221:(IARC). IARC routinely publishes monographs in which specific substances are evaluated for their potential carcinogenicity to humans and subsequently categorized into one of four groupings: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans, Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans and Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Other organizations that evaluate the carcinogenicity of substances include the National Toxicology Program of the US Public Health Service, NIOSH, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and others.
1744:
found that fecal bile acid concentrations are increased in populations with a high incidence of colon cancer. Dietary increases in total fat or saturated fat result in elevated DCA and LCA in feces and elevated exposure of the colon epithelium to these bile acids. When the bile acid DCA was added to the standard diet of wild-type mice invasive colon cancer was induced in 56% of the mice after 8 to 10 months. Overall, the available evidence indicates that DCA and LCA are centrally important DNA-damaging carcinogens in colon cancer.
1654:(pulmonary carcinoma) is the most common cancer in the world, both in terms of cases (1.6 million cases; 12.7% of total cancer cases) and deaths (1.4 million deaths; 18.2% of total cancer deaths). Lung cancer is largely caused by tobacco smoke. Risk estimates for lung cancer in the United States indicate that tobacco smoke is responsible for 90% of lung cancers. Other factors are implicated in lung cancer, and these factors can interact synergistically with
47:
38:
67:
4793:
4636:
58:
1678:, 1,3-butadiene, cadmium, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, and isoprene. Most of these compounds cause DNA damage by forming DNA adducts or by inducing other alterations in DNA. DNA damages are subject to error-prone DNA repair or can cause replication errors. Such errors in repair or replication can result in mutations in tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes leading to cancer.
4813:
4660:
4803:
4648:
1773:
results in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS cause oxidative DNA damage including the major base alteration 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). 8-OHdG resulting from ROS is increased in chronic gastritis. The altered DNA base can cause errors during DNA replication that have
1488:
initiative to attempt to harmonize the different systems of assessing chemical risk which currently exist (as of March 2009) around the world. It classifies carcinogens into two categories, of which the first may be divided again into subcategories if so desired by the competent regulatory authority:
1735:
as an important factor in colon cancer. Twelve studies (summarized in
Bernstein et al.) indicate that the bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) or lithocholic acid (LCA) induce production of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species in human or animal colon cells. Furthermore,
1642:
In this section, the carcinogens implicated as the main causative agents of the four most common cancers worldwide are briefly described. These four cancers are lung, breast, colon, and stomach cancers. Together they account for about 41% of worldwide cancer incidence and 42% of cancer deaths (for
1781:
Diet is also thought to be a contributing factor in stomach cancer: in Japan, where very salty pickled foods are popular, the incidence of stomach cancer is high. Preserved meat such as bacon, sausages, and ham increases the risk, while a diet rich in fresh fruit, vegetables, peas, beans, grains,
1743:
Increased apoptosis can result in selective survival of cells that are resistant to induction of apoptosis. Colon cells with reduced ability to undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage would tend to accumulate mutations, and such cells may give rise to colon cancer. Epidemiologic studies have
178:
The specific mechanisms for carcinogenic activity is unique to each agent and cell type. Carcinogens can be broadly categorized, however, as activation-dependent and activation-independent which relate to the agent's ability to engage directly with DNA. Activation-dependent agents are relatively
605:
Tobacco smoke contains at least 70 known carcinogens and is implicated in the development of numerous types of cancers including cancers of the lung, larynx, esophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, liver, bladder, cervix, colon, rectum and blood. Potent carcinogens found in cigarette smoke include
461:
Chemicals used in processed and cured meat such as some brands of bacon, sausages and ham may produce carcinogens. For example, nitrites used as food preservatives in cured meat such as bacon have also been noted as being carcinogenic with demographic links, but not causation, to colon cancer.
1665:
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of more than 5,300 identified chemicals. The most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke have been determined by a "Margin of
Exposure" approach. Using this approach, the most important tumorigenic compounds in tobacco smoke were, in order of importance,
1712:
with DNA. These derivatives can cause depurination, the removal of bases from the phosphodiester backbone of DNA, followed by inaccurate repair or replication of the apurinic site leading to mutation and eventually cancer. This genotoxic mechanism may interact in synergy with estrogen
452:
is a carcinogen of the head and neck, esophagus, liver, colon and rectum, and breast. It has a synergistic effect with tobacco smoke in the development of head and neck cancers. In the United States approximately 6% of cancers and 4% of cancer deaths are attributable to alcohol use.
214:. For most solid tumors in humans the latency period is between 10 and 40 years depending on cancer type. For blood cancers, the latency period may be as short as two. Due to prolonged latency periods identification of carcinogens can be challenging.
2898:
358:
and persistent emission of alpha particles. Low-level ionizing radiation may induce irreparable DNA damage (leading to replicational and transcriptional errors needed for neoplasia or may trigger viral interactions) leading to pre-mature aging and
626:
Given that populations of workers are more likely to have consistent, often high level exposures to chemicals rarely encountered in normal life, much of the evidence for the carcinogenicity of specific agents is derived from studies of workers.
1622:
published the
Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances . Section 4.76 of this document outlines the criteria for classifying carcinogens as approved by the Australian government. This classification consists of three categories:
1713:
receptor-mediated, persistent cell proliferation to ultimately cause breast cancer. Genetic background, dietary practices and environmental factors also likely contribute to the incidence of DNA damage and breast cancer risk.
410:
carcinogenic, if received in sufficient doses. For most people, ultraviolet radiations from sunlight is the most common cause of skin cancer. In
Australia, where people with pale skin are often exposed to strong sunlight,
1693:. Estrogen appears to contribute to breast carcinogenesis by three processes; (1) the metabolism of estrogen to genotoxic, mutagenic carcinogens, (2) the stimulation of tissue growth, and (3) the repression of phase II
1481:
5125:
2909:
191:. Activation-independent carcinogens, or "direct-acting" carcinogens, are those that are capable of directly damaging DNA without any modification to their molecular structure. These agents typically include
2757:
3892:
3887:
3268:
Yue W, Santen RJ, Wang JP, Li Y, Verderame MF, Bocchinfuso WP, et al. (September 2003). "Genotoxic metabolites of estradiol in breast: potential mechanism of estradiol induced carcinogenesis".
1606:
Category 3: Substances which cause concern for humans, owing to possible carcinogenic effects but in respect of which the available information is not adequate for making a satisfactory assessment.
