20:
356:
409:
436:
results, with actual disease being confirmed in less than 2%. Further, a substantial number of screen-positive students declined repeated recommendations for follow-up evaluation. (Individuals who are conclusively diagnosed with cardiac disease are usually told to avoid competitive sports.) It should
416:
Screening athletes for cardiac disease can be problematic because of low prevalence and inconclusive performance of various tests that have been used. Nevertheless, sudden death among seemingly healthy individuals attracts much public and legislator attention because of its visible and tragic nature.
461:, reflecting the large number of athletes participating in these sustained and strenuous sports. For a normally healthy age group, the risk appears to be particularly magnified in competitive basketball, with sudden cardiac death rates as high as one per 3,000 annually for male basketball players in
376:
of the eye, these areas are among the worst affected. Everyone has a pair of FBN1 genes and, because transmission is dominant, those who have inherited one affected FBN1 gene from either parent will have Marfan syndrome. Although it is most frequently inherited as an autosomal dominant, there is no
465:
Division I. This is still far below the rate for the general population, estimated as one per 1,300â1,600 and dominated by the elderly. However, a population as large as the United States will experience the sudden cardiac death of a competitive athlete at the average rate of one every three days,
389:
After a disease-causing mutation has been identified in an index case (which is not always accomplished conclusively), the main task is genetic identification of carriers within a pedigree, a sequential process known as "cascade testing". Family members with the same mutation may show different
316:
Since HCM, as an example, is typically an autosomal dominant trait, each child of an HCM parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. In individuals without a family history, the most common cause of the disease is a "de novo" mutation of the gene that produces the ÎČ-myosin heavy chain.
253:
Age 35 serves as an approximate borderline for the likely cause of sudden cardiac death. Before age 35, congenital abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels predominate. These are usually asymptomatic prior to the fatal event, although not invariably so. Congenital cardiovascular deaths are
367:
is the most common. It is carried by the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, which encodes the connective protein fibrillin-1, inherited as a dominant trait. This protein is essential for synthesis and maintenance of elastic fibers. Since these fibers are particularly abundant in the
56:
or near-fainting during exercise, which should require detailed explanation and investigation. The victims include many well-known names, especially in professional association football, and close relatives are often at risk for similar cardiac problems.
1582:
de Vreede-Swagemakers JJ, Gorgels AP, Dubois-Arbouw WI, van Ree JW, Daemen MJ, Houben LG, Wellens HJ (Nov 1997). "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the 1990s: a population-based study in the
Maastricht area on incidence, characteristics and survival".
325:
Sudden cardiac death can usually be attributed to cardiovascular disease or commotio cordis, but about 20% of cases show no obvious cause and remain undiagnosed after autopsy. Interest in these "autopsy-negative" deaths has centered around the
380:
Recruiting practices aimed at attracting athletes who are unusually tall or who have an unusually wide arm span (characteristics of Marfan syndrome) can increase the prevalence of the syndrome within sports such as basketball and volleyball.
1851:
Zeltser I, Cannon B, Silvana L, Fenrich A, George J, Schleifer J, Garcia M, Barnes A, Rivenes S, Patt H, Rodgers G, Scott W (Jun 15, 2012). "Lessons learned from preparticipation cardiovascular screening in a state funded program".
35:
within one hour of the onset of collapse symptoms, excluding additional time on mechanical life support. (Wider definitions of sudden death are also in use, but not usually applied to the athletic situation.) Most causes relate to
437:
be stressed that this was a single pilot program, but it was indicative of the problems associated with large-scale screening, and consistent with experience in other locations with low prevalence of sudden death in athletes.
2037:
Harmon, Kimberly G.; Asif, Irfan M.; Maleszewski, Joseph J.; Owens, David S.; Prutkin, Jordan M.; Salerno, Jack C.; Zigman, Monica L.; Ellenbogen, Rachel; Rao, Ashwin; Ackerman, Michael J.; Drezner, Jonathan A. (2015-07-07).
1364:
Ferreira M, Santos-Silva PR, de Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Crispim V, Imaizumi C, Filho CF, Murad N, Meneghini A, Riera AR, de
Carvalho TD, Vanderlei LC, Valenti EE, Cisternas JR, Moura Filho OF, Ferreira C (Aug 3, 2010).
