1169:. Cardiac MRI is most sensitive when performed 2–3 weeks after the initial clinical presentation of myocarditis and may be repeated 6–12 months after onset to monitor the evolution of disease or response to treatment. The Lake Louise Criteria (established in 2009) are a commonly used MRI criteria to establish the diagnosis of myocarditis in suspected cases. The Lake Louise Criteria include increased signal intensity after gadolinium contrast enhancement (a sign of hyperemia, or increased blood flow to damaged tissue), increased myocardial T2 relaxation time or an increased T2 signal intensity (which are signs of tissue edema or swelling), and late gadolinium contrast enhancement (which is a sign of tissue necrosis (tissue damage) or fibrosis (scarring)). In 2018, additional radiographic MRI criteria were added, including increased T1 signal intensity and increased extracellular volume (both of which being signs of myocardial injury). The original 2009 Lake Louise Criteria had a 74% sensitivity and 86% specificity in the diagnosis of myocarditis, but when adding the 2018 update to the criteria (in which T1 signal intensity was found to have high diagnostic sensitivity), the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of myocarditis increased to 88% and 96% respectively. Cardiac MRI, if available, is recommended in all cases of suspected myocarditis.
990:. This excess release of cytokines may lead to myocardial injury. In addition to direct cardiac myocyte (heart muscle cell) damage due to SARS-CoV-2 viral infiltration and inflammation, there are other suspected mechanisms that Covid-19 may indirectly cause myocarditis. During COVID-19, the other indirect mechanisms thought to contribute to myocarditis include: oxygen supply-demand mismatch to the heart muscle leading to myocardial (heart muscle) injury; microvascular thrombi, or blood clots in the small blood vessels of the heart causing injury; the systemic hyperinflammatory state in Covid-19 leading to heart muscle injury; or the virus causing indirect damage to the heart by inducing auto-immune mediated damage to the heart muscle (and frequently other organs).
1007:
1376:
shown to occur in up to 2.5% of known myocarditis presentations. When looking at different causes of myocarditis, viral infection is the most prevalent, especially in children; however, the prevalence rate of myocarditis is often underestimated as the condition is easily overlooked and is sometimes asymptomatic. Viral myocarditis being an outcome of viral infection depends heavily on genetic host factors and the pathogenicity unique to the virus. If one tests positive for an acute viral infection, clinical developments have discovered that 1-5% of said population may show some form of myocarditis.
1254:. Some of these immune mediated forms of myocarditis require an extended course (maintenance course) of immunosuppressive therapy. It is recommended to rule out drugs and parasites as potential causes of eosinophilic myocarditis as these common causes of the variant can be effectively treated with discontinuation of the offending drug or specific anti-parasitic treatment respectively. Empiric IV glucocorticoids are indicated in acute myocarditis with cardiogenic shock, heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or high degree AV block that is suspected due to auto-immune disease; but the
1287:(ARBs) can have a protective benefit to the heart, so either are typically used in any patient with symptomatic myocarditis. Simultaneously, beta blockers are used in patients that can tolerate their heart beating at a slower rate. Shortness of breath at rest and swelling can be relieved with diuretics such as furosemide, and the addition of aldosterone receptor blockers can augment the diuresis while preventing the excess loss of potassium. In patients with symptoms while resting, additional medications can be added such as digoxin.
1042:
1015:
1353:
necrosis or edema, and is significantly associated with increases in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events. The association was strongest with any late gadolinium enhancement, but remained true for findings of anterolateral-specific enhancement. A similar relationship was found between a left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, increased mortality, and increased major adverse cardiovascular events.
1410:
challenging. In one cohort study, comparing the autopsy reports of 277 hearts of people who died from COVID-19, clinically significant myocarditis was seen in approximately 2% of hearts. Other estimates of the incidence of myocarditis in those with COVID-19 range from 2.4 cases of definite/probable myocarditis (based on clinical criteria) per 1,000 people with COVID-19 to 4.1 cases per 1,000 persons in those who are hospitalized with COVID-19.
40:
999:
954:(DAF). However, other proteins have also been identified that allow Coxsackieviruses to bind to cardiac cells. The natural function of CAR and mechanism that the Coxsackievirus uses to infect the cardiac muscle is still unknown. The mechanism by which coxsackie B viruses (CBVs) trigger inflammation is believed to be through the recognition of CBV virions by
1304:. In people with myocarditis severe enough to cause cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to adequately pump blood and provide oxygen if needed. Both ventricular assist devices and ECMO can be used as bridge therapy until heart transplantation in patients that are candidates.