528:. This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans;
334:
in tissues, and the magnitude of radiation exposure, determine the potential hazard. Carcinogenicity of radiation depends on the type of radiation, type of exposure, and penetration. For example,
1542:
2742:. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 83. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization. 2004. Archived from
1549:(TLVs) for occupational exposure and monographs on workplace chemical hazards. It assesses carcinogenicity as part of a wider assessment of the occupational hazards of chemicals.
1518:
241:
171:. The damage accumulates over time. This is typically a multi-step process during which the regulatory mechanisms within the cell are gradually dismantled allowing for unchecked
3882:
3649:
3173:
Belous AR, Hachey DL, Dawling S, Roodi N, Parl FF (January 2007). "Cytochrome P450 1B1-mediated estrogen metabolism results in estrogen-deoxyribonucleoside adduct formation".
516:
for 2–3 minutes before grilling shortens the time on the hot pan, and removes heterocyclic amine (HCA) precursors, which can help minimize the formation of these carcinogens.
4849:
217:
A number of organizations review and evaluate the cumulative scientific evidence regarding the potential carcinogenicity of specific substances. Foremost among these is the
1731:
is the third most common cancer . Tobacco smoke may be responsible for up to 20% of colorectal cancers in the United States. In addition, substantial evidence implicates
240:. Occupational exposures represent a major source of carcinogens with an estimated 666,000 annual fatalities worldwide attributable to work related cancers. According to
3665:
3054:
Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (November 2011). "A novel application of the Margin of
Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".
2026:
2286:
2243:
Richter E, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB (2000). "Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes".
391:
are thought not to be, because they have insufficient energy to break chemical bonds. Evidence for carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing radiation is generally
3681:
2325:
2215:
Implications of The Action of Low-Level
Ionizing Radiation on the Inducement of Irreparable DNA Damage Leading to Mammalian Aging and Chemical Carcinogenesis
183:
or intermediaries capable of damaging human DNA. These are also known as "indirect-acting" carcinogens. Examples of activation-dependent carcinogens include
3873:
1589:
1409:
218:
2064:
2927:
504:, and produces carcinogens. There are several carcinogenic pyrolysis products, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, which are converted by human
488:
meats, may also lead to the formation of minute quantities of many potent carcinogens that are comparable to those found in cigarette smoke (i.e.,
5171:
4842:
2713:"IARC Monographs Programme finds cancer hazards associated with shiftwork, painting and firefighting, International Agency for Research on Cancer"
2485:
422:
irradiated with electrons or electromagnetic radiation (such as microwave, X-ray or gamma) are not carcinogenic. In contrast, non-electromagnetic
1633:
Category 3: Substances that have possible carcinogenic effects in humans but about which there is insufficient information to make an assessment.
4698:
4611:
2574:. Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency
395:, though there are some documented cases of radar technicians with prolonged high exposure experiencing significantly higher cancer incidence.
3019:
Alberg AJ, Ford JG, Samet JM (September 2007). "Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)".
3725:
2943:
2784:
2653:
2230:
Irreparable DNA-Damage by
Industrial Pollutants in Pre-mature Aging, Chemical Carcinogenesis, and Cardiac Hypertrophy: Experiments and Theory
2010:
1778:-induced ROS appear to be the major carcinogens in stomach cancer because they cause oxidative DNA damage leading to carcinogenic mutations.
2867:
2849:(Fifteenth ed.). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 2021. Archived from
1736:
14 studies showed that DCA and LCA induce DNA damage in colon cells. Also 27 studies reported that bile acids cause programmed cell death (
5135:
5104:
4329:
2855:
392:
2677:
Tricker AR, Preussmann R (1991). "Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potential".
163:
that disrupt a cell's normal processes for regulating growth, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. This occurs when the cell's
3600:
2844:
4835:
1610:
This assessment scheme is being phased out in favor of the GHS scheme (see above), to which it is very close in category definitions.
3657:
2114:
1658:
so that total attributable risk adds up to more than 100%. These factors include occupational exposure to carcinogens (about 9-15%),
1290:
Nongenotoxins do not directly affect DNA but act in other ways to promote growth. These include hormones and some organic compounds.
5166:
4550:
1574:
The
European Union classification of carcinogens is contained in the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. It consists of three categories:
1452:
1442:
3621:
2712:
2354:
4817:
4664:
3930:
2200:
The effect of ionizing radiation on the formation of age-correlated oligo deoxyribo nucleo phospheryl peptides in mammalian cells
1593:
1468:
1462:
1436:
195:
groups that react readily with the net negative charge of DNA molecules. Examples of activation-independent carcinogens include
338:
has low penetration and is not a hazard outside the body, but emitters are carcinogenic when inhaled or ingested. For example,
1942:
1216:
607:
277:
184:
2593:
Beyersmann D, Hartwig A (August 2008). "Carcinogenic metal compounds: recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms".
2500:
5120:
5099:
4996:
4621:
4525:
3673:
2737:
1689:
is the second most common cancer . Increased risk of breast cancer is associated with persistently elevated blood levels of
1439:: the agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans.
584:
2311:
524:
Frying, grilling or broiling food at high temperatures, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates
4245:
2935:
2549:
2329:
5094:
1807:
281:
2290:
5089:
4905:
1514:
3502:"Helicobacter pylori infection induces oxidative stress and programmed cell death in human gastric epithelial cells"
4691:
4276:
3689:
3360:
Giovannucci E, Martínez ME (December 1996). "Tobacco, colorectal cancer, and adenomas: a review of the evidence".
4941:
4827:
4570:
4070:
3718:
1413:
600:
244:, 3-6% of cancers worldwide are due to occupational exposures. Well established occupational carcinogens include
2762:
1862:
5011:
5001:
4863:
4560:
4545:
4372:
4322:
4105:
4063:
1525:. As of August 2024, the latest edition was the 15th report (2021). It classifies carcinogens into two groups:
1459:) carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans.
1449:) carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans.
568:
372:
293:
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343:
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4652:
2464:
4900:
4684:
4530:
4255:
4236:
3134:"In vitro and in vivo regulation of antioxidant response element-dependent gene expression by estrogens"
2758:
Survival, causes of death, and estimated tissue doses in a group of human beings injected with plutonium
1546:
1242:
427:
399:
225:
156:
3132:
Ansell PJ, Espinosa-Nicholas C, Curran EM, Judy BM, Philips BJ, Hannink M, et al. (January 2004).
