444:, which is approximately 15 kilometers from the Lao border. This study took place between October 1982 and June 1983 as this syndrome became more of a pressing issue. Ban Vinai was the location chosen because it had 33,000 refugees in 1982, and the largest number of recorded SADS deaths. Because this syndrome was occurring most commonly in those particular men, researchers found it most beneficial and effective to study the populations they migrated from instead of studying victims and populations in the U.S. Because of local religious practices, the Hmong men in Ban Vinai did not receive autopsies. Therefore, the only results and research obtained were relating to deaths outside of the local religion or geographical area.
93:
391:. The study surveyed 117 coroners' jurisdictions in England. Researchers found that deaths from SADS reported by these coroners occurred "predominantly in young males". There were 500 cases a year in England, eight times more than had previously been estimated. Families are more at risk of SADS if they have a genetic cardiac disease. The study recommended that affected families should undergo "specialised cardiological evaluation".
65:
460:. Hmong people believe that when they do not worship properly, do not perform religious rituals properly or forget to sacrifice, the ancestor spirits or the village spirits do not protect them, thus allowing evil spirits to reach them. These attacks induce a nightmare that leads to sleep paralysis, in which the victim is conscious and experiencing pressure on the chest. It is also common to have a
464:
state that is out of sequence, where there is a mix of brain states that are normally held separate. After the war, the United States government scattered the Hmong refugees across the U.S. in 53 different cities. Once these nightmare visitations began, a shaman was recommended for psychic protection
447:
An interview was arranged with the next of kin who lived with them, witnessed the death, or found the body. The interviews were open ended and allowed the person who was next of kin to describe what they witnessed and what preceding events they thought were relevant to the victim's death. The
336:
A 2011 retrospective cohort study using demographic and autopsy data for a 10-year period comprising 15.2 million person-years of active surveillance suggested that prevention of sudden death in young adults should focus on evaluation for causes known to be associated with SCD (e.g., primary
435:
Laotian Hmongs were chosen for the study because they had one of the highest sudden death rates in the United States while sleeping. They were originally from
Southern China and the highlands of North Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. The location that was picked for this study was in
448:
interviewers also collected information such as illness history, the circumstances of the death, demographic background, and history of any sleep disturbances. A genealogy was then created which included all the relatives and their vital status and/or circumstances of death.
372:. However, it did not become relevant because there was no associated pattern. This syndrome continued to become more significant as years went on. By 1981–1982, the annual rate in the United States was high with 92/100,000 among Laotians-Hmong, 82/100,000 among other
407:, Japanese in Japan, and natives of Guam in the United States and Guam. The immigrants with this syndrome were about 33 years old and seemingly healthy, and all but one of the Laotian Hmong refugees were men. The condition appears to primarily affect young
297:, a condition in which the heart muscle becomes oddly thickened without any obvious cause. This was the most commonly identified abnormality in sudden death of young adults. Where people have died suddenly, it is most commonly found that they had had CAD (
292:
Medical examiners have taken into account various factors, such as nutrition, toxicology, heart disease, metabolism, and genetics. Although there is no real known definite cause, extensive research showed victims aged 18 or older were found to have had a
383:
In a 2008 study it was found that over half of SADS deaths could be attributed to inherited heart disease: unexplained premature sudden deaths in family, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and others.
1493:
301:) or ASCAD (atherosclerotic coronary artery disease), or any level of stress. However, studies reveal that people were known to have had symptoms within the week before the terminal event such as chest pain at ~52% of patients,
847:
Eckart, Robert E.; Shry, Eric A.; Burke, Allen P.; McNear, Jennifer A.; Appel, David A.; Castillo-Rojas, Laudino M.; Avedissian, Lena; Pearse, Lisa A.; Potter, Robert N. (2011). "Sudden Death in Young Adults".
57:
Sudden adult death syndrome (SADS), bed death, sudden unexpected/unexplained death syndrome (SUDS), sudden unexpected/unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), Sudden Death
Syndrome, Sudden Death, Delayed
944:
Also known as SUDS. See: Reddy PR, Reinier K, Singh T, Mariani R, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Physical activity as a trigger of sudden cardiac arrest: The Oregon Sudden
Unexpected Death Study. Int J Cardiol.
1309:
Tatsanavivat P, Chiravatkul A, Klungboonkrong V, Chaisiri S, Jarerntanyaruk L, Munger RG, Saowakontha S (1992). "Sudden and unexplained deaths in sleep (Laitai) of young men in rural northeastern
Thailand".
