11,19H/b18-17+
2708:
2620:
2600:
2448:
2418:
2034:
1907:
1279:
1263:
1222:
1206:
1159:
1122:
940:
687:
397:
599:
291:
2924:
2630:
2592:
2562:
2408:
2341:
2206:
2191:
2115:
2082:
1307:
998:
864:
807:
591:
34:
1193:
Pan, Hongmiao; Feng, Jinhui; He, Gui-Xin; Cerniglia, Carl E.; Chen, Huizhong (May 2012).
105:
607:
324:
211:
149:
3047:
2211:
2176:
2072:
1373:
Childs, J. J.; Clayson, D. B., The metabolism of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol in the rabbit.
1284:
1251:
1227:
1194:
1017:
883:
634:
563:
1957:
1790:
997:. It is also carcinogenic in rats. Comparisons between experimental animals and human
3157:
3052:
2572:
2380:
2241:
2221:
2132:
2097:
1179:
981:
Guanosine DNA adducts derived from peroxidase metabolites of Sudan I were also found
911:
Sudan I is determined to be a health hazard by EU chemical regulators as well as the
768:
739:
450:
440:
200:
985:
in the bladder of rats. The bladder also contains high levels of tissue peroxidase.
615:
541:
3102:
3062:
2577:
2398:
2390:
2360:
2231:
2216:
2062:
1210:
1032:
994:
755:
719:
715:
537:
1267:
1093:
1001:(CYP) strongly suggest animal carcinogenicity data can be extrapolated to humans.
271:
1627:, N-oxidation of primary aromatic amines in relation to chemical carcinogenesis.
1115:
Hunger, Klaus; Mischke, Peter; Rieper, Wolfgang; et al. (2005). "Azo Dyes".
579:
3132:
3092:
2678:
2635:
2567:
2547:
2524:
2499:
2303:
2298:
2276:
2269:
2226:
2196:
2166:
2022:
1981:
622:
43:
1911:
2893:
2645:
2610:
2539:
2326:
2201:
2161:
2030:
1029:
879:
875:
811:
795:
The first step is the preparation of a benzene diazonium chloride solution, a
731:
420:
180:
1275:
1218:
1126:
17:
2939:
2650:
2582:
2557:
2519:
2484:
2476:
2458:
2443:
2431:
2375:
2352:
2320:
2315:
2105:
781:
775:
751:
723:
714:. Historically, Sudan I used to serve as a food coloring agent, notably for
1942:
1473:, Biological effects of the Sudan dyes: role of the Ah cytosolic receptor.
1293:
1236:
1171:
545:
2914:
2504:
2453:
2309:
2249:
2077:
2047:
1817:
1044:
764:
760:
727:
711:
1878:, The comet assay in eight mouse organs: results with 24 azo compounds.
2370:
2057:
1991:
800:
707:
691:
430:
258:
220:
3087:
1163:
2514:
2472:
2042:
703:
160:
633:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1452:
Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis
246:
2468:
2120:
1880:
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis
140:
128:
118:
1925:
Stiborová M, Martínek V, Rýdlová H, et al. (October 2002).
1016:
In February 2005, Sudan I gained attention, particularly in the
611:
237:
1995:
1770:
Hunger, K., Toxicology and toxicological testing of colorants.
2365:
891:
887:
699:
695:
308:
1898:
Larsen, John Chr. (2008). "Legal and illegal colours".
651:
1818:"AZO Dyes | AZO Testing |Directive 2002/61/EC | CIRS"
1666:, Prostaglandin H synthase and xenobiotic oxidation.
1982:
BBC NEWS | Health | Food alert on cancer-causing dye
806:
The second step involves adding the solution of the
792:There are two steps in synthesizing this compound:
3030:
2968:
2892:
2847:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2669:
2591:
2538:
2467:
2417:
2389:
2351:
2240:
2148:
2096:
2029:
1772:
Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics
1008:, which is its desulfonated water-soluble version.