1465:: the agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
798:
2803:"The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer: A guide to Cancer and its Treatments, Second Edition. Page no. 137".
2568:
5156:
4916:
4911:
4884:
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4053:
4043:
3923:
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3711:
1643:
more detailed information on the carcinogens implicated in these and other cancers, see references).
4774:
3703:
3451:
Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bhattacharyya AK, Nguyen H, Payne CM, Zaitlin B, et al. (August 2011).
5046:
4797:
4640:
4387:
4377:
4315:
4095:
4027:
3789:
2834:
Section 301(b)(4) of the Public Health
Service Act, as amended by Section 262, Pub. L. 95–622.
1802:
1757:
1619:
572:
5061:
4979:
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4352:
4188:
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3198:
3114:
3001:
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2618:
2268:
2020:
1284:
1249:
1079:
976:
819:
555:
529:
444:
384:
200:
144:
80:
2850:
5077:
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4007:
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3342:
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3247:
3190:
3155:
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3071:
3036:
2993:
2939:
2780:
2694:
2659:
2649:
2610:
2446:
2405:
2260:
2232:. 1st International Meeting of Heads of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratories. Jerusalem, Israel.
2180:
2162:
2006:
1972:
1920:
1792:
1728:
1280:
423:
327:
311:
2525:
5082:
4540:
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4423:
4367:
4180:
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3572:
3562:
3521:
3513:
3472:
3464:
3423:
3413:
3369:
3332:
3324:
3277:
3237:
3229:
3182:
3145:
3098:
3063:
3028:
2983:
2686:
2641:
2602:
2436:
2252:
2170:
2154:
1962:
1954:
1910:
1902:
1236:
1232:
419:
204:
152:
104:
46:
4946:
4932:
4555:
4535:
4418:
4296:
4271:
3916:
3908:
3831:
2423:
Zheng W, Gustafson DR, Sinha R, Cerhan JR, Moore D, Hong CP, et al. (November 1998).
1220:
1111:
947:
866:
667:
588:
355:
249:
76:
3629:
2908:. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). April 1999. Archived from
2716:
354:
diagnostics, is a potent human carcinogen known because of its retention within various
4975:
4494:
4448:
4443:
4413:
4392:
4218:
4176:
3797:
3577:
3550:
3526:
3501:
3477:
3452:
3428:
3401:
3337:
3312:
3242:
3217:
2175:
2142:
1967:
1915:
1890:
1782:
nuts, seeds, herbs, and spices will reduce the risk. The risk also increases with age.
1752:
1717:
1694:
1485:
1417:
1146:
1059:
962:
513:
489:
449:
335:
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245:
237:
211:
168:
3281:
1835:
1630:
Category 2: Substances that should be regarded as if they were carcinogenic to humans.
1603:
Category 2: Substances which should be regarded as if they are carcinogenic to humans.
37:
5150:
4969:
4606:
4504:
4357:
4022:
3802:
3567:
2690:
1686:
1675:
1430:
Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
1141:
1137:
1099:
689:
576:
388:
371:
Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Low-energy waves on the
347:
319:
172:
3297:
3202:
3005:
2622:
2272:
210:
The time from exposure to a carcinogen to the development of cancer is known as the
147:, naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing
66:
4769:
4707:
4499:
3963:
3897:
3812:
3768:
3500:
Ding SZ, Minohara Y, Fan XJ, Wang J, Reyes VE, Patel J, et al. (August 2007).
3118:
1769:
is often long-standing if not treated. Infection of gastric epithelial cells with
1671:
1412:(IARC) is an intergovernmental agency established in 1965, which forms part of the
1174:
1165:
1069:
307:
273:
261:
192:
3186:
3089:
Yager JD, Davidson NE (January 2006). "Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer".
2743:
2645:
1432:
that have been highly influential in the classification of possible carcinogens.
4965:
4937:
4872:
4759:
4601:
4433:
4286:
4226:
4085:
4048:
3971:
3836:
3752:
1651:
1256:
1180:
1159:
1155:
927:
727:
696:
615:
580:
564:
475:
233:
196:
88:
167:
processes fail to identify DNA damage allowing the defect to be passed down to
57:
17:
4338:
4080:
4017:
3981:
3468:
3373:
3328:
3067:
2636:
Hartwig A (2013). "Cadmium and Cancer". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.).
2606:
2441:
2424:
2158:
1709:
1132:
1128:
732:
525:
485:
376:
339:
331:
180:
164:
2378:
2256:
2166:
2089:
1588:
The former European Union classification of carcinogens was contained in the
5130:
5036:
5006:
4876:
4754:
4726:
4484:
4250:
4136:
4121:
4002:
3986:
3821:
1812:
1762:
1737:
1732:
1705:
1268:
1090:
981:
828:
543:
501:
380:
323:
229:
188:
148:
3586:
3551:"Redox biology and gastric carcinogenesis: the role of Helicobacter pylori"
3535:
3486:
3437:
3346:
3289:
3251:
3194:
3159:
3110:
3075:
3040:
2997:
2970:
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (December 2010).
2663:
2614:
2396:
Scanlan RA (May 1983). "Formation and occurrence of nitrosamines in food".
2264:
2184:
1976:
1924:
236:, cigarette smoke and ingestion of some types of foods such as alcohol and
3381:
3032:
2899:"Approved criteria for classifying hazardous substances NOHSC:1008 (1999)"
2698:
2450:
2409:
2143:"Identifying occupational carcinogens: an update from the IARC Monographs"
5051:
4479:
4240:
4131:
4090:
4075:
3948:
3940:
3783:
3778:
3638:"IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans"
3517:
3150:
3133:
3102:
2640:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 491–507.
1690:
1667:
1204:
899:
878:
808:
793:
720:
676:
493:
481:
426:
produced inside nuclear reactors can produce secondary radiation through
412:
403:
269:
257:
84:
27:
Substance, radionuclide, or radiation directly involved in causing cancer
3418:
1958:
1906:
1493:
Category 1: known or presumed to have carcinogenic potential for humans
5056:
5028:
4957:
4859:
4731:
4721:
4616:
4141:
4126:
3841:
3773:
2003:
Current Diagnosis and Treatment Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1797:
1655:
1482:
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
1287:. Certain viruses can also act as carcinogens by interacting with DNA.