347:, all associated with sudden death. Consequently, autopsy-negative sudden cardiac deaths (no physical abnormalities identified) may comprise a larger part of the channelopathies than previously anticipated.
334:
into cardiac cells, collectively responsible for creating and controlling the electrical signals that govern the heart's rhythm. Abnormalities in this system occur in relatively rare genetic diseases such as
394:". As a result, some may remain asymptomatic, with little lifelong evidence of disease. Nevertheless, their children remain at risk of inheriting the disorder and potentially being more severely affected.
454:
458:
282:
432:
for 2,051 of them, including any students with abnormal findings from the first three steps. The questionnaire alone flagged 35% of the students as potentially at risk, but there were many
450:
445:
Sudden cardiac death occurs in approximately one per 200,000 young athletes per year, usually triggered during competition or practice. The victim is usually male and associated with
305:
have been identified. However, not all mutations have the same potential for severe outcomes, and there is not yet a clear understanding of how these mutations (which affect the same
446:
1618:
Kainulainen K, Karttunen L, Puhakka L, Sakai L, Peltonen L (January 1994). "Mutations in the fibrillin gene responsible for dominant ectopia lentis and neonatal Marfan syndrome".
344:
1157:
486:
162:
1968:
For the world (total population approx. 6,540,000,000), the estimated annual burden of sudden cardiac death would be in the range of 4â5 million cases per year.
424:
appropriated US$ 1 million for a pilot study of statewide athlete screening in 2007. The study employed a combination of questionnaire, examination and
297:
pattern. Consequently, in addition to tragedy involving an athlete who succumbs, there are medical implications for close relatives. Among family members of
2110:
693:
281:
1333:
470:
2115:
567:
819:
403:
285:
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, showing fatty infiltration of right and left ventricle, and poor contraction of right ventricle
1065:
1661:
Dietz HC, Loeys B, Carta L, Ramirez F (November 2005). "Recent progress towards a molecular understanding of Marfan syndrome".
975:
482:
48:
of any single, associated condition is low, probably less than 0.3% of the population in the athletes' age group, and the
1131:
490:
120:
265:
81:
49:
1547:
Westfal RE, Reissman S, Doering G (Jul 1996). "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: an 8-year New York City experience".
268:
can increase cardiac risk, though evidence has been inconclusive about their involvement in sudden cardiac deaths.
1151:
1083:
242:
occurs because of the accident of timing of a blow to the chest. Its fatality rate is about 65% even with prompt
107:
65:
The sudden cardiac deaths of 387 young
American athletes (under age 35) were analyzed in a 2003 medical review:
2100:
1928:
Chugh SS, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Evanado A, Kehr E, Al Samara M, Mariani R, Gunson K, Jui J (NovâDec 2008).
525:
2040:"Incidence, Etiology, and Comparative Frequency of Sudden Cardiac Death in NCAA Athletes: A Decade in Review"
2105:
885:
258:
202:
747:
363:
Heritable connective tissue diseases are rare, each disorder estimated at one to ten per 100,000, of which
999:
801:
753:
231:
41:
1500:"Understanding cardiomyopathy phenotypes based on the functional impact of mutations in the myosin motor"
1732:
921:
861:
469:
In the United States approximately 8 to 10 deaths per year can be attributed to sudden cardiac death in
188:
1758:
1418:"Relationship of race to sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
293:, although recessive forms have been described, and dilated cardiomyopathy can also be inherited in an
813:
735:
621:
795:
425:
227:
37:
1789:
1686:
1643:
1280:
939:
609:
603:
501:
330:". These electrolyte channels are pores regulating the movement of sodium, potassium and calcium
313:
and outcomes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
290:
1137:
1023:
825:
675:
663:
1704:
Armon K, Bale P (June 2012). "Identifying heritable connective tissue disorders in childhood".