1409:
virus; with the myocarditis being associated with a spectrum of severities from asymptomatic to fulminant. The symptoms for myocarditis following a COVID-19 infection can present as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats which can make the accurate diagnosis of myocarditis
1384:
are due to myocarditis. Young males specifically have a higher incidence rate than any other population due to their testosterone levels creating a greater inflammatory response that increases the chance of cardiac pathologies. While males tend to have a higher risk of developing myocarditis, females
1324:
The prognosis associated with myocarditis is stratified by the severity and time course along which symptoms develop. In addition to symptom severity, there are also several indicators of heart function that can be used to predict patient outcomes, many of which are part of the standard evaluation of
1088:
Myocardial inflammation may also be suspected based on ECG findings, but these findings are not specific to myocarditis. The ECG finding most commonly seen in myocarditis is sinus tachycardia with non-specific ST or T wave changes. But other findings that may be seen in perimyocarditis (a combination
985:
area who had died due to SARS. It was also observed that an already diseased heart has increased expression of ACE2 receptor contrasted to healthy individuals which may lead to greater viral infiltration in the heart muscle. Hyperactive immune responses in COVID-19 patients may lead to the initiation
874:
estimates the risk of myocarditis after the Covid-19 vaccine as 1 case per 100,000 of those who are vaccinated. The risk of myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination was observed to be highest in males between 16–29 years of age, and after receiving the second dose of the mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. For this
1375:
The prevalence of myocarditis is estimated to be about 1-10 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with higher estimates at 22 cases per 100,000 persons annually. The highest incidence of myocarditis is seen in men between the ages of 20 and 40. Fulminant myocarditis, the most severe subtype, has been
1352:
In cases of acute myocarditis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can reveal several prognostic indicators that, similar to ECGs, are non-specific and reflect poorer cardiac physiology. Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI demonstrates perturbations in extracellular volume as a result of cell
1348:
An electrocardiogram is one of the most common screening tools used in cases of suspected cardiac pathology, such as myocarditis. The findings that correlate with poorer outcomes are non-specific and include widened QRS complexes and QT intervals, partial or complete atrial-ventricular heart block,
1084:
cardiac isoenzymes) are elevated. The CRP and ESR are sometimes elevated in myocarditis but they are not specific as they may be elevated due to many other causes. Similarly, CK may be elevated in myocarditis but is also non-specific, as it may be elevated in myositis (skeletal muscle injury). High
1052:
Myocarditis refers to an underlying process that causes inflammation and injury of the heart. It does not refer to inflammation of the heart as a consequence of some other insult. Many secondary causes, such as a heart attack, can lead to inflammation of the myocardium and therefore the diagnosis
1425:
Cases of myocarditis have been documented as early as the 1600s, but the term "myocarditis", implying an inflammatory process of the myocardium, was introduced by German physician Joseph
Friedrich Sobernheim in 1837. However, the term has been confused with other cardiovascular conditions, such as
1295:
Mechanical support is used in cases of myocarditis in which medications alone do not lead to adequate heart function and the body requires additional support to achieve organ perfusion. Myocarditis cases that require mechanical circulatory support are categorized as fulminant by definition. People
1270:
The specific medications that are used to support patients are directly related to the cause of the symptom or sign. Just as the symptoms of myocarditis mirror those of congestive heart failure, so too do the therapies. Additionally, the order in which therapies are used depends on the degree of
495:
Fulminant myocarditis is defined as sudden and severe myocarditis that is associated with signs and symptoms of heart failure while at rest. More specifically, fulminant myocarditis is characterized by a distinct, rapid onset of severe heart failure symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest
949:
infiltration and the formation of antibodies, including possibly auto-antibodies. Over the next few months to years, this process either resolves and concludes with viral clearance or it may progress to cause permanent heart damage such as dilated cardiomyopathy, ventricular dysfunction or other
932:
The pathophysiology of viral myocarditis is not well understood, but it is believed to involve cardiotropic viruses (viruses with a high affinity for the heart muscle) gaining entry to cardiac muscle cells, usually via binding to a transmembrane receptor. Over approximately the next 1–7 days the
1392:
Myocarditis is the third most common cause of death among young adults with a cumulative incidence rate globally of 1.5 cases per 100,000 persons annually. Myocarditis accounts for approximately 20% of sudden cardiac death in a variety of populations, including adults under the age of 40, young
1379:
In regard to the population affected, myocarditis is more common in pregnant women, children, and those who are immunocompromised. Myocarditis, however, has shown to be more common in the male population than in the female. Multiple studies report a 1:1.3-1.7 female-male ratio of prevalence of
1233:
While myocarditis has many etiologies and a variable constellation of signs and symptoms, many causes do not have a specific treatment thus the primary focus is on supportive care and symptom management. In some cases of biopsy-proven myocarditis, the causative cell type may indicate condition
1448:
Although myocarditis is clinically and pathologically clearly defined as "inflammation of the myocardium", its definition, classification, diagnosis, and treatment are subject to continued controversy, but endomyocardial biopsy has helped define the natural history of myocarditis and clarify
1312:(ICD) is sometimes required in those with cardiomyopathy or heart failure caused by myocarditis due to the risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The need for ICD is usually assessed 3–6 months after the onset of myocarditis, after the acute phase of myocarditis has passed, with a temporary,
499:
Acute non-fulminant myocarditis has a less distinct onset in contrast to fulminant myocarditis, and evolves over days to months. While the symptoms of acute myocarditis overlap with those of fulminant myocarditis, they do not typically occur at rest, and treatment does not require the use of
1413:
Although myocarditis is relatively rare in those with COVID-19, when it is present it is likely to follow a severe and fulminant course for those previously hospitalized with COVID-19. Of those with COVID-19 and myocarditis, 39% presented with severe myocarditis associated with hemodynamic
1821:
Tschöpe, Carsten; Ammirati, Enrico; Bozkurt, Biykem; Caforio, Alida L. P.; Cooper, Leslie T.; Felix, Stephan B.; Hare, Joshua M.; Heidecker, Bettina; Heymans, Stephane; Hübner, Norbert; Kelle, Sebastian; Klingel, Karin; Maatz, Henrike; Parwani, Abdul S.; Spillmann, Frank (March 2021).
1349:
and malignant ventricular arrhythmias like sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Electrocardiogram findings of ST elevations with upward concavity and an early repolarization pattern, however, were associated with a better cardiovascular prognosis in general.
527:
The most common causes of myocarditis are infectious organisms. Viral infections are the most common cause in developed countries, with a majority of cases being caused by those with single-stranded RNA genomes, such as
Coxsackie viruses (especially Coxsackie B3 and B5). Globally,
1360:(SCD) in infants, adolescents, and young adults, but the reported rates show wide variation (1 to 14 percent) among young people depending on differences in SCD definition and classification/ definition of myocarditis post-mortem as well as heterogeneity of study populations.
491:
Myocarditis can be distinguished as either fulminant or acute based on the severity of symptoms on presentation, as well as the time course over which symptoms develop and persist. This categorization can help predict the treatment, outcomes, and complications of myocarditis.
1261:
In a majority of cases, the main therapies are used to support patients and are dependent on the severity of symptoms and the time course across which myocarditis develops. Supportive therapies can be divided into two broad categories, medications and mechanical support.
375:
or to the weakness and dysfunction of the heart muscle that is secondary to the inflammation. While myocarditis may develop over periods ranging from hours to months, patients typically present with signs and symptoms that resemble heart failure, including the following:
1093:
and myocarditis) include PR segment depression, PR segment depression with associated ST segment elevation, diffuse ST segment elevation (in a pericarditis pattern). ST segment elevation was seen in 62% of people with myocarditis. The presence of Q waves, a widened
3695:"2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America"
1212:
1194:
1176:
4696:
4677:
1873:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
483:
Children primarily present with the aforementioned symptoms associated with a viral infection. Later stages of the illness can involve the respiratory system and lead to increased work of breathing. These are often mistaken for
1325:
patients presenting with cardiovascular dysfunction. Most people with myocarditis have an uncomplicated, self-limited and mild course while making a full recovery. However, those with myocarditis that present with a decreased
1385:
tend to display more severe signs and symptoms, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, but do so at an older age. Among patients with HIV, myocarditis is the most common cardiac pathological finding at
1216:
1215:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1179:
1217:
1199:
1180:
508:
While many causes of myocarditis are known, there are many cases in which a causative agent cannot be identified. In Europe and North
America, viruses are common culprits. Worldwide, however, the most common cause is
358:
In 2013, about 1.5 million cases of acute myocarditis occurred. While people of all ages are affected, the young are most often affected. It is slightly more common in males than females. Most cases are mild. In 2015
1393:
athletes, United States Air Force recruits, and elite
Swedish orienteers. With individuals who develop myocarditis, the first year is difficult as a collection of cases have shown there is a 20% mortality rate.