1226:
952:
858:
814:
786:
777:
Replacement friction linings for automobiles still may contain asbestos
742:
649:
611:
509:
471:
253:
3402:"Bile acids as endogenous etiologic agents in gastrointestinal cancer"
3313:"Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence"
3233:
2988:
2971:
1638:
Major carcinogens implicated in the four most common cancers worldwide
1559:
Group A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans
4438:
4012:
3944:
3825:
3747:
1425:
991:
883:
560:
551:
505:
497:
360:
303:
232:
emitted in residential basements, environmental contaminants such as
140:
1545:(ACGIH) is a private organization best known for its publication of
583:
and C are associated with the development of hepatocellular cancer.
179:
inert in their original form, but are bioactivated in the body into
3637:
2040:
1889:
Barnes JL, Zubair M, John K, Poirier MC, Martin FL (October 2018).
1761:
infection is the main causative factor in stomach cancer. Chronic
4764:
4746:
4458:
4453:
1659:
1029:
351:
1499:
Category 1B: the assessment is based primarily on animal evidence
224:
There are numerous sources of exposures to carcinogens including
3976:
2972:"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008"
2926:
Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008).
2217:. 10th International Congress of Biochemistry. Hamburg, Germany.
1496:
Category 1A: the assessment is based primarily on human evidence
1471:: the agent (mixture) is most likely not carcinogenic to humans.
1421:
1210:
998:
662:
657:
532:
categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth".
415:
is the most common cancer diagnosed in people aged 15–44 years.
330:
and the radioactive strength), its consequent capacity to cause
4831:
4680:
4676:
4311:
3912:
3707:
2465:"National Cancer Institute, 2004 analysis and recommendations"
2245:
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
1272:
160:
131:
4307:
2928:"Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage."
2814:
1720:
has also been linked to an increased risk for breast cancer.
1271:
cause irreversible genetic damage or mutations by binding to
2550:"Harms of Cigarette Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting"
1267:
Carcinogens can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic.
110:
1941:
Barnes JL, Zubair M, John K, Poirier MC, Martin FL (2018).
125:
3400:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorak K (July 2009).
1627:
Category 1: Substances known to be carcinogenic to humans.
1600:
Category 1: Substances known to be carcinogenic to humans.
512:, which attach permanently to DNA. Pre-cooking meats in a
128:
3270:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
3218:"Potential mechanisms of estrogen quinone carcinogenesis"
1543:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
1537:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
119:
3453:"Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid"
2202:. 10th International Congress of Gerontology. Jerusalem.
1708:, can be metabolized to quinone derivatives that form
2873:. European Chemicals Agency. May 2012. Archived from
2425:"Well-done meat intake and the risk of breast cancer"
2005:(6th ed.). McGraw Hill Lange. pp. 389–418.
122:
116:
107:
2868:"CMR substances from Annex VI of the CLP Regulation"
2569:"Evidence on the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke"
774:
Friction linings (brake pads) (only outside Europe)
5113:
5070:
5027:
4989:
4956:
4925:
4871:
4745:
4714:
4584:
4518:
4467:
4401:
4345:
4264:
4217:
4175:
4150:
4114:
4036:
3995:
3962:
3955:
3872:
3761:
2141:Loomis D, Guha N, Hall AL, Straif K (August 2018).
310:as carcinogens, although the nature of the emitted
113:
2115:"Processed meat and cancer: What you need to know"
3311:McDonald JA, Goyal A, Terry MB (September 2013).
2775:Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).
159:. Most carcinogens act by creating mutations in
3395:
3393:
3391:
1562:Group A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
139:) is any agent that promotes the development of
1532:Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen
540:Several biologic agents are known carcinogens.
480:Cooking food at high temperatures, for example
2567:Tomar RC, Beaumont J, Hsieh JC (August 2009).
4843:
4692:
4323:
3924:
3719:
2765:, R. E. Rowland and Patricia W. Durbin, 1975.
1565:Group A5: Not suspected as a human carcinogen
75:Common carcinogens; clockwise from top left:
8:
2326:Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
1774:mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Thus
1519:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
3642:International Agency for Research on Cancer
2025:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1701:leading to increased oxidative DNA damage.
1410:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1404:International Agency for Research on Cancer
219:International Agency for Research on Cancer
4850:
4836:
4828:
4699:
4685:
4677:
4330:
4316:
4308:
3959:
3931:
3917:
3909:
3726:
3712:
3704:
2530:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2312:"Skin-tone gene could predict cancer risk"
2094:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2065:"Determining if Something Is a Carcinogen"
1618:Under a previous name, the NOHSC, in 1999
1428:. Since 1971 it has published a series of
1275:. Genotoxins include chemical agents like
711:Drinking water from contaminated aquifers.
187:(PAHs), heterocyclic aromatic amines, and
3576:
3566:
3525:
3476:
3427:
3417:
3336:
3241:
3149:
2987:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2440:
2330:"Food Irradiation: What You Need to Know"
2174:
1966:
1914:
1596:. It also consisted of three categories:
3362:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2779:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
2429:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1662:(10%) and outdoor air pollution (1-2%).
1297:
634:
559:which is a common contaminant of stored
3622:"Occupational Cancer - Carcinogen List"
3216:Bolton JL, Thatcher GR (January 2008).
2379:"Processed meats do cause cancer - WHO"
2147:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1824:
1584:Category 2: Suspected of causing cancer
1504:Category 2: suspected human carcinogens
434:Common carcinogens associated with food
4612:List of extremely hazardous substances
3549:Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T (2011).
3263:
3261:
2638:Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
2488:. Cancer Research UK. 15 October 2021.
2486:"Can eating burnt foods cause cancer?"
2018:
1445:: the agent (mixture) is most likely (
3734:Cancer-causing materials and agents (
2739:Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking
2136:
2134:
1279:(NMU) or non-chemical agents such as
756:Not in widespread use, but found in:
575:is known to cause stomach cancer and
7:
5105:List of environmental health hazards
4802:
4647:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1936:
1934:
1884:
1882:
1857:
1855:
1830:
1828:
1755:is the fourth most common cancer .
1556:Group A2: Suspected human carcinogen
1553:Group A1: Confirmed human carcinogen
1050:Cellars and poorly ventilated places
284:among chimney sweeps to name a few.