2077:
2059:
2019:
2001:
1959:
1910:
1869:
1833:
1781:
1713:
1678:
1635:
1600:
1564:
1529:
1480:
1439:
1398:
1315:
1272:
1234:
1199:
1125:
1107:
933:
699:
615:
573:
537:
421:
175:
2067:
2051:
2009:
1993:
1949:
1941:
1900:
1861:
1823:
1773:
1670:
1627:
1592:
1556:
1519:
1511:
1470:
1429:
1388:
1378:
1307:
1264:
1226:
1189:
1035:
903:
771:
657:
429:
340:
336:
19:
52:
of common screening tests leave much to be desired. The single most important predictor is
981:
855:
633:
555:
373:
364:
261:
predominates (80%), and this is true regardless of the athlete's former level of fitness.
235:
148:
94:
1089:
969:
1889:"Incidence of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes"
485:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
355:
2072:
2039:
2014:
1981:
1954:
1929:
1524:
1499:
1393:
1366:
1119:
1095:
1041:
1017:
957:
741:
729:
723:
669:
651:
645:
543:
531:
513:
433:
247:
32:
2055:
1982:"Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: New Updates for Athletic Departments"
1905:
1888:
1828:
1811:
1596:
1560:
1475:
1458:
1434:
1417:
2094:
1416:
Maron BJ, Carney KP, Lever HM, Lewis JF, Barac I, Casey SA, Sherrid MV (March 2003).
1059:
1029:
993:
963:
891:
879:
867:
837:
783:
639:
585:
579:
549:
519:
327:
1793:
1690:
1647:
1284:
1053:
1011:
1005:
909:
897:
873:
843:
831:
789:
777:
759:
717:
705:
687:
507:
239:
115:
Exact mechanisms unknown; some association with other congenital CVS abnormalities
1865:
1515:
849:
496:
These athletes, with notable careers, experienced sudden cardiac death by age 40.
1337:
1113:
1101:
1077:
987:
951:
945:
807:
711:
681:
597:
134:
1945:
1230:
1194:
1177:
927:
627:
591:
561:
391:
298:
45:
2063:
2005:
1997:
1071:
1047:
765:
310:
302:
238:, in which the heart is structurally normal but a potentially fatal loss of
2081:
2023:
1963:
1914:
1873:
1837:
1785:
1717:
1682:
1533:
1484:
1443:
1402:
1383:
1319:
1276:
1238:
1203:
1930:"Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: clinical and research implications"
1639:
1604:
1568:
1311:
466:
often with significant local media coverage heightening public attention.
1674:
1268:
1178:"Sudden death in the young: what do we know about it and how to prevent?"
915:
294:
102:
Structurally normal heart, disrupted electrically by a blow to the chest
53:
1255:
Maron, Barry J. (September 11, 2003). "Sudden Death in Young
Athletes".
1217:
Hastings JL, Levine BD (March 2012). "Syncope in the athletic patient".
408:
1777:
1631:
359:
Myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve, common in Marfan syndrome
306:
254:
reported to occur disproportionately in
African-American athletes.
407:
369:
354:
280:
18:
462:
1757:
Raju H, Alberg C, Sagoo GS, Burton H, Behr ER (Nov 21, 2011).
331:
243:
157:
Genetically determined; also associated with unusual height
1298:
Maron, BJ; Estes, NAM III (March 2010). "Commotio cordis".
1887:
Harmon KG, Asif IM, Klossner D, Drezner JA (April 2011).
1176:
van der Werf C, van Langen IM, Wilde AA (February 2010).
309:
protein molecule) can lead to the dramatically different
16:
Natural, unexpected death from cardiac arrest of athletes
27:
It remains a difficult medical challenge to prevent the
1459:"Cardiovascular Effects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs"
1457:
La Gerche, André; Brosnan, Maria J. (January 3, 2017).
390:
severities of disease, a phenomenon known as "variable
31:, typically defined as natural, unexpected death from
345:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
1367:"Sudden cardiac death athletes: a systematic review"
226:
While most causes of sudden cardiac death relate to
1158:
Lists of sportspeople who died during their careers
44:with no symptoms noted before the fatal event. The
1980:Asif, Irfan M.; Harmon, Kimberly G. (2017-02-01).
1498:Moore JR, Leinwand L, Warshaw DM (Jul 20, 2012).
