620:
605:
78:
53:
87:
923:
and found that slavery was "well established" in the region, used to "feed the courts of coastal kings as it was used in the medieval empires of the interior." Between the process of capture, enslavement, and "incorporation into a new community, the slave had neither rights nor any social identity."
580:
Average annual temperatures range from 23 to 29 °C (73 to 84 °F). Average temperatures in the coldest months are above 20 °C (68 °F) and above 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest months. Daily temperatures fluctuate by up to 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). The summer
810:
According to some modern historians, of all the regions of Africa, western Sudan "is the one that has seen the longest development of agriculture, of markets and long-distance trade, and of complex political systems." It is also the first region "south of the Sahara where
African
801:
which are suited to the low levels of rainfall. With increasing levels of drought since the 1970s, pastoralists have needed to move southwards to search for grazing areas and have come into conflict with more settled agriculturalists.
2158:
919:," totaling over a thousand years for the Saharan and four centuries for the Atlantic trades. As a result, slavery critically shaped the institutions and systems of the Sudan. The Portuguese first arrived at
333:
585:
brings rain from the equator. Annual precipitation ranges from 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) in the north to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south. During the dry winter season (
793:
The
Sudanian savanna is used by both pastoralists and farmers. Cattle are predominantly the livestock kept, but in some areas, sheep and goats are also kept. The main crops grown are
2000:
158:
1075:
West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from
Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the
175:
1314:
167:
533:
520:. It extends over 5,000 km (3,100 mi) in a band several hundred kilometers wide across Africa. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in
2045:
1271:
1195:
1150:
1554:
2168:
179:
2198:
1246:
409:
2148:
2108:
586:
488:
641:
The
Sudanian savanna is characterized by the coexistence of trees and grasses. Dominant tree species are often belonging to the
2133:
2123:
1307:
30:
This article is about the bioregion to the south of the Sahel. For the two neighboring countries in North-eastern Africa, see
2138:
1880:
1574:
924:
As a result, the identity of people who were enslaved "came from membership in a corporate group, usually based on kinship."
416:
of the larger
African Massive division. Physiography divides this province into three distinct physiographic sections, the
2193:
2188:
2118:
2113:
1895:
1392:
270:
2143:
2020:
1477:
2208:
2203:
2183:
2163:
2128:
2178:
2173:
2153:
1855:
1300:
437:
163:
1790:
557:
360:
254:
1990:
848:
1507:
967:
445:
413:
171:
1932:
1890:
1885:
1800:
1663:
1482:
1402:
1397:
907:, many people from the Sudan were used as "a steady steam of slaves for the Mediterranean world" in the
714:
476:
453:
356:
193:
101:
97:
1586:
1407:
953:
941:
916:
880:
836:
681:. Much of the Sudanian savanna region is used in the form of parklands, where useful trees, such as
2005:
1985:
1850:
1522:
1430:
933:
908:
840:
832:
824:
569:
321:
118:
2065:
1970:
1579:
1527:
962:
686:
625:
337:
123:
1995:
1975:
1927:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1715:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1267:
1242:
1191:
1185:
1146:
1051:
1033:
912:
469:
425:
105:
1140:
2087:
2060:
2040:
2025:
1900:
1564:
1542:
1041:
1023:
860:
778:
722:
690:
646:
201:
135:
619:
2082:
1875:
1810:
1795:
1760:
1730:
1626:
1343:
844:
746:
582:
421:
376:
209:
1980:
987:
2070:
1905:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1720:
1693:
1611:
1559:
1532:
1517:
1492:
1435:
1412:
1348:
1335:
1046:
1009:
1005:
904:
864:
852:
465:
461:
325:
604:
2102:
1870:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1593:
1497:
738:
654:
517:
505:
484:
2030:
1845:
1683:
1603:
1537:
1512:
1450:
937:
876:
868:
642:
634:
630:
613:
537:
529:
397:
352:
1166:
1095:
2015:
1960:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1865:
1860:
1837:
1708:
1678:
1673:
1422:
1382:
1377:
944:
was formed in what would become the present
Sudanese and South Sudanese states.