3903:
Yang F, Wang J, Li W, Xu Y, Wan K, Zeng R, Chen Y (May 2020). "The prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in myocarditis and clinically suspected myocarditis: systematic review and meta-analysis".
1125:
is taken and investigated. The cause of the myocarditis can be only identified by a biopsy. Endomyocardial biopsy samples are assessed for histopathology (how the tissue looks like under the microscope):
1214:
1196:
1178:
1725:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1673:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
468:
Since myocarditis is often due to a viral illness, many patients experience symptoms consistent with a recent viral infection including a fever, rash, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting,
1953:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
2785:
1258:
also recommends subsequent viral genome testing of endomyocardial biopsy specimens due to risk of viral activation, which may necessitate discontinuation of immunosuppression therapy.
5490:
1414:
instability, needing mechanical circulation support or other major interventions. Severe myocarditis in COVID-19 is also more likely in those who have COVID-19 pneumonia.
1010:
Lymphocytic myocarditis (white arrow points to a lymphocyte), commonly showing myocyte necrosis (black arrow), seen as hypereosinophilic cytoplasm with loss of striations.
3469:"Diagnostic Performance of Extracellular Volume, Native T1, and T2 Mapping Versus Lake Louise Criteria by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Detection of Acute Myocarditis"
941:
of cardiac muscle cells (myocytes) and activation of the innate immune system. Over the next 1–4 weeks, viral replication continues with subsequent activation of the
3734:
Aziz KU, Patel N, Sadullah T, Tasneem H, Thawerani H, Talpur S (October 2010). "Acute viral myocarditis: role of immunosuppression: a prospective randomised study".
1151:
579:
496:
pain, that develop over the course of hours to days. Additionally, treatment requires the use of medications or mechanical devices to improve heart function.
1006:
1279:
drugs such as adenosine or carvedilol. In patients that have stable and adequate heart function, further treatments are based on heart failure guidelines.
5131:
4237:
1671:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1213:
1195:
1177:
1154:
may be performed to identify particular viruses. Finally, further diagnostic methods like microRNA assays and gene-expression profile may be performed.
5904:
929:. Eosinophilic myocarditis is further distinguished from non-eosinophilic myocarditis by having a different set of causes and recommended treatments.
4821:
1102:, high degree AV nodal blockade, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias are associated with a poor prognosis when seen on ECG in people with myocarditis.
2154:
Sharma AN, Stultz JR, Bellamkonda N, Amsterdam EA (December 2019). "Fulminant
Myocarditis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management".
1871:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of
Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
5548:
2455:
Piccirillo F, Watanabe M, Di
Sciascio G (September 2021). "Diagnosis, treatment and predictors of prognosis of myocarditis. A narrative review".
1271:
heart dysfunction, with stabilization of patient blood pressure and breathing taking highest priority when present. This can involve the use of
4865:
1723:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
1309:
363:, including myocarditis, resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. The initial descriptions of the condition are from the mid-1800s.
65:
4513:
3831:"Prognostic Impact of Late Gadolinium Enhancement by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3264:
2577:
2387:
2011:
1931:
1655:
5543:
5352:
5189:
1951:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (January 2015).
2017:
1937:
5357:
5347:
4936:
1434:. Following admonition regarding the indiscriminate use of myocarditis as a diagnosis from authorities such as British cardiologist Sir
1313:
5654:
5485:
5099:
4445:
309:
156:
5525:
950:
cardiomyopathies. Coxsackie B, specifically B3 and B5, has been found to interact with coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and
519:. Overall, myocarditis can be caused by infections, immune conditions, toxins, drug reactions, and physical injuries to the heart.