210:Mainly acquired; dominant cause in older adults
129:Probable variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
163:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
1805:
1803:
1422:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
289:Cardiomyopathies are generally inherited as
1250:
1248:
1359:
1357:
1355:
2071:
2013:
1953:
1904:
1827:
1523:
1474:
1433:
1392:
1382:
1193:
1371:Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol
428:for 2,506 student athletes, followed by
67:
1334:"Position Statement on Commotio Cordis"
1168:
1812:"Sudden Cardiac Death in the Athlete"
1810:Link, MS; Estes, NAM III (May 2012).
412:Echocardiogram showing left ventricle
404:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening
7:
1731:Demak, Richard (February 17, 1986).
351:Heritable connective tissue diseases
473:with overall rate of 1 per 43,000.
1733:"Marfan Syndrome: A Silent Killer"
14:
2111:Lists of people by cause of death
2056:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015431
1906:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004622
1829:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023861
1476:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022535
1663:Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet
630:, 24 (1921), Australian football
377:family history in 25% of cases.
29:sudden cardiac death of athletes
1300:New England Journal of Medicine
1257:New England Journal of Medicine
2116:Sportspeople by cause of death
1182:Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol
1128:, 27 (2013), American football
1080:, 26 (1954), American football
954:, 24 (2007), American football
900:, 27 (1948), American football
792:, 40 (2024), American football
762:, 28 (1971), American football
744:, 23 (2005), American football
708:, 28 (1983), American football
654:, 36 (2004), American football
564:, 28 (1979), American football
534:, 24 (2008), American football
510:, 26 (2010), American football
1:
1866:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.018
1597:10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00355-0
1561:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90050-9
1516:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223842
1435:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02976-5
250:, and more than 80% without.
1759:"Inherited cardiomyopathies"
906:, 24 (2004), Gaelic football
121:Left ventricular hypertrophy
726:, 28 (1995), figure skating
266:performance-enhancing drugs
82:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
50:sensitivity and specificity
2132:
1946:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.06.003
1231:10.1016/j.pcad.2012.02.003
1014:, c. 40 (490 BC), marathon
882:, 27 (2007), weightlifting
480:
401:
301:, more than 300 causative
147:Ruptured aortic aneurysm (
23:Defibrillator training kit
1195:10.1161/CIRCEP.109.877142
1152:Cardiac Risk in the Young
738:, 22 (1923), horse racing
108:Coronary artery anomalies
1998:10.1177/1941738117694153
311:clinical characteristics
176:Tunneled coronary artery
1140:, 31 (2004), ice hockey
1116:, 22 (2008), kickboxing
1110:, 24 (1977), basketball
1104:, 26 (2018), basketball
1098:, 34 (2011), basketball
1086:, 26 (2008), basketball
1044:, 26 (2007), ice hockey
1032:, 19 (2008), ice hockey
972:, 33 (2009), ice hockey
936:, 29 (1998), ice hockey
930:, 23 (2010), ice hockey
918:, 26 (2017), basketball
912:, 29 (2000), basketball
870:, 40 (1988), basketball
846:, 27 (1993), basketball
840:, 28 (1981), ice hockey
834:, 29 (1968), ice hockey
768:, 31 (1986), volleyball
690:, 23 (1990), basketball
672:, 36 (2017), basketball
588:, 28 (2005), basketball
576:, 19 (2008), ice hockey
558:, 29 (2016), basketball
552:, 22 (1968), ice hockey
259:coronary artery disease
257:After age 35, acquired
203:coronary artery disease
183:Congenital abnormality
170:Genetically determined
123:of undetermined origin
89:Genetically determined