1279:
403:, most often had this syndrome, marking Southeast Asia as the area containing the most people with this fatal syndrome. There are other Asian populations that were affected, such as Filipinos and
735:
Behr, Elijah R.; Dalageorgou, Chrysoula; Christiansen, Michael; Syrris, Petros; Hughes, Sian; Tome
Esteban, Maria T.; Rowland, Edward; Jeffery, Steve; McKenna, William J. (July 2008).
313:
that affects the function of the heart. A 2011 autopsy-based study found that sudden death was attributed to a cardiac condition in 79.3% of cases, and was unexplained in 20.7%.
259:
207:
The syndrome is rare in most areas around the world but occurs in populations that are culturally and genetically distinct. It was first noted in 1977 among southeast Asian
1033:
Parrish RG, Tucker M, Ing R, Encarnacion C, Eberhardt M (1987). "Sudden unexplained death syndrome in
Southeast Asian refugees: a review of CDC surveillance".
542:-like creature sits on the victim's face or chest so as to immobilize and suffocate him. When this occurs, the victim is usually experiencing sleep paralysis.
1287:
518:
who "lies on people's chests, suffocating them". This phenomenon is known among the Hmong people of Laos, who ascribe these deaths to a malign spirit,
243:
465:
from the spirits of their sleep. However, scattered across 53 different cities, these victims had no access to a shaman who could protect them.
345:
905:
707:
263:
1579:
702:
456:
During the 1970s and 1980s, when an outbreak of this syndrome began, many
Southeast Asians were not able to worship properly due to the
1564:
428:
309:
at ~7%. About 19% are not known to have experienced symptoms. Scientists have also associated this syndrome with a mutation of gene
387:
A national SADS study in
England, funded by the British Heart Foundation, reported results in a 2007 journal article published in
196:. However, the exact cause of the cardiac arrest, and thus the exact cause of death, is unknown. These deaths occur mainly during
1574:
1569:
155:
475:
The study author suggested that the Hmong who died were killed by their own beliefs in the spiritual world, otherwise known as
1133:
488:
1199:
Behr, E. R.; Casey, A.; Sheppard, M.; Wright, M.; Bowker, T. J.; Davies, M. J.; McKenna, W. J.; Wood, D. A. (1 May 2007).
496:
737:"Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families"
712:
697:
627:
361:
294:
267:
239:
552:
887:"Dead in bed syndrome - a term used to describe the sudden unexplained deaths of young people with type 1 diabetes"
1109:
1006:
Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) (1981). "Sudden, unexpected, nocturnal deaths among Southeast Asian refugees".
151:
1584:
1508:
461:
235:
73:
886:
547:
298:
1157:"Defibrillator Versus beta-Blockers for Unexplained Death in Thailand (DEBUT): a randomized clinical trial"
1118:
437:
1060:
Goh KT, Chao TC, Chew CH (1990). "Sudden nocturnal deaths among Thai construction workers in
Singapore".
1537:
416:
92:
369:
1559:
1085:
927:
306:
17:
1415:
1397:
1362:
1345:
Tungsanga K, Sriboonlue P (1993). "Sudden unexplained death syndrome in north-east Thailand".
1327:
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404:
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81:
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917:
857:
808:
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748:
682:
255:
251:
201:
955:
692:
338:
328:
By definition, the diagnosis can only occur post-mortem after other causes are ruled out.
289:
or cardiac autonomic neuropathy, damage to nerves that control the function of the heart.
278:
163:
159:
64:
1459:
1201:"Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: a national survey of sudden unexplained cardiac death"
364:. The first reported sudden death occurred in 1948 when there were 81 similar deaths of
1233:
1173:
1156:
813:
788:
231:
219:
193:
28:
1553:
1393:
1073:
981:
931:
503:) which translates to "crushed by a ghost" in English. The Dutch call the presence a
441:
274:. In 20% of cases, no cause of death can be found, even after extensive examination.
247:
1089:
789:"Sudden Death in Sleep of Laotian-Hmong Refugees in Thailand: A Case-Control Study"
508:
408:
282:
208:
1141:
1513:
360:
In 1980, a reported pattern of sudden deaths was brought to the attention of the
400:
349:
216:
146:
861:
753:
736:
222:
living in Singapore died suddenly of unexplained causes between 1982 and 1990.