892:
872:
730:
665:
565:
480:
457:
417:
244:
240:
35:
17:
77:
52:
1965:
1939:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1703:
1688:
1653:
1569:
1387:
1355:
1014:
920:
659:
609:
513:
509:
285:
280:
236:
1117:
1037:
2035:
1955:
1825:
1502:
1487:
1465:
1323:
1028:
828:
682:
593:
441:
329:
1055:
1780:
1770:
1641:
1365:
677:
671:
1658:
1616:
1547:
1360:
856:
794:
770:
762:
694:
549:
521:
501:
345:
313:
310:
197:
86:
58:
1010:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
2050:
2010:
1785:
1668:
1370:
1327:
798:
702:
650:
349:
317:
1292:
653:
species are also important. The dominant grass species are usually
2055:
1698:
888:
812:
698:
618:
603:
561:
545:
541:
341:
148:
130:
31:
785:). Most large mammals are now very limited in range and numbers.
713:
Many large mammals are native to the
Sudanian savanna, including
1648:
1470:
1139:
Alain
Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande (2013).
884:
754:
596:
northeasterly wind is bringing hot and dry air from the Sahara.
553:
525:
205:
153:
1296:
1069:
International
Association for the History of Religions (1959),
213:
62:
2159:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
359:
forms a transition zone between the
Sudanian savanna and the
104:
ecoregions comprising the Sudan bioregion and divided by the
883:
were created in the territories that now form the states of
875:
spread to a wide area. During the European colonial period,
344:, a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a
1008:; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; et al. (2017-04-05).
915:
in the fifteenth century, "people were directed to the
2001:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
1239:
Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, volume II
1145:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 11.
389:
1948:
1836:
1729:
1602:
1421:
1334:
940:was created in the area that would become Mali and
291:
279:
269:
264:
250:
232:
224:
219:
189:
141:
129:
117:
112:
43:
1022:(6): 534–545, Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
440:divides the Sudanian savanna bioregion into two
1212:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1241:. New York: Facts on File, 2005. p. 211.
1308:
8:
382:
400:', referring to Africa south of the Sahel.
228:2,550,451 km (984,735 sq mi)
65:are found migrating along freshwater bodies
1315:
1301:
1293:
1184:Jayalaxshmi Mistry; Andrea Beradi (2014).
693:and others are spared from cutting, while
623:Sudanian savanna with bunchgrass tufts of
1090:
1088:
1045:
1027:
355:. To the Sudan's south, the more humid
1266:. Farmington Hills. pp. 752, 758.
988:"East Sudanian savanna | DOPA Explorer"
979:
705:or other crops are cultivated beneath.
328:in the west. It represents the central
823:Its medieval history is marked by the
40:
2046:Portuguese-speaking African countries
1187:World Savannas: Ecology and Human Use
348:between the Sudanian savanna and the
7:
1264:New Encyclopedia of Africa, volume 4
1079:, 'Land of the Blacks', by the Arabs
1214:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
383:
316:that runs east and west across the
25:
1073:, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131,
27:African region south of the Sahel
85:
76:
51:
1190:. Routledge. pp. 124–127.
934:period of European colonization
735:Taurotragus derbianus derbianus
408:The Sudanian savanna is one of
1881:Guinean Forests of West Africa
992:dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu
57:Throughout the Sudan region's
1:
1896:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
1393:Cameroonian Highlands forests
363:that lie nearer the equator.
2021:Middle East and North Africa
1478:East African montane forests
1120:. World Wide Fund for Nature
1098:. World Wide Fund for Nature
500:The area is predominantly a
466:western lowlands of Ethiopia
751:Syncerus caffer brachyceros
464:extends westwards from the
390:
2225:
911:. With the arrival of the
438:World Wide Fund for Nature
159:Northern Acacia–Commiphora
29:
2169:Geography of Burkina Faso
1791:Indian Ocean coastal belt
1225:Encyclopaedia of Islam IX
1210:Klein, Martin A. (1998).