348:
168:
5520:
2649:
Zhou Z, Ortiz Lopez HI, PĂ©rez GE, Burgos LM, Farina JM, Saldarriaga C, et al. (March 2021). "Toxoplasmosis and the Heart".
5389:
5170:
2940:
480:, and many people with myocarditis present with signs and symptoms that suggest myocarditis and pericarditis at the same time.
1085:
sensitivity troponin is usually elevated in myocarditis and this marker is very specific to myocardial (heart muscle) injury.
542:
Bacteria can also result in myocarditis, although it is rare in patients with normal heart function and without a preexisting
5465:
5460:
5384:
1255:
1061:
5184:
1367:
myocarditis, in which an inflammatory cytokine storm occurs, cardiac functions decline rapidly and the death rate is high.
257:
when there are associated ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction due to chronic inflammation. Symptoms can include
5811:
5687:
5616:
5448:
3539:
905:
Most forms of myocarditis involve the infiltration of heart tissues by one or two types of pro-inflammatory blood cells,
5806:
5599:
5582:
5515:
5435:
4814:
1284:
760:
5649:
3949:"Sudden cardiac death caused by myocarditis in persons aged 1-49 years: a nationwide study of 14 294 deaths in Denmark"
1234:
specific treatments that are beneficial. These treatments typically consist of corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants.
925:
is a subtype of myocarditis in which cardiac tissue is infiltrated by another type of pro-inflammatory blood cell, the
5094:
4284:"Presentations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Post-COVID Viral Myocarditis in the Inpatient Setting: A Narrative Review"
1435:
973:
present in heart muscle may be responsible for direct viral injury leading to myocarditis. In a study done during the
610:
2490:
Estabragh, ZR; Mamas, MA (10 September 2013). "The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: a systematic review".
3141:
2995:"Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5631:
5119:
5104:
4471:
1439:
1158:
371:
The signs and symptoms associated with myocarditis are varied, and relate either to the actual inflammation of the
344:
200:
5406:
3829:
Georgiopoulos G, Figliozzi S, Sanguineti F, Aquaro GD, di Bella G, Stamatelopoulos K, et al. (January 2021).
5709:
5374:
5301:
5028:
1301:
1297:
1147:
1146:
to determine which types of immune cells are involved in the reaction and how they are distributed. Furthermore,
951:
871:
5659:
1142:. Focal destruction of myocytes explains the myocardial pump failure. In addition samples may be assessed with
5833:
5589:
5379:
5276:
5257:
5087:
4860:
4719:
1463:
1235:
1041:
942:
922:
3044:"Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021"
4431:
2602:"Myocarditis associated with Covid-19 disease: A systematic review of published case reports and case series"
5909:
5866:
5840:
5828:
5816:
5801:
5535:
5477:
5281:
5262:
4914:
4854:
4807:
2741:
Nicholson PJ, Quinn MJ, Dodd JD (December 2010). "Headshop heartache: acute mephedrone 'meow' myocarditis".
1127:
974:
686:
96:
5914:
5455:
5421:
5364:
5342:
5164:
5146:
5082:
4949:
4902:
4830:
1431:
1338:
1334:
1239:
1045:
1022:
977:, SARS viral RNA was detected in the autopsy of heart specimens in 35% of the patients in the
715:
692:
622:
321:
278:
105:
3879:
5219:
5214:
5109:
4919:
3658:
Liu ZL, Liu ZJ, Liu JP, Kwong JS (August 2013). Liu JP (ed.). "Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis".
2187:
1305:
1018:
664:
616:
4384:"Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations"
1246:
are usually responsive to immunosuppressive treatments; in the form of glucocorticoids with or without
3418:
Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, et al. (April 2009).
1014:
5715:
5243:
5224:
5124:
5035:
4978:
1458:
1381:
1357:
1342:
1276:
1143:
1106:
856:
774:
720:
710:
646:
634:
297:
293:
266:
136:
132:
1161:(cMRI or CMR) has been shown to be very useful in diagnosing myocarditis by visualizing markers for
875:
group, incidence of myocarditis has been reported to be between 1 case in 2500 to 1 case per 10,000.
5720:
5577:
5572:
5495:
5399:
5369:
5328:
4954:
4871:
4700:
4532:
Praktische Diagnostik der innern Krankheiten: mit vorzĂĽglicher RĂĽcksicht auf pathologische Anatomie
4333:
Sawalha K, Abozenah M, Kadado AJ, Battisha A, Al-Akchar M, Salerno C, et al. (February 2021).