1384:10.1186/1758-2555-2-19
1132:David "Soldier" Wilson
732:, 38 (2005), wrestling
413:
360:
286:
232:cardiovascular disease
42:cardiovascular disease
24:
1312:10.1056/NEJMra0910111
1134:, 23 (1906), football
1122:, 35 (1932), baseball
1092:, 30 (2017), football
1074:, 28 (2007), marathon
1068:, 30 (2004), football
1062:, 26 (2024), football
1056:, 24 (1980), football
1038:, 26 (2016), football
1026:, 29 (1966), football
1020:, 22 (2007), football
1008:, 39 (1994), football
1002:, 26 (1973), football
996:, 23 (2013), football
990:, 30 (2015), football
984:, 25 (1989), football
978:, 35 (2007), football
966:, 28 (2007), football
948:, 39 (1983), baseball
942:, 25 (2012), football
924:, 30 (2006), football
922:Nilton Pereira Mendes
894:, 34 (2011), football
876:, 20 (2013), football
864:, 23 (1973), football
858:, 25 (1990), football
852:, 37 (2010), baseball
828:, 36 (2008), canoeing
822:, 33 (1993), football
816:, 23 (1953), football
810:, 33 (2002), baseball
804:, 28 (2007), baseball
798:, 25 (2004), football
786:, 26 (2009), football
780:, 40 (1998), football
774:, 25 (2010), football
756:, 40 (1960), baseball
750:, 24 (2000), football
720:, 26 (2006), football
714:, 28 (1953), baseball
696:, 27 (2015), football
684:, 27 (2006), football
678:, 28 (2003), football
666:, 24 (2004), football
660:, 20 (2009), handball
648:, 30 (2011), football
642:, 26 (2016), football
636:, 28 (2023), football
624:, 34 (2016), football
612:, 37 (2021), baseball
606:, 26 (2012), swimming
600:, 24 (1977), football
594:, 28 (2005), football
582:, 27 (2012), football
570:, 27 (2013), football
546:, 27 (1973), football
540:, 24 (1997), football
528:, 37 (2009), football
522:, 31 (2018), football
516:, 28 (2012), football
504:, 22 (2006), football
411:
372:, ligaments, and the
358:
284:
189:Aortic valve stenosis
22:
1712:(1752): 19â23, 2â3.
1675:10.1002/ajmg.c.30068
1269:10.1056/NEJMra022783
960:, 21 (2009), cycling
888:, 28 (2005), cricket
702:, 23 (2018), cycling
487:adding missing items
447:association football
1934:Prog Cardiovasc Dis
1219:Prog Cardiovasc Dis
1050:, 34 (2003), boxing
426:electrocardiography
420:As an example, the
328:ion channelopathies
291:autosomal dominants
142:Acute inflammation
1737:Sports Illustrated
940:Piermario Morosini
610:Frankie de la Cruz
604:Alexander Dale Oen
526:VĂctor Hugo Ăvalos
502:Mohamed Abdelwahab
414:
361:
287:
234:, an exception is
25:
1899:(15): 1594â1600.
1822:(20): 2511â2516.
1778:10.1136/bmj.d6966
1632:10.1038/ng0194-64
1585:J Am Coll Cardiol
1263:(11): 1064â1075.
1126:Chandler Williams
1108:Luciano Vendemini
700:Michael Goolaerts
622:Ben Idrissa Dermé
616:Shane del Rosario
574:Alexei Cherepanov
459:American football
422:Texas Legislature
224:
223:
2123:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1173:
1036:Bernardo Ribeiro
904:Cormac McAnallen
796:Cristiano JĂșnior
772:Endurance Idahor
658:Sebastian Faisst
618:, 30 (2013), MMA
491:reliable sources
430:echocardiography
341:Brugada syndrome
337:Long QT syndrome
277:Cardiomyopathies
215:Other diagnosis
201:Atherosclerotic
196:Multiple causes
68:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2101:Deaths in sport
2091:
2090:
2089:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1306:(10): 917â927.
1297:
1296:
1292:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1148:
1143:
1138:Sergejs Ćœoltoks
1024:Petar RadakoviÄ
982:Samuel Okwaraji
856:David Longhurst
826:György Kolonics
676:Marc-Vivien Foé
634:Raphael Dwamena
556:Gilbert Bulawan
494:
479:
443:
406:
400:
387:
374:ciliary zonules
365:Marfan syndrome
353:
323:
321:Channelopathies
279:
274:
236:commotio cordis
149:Marfan syndrome
95:Commotio cordis
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Heart diseases
2103:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2029:
1992:(3): 268â279.
1972:
1920:
1879:
1843:
1799:
1749:
1723:
1696:
1653:
1610:
1574:
1549:Am J Emerg Med
1539:
1490:
1449:
1428:(6): 974â980.