815:took root and flowered."
70:
50:
2199:Geography of South Sudan
669:, on shallow soils also
657:, especially the genera
558:Central African Republic
361:Guineo-Congolian forests
2149:Physiographic provinces
2109:Afrotropical ecoregions
1991:Guineo-Congolian region
1167:"West Sudanian savanna"
1118:"West Sudanian savanna"
1096:"East Sudanian savanna"
414:physiographic provinces
2134:Ecoregions of Ethiopia
2124:Ecoregions of Cameroon
1173:. World Wildlife Fund.
1171:Terrestrial Ecoregions
968:Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
831:of eastern Sudan were
727:Giraffa camelopardalis
638:
616:
404:Physiographic province
334:tropical savanna biome
164:forest–savanna mosaics
2139:Ecoregions of Nigeria
1933:West Sudanian savanna
1891:Lower Guinean forests
1886:Upper Guinean forests
1801:Cape Floristic Region
1664:Cataracts of the Nile
1483:Eastern Arc Mountains
1403:Congolian rainforests
1398:East Sudanian savanna
1142:Tropical Agroforestry
1029:10.1093/biosci/bix014
715:African bush elephant
622:
607:
489:The Gambia West Coast
477:West Sudanian savanna
454:East Sudanian savanna
357:forest-savanna mosaic
2194:Geography of Senegal
2189:Geography of Nigeria
2119:Grasslands of Africa
2114:Ecoregions of Africa
1587:Zanzibar Archipelago
1555:Indian Ocean islands
1227:. pp. 752, 758.
958:ancient Green Sahara
954:Neolithic Subpluvial
942:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
917:Atlantic slave trade
881:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
847:. In central Sudan,
342:Sahel acacia savanna
2144:Ecoregions of Sudan
2006:Mediterranean Basin
1986:Greater Middle East
1523:Ethiopian Highlands
1431:African Great Lakes
1286:Klein 1998, p. 1-2.
909:Saharan slave trade
855:. To the west were
743:Hippotragus equinus
570:Ethiopian Highlands
524:, through southern
444:, separated by the
396: 'Land of the
332:within the broader
324:in the east to the
322:Ethiopian Highlands
309:is a broad belt of
275:Critical/endangered
271:Conservation status
46:بِلَادُ السُّوْدَان
2209:Historical regions
2204:Geography of Sudan
2184:Geography of Niger
2164:Sub-Saharan Africa
2129:Ecoregions of Chad
2066:Sub-Saharan Africa
1971:Commonwealth realm
1580:Northern Highlands
1528:Dahlak Archipelago
963:Sub-Saharan Africa
849:Kanem–Bornu Empire
719:Loxodonta africana
639:
626:Andropogon gayanus
617:
338:Afrotropical realm
255:Tropical savanna (
176:Northern Congolian
2179:Geography of Mali
2174:Geography of Chad
2154:Regions of Africa
2096:
2095:
1996:Islands of Africa
1976:Equatorial Africa
1928:Inner Niger Delta
1716:Tibesti Mountains
1575:Central Highlands
1461:Virunga Mountains
1456:Rift Valley lakes
1446:Great Rift Valley
1441:East African Rift
1408:Ouaddaï highlands
1273:978-0-684-31458-7
1197:978-1-317-88013-4
1152:978-94-007-7723-1
608:Sudanian savanna
470:Mandara Mountains
426:Middle Nile Basin
375:derives from
318:African continent
299:
298:
106:Mandara mountains
96:Extension of the
16:(Redirected from
2216:
2088:Zambezian region
2076:Sudanian savanna
2061:Southeast Africa
2041:Northeast Africa
2026:Miombo woodlands
1901:Guinea Highlands
1565:Lamu Archipelago
1543:Gulf of Tadjoura
1317:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1031:
1006:Dinerstein, Eric
1002:
996:
995:
984:
905:first millennium
903:Early on in the
895:, respectively.