1606:Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications
270:
104:
1356:Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
1331:Chailapakul, O.; Wonsawat, W.; Siangproh, W.;
1118:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
803:with mixed nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
2007:
1600:
1598:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1391:
1389:
8:
3022:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
2837:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
2736:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1668:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
1623:(a) Frederick, C.; Hammons, G.; Beland, F.;
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
931:German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
455:443.7 °C (830.7 °F; 716.8 K)
321:DTXSID90873447 DTXSID4021135, DTXSID90873447
2960:United Kingdom food information regulations
1731:Semanska, M.; Dracinsky, M.; Martinek, V.;
1578:Stiborova, M.; Frei, E.; Schmeiser, H. H.;
1515:Stiborova, M.; Frei, E.; Schmeiser, H. H.;
1308:"List of Classifications - IARC Monographs"
898:formed at physiological conditions because
736:International Agency for Research on Cancer
694:. It is an orange-red solid, used to color
2014:
2000:
1992:
1708:Stiborová, M.; Martínek, V.; Rýdlová, H.;
1469:Lubet, R. A.; Connolly, G.; Kouri, R. E.;
1028:traced the source of the contamination to
1004:Sudan I is also present as an impurity in
323:
210:
188:
26:
2798:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1795:European Commission - European Commission
1766:
1764:
1283:
1226:
952:Toxicology, genotoxicity, and mutagenesis
290:
2842:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
2704:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1874:Tsuda, S.; Matsusaka, N.; Madarame, H.;
1842:
1840:
1094:"Substance Name: C.I. Solvent Yellow 14"
1020:. It was identified as a contaminant in
2812:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1900:Trends in Food Science & Technology
1812:
1810:
1685:Wanibuchi, H.; Yamamoto, S.; Chen, H.;
1662:Eling, T.; Thompson, D.; Foureman, G.;
1085:
1056:
379:
344:
319:
2827:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
2404:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1541:Biochemie Und Physiologie Der Pflanzen
1446:Matsumura, S.; Ikeda, N.; Hamada, S.;
722:. However, along with its derivatives
445:131 °C (268 °F; 404 K)
201:
1492:Stiborova, M.; Frei, E.; Klokow, K.;
871:cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
351:Key: MRQIXHXHHPWVIL-ISLYRVAYSA-N
168:
148:
7:
3118:
3006:Institute for Food Safety and Health
2746:Australian meat substitution scandal
2714:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
2490:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
3138:
2994:Food Information and Control Agency
361:Key: MRQIXHXHHPWVIL-ISLYRVAYBO
261:
245:
1987:Food Standards Agency - Sudan dyes
1072:Attributed to multiple references:
1063:Attributed to multiple references:
25:
3011:International Food Safety Network
2935:International Food Safety Network
2656:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2606:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2333:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1422:General Physiology and Biophysics
836:of Sudan I on materials is poor.
60:1-(Phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol
3137:
3127:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3096:
3086:
3016:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
2852:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
2783:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2778:ICA meat repackaging controversy
1958:"Sudan outraged at namesake dye"
641:
507:
502:
42:
33:
2955:Quality Assurance International
2862:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
2832:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
2726:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
2641:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1956:Botha, Sean, ed. (2005-03-04).
1024:produced by Premier Foods. The
637:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2984:European Food Safety Authority
2857:Food safety incidents in China
2694:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2661:Water fluoridation controversy
1211:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.05.002
1:
1268:10.1080/19440049.2016.1147986
1096:. ChemIDplus, Toxnet Database
814:, to produce the diazo dye.