1502:
1416:"BATIBAT | BANGUNGOT - Frightened To Death By Nightmares • THE ASWANG PROJECT"
555:
377:
373:
286:
86:
1224:
246:, etc.), medication-related causes or other causes. Rare diseases called ion
1216:
687:
365:
212:
1323:
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804:
762:
427:
1401:
1366:
1358:
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1081:
1046:
1019:
822:
211:
refugees in the United States and Canada. The syndrome was again noted in
1532:
1200:
922:
230:
Sudden death of a young person can be caused by heart disease (including
215:
when a retrospective review of records showed that 230 otherwise healthy
1485:
1446:
1380:
Adler SR (1995). "Refugee stress and folk belief: Hmong sudden deaths".
530:
515:
344:
A 2003 study found that the only proven way to prevent SADS is with an
302:
1497:
483:, which translates to "pressed on" in English. In China it is called
469:
522:(pronounced "dah chua"), said to take the form of a jealous woman.
316:
In the Philippines, sudden adult death syndrome (or in their term,
1460:"Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome Among Southeast Asian Refugees"
426:
310:
197:
189:
35:
528:
is depicted in the Philippines as a mythological creature called
1280:"The Dark Side of the Placebo Effect: When Intense Belief Kills"
412:
539:
1117:(4 ed.). Cardiac Risk in the Young - CRY. Archived from
115:
CPVT (catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia),
468:
Hmong people believed that rejecting the role of becoming a
123:
Short QT syndrome, Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF)
337:
arrhythmia) among those under 35 years old, and emphasise
399:
Southeast Asian immigrants, who were mostly fleeing the
131:
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC),
1155:
Nademanee K, Veerakul G, Mower M, et al. (2003).
565:
419:(where the population is mainly of Laotian descent).
260:
catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
34:"SUNDS" redirects here. For the town in Denmark, see
1475:
1523:
1479:
200:or at rest. One type of conduction defect known as
169:
145:
100:
80:
53:
48:
1103:
1101:
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904:Yuan, David; Raju, Hariharan (12 September 2019).
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
1458:Center for Disease Control (23 September 1988).
960:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
906:"Spotlight on sudden arrhythmic death syndrome"
281:, unexplained deaths could be due to nighttime
1447:"Sleeping death syndrome terrorises young men"
1134:"Bangungot' in family? See a heart specialist"
507:, the night-mare. The "merrie" comes from the
850:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
117:PCCD (progressive cardiac conduction defect),
8:
1194:
1192:
320:) is mainly caused by the Brugada syndrome.
72:A type of a deadly ventricular arrhythmia -
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1008:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
610:sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome
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881:
879:
600:sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome
431:Map of Thailand highlighting Loei Province
91:
63:
45:
1278:Madrigal, Alexis C. (14 September 2011).
1232:
1172:
921:
812:
752:
175:110.8 per 100,000 people in United States
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
655:sudden arrhythmic cardiac death syndrome
472:, they are taken into the spirit world.
910:Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology
724:
730:
728:
346:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
192:of adolescents and adults caused by a
1445:Agence France Presse (8 April 2002).
1347:International Journal of Epidemiology
708:Sudden unexplained death in childhood
264:progressive cardiac conduction defect
137:Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW),
7:
553:according to interviews with creator
376:ethnic groups, and 59/100,000 among
270:, mixed sodium channel disease, and
703:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1174:10.1161/01.CIR.0000066319.56234.C8
154:of heart disease, Asian ancestry,
135:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM),
25:
1132:Tessa R. Salazar (19 June 2004).
1111:When a young person dies suddenly
793:American Journal of Public Health
787:Munger, Ronald (September 1987).
590:sudden unexplained death syndrome
477:Nocturnal pressing spirit attacks
645:sudden arrhythmic death syndrome
635:sudden arrhythmia death syndrome
580:sudden unexpected death syndrome
339:atherosclerotic coronary disease
182:Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome
173:14.9 per 100,000 people in Japan
49:Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome
18:Sudden unexpected death syndrome
500:
492:
452:Society, culture, superstition
352:were found to be ineffective.