779:African wild dog
775:Acinonyx jubatus
723:northern giraffe
691:locust-bean tree
647:Caesalpinioideae
393:
386:
385:
303:Sudanian savanna
136:Tropical savanna
89:
80:
55:
41:
21:
18:Sudanian Savanna
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2083:Tropical Africa
1944:
1832:
1811:Kalahari Desert
1796:Albany thickets
1761:Succulent Karoo
1725:
1627:Atlas Mountains
1598:
1417:
1330:
1321:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1004:
1003:
999:
986:
985:
981:
976:
950:
930:
901:
821:
808:
791:
767:Panthera pardus
747:African buffalo
711:
602:
578:
498:
485:eastern Nigeria
446:Mandara Plateau
434:
422:Lake Chad Basin
406:
369:
346:transition zone
185:
172:Mandara Plateau
108:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
82:
81:
66:
45:
44:Sudan bioregion
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2071:Sudan (region)
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:Gulf of Guinea
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1821:Cape Peninsula
1818:
1816:Okavango Delta
1813:
1808:
1806:Skeleton Coast
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1721:Western Sahara
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Nuba Mountains
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1612:Eastern Desert
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1560:Comoro Islands
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:Hanish Islands
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:Danakil Desert
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1493:Horn of Africa
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Albertine Rift
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1413:Ennedi Plateau
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:Gulf of Guinea
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1254:
1247:
1230:
1216:
1203:
1196:
1176:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1109:
1084:
1077:Bilad as-Sūdan
1061:
997:
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
949:
946:
929:
926:
900:
897:
853:Hausa Kingdoms
820:
817:
807:
804:
790:
787:
710:
707:
601:
598:
577:
574:
532:when it was a
497:
494:
493:
492:
473:
462:Central Africa
433:
430:
405:
402:
391:bilād as-sūdān
368:
365:
326:Atlantic Ocean
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
262:
261:
252:
248:
247:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
217:
216:
191:
187:
186:
184:
183:
168:Victoria Basin
161:
156:
151:
145:
143:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
95:
84:
83:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2221:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:Macro-regions
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:Guinea region
1874:
1872:
1871:Cape Mesurado
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
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1637:Gibraltar Arc
1635:
1633:
1632:Barbary Coast
1630:
1628:
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1623:
1622:Ancient Libya
1620:
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1594:Swahili coast
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1498:Afar Triangle
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1344:Guinea region
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1248:0-8160-5270-0
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871:. Later, the
870:
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826:
825:caravan trade
818:
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783:Lycaon pictus
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739:roan antelope
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534:French colony
531:
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506:river valleys
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350:Sahara Desert
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42:
37:
33:
19:
2075:
2031:Mittelafrika
1981:Françafrique
1846:Pepper Coast
1684:Middle Egypt
1538:Gulf of Aden
1513:Danakil Alps
1451:Gregory Rift
1282:
1263:
1257:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1170:
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1141:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1019:
1013:
1000:
991:
982:
957:
938:French Sudan
931:
902:
877:French Sudan
822:
809:
792:
782:
774:
766:
759:Panthera leo
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
718:
712:
676:
670:
664:
658:
643:Combretaceae
640:
635:Burkina Faso
631:Pama Reserve
624:
614:Burkina Faso
588:
579:
538:Burkina Faso
530:French Sudan
499:
435:
407:
387:
384:بلاد السودان
380:
372:
370:
353:phytochorion
307:Sudan region
306:
302:
300:
265:Conservation
256:
251:Climate type
124:Afrotropical
61:grasslands,
2016:Middle East
1961:Afromontane
1923:Niger Delta
1918:Niger Basin
1911:Dahomey Gap
1866:Cape Palmas
1861:Ivory Coast
1856:Slave Coast
1709:Upper Egypt
1679:Lower Nubia
1674:Lower Egypt
1649:Nile Valley
1383:Congo Basin
1378:Pool Malebo
932:During the
899:Slave trade
893:South Sudan
873:Fula people
819:Middle Ages
731:giant eland
666:Hyparrhenia
566:South Sudan
560:, southern
552:, southern
548:, northern
544:, northern
540:, southern
481:West Africa
418:Niger Basin
320:, from the
36:South Sudan
2103:Categories
1966:Arab world
1940:Yorubaland
1851:Gold Coast
1776:Maputaland
1766:Nama Karoo
1756:Thembuland
1704:The Sudans
1689:Nile Delta
1654:Nile Delta
1570:Madagascar
1388:Chad Basin
1356:Cape Lopez
1124:1 November
1102:1 November
1015:BioScience
974:References
921:Senegambia
913:Portuguese
829:sultanates
660:Andropogon
610:vegetation
528:(known as
510:White Nile
483:runs from
442:ecoregions
432:Ecoregions
424:, and the
281:Global 200
237:White Nile
2036:Negroland
1956:Aethiopia
1826:False Bay
1503:Al-Habash
1488:Serengeti
1466:Kavirondo
1038:0006-3568
594:Harmattan
496:Geography
412:distinct
410:the three
371:The name
367:Etymology
330:bioregion
292:Protected
220:Geography
1781:Highveld
1771:Bushveld
1739:Rhodesia
1642:Ifriqiya
1508:Barbaria
1366:Igboland
1056:28608869
948:See also
867:and the
851:and the
789:Land use
678:Aristida
672:Loudetia
311:tropical
286:priority
194:elephant
1659:Bashmur
1617:Maghreb
1548:Red Sea
1361:Mayombe
1336:Central
1324:Regions
1047:5451287
865:Songhay
857:Wagadou
837:Bagirmi
806:History
795:sorghum
777:), and
771:cheetah
763:leopard
695:sorghum
649:; some
592:), the
587:Köppen
583:monsoon
576:Climate
568:to the
550:Nigeria
522:Senegal
508:of the
502:plateau
468:to the
336:of the
314:savanna
210:buffalo
202:giraffe
198:cheetah
190:Animals
180:Guinean
142:Borders
113:Ecology
102:eastern
98:western
59:savanna
2051:Sahara
2011:MENASA
1786:Fynbos
1669:Darfur
1371:Mbaise
1328:Africa
1270:
1262:Gale.
1245:
1194:
1149:
1054:
1044:
1036:
928:Modern
887:, and
861:Manden
841:Sennar
833:Darfur
827:. The
799:millet
703:millet
687:baobab
651:Acacia
420:, the
398:Blacks
377:Arabic
340:. The
233:Rivers
2056:Sahel
1749:South
1744:North
1731:South
1699:Nubia
1604:North
1071:Numen
889:Sudan
869:Mossi
845:Wadai
813:Islam
709:Fauna
699:maize
600:Flora
562:Sudan
546:Ghana
542:Niger
518:Niger
504:with
379:
373:Sudan
295:18.1%
245:Chari
241:Niger
149:Sahel
131:Biome
119:Realm
32:Sudan
1838:West
1471:Zanj
1423:East
1268:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1126:2016
1104:2016
1052:PMID
1034:ISSN
891:and
885:Mali
879:and
843:and
797:and
755:lion
683:shea
675:and
663:and
645:and
564:and
554:Chad
526:Mali
516:and
514:Chad
475:The
460:and
458:East
452:The
436:The
301:The
243:and
225:Area
206:lion
154:Sudd
100:and
34:and
1326:of
1042:PMC
1024:doi
761:),
753:),
745:),
737:),
729:),
721:),
612:in
536:),
487:to
479:in
456:in
305:or
214:kob
63:kob
2105::
1169:.
1087:^
1050:.
1040:.
1032:.
1020:67
1018:.
1012:.
990:.
956:—
936:,
863:,
859:,
839:,
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769:)
701:,
697:,
689:,
685:,
633:,
629:,
589:Aw
572:.
556:,
512:,
448::
428:.
257:Aw
239:,
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
1316:e
1309:t
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1276:.
1251:.
1200:.
1155:.
1128:.
1106:.
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1058:.
1026::
994:.
781:(
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491:.
472:.
394:)
388:(
259:)
182:)
166:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