799:created from the reaction of
2989:Food and Drug Administration
2671:Food contamination incidents
382:Oc3ccc1ccccc1c3/N=N/c2ccccc2
3043:Food and drink prohibitions
2817:Bihar school meal poisoning
2741:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
2699:1900 English beer poisoning
2053:Antibiotic use in livestock
1737:Neuro Endocrinology Letters
690:typically classified as an
3200:
3038:Curing (food preservation)
2111:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1912:10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.008
840:Degradation and metabolism
425:248.28 g/mol
3081:
3068:Genetically modified food
2920:Food labeling regulations
2788:2008 Chinese milk scandal
882:and the mammalian enzyme
631:
483:
478:
390:
370:
335:
88:
65:
55:
50:
41:
32:
3179:IARC Group 3 carcinogens
2930:Food safety in Australia
2126:High-fructose corn syrup
1475:Biochemical Pharmacology
1375:Biochemical Pharmacology
1152:J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol
1127:10.1002/14356007.a03_245
878:, such as a model plant
558:Precautionary statements
2910:Acceptable daily intake
2822:2013 horse meat scandal
2263:Clostridium perfringens
1312:monographs.iarc.who.int
1121:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
462:Magnetic susceptibility
2978:Centre for Food Safety
2793:2008 Irish pork crisis
2495:Benzene in soft drinks
80:1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol
74:C.I. Solvent Yellow 14
3000:Food Standards Agency
2950:Organic certification
2945:Nutrition facts label
2689:Esing Bakery incident
2477:environment pollution
1857:Toxicologic Pathology
1758:ICI: Manchester, 1987
1026:Food Standards Agency
923:Safety and regulation
2769:2006 North American
2427:Acesulfame potassium
2256:Campylobacter jejuni
2150:Intestinal parasites
2023:Consumer food safety
1022:Worcestershire sauce
767:was produced in the
680:CI Solvent Yellow 14
3073:Conspiracy theories
2626:Heterocyclic amines
2530:Shellfish poisoning
832:. As a result, the
29:
2731:Toxic oil syndrome
2684:Swill milk scandal
2510:Diethylstilbestrol
2182:Diphyllobothriasis
1825:www.cirs-reach.com
965:Animal experiments
664:Infobox references
27:
3151:
3150:
3058:Food preservation
2867:Foodborne illness
2419:Sugar substitutes
2172:Cryptosporidiosis
2154:parasitic disease
2068:HGH controversies
2035:food contaminants
1164:10.1002/jbt.20220
1006:Sunset Yellow FCF
672:Chemical compound
670:
669:
532:Hazard statements
304:CompTox Dashboard
130:Interactive image
71:Solvent Yellow 14
16:(Redirected from
3191:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3103:Drink portal
3101:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3002:(United Kingdom)
2751:Jack in the Box
2722:
2709:Minamata disease
2621:Food irradiation
2601:4-Hydroxynonenal
2449:Sodium cyclamate
2292:Escherichia coli
2284:Escherichia coli
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1729:
1723:
1706:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1660:
1654:
1641:
1635:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1513:
1507:
1490:
1484:
1467:
1461:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1407:
1393:
1384:
1371:
1365:
1352:
1346:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
941:REACH regulation
907:Effect on humans
822:photodegradation
688:organic compound
684:Solvent Orange R
654:
648:
645:
644:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
551:
547:
543:
539:
511:
506:
474:
472:
398:Chemical formula
328:
327:
312:
310:
294:
274:
263:
249:
222:
214:
203:
192:
172:
152:
132:
108:
77:Solvent Orange R
46:
37:
30:
21:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3097:
3095:
3093:Food portal
3085:
3077:
3026:
2964:
2925:Food libel laws
2888:
2716:
2665:
2631:Modified starch
2593:Food processing
2587:
2534:
2463:
2413:
2409:Sodium benzoate
2385:
2347:
2342:Vibrio cholerae
2236:
2207:Gnathostomiasis
2192:Fasciolopsiasis
2144:
2092:
2083:Mercury in fish
2025:
2020:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1937:(20): 5678–84.
1924:
1923:
1919:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1730:
1726:
1722:(20), 5678-5684
1714:Cancer Research
1707:
1703:
1699:(11), 2435-4239
1684:
1680:
1661:
1657:
1645:Cancer research
1642:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1603:
1596:
1577:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1529:(10), 1843-1848
1514:
1510:
1506:(10), 1789-1794
1491:
1487:
1483:(20), 3053-3058
1468:
1464:
1445:
1434:
1419:
1410:
1394:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1041:
1014:
999:Cytochrome P450
991:
967:
959:
954:
938:
925:
909:
865:cytochrome P450
842:
790:
754:are a group of
748:
678:(also known as
673:
666:
661:
660:
659: ?)