4812:
4659:
3626:NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health
3091:The New England Journal of Medicine
1455:: the agent (mixture) is possibly (
1191:Unless otherwise specified, ref is:
398:Higher-energy radiation, including
4990:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3628:. CDC. May 2, 2012. Archived from
1521:is mandated to produce a biennial
25:
4551:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
3601:"Stomach cancer risks and causes"
3406:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1150:emitters with high atomic weight
1022:Stainless-steel welding byproduct
466:Meats cooked at high temperatures
4811:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4658:
4646:
4635:
4634:
3893:Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic)
3888:Group 2A (probably carcinogenic)
3686:U.S. National Toxicology Program
3650:"Known and Probable Carcinogens"
3568:10.1179/174329211X12968219310756
2930:. In Kimura H, Suzuki A (eds.).
1947:Biochemical Society Transactions
1895:Biochemical Society Transactions
1594:Dangerous Preparations Directive
1509:U.S. National Toxicology Program
1217:Alkylating antineoplastic agents
641:Associated cancer sites or types
608:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
278:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
185:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
103:
65:
56:
45:
36:
3222:Chemical Research in Toxicology
2976:International Journal of Cancer
2287:"Skin Cancer Facts and Figures"
1301:between classification schemes
610:(PAH, such as benzo(a)pyrene),
342:, a (incidentally radioactive)
5172:Occupational safety and health
4622:Occupational safety and health
4526:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1704:The major estrogen in humans,
1590:Dangerous Substances Directive
1529:Known to be a human carcinogen
1:
4246:Clonally transmissible cancer
3317:Current Breast Cancer Reports
3282:10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00377-7
3187:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2133
2936:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
2001:1. Ladou 2. Harrison (2014).
1581:Category 1B: May cause cancer
1263:Mechanisms of carcinogenicity
644:Occupational uses or sources
5136:Toxic Substances Control Act
5095:Persistent organic pollutant
3056:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2691:10.1016/0165-1218(91)90123-4
2646:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15
1943:"Carcinogens and DNA damage"
1891:"Carcinogens and DNA damage"
1808:Safe handling of carcinogens
955:-treated foods (cured meats)
891:Metal paintings and coatings
143:. Carcinogens can include
5090:Great Pacific garbage patch
3762:Prominent human carcinogens
2932:New Research on DNA Damages
2198:Acharya PV (January 1975).
1515:National Toxicology Program
5188:
5131:Japan Toxic Substances Law
4926:Miscellaneous plasticizers
4277:Index of oncology articles
3898:Group 3 (not classifiable)
1476:Globally Harmonized System
1255:Low refining or unrefined
1252:(X-rays, gamma rays, etc.)
598:
550:, a toxin produced by the
472:Cooking § Carcinogens
469:
442:
291:
5126:European REACH regulation
5121:California Proposition 65
4864:polyhalogenated compounds
4789:
4630:
4571:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
3743:
3469:10.1007/s00204-011-0648-7
3329:10.1007/s12609-013-0114-z
3068:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019
2607:10.1007/s00204-008-0313-y
2554:National Cancer Institute
2228:Acharya PV (April 1977).
2159:10.1136/oemed-2017-104944
2119:MD Anderson Cancer Center
1765:(inflammation) caused by
1578:Category 1A: Carcinogenic
1447:product more likely to be
1414:World Health Organization
1388:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1245:from the sun and UV lamps
1088:Shift work that involves
601:Health effects of tobacco
5167:Radiation health effects
4561:Consumption of Tide Pods
4546:Niigata Minamata disease
4373:Environmental toxicology
3820:(e.g., from isotopes of
3666:"Recognized Carcinogens"
2526:"Cancer and Tobacco Use"
2467:. Cancer.gov. 2004-09-15
2404:(5 Suppl): 2435s–2440s.
2355:"Alcohol Use and Cancer"
2257:10.1179/oeh.2000.6.3.187
2213:Acharya PV (July 1976).
1697:enzymes that metabolize
1299:Approximate equivalences
622:Occupational carcinogens
587:is the primary cause of
373:electromagnetic spectrum
294:radiation-induced cancer
4409:Acceptable daily intake
4363:Occupational toxicology
4199:Prostate cancer staging
4163:Paraneoplastic syndrome
3682:"Report on Carcinogens"
3654:American Cancer Society
3374:10.1093/jnci/88.23.1717
2777:Robbins Basic Pathology
2505:Canadian Cancer Society
2442:10.1093/jnci/90.22.1724
2045:monographs.iarc.who.int
1457:chance of product being
1032:and its decay products
771:Fire-resistant textiles
749:Peritoneal mesothelioma
5017:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4566:Visakhapatnam gas leak
4510:Whole bowel irrigation
4237:Tumor suppressor genes
4204:Gleason grading system
4158:Precancerous condition
3883:Group 1 (carcinogenic)
3688:. 2005. Archived from
3656:. 2006. Archived from
3506:Infection and Immunity
3457:Archives of Toxicology
2595:Archives of Toxicology
1547:threshold limit values
1277:N-nitroso-N-methylurea
984:for hospital equipment
846:Aerospace applications
738:Gastrointestinal tract
367:Non-ionizing radiation
4531:2007 pet food recalls
4256:Carcinogenic bacteria
3996:Malignant progression
3033:10.1378/chest.07-1347
2846:Report on Carcinogens
2501:"Helicobacter pylori"
1523:Report on Carcinogens
1243:Ultraviolet radiation
1110:Involuntary smoking (
569:hepatocellular cancer
428:nuclear transmutation
400:ultraviolet radiation
346:previously used as a
226:ultraviolet radiation
4429:Fixed-dose procedure
4209:Dukes classification
3518:10.1128/IAI.00172-07
3151:10.1210/en.2003-0817
3103:10.1056/NEJMra050776
3027:(3 Suppl): 29S–55S.
2817:. Monographs.iarc.fr
1207:(contains aromatics)
631:Selected carcinogens
567:is a known cause of
155:such as viruses and
5047:Endocrine disruptor
4388:In vitro toxicology
4378:Forensic toxicology
4028:Sentinel lymph node
3790:Helicobacter pylori
3419:10.3748/wjg.15.3329
2906:Safe Work Australia
2090:"Radon in the Home"
1959:10.1042/bst20180519
1907:10.1042/bst20180519
1867:McGraw Hill Medical
1803:Possible carcinogen
1758:Helicobacter pylori
1620:Safe Work Australia
1614:Safe Work Australia
1302:
843:Lightweight alloys
520:Acrylamide in foods
496:of food looks like
145:synthetic chemicals
5062:Polymer fume fever
4592:Biological warfare
4576:List of poisonings
4383:Medical toxicology
4353:Aquatic toxicology
4076:Respiratory system
3818:Ionizing radiation
3808:Diethylstilbestrol
3605:Cancer Research UK
2853:on 12 August 2024.