1408:
1351:
1340:. January 2008
1325:
1290:
1244:
1209:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1120:Frank Warfield
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1096:Robert Traylor
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1042:Darcy Robinson
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1018:Antonio Puerta
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
976:Phil O'Donnell
973:
967:
961:
958:Frederiek Nolf
955:
949:
943:
937:
934:Stéphane Morin
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
748:CÄtÄlin HĂźldan
745:
742:Thomas Herrion
739:
733:
730:Eddie Guerrero
727:
724:Sergei Grinkov
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
694:Cristian GĂłmez
691:
685:
679:
673:
670:Neil Fingleton
667:
661:
655:
652:Derrick Faison
649:
646:Bobsam Elejiko
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
544:Pedro Berruezo
541:
538:HĂ©di Berkhissa
535:
532:Heath Benedict
529:
523:
517:
514:Jaouad Akaddar
511:
505:
498:
478:
475:
442:
439:
434:false positive
399:
396:
386:
383:
352:
349:
322:
319:
278:
275:
273:
270:
248:defibrillation
222:
221:
219:
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185:
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104:
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97:
91:
90:
87:
84:
78:
77:
75:
72:
62:
59:
33:cardiac arrest
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2128:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
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2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
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2045:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:Sports Health
1983:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:(3): 213â28.
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
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1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:(6): 1500â5.
1590:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:(3): 375â85.
1509:
1505:
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1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
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1232:
1228:
1225:(5): 438â44.
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1188:(1): 96â104.
1187:
1183:
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1163:
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1064:
1061:
1060:Matija Sarkic
1058:
1055:
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1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:Mickey Renaud
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:Chaswe Nsofwa
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
892:Naoki Matsuda
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:Jesse Marunde
878:
875:
872:
869:
868:Pete Maravich
866:
863:
862:Nikola Mantov
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:Rauli Levonen
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:Michael Klein
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:Daniel Jarque
782:
779:
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764:
761:
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707:
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689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:Patrick Ekeng
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:Jason Collier
584:
581:
580:Mitchell Cole
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:Viktor Blinov
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:Davide Astori
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
497:
492:
488:
484:
477:Notable cases
476:
474:
472:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
410:
405:
397:
395:
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384:
382:
378:
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371:
366:
357:
350:
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329:
320:
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314:
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296:
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283:
276:
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146:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106:
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101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
60:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
21:
2050:(1): 10â19.
2047:
2043:
2032:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1860:(6): 902â8.
1857:
1854:Am J Cardiol
1853:
1846:
1819:
1815:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1742:February 12,
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1709:
1706:Practitioner
1705:
1699:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1555:(4): 364â8.
1552:
1548:
1542:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1469:(1): 89â99.
1466:
1462:
1452:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1374:
1370:
1342:. Retrieved
1328:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1154:(UK charity)
1090:Cheick Tioté
1084:Marvin Stone
1054:Omar Sahnoun
1012:Pheidippides
1006:Bruno Pezzey
970:GĂĄbor Ocskay
910:Conrad McRae
898:Stan Mauldin
874:Alex Marques
844:Reggie Lewis
832:Wayne Larkin
790:Jacoby Jones
778:Robbie James
760:Chuck Hughes
754:Dixie Howell
718:Rasmus Green
706:Larry Gordon
688:Hank Gathers
664:Miklós Fehér
568:SĂ©kou Camara
508:Gaines Adams
495:
483:dynamic list
468:
444:
419:
415:
388:
379:
362:
324:
315:
288:
263:
256:
252:
230:or acquired
225:
64:
40:or acquired
28:
26:
2044:Circulation
1893:Circulation
1816:Circulation
1626:(1): 64â9.
1463:Circulation
1344:22 February
1338:US Lacrosse
1114:Ginty Vrede
1102:Zeke Upshaw
1078:Dave Sparks
988:David Oniya
952:Damien Nash
946:Carl Morton
886:Scott Mason
814:John Kirkby
808:Darryl Kile
802:Joe Kennedy
736:Frank Hayes
712:Herb Gorman
682:Matt Gadsby
598:Renato Curi
385:DNA testing
299:index cases
135:Myocarditis
2095:Categories
1669:(1): 4â9.