650:
646:
642:
638:
560:
534:
520:
499:
470:
468:
465:
414:
410:
406:
400:
386:
383:
378:
377:
366:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
349:
343:
342:
331:
313:
306:
297:
277:
264:
252:
232:
195:
175:
155:
135:
122:
111:
98:
84:
83:
61:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Food colorings
3171:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Food marketing
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3031:Related topics
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Food additives
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2242:Microorganisms
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Paragonimiasis
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Cyclosporiasis
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2098:Food additives
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Lead poisoning
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1976:External links
1974:
1971:
1970:
1948:
1917:
1890:
1867:
1848:
1836:
1806:
1791:"Press corner"
1782:
1760:
1747:
1724:
1701:
1691:Carcinogenesis
1678:
1655:
1653:(5), 1893-1897
1636:
1616:
1614:(8), 1335-1347
1594:
1584:Cancer Letters
1571:
1569:(7), 1221-1225
1561:Carcinogenesis
1551:
1531:
1521:Carcinogenesis
1508:
1498:Carcinogenesis
1485:
1462:
1432:
1408:
1398:Cancer Letters
1385:
1383:(9), 1247-1258
1366:
1347:
1337:Food Chemistry
1324:
1299:
1262:(4): 583–591.
1242:
1205:(4): 445–453.
1185:
1142:
1136:978-3527306732
1135:
1107:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1018:United Kingdom
1013:
1010:
990:
987:
966:
963:
958:
955:
953:
950:
924:
921:
919:subjects yet.
908:
905:
884:cyclooxygenase
841:
838:
826:singlet oxygen
797:diazonium salt
789:
786:
747:
744:
734:hazard by the
671:
668:
667:
662:
640:
639:
635:standard state
632:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
561:
556:
553:
552:
535:
530:
527:
526:
521:
516:
513:
512:
500:
495:
492:
491:
481:
480:
476:
475:
473:10 cm/mol
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
396:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
381:
373:
372:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
354:
350:
347:
346:
338:
337:
336:
333:
332:
330:
329:
316:
314:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
287:
285:
279:
278:
276:
275:
267:
265:
257:
254:
253:
251:
250:
242:
240:
234:
233:
231:
230:
226:
224:
216:
215:
205:
197:
196:
194:
193:
185:
183:
177:
176:
174:
173:
165:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
145:
143:
137:
136:
134:
133:
125:
123:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
101:
99:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Food politics
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:(South Korea)
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2882:United States
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2803:2011 Germany
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2760:1996 Odwalla
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2391:Preservatives
2388:
2382:
2381:Methamidophos
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Toxoplasmosis
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:Vegetable oil
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
984:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
956:
951:
949:
945:
942:
936:
933:
932:
922:
920:
916:
914:
906:
904:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
866:
861:
859:
853:
851:
845:
839:
837:
835:
834:colorfastness
831:
830:free radicals
827:
823:
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18:Sudan red dye
3063:Food quality
2970:Institutions
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2636:Nitrosamines
2399:Benzoic acid
2361:Chlorpyrifos
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2232:Trichuriasis
2217:Toxocariasis
2187:Enterobiasis
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2063:Formaldehyde
1962:. Retrieved
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1828:. Retrieved
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1798:. Retrieved
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1755:
1754:Fox, M. R.,
1750:
1745:(5), 712-716
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1315:. Retrieved
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1245:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1158:(2): 77–84.
1155:
1151:
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1098:. Retrieved
1088:
1068:
1059:
1033:chili powder
1015:
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817:
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774:Sudan I and
773:
749:
732:carcinogenic
720:chili powder
716:curry powder
683:
679:
675:
674:
523:
485:
89:Identifiers
66:Other names
3164:2-Naphthols
3143:WikiProject
2980:(Hong Kong)
2717: [
2679:Devon colic
2553:Breast milk
2525:Nonylphenol
2500:Bisphenol A
2437:controversy
2304:Hepatitis E
2299:Hepatitis A
2277:Enterovirus
2270:Cronobacter
2227:Trichinosis
2197:Fasciolosis
2167:Anisakiasis
2138:controversy
2031:Adulterants
1906:: S64–S69.