2524:CDC (2019-08-27).
2385:. 26 October 2015.
2088:CDC (2023-12-21).
1298:
1285:ionizing radiation
1250:ionizing radiation
1080:polyvinyl chloride
1047:Quarries and mines
977:commodity chemical
861:and its compounds
831:and its compounds
820:commodity chemical
799:Hodgkin's lymphoma
695:Medications (e.g.
652:and its compounds
556:Aspergillus flavus
530:Cancer Research UK
445:Alcohol and cancer
385:infrared radiation
299:Ionizing Radiation
201:ionizing radiation
5144:
5143:
5078:Plastic pollution
4858:Health issues of
4825:
4824:
4781:Microtox bioassay
4674:
4673:
4490:Chelation therapy
4305:
4304:
4292:Cancer and nausea
4171:
4170:
4008:Carcinoma in situ
3906:
3905:
3837:Ultraviolet light
3412:(27): 3329–3340.
3368:(23): 1717–1730.
3234:10.1021/tx700191p
3062:(11): 2921–2933.
2989:10.1002/ijc.25516
2982:(12): 2893–2917.
2945:978-1-60456-581-2
2815:"IARC Monographs"
2786:978-1-4160-2973-1
2679:Mutation Research
2655:978-94-007-5178-1
2435:(22): 1724–1729.
2328:(20 April 2020).
2012:978-1-260-14343-0
1793:History of cancer
1729:Colorectal cancer
1420:. It is based in
1401:
1400:
1281:ultraviolet light
1233:alkylating agents
1213:and its compounds
1196:
1195:
1192:
424:neutron radiation
205:alkylating agents
197:ultraviolet light
173:cellular division
16:(Redirected from
5179:
5083:Rubber pollution
4933:Organophosphates
4852:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4815:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4678:
4662:
4661:
4650:
4649:
4638:
4637:
4541:Minamata disease
4475:Activated carbon
4424:Biomagnification
4368:Entomotoxicology
4332:
4325:
4318:
4309:
4106:Endocrine system
4071:Digestive system
3960:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3677:
3672:. Archived from
3661:
3645:
3633:
3632:on May 30, 2023.
3609:
3608:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3512:(8): 4030–4039.
3497:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3421:
3397:
3386:
3385:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3276:(3–5): 477–486.
3265:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2967:
2954:
2953:
2948:. Archived from
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2772:
2766:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2715:. Archived from
2709:
2703:
2702:
2685:(3–4): 277–289.
2674:
2668:
2667:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:. Archived from
2283:
2277:
2276:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2016:
1998:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1970:
1953:(5): 1213–1224.
1938:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1901:(5): 1213–1224.
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1863:"Carcinogenesis"
1859:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1832:
1303:
1237:dimethyl sulfate
1190:
849:Nuclear reactors
635:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
69:
60:
49:
40:
21:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5109:
5066:
5023:
4985:
4952:
4921:
4867:
4856:
4826:
4821:
4785:
4777: (TZ test)
4741:
4710:
4705:
4675:
4670:
4626:
4580:
4556:Seveso disaster
4536:Bhopal disaster
4514:
4463:
4419:Bioaccumulation
4397:
4341:
4336:
4306:
4301:
4260:
4213:
4167:
4146:
4110:
4032:
3991:
3951:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3868:
3757:
3739:
3732:
3695:
3693:
3680:
3664:
3648:
3636:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3175:Cancer Research
3172:
3171:
3167:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2946:
2938:pp. 1–47.
2925:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2755:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2656:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2398:Cancer Research
2395:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1788:
1750:
1726:
1716:Consumption of
1684:
1649:
1640:
1616:
1572:
1539:
1511:
1478:
1406:
1347:
1300:
1296:
1265:
1221:mechlorethamine
1201:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1112:Passive smoking
1066:Hemangiosarcoma
948:cigarette smoke
902:(VI) compounds
875:Yellow pigments
688:Electrical and
668:Hemangiosarcoma
624:
603:
597:
595:Cigarette smoke
589:cervical cancer
571:. The bacteria
549:
538:
536:Biologic Agents
522:
478:
468:
459:
457:Processed meats
447:
441:
436:
369:
336:alpha radiation
306:identifies all
301:
296:
290:
250:hemangiosarcoma
238:processed meats
153:biologic agents
106:
102:
95:
94:
93:
92:
77:tobacco smoking
72:
71:
70:
62:
61:
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Carcinogenicity
15:
12:
11:
5:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5162:Carcinogenesis
5159:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4976:Vinyl chloride
4973:
4970:Polycarbonates
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4775:Viability test
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4585:Related topics
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:Gastric lavage
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Toxicity class
4446:
4444:Toxic capacity
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Acute toxicity
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4393:Toxicogenomics
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4219:Carcinogenesis
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:Nervous system
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4064:nasopharyngeal
4061:
4056:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3678:
3676:on 2007-12-17.
3662:
3660:on 2008-03-17.
3646:
3634:
3616:
3615:External links
3613:
3611:
3610:
3592:
3541:
3492:
3463:(8): 863–871.
3443:
3387:
3352:
3323:(3): 208–221.
3303:
3257:
3208:
3181:(2): 812–817.
3165:
3144:(1): 311–317.
3124:
3097:(3): 270–282.
3081:
3046:
3011:
2955:
2952:on 2014-10-25.
2944:
2918:
2915:on 2010-12-01.
2890:
2859:
2836:
2827:
2806:
2795:
2785:
2767:
2749:
2746:on 2015-03-15.
2729:
2704:
2669:
2654:
2628:
2601:(8): 493–512.
2585:
2559:
2541:
2516:
2491:
2477:
2456:
2415:
2388:
2370:
2359:www.cancer.org
2346:
2317:
2303:
2278:
2251:(3): 187–193.
2235:
2220:
2205:
2190:
2153:(8): 593–603.
2130:
2113:Underferth D.