1620:Nat. Genet
1164:References
994:Alen PamiÄ
928:Igor Misko
628:Lyle Downs
592:Hugo Cunha
562:J. V. Cain
481:This is a
455:ice hockey
451:basketball
402:See also:
392:penetrance
228:congenital
74:Incidence
46:prevalence
38:congenital
2064:0009-7322
2006:1941-7381
1772:: d6966.
1072:Ryan Shay
1048:Brad Rone
850:José Lima
766:Flo Hyman
441:Incidence
398:Screening
303:mutations
2082:25977310
2024:28452637
1964:19026856
1915:21464047
1874:22704711
1838:22615422
1794:35135113
1786:22106372
1718:22916581
1691:25825152
1683:16273535
1648:21910482
1534:22821910
1504:Circ Res
1485:28028062
1444:12651044
1403:20682064
1320:20220186
1277:12968091
1239:22386295
1204:20160177
1146:See also
1066:Serginho
916:Fab Melo
295:X-linked
272:Genetics
264:Various
54:fainting
2073:4496313
2015:5435153
1955:2621010
1640:8136837
1605:9362408
1569:8768156
1525:3947556
1394:2923123
1285:6487670
2080:
2070:
2062:
2022:
2012:
2004:
1962:
1952:
1913:
1872:
1836:
1792:
1784:
1716:
1689:
1681:
1646:
1638:
1603:
1567:
1532:
1522:
1483:
1442:
1401:
1391:
1377:: 19.
1318:
1283:
1275:
1237:
1202:
343:, and
307:myosin
240:rhythm
71:Cause
61:Causes
1790:S2CID
1762:(PDF)
1687:S2CID
1644:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1000:PavĂŁo
489:with
457:, or
370:aorta
2078:PMID
2060:ISSN
2020:PMID
2002:ISSN
1960:PMID
1911:PMID
1870:PMID
1834:PMID
1782:PMID
1744:2021
1714:PMID
1679:PMID
1667:139C
1636:PMID
1601:PMID
1565:PMID
1530:PMID
1481:PMID
1440:PMID
1399:PMID
1346:2017
1316:PMID
1273:PMID
1235:PMID
1200:PMID
471:NCAA
463:NCAA
332:ions
246:and
218:13%
112:14%
99:20%
86:26%
2068:PMC
2052:doi
2048:132
2010:PMC
1994:doi
1950:PMC
1942:doi
1901:doi
1897:123
1862:doi
1858:110
1824:doi
1820:125
1774:doi
1770:343
1766:BMJ
1710:256
1671:doi
1628:doi
1593:doi
1557:doi
1520:PMC
1512:doi
1508:111
1471:doi
1467:135
1430:doi
1389:PMC
1379:doi
1308:doi
1304:362
1265:doi
1261:349
1227:doi
1190:doi
244:CPR
207:3%
193:3%
180:3%
167:3%
154:3%
139:5%
126:7%
2097::
2076:.
2066:.
2058:.
2046:.
2042:.
2018:.
2008:.
2000:.
1988:.
1984:.
1966:.
1958:.
1948:.
1938:51
1936:.
1932:.
1909:.
1895:.
1891:.
1868:.
1856:.
1832:.
1818:.
1814:.
1802:^
1788:.
1780:.
1768:.
1764:.
1735:.
1708:.
1685:.
1677:.
1665:.
1642:.
1634:.
1622:.
1599:.
1589:30
1587:.
1563:.
1553:14
1551:.
1528:.
1518:.
1506:.
1502:.
1479:.
1465:.
1461:.
1438:.
1426:41
1424:.
1420:.
1397:.
1387:.
1373:.
1369:.
1354:^
1336:.
1314:.
1302:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:.
1247:^
1233:.
1223:54
1221:.
1198:.
1184:.
1180:.
453:,
449:,
339:,
151:)
2084:.
2054::
2026:.
1996::
1990:9
1944::
1917:.
1903::
1876:.
1864::
1840:.
1826::
1796:.
1776::
1746:.
1720:.
1693:.
1673::
1650:.
1630::
1624:6
1607:.
1595::
1571:.
1559::
1536:.
1514::
1487:.
1473::
1446:.
1432::
1405:.
1381::
1375:2
1348:.
1322:.
1310::
1287:.
1267::
1241:.
1229::
1206:.
1192::
1186:3
493:.
326:"
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