1030:adulterated
993:Sudan I is
876:peroxidases
746:Application
623:Flash point
518:Signal word
391:Properties
208:100.011.517
150:CHEBI:30958
3184:Sudan dyes
3158:Categories
2894:Regulation
2877:death toll
2646:Shortening
2611:Acrylamide
2540:Food fraud
2520:Mycotoxins
2353:Pesticides
2327:Salmonella
2202:Giardiasis
2162:Amoebiasis
2106:Flavorings
1964:2008-09-08
1931:Cancer Res
1888:(1), 11-26
1865:(2), 71-78
1830:2024-08-05
1800:2024-08-05
1780:(1), 76-89
1592:(1), 43-47
1430:(1), 39-49
1080:References
1012:Food scare
989:Toxicology
880:peroxidase
812:2-naphthol
752:Sudan dyes
497:Pictograms
421:Molar mass
292:48I7IBB68J
181:ChemSpider
117:3D model (
96:CAS Number
57:IUPAC name
2940:ISO 22000
2902:watchdogs
2898:standards
2872:outbreaks
2773:outbreaks
2651:Trans fat
2563:Olive oil
2485:Aflatoxin
2459:Sucralose
2444:Saccharin
2432:Aspartame
2376:Malathion
2321:Rotavirus
2316:Norovirus
1676:(1), 1-45
1634:, 131-148
1276:1944-0049
1219:1075-9964
1180:206010951
995:genotoxic
810:salt to
808:diazonium
788:Synthesis
782:Sudan III
776:Sudan III
724:Sudan III
627:290.2 °C
604:P333+P313
596:P308+P313
592:P302+P352
488:labelling
229:212-668-2
221:EC Number
3169:Azo dyes
3133:Cookbook
3113:Category
2915:E number
2807:outbreak
2764:outbreak
2755:outbreak
2505:Dieldrin
2454:Sorbitol
2310:Listeria
2250:Botulism
2078:Melamine
2048:Aldicarb
1943:12384524
1294:26824489
1237:22634331
1199:Anaerobe
1172:18418879
1100:15 March
1045:Para Red
1039:See also
983:in vivo,
858:in vitro
850:in vitro
765:Sudan IV
761:Sudan II
728:Sudan IV
712:polishes
708:solvents
686:) is an
479:Hazards
464:(χ)
435:1.2g/cm
415:O
190:10296256
106:842-07-9
28:Sudan I
3123:Commons
2996:(Spain)
2805:E. coli
2771:E. coli
2762:E. coli
2753:E. coli
2573:Seafood
2473:poisons
2371:Lindane
2335:E. coli
2294:O157:H7
2286:O104:H4
2088:Sudan I
2058:Cyanide
1460:, 76-80
1458:780-781
1317:11 July
1285:4888373
1228:5870115
900:in vivo
818:Sudan I
801:aniline
692:azo dye
676:Sudan I
657:what is
655: (
524:Warning
431:Density
259:PubChem
2578:Shrimp
2515:Dioxin
2469:Toxins
2043:3-MCPD
1941:
1876:et al.
1733:et al.
1710:et al.
1687:et al.
1664:et al.
1625:et al.
1580:et al.
1517:et al.
1494:et al.
1471:et al.
1448:et al.
1333:et al.
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1178:
1170:
1133:
957:Humans
710:, and
704:petrol
652:verify
649:
469:−1.376
375:SMILES
247:C19525
161:ChEMBL
51:Names
2721:]
2568:Prawn
2548:Bread
2121:Sugar
1960:. BBC
1883:2000,
1860:1982,
1821:(PDF)
1775:2005,
1740:2008,
1717:2002,
1694:1996,
1671:1990,
1648:1984,
1609:1999,
1587:1993,
1564:1992,
1544:1991,
1524:1990,
1501:1990,
1478:1983,
1455:2015,
1425:1995,
1401:1988,
1378:1966,
1359:1977,
1340:2008,
1176:S2CID
1051:Notes
696:waxes
340:InChI
272:13297
141:ChEBI
119:JSmol
2116:Salt
1939:PMID
1632:1985
1319:2024
1290:PMID
1272:ISSN
1233:PMID
1215:ISSN
1168:PMID
1131:ISBN
1102:2022
1035:.
913:IARC
828:and
750:The
726:and
718:and
700:oils
616:P501
612:P405
608:P363
600:P321
588:P281
584:P280
580:P273
576:P272
572:P261
568:P202
564:P201
550:H413
546:H351
542:H341
538:H317
283:UNII
238:KEGG
2583:Tea
2558:Egg
2366:DDT
1908:doi
1886:465
1547:187
1343:109
1280:PMC
1264:doi
1223:PMC
1207:doi
1160:doi
1123:doi
892:RNA
888:DNA
682:or
486:GHS
309:EPA
262:CID
3160::
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2896:,
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