2105:
2080:
2069:www.cancer.org
2056:
2032:
2011:
1988:
1930:
1878:
1851:
1840:www.genome.gov
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1753:Stomach cancer
1749:
1748:Stomach cancer
1746:
1725:
1722:
1695:detoxification
1683:
1680:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1570:European Union
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1486:United Nations
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1418:United Nations
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1295:
1294:Classification
1292:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1229:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1147:alpha particle
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1078:Production of
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Vinyl chloride
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1044:Uranium decay
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:Ferrous alloys
1011:
1010:Nickel plating
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
986:
985:
979:
972:
971:
970:
965:
963:Ethylene oxide
959:
958:
957:
956:
950:
943:
942:
941:
938:
935:
930:
924:
923:
922:
921:
918:
915:
910:
909:
908:
903:
895:
894:
893:
892:
889:
886:
881:
876:
871:
870:
869:
862:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
847:
839:
838:
837:
832:
825:
824:
823:
822:
817:
813:Former use as
811:
803:
802:
801:
796:
789:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
763:Roofing papers
760:Constructions
753:
752:
751:
746:
740:
735:
730:
723:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
693:
686:
682:Component of:
680:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
653:
646:
645:
642:
639:
623:
620:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
547:
537:
534:
521:
518:
514:microwave oven
467:
464:
458:
455:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
435:
432:
418:Substances or
368:
365:
300:
297:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
282:scrotal cancer
266:bladder cancer
252:of the liver,
246:vinyl chloride
228:from the sun,
212:latency period
169:daughter cells
74:
73:
64:
63:
55:
54:
53:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5184:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5029:Health issues
5026:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Hazard symbol
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Hemoperfusion
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Ecotoxicology
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:oropharyngeal
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:Head and neck
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Primary tumor
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3964:Benign tumors
3961:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Tobacco smoke
3830:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:1,3-Butadiene
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3692:on 2005-10-28
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:(1): 93–101.
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:Endocrinology
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2880:on 2021-02-24
2876:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2719:on 2011-07-21
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2556:. 2017-12-21.
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2293:on 2012-08-10
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
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1687:Breast cancer
1682:Breast cancer
1681:
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1676:acrylonitrile
1673:
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1183:manufacturing
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1142:Plutonium-239
1139:
1138:Plutonium-238
1134:
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582:
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577:MALT lymphoma
574:
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389:visible light
386:
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190:
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142:
136:
100:
90:
86:
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78:
68:
59:
48:
39:
30:
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5041:
4873:Plasticizers
4816:
4806:
4796:
4770:Seed testing
4736:
4708:Genotoxicity
4663:
4651:
4639:
4596:
4500:Hemodialysis
4231:
3939:Overview of
3847:Epstein–Barr
3813:Formaldehyde
3788:
3769:Acetaldehyde
3753:Cancer cells
3735:
3694:. Retrieved
3690:the original
3685:
3674:the original
3669:
3658:the original
3653:
3641:
3630:the original
3625:
3604:
3595:
3558:
3555:Redox Report
3554:
3544:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3409:
3405:
3365:
3361:
3355:
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3178:
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3127:
3094:
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3084:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3024:
3020:
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2979:
2975:
2950:the original
2934:. New York:
2931:
2921:
2910:the original
2905:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2862:
2851:the original
2845:
2839:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2809:
2798:
2790:
2776:
2770:
2756:
2752:
2744:the original
2738:
2732:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:the original
2707:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2637:
2631:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2459:
2432:
2428:
2418:
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2391:
2382:
2373:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2320:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2281:
2248:
2244:
2238:
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2223:
2214:
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2193:
2150:
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2118:
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2002:
1980:. Retrieved
1950:
1946:
1898:
1894:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1836:"Carcinogen"
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1727:
1724:Colon cancer
1715:
1703:
1685:
1672:formaldehyde
1664:
1650:
1641:
1617:
1609:
1587:
1573:
1540:
1522:
1512:
1479:
1456:
1446:
1429:
1407:
1289:
1266:
1257:mineral oils
1175:Nuclear fuel
1160:bone seekers
1089:
928:Nitrosamines
755:
745:mesothelioma
630:
629:
625:
604:
554:
542:
539:
523:
500:and tobacco
479:
460:
448:
417:
407:
406:) generally
402:(present in
397:
393:inconclusive
370:
302:
274:mesothelioma
262:aniline dyes
223:
216:
209:
177:
98:
96:
29:
5157:Carcinogens
5114:Regulations
4966:Bisphenol A
4818:WikiProject
4760:Comet assay
4665:WikiProject
4602:Food safety
4434:Lethal dose
4287:Cancer pain
4227:Cancer cell
3972:Hyperplasia
3857:Hepatitis C
3852:Hepatitis B
3798:Benzopyrene
3736:carcinogens
2499:cancer CC.
1652:Lung cancer
1647:Lung cancer
1484:(GHS) is a
1181:Radium dial
1093:disruption
898:Hexavalent
766:Floor tiles
708:Animal dips
697:melarsoprol
616:nitrosamine
581:Hepatitis B
526:acrylamides
490:benzopyrene
476:Raw foodism
377:radio waves
234:chlordecone
181:metabolites
89:ultraviolet
5151:Categories
5042:Carcinogen
5007:Organotins
4877:Phthalates
4765:algal test
4737:Carcinogen
4597:Carcinogen
4468:Treatments
4339:Toxicology
4232:Carcinogen
4096:Urogenital
4037:Topography
4018:Metastasis
3982:Pseudocyst
3956:Conditions
3696:2018-08-08
3561:(1): 1–7.