119:Early repolarization syndrome,
1:
1382:Social Science & Medicine
545:This phenomenon inspired the
348:. Oral beta-blockers such as
268:early repolarization syndrome
133:Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM),
121:Mixed sodium channel disease,
1394:10.1016/0277-9536(94)00347-V
1074:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91153-2
713:Yunnan sudden death syndrome
698:Sudden infant death syndrome
479:. In Indonesia it is called
1580:Syndromes of unknown causes
1035:MMWR Surveillance Summaries
620:sudden adult death syndrome
362:Centers for Disease Control
295:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
240:connective tissue disorders
139:Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
1601:
862:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049
33:
26:
1565:Health in the Philippines
242:) or conduction disease (
188:) is a sudden unexpected
71:
62:
754:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn219
250:may play a role such as
236:congenital heart disease
127:Structural heart disease
111:Long QT syndrome (LQTS),
74:Ventricular fibrillation
27:Not to be confused with
1575:Culture-bound syndromes
1570:Cardiovascular diseases
1217:10.1136/hrt.2006.099598
986:Genetics Home Reference
626:(parallel in form with
548:Nightmare On Elm Street
299:coronary artery disease
238:, myocarditis, genetic
1108:Elijah R Behr (2010).
805:10.2105/ajph.77.9.1187
741:European Heart Journal
432:
287:abnormal heart rhythms
76:pattern seen on an ECG
1138:Inquirer News Service
430:
417:Northeastern Thailand
277:In young people with
1324:10.1093/ije/21.5.904
923:10.2147/RRCC.S187480
415:(median age 33) and
204:can be responsible.
1359:10.1093/ije/22.1.81
489:traditional Chinese
370:Oahu County, Hawaii
107:Ion channelopathies
1524:External resources
1422:. 16 February 2016
1420:THE ASWANG PROJECT
982:"Brugada syndrome"
956:"Brugada Syndrome"
497:simplified Chinese
433:
156:Primary arrhythmia
1547:
1546:
856:(12): 1254–1261.
747:(13): 1670–1680.
674:
673:
458:Laotian Civil War
405:Chinese Filipinos
272:short QT syndrome
179:
178:
113:Brugada syndrome,
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1286:. Archived from
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1144:on 30 June 2004.
1140:. Archived from
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1121:on 20 July 2014.
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1041:(1): 43SS–53SS.
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893:. 10 June 2022 .
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799:(9): 1187–1190.
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683:Brugada syndrome
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341:in those older.
256:Brugada syndrome
252:long QT syndrome
202:Brugada syndrome
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1451:The Borneo Post
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1290:on 18 June 2024
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279:type 1 diabetes
248:channelopathies
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220:foreign workers
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160:atherosclerosis
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147:Risk factors
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1426:17 February
1353:(1): 81–7.
1161:Circulation
505:nachtmerrie
401:Vietnam War
350:propranolol
285:triggering
54:Other names
1554:Categories
991:28 October
966:28 October
719:References
556:Wes Craven
485:bèi guǐ yā
378:Cambodians
332:Prevention
87:Cardiology
1560:Pathology
1225:1355-6037
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688:Night hag
665:bed death
536:bangungot
526:Bangungot
520:dab tsuam
438:Ban Vinai
411:men from
324:Diagnosis
318:bangungot
213:Singapore
170:Frequency
82:Specialty
1533:Orphanet
1294:24 April
1243:17237131
1183:12695290
1090:46669256
891:Diabetes
870:21903060
763:18508782
677:See also
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366:Filipino
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1020:6796814
823:3618851
814:1647019
572:Acronym
538:. This
531:batibat
516:incubus
440:in the
423:History
374:Laotian
368:men in
307:syncope
303:dyspnea
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575:Notes
499::
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470:shaman
389:Health
226:Causes
101:Causes
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1205:Heart
1115:(PDF)
1086:S2CID
928:S2CID
613:SUNDS
603:SUNDS
514:, an
409:Hmong
311:SCN5A
209:Hmong
198:sleep
190:death
58:Death
36:Sunds
1509:MeSH
1464:MMWR
1428:2021
1398:PMID
1363:PMID
1328:PMID
1296:2016
1250:2022
1239:PMID
1221:ISSN
1179:PMID
1078:PMID
1043:PMID
1016:PMID
993:2017
968:2017
945:2008
866:PMID
819:PMID
759:PMID
648:SADS
638:SADS
628:SIDS
623:SADS
593:SUDS
583:SUDS
569:Name
512:mare
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395:Asia
217:Thai
186:SADS
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1390:doi
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