2884:2020-11-03
2821:2010-09-22
2723:2011-07-01
2535:2024-04-17
2510:2024-04-17
2471:2010-09-22
2364:2024-04-17
2339:20 January
2297:2010-07-02
2124:2024-04-17
2099:2024-04-17
2074:2024-04-17
2050:2024-04-17
1982:2024-04-17
1872:2024-04-16
1845:2024-04-16
1820:References
1733:bile acids
1348:suspected
1346:Reasonably
1269:Genotoxins
1177:processing
1158:(they are
1145:and other
1133:Radium-224
1129:Radium-226
733:Asbestosis
705:Fungicides
702:Herbicides
638:Carcinogen
486:barbecuing
470:See also:
381:microwaves
375:including
350:medium in
344:suspension
340:Thorotrast
332:ionization
189:mycotoxins
165:DNA repair
99:carcinogen
5071:Pollution
5037:Teratogen
4968:(BPA, in
4755:Ames test
4727:Clastogen
4519:Incidents
4485:Cathartic
4251:Oncovirus
4241:oncogenes
4194:Ann Arbor
4137:Papilloma
4122:Carcinoma
4115:Histology
4059:laryngeal
4003:Dysplasia
3987:Hamartoma
3822:plutonium
3670:Scorecard
2791:Table 6-2
2167:1351-0711
2021:cite book
1813:Teratogen
1776:H. pylori
1771:H. pylori
1767:H. pylori
1763:gastritis
1738:apoptosis
1706:estradiol
1359:Group 2B
1340:Group 2A
1091:circadian
1019:Batteries
982:Sterilant
937:Esophagus
888:Batteries
879:Phosphors
829:Beryllium
679:byproduct
573:H. Pylori
544:Aflatoxin
502:pyrolysis
312:radiation
288:Radiation
230:radon gas
149:radiation
91:radiation
5052:Diabetes
4958:Monomers
4938:Adipates
4860:plastics
4798:Category
4641:Category
4480:Antidote
4402:Concepts
4272:Research
4132:Blastoma
3949:oncology
3784:Bacteria
3779:Asbestos
3587:21605492
3536:17562777
3487:21267546
3438:19610133
3347:24265860
3298:31885800
3290:14623547
3252:18052105
3203:24602808
3195:17234793
3160:14551226
3111:16421368
3076:21802474
3041:17873159
3006:23583962
2998:21351269
2664:23430782
2623:25513051
2615:18496671
2273:25147479
2265:10926722
2185:29769352
1977:30287511
1925:30287511
1786:See also
1691:estrogen
1668:acrolein
1592:and the
1453:Group 2B
1443:Group 2A
1394:Group 4
1378:Group 3
1354:Cat. 1B
1343:Cat. 1B
1335:Cat. 1A
1326:Cat. 1A
1323:Group 1
1205:Gasoline
1016:Ceramics
969:Leukemia
917:Pigments
900:chromium
867:Prostate
809:fuel oil
794:Leukemia
721:Asbestos
677:Smelting
510:epoxides
494:Charring
482:grilling
413:melanoma
404:sunlight
348:contrast
270:asbestos
258:leukemia
157:bacteria
85:asbestos
5100:Dioxins
5057:Obesity
4808:Commons
4732:Aneugen
4722:Mutagen
4653:Commons
4617:Mutagen
4282:History
4181:grading
4177:Staging
4142:Adenoma
4127:Sarcoma
3842:Viruses
3774:Arsenic
3578:6837368
3527:1952011
3478:3149672
3429:2712893
3382:8944002
3338:3832299
3243:2556295
3119:5793142
2856:Alt URL
2699:2017213
2578:23 June
2451:9827527
2410:6831466
2176:6204931
1968:6195640
1916:6195640
1798:Mutagen
1718:alcohol
1710:adducts
1656:smoking
1517:of the
1469:Group 4
1463:Group 3
1437:Group 1
1416:of the
1389:
1383:
1373:Cat. 2
1367:
1364:Cat. 2
1235:(e.g.,
1227:Styrene
1219:(e.g.,
953:nitrite
884:Solders
859:Cadmium
815:solvent
787:Benzene
743:Pleural
692:devices
650:Arsenic
612:benzene
506:enzymes
450:Alcohol
439:Alcohol
328:neutron
254:benzene
81:alcohol
4897:(BBzP)
4866:(PHCs)
4747:Assays
4439:Poison
4346:Fields
4013:Cancer
3945:cancer
3941:tumors
3826:radium
3748:Cancer
3585:
3575:
3534:
3524:
3485:
3475:
3436:
3426:
3380:
3345:
3335:
3296:
3288:
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2763:751053
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2449:
2408:
2271:
2263:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2041:"Home"
2009:
1975:
1965:
1923:
1913:
1426:France
1329:Known
1315:ACGIH
1248:Other
1231:Other
1199:Others
1100:Breast
992:Nickel
914:Paints
807:Light
685:Alloys
614:, and
561:grains
552:fungus
498:coking
474:, and
361:cancer
356:organs
304:CERCLA
151:, and
141:cancer
4997:PBDEs
4908:(DOP)
4715:Agent
4459:Venom
4454:Toxin
4265:Misc.
4151:Other
4091:Blood
3876:lists
3294:S2CID
3199:S2CID
3115:S2CID
3021:Chest
3002:S2CID
2913:(PDF)
2902:(PDF)
2878:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2619:S2CID
2572:(PDF)
2269:S2CID
1660:radon
1306:IARC
1166:Liver
1070:Liver
1030:Radon
940:Liver
728:Lungs
508:into
420:foods
352:x-ray
326:, or
324:gamma
316:alpha
242:NIOSH
5012:PFCs
5002:PCBs
4978:(in
4942:DEHA
4917:DINP
4912:DIDP
4906:DEHP
4901:DIHP
4885:DIBP
4862:and
4297:Diet
4086:Skin
4081:Bone
4049:oral
3977:Cyst
3947:and
3874:IARC
3824:and
3583:PMID
3532:PMID
3483:PMID
3434:PMID
3378:PMID
3343:PMID
3286:PMID
3248:PMID
3191:PMID
3156:PMID
3107:PMID
3072:PMID
3037:PMID
2994:PMID
2940:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2695:PMID
2660:PMID
2650:ISBN
2611:PMID
2580:2012
2447:PMID
2406:PMID
2341:2021
2261:PMID
2181:PMID
2163:ISSN
2027:link
2007:ISBN
1973:PMID
1921:PMID
1541:The
1513:The
1480:The
1422:Lyon
1408:The
1312:NTP
1309:GHS
1283:and
1211:Lead
1156:Bone
1119:Lung
1037:Lung
1003:Lung
999:Nose
934:Lung
907:Lung
836:Lung
663:Skin
658:Lung
565:nuts
563:and
387:and
320:beta
280:and
272:and
264:and
256:and
248:and
203:and
4980:PVC
4947:DOA
4895:BBP
4890:DBP
4189:TNM
3862:HPV
3573:PMC
3563:doi
3522:PMC
3514:doi
3473:PMC
3465:doi
3424:PMC
3414:doi
3370:doi
3333:PMC
3325:doi
3278:doi
3238:PMC
3230:doi
3183:doi
3146:doi
3142:145
3099:doi
3095:354
3064:doi
3029:doi
3025:132
2984:doi
2980:127
2687:doi
2683:259
2642:doi
2603:doi
2437:doi
2383:BBC
2334:FDA
2253:doi
2171:PMC
2155:doi
1963:PMC
1955:doi
1911:PMC
1903:doi
1740:).
1699:ROS
1397:A5
1386:A4
1370:A3
1351:A2
1332:A1
1318:EU
1273:DNA
585:HPV
492:).
484:or
161:DNA
111:ɑːr
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