1308:
is reserved for those that do not respond to the aforementioned conventional medical therapies. An
1243:
752:
414:
270:
258:
89:
81:
3782:"Diagnostic and prognostic role of electrocardiogram in acute myocarditis: A comprehensive review"
3330:"Diagnostic and prognostic role of electrocardiogram in acute myocarditis: A comprehensive review"
3208:"SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS"
5823:
5621:
5443:
5394:
5019:
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4578:
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2816:
2766:
2674:
2631:
2272:
Ammirati E, Veronese G, Bottiroli M, Wang DW, Cipriani M, Garascia A, et al. (August 2021).
2179:
1057:
1056:
Myocardial inflammation can be suspected on the basis of elevated inflammatory markers including
955:
825:
571:
513:, an illness endemic to Central and South America that results from infection with the protozoan
76:
5883:
5734:
5692:
5607:
5425:
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4881:
4759:
4730:
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4213:
4164:
4109:
4071:
4030:
3978:
3921:
3852:
3811:
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3675:
3640:
3591:
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3400:
3359:
3303:
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3237:
3188:
3122:
3073:
3024:
2967:
2865:
2808:
2758:
2723:
2666:
2623:
2573:
2567:
2548:
2507:
2472:
2437:
2383:
2355:
2303:
2245:
2171:
2067:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1927:
1921:
1902:
1843:
1793:
1754:
1702:
1651:
1645:
1626:
1556:
1442:
1326:
733:
595:
537:
515:
301:
148:
143:
60:
2600:
Rathore SS, Rojas GA, Sondhi M, Pothuru S, Pydi R, Kancherla N, et al. (November 2021).
5856:
5748:
5641:
5337:
4609:
4570:
4501:
4403:
4395:
4354:
4346:
4305:
4295:
4254:
4246:
4203:
4195:
4154:
4146:
4061:
4020:
3968:
3960:
3913:
3842:
3801:
3793:
3743:
3706:
3667:
3630:
3581:
3490:
3480:
3439:
3431:
3390:
3349:
3341:
3293:
3227:
3219:
3178:
3112:
3104:
3063:
3055:
3014:
3006:
2957:
2949:
2855:
2847:
2800:
2750:
2713:
2705:
2658:
2613:
2538:
2499:
2464:
2427:
2419:
2345:
2337:
2293:
2285:
2235:
2227:
2163:
2059:
1972:
1964:
1892:
1884:
1851:
1835:
1801:
1785:
1744:
1736:
1692:
1684:
1616:
1603:
Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F, Ukena C, Lenski M, Yilmaz A, et al. (February 2012).
1546:
1538:
966:
747:
543:
352:
172:
5878:
5270:
5251:
5238:
5045:
4924:
4776:
3091:
Mevorach D, Anis E, Cedar N, Bromberg M, Haas EJ, Nadir E, et al. (2 December 2021).
1468:
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have a worse prognosis with an increased risk of death or need for heart transplantation.
1081:
640:
575:
559:
340:
289:
196:
128:
4773:
4770:
4649:
3693:
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, et al. (August 2017).
4537:
Practical diagnosis of internal diseases: with special reference to pathological anatomy
4310:
4283:
3619:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure"
2216:"Fulminant myocarditis: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatments and outcomes"
998:
5871:
5779:
5677:
5669:
5567:
5077:
5070:
5057:
4408:
4383:
4359:
4335:"Systematic Review of COVID-19 Related Myocarditis: Insights on Management and Outcome"
4334:
4259:
4232:
4208:
4183:
4159:
4134:
3973:
3948:
3806:
3781:
3495:
3468:
3444:
3419:
3354:
3329:
3232:
3207:
3206:
Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM, Butany J (July 2009).
3117:
3092:
3068:
3043:
3019:
2994:
2860:
2835:
2718:
2693:
2432:
2407:
2350:
2325:
2298:
2273:
2240:
2215:
1977:
1952:
1897:
1872:
1856:
1806:
1773:
1749:
1724:
1697:
1672:
1551:
1526:
987:
885:
555:
529:
510:
360:
328:
317:
282:
233:
221:
184:
109:
4713:
4705:
4614:
4597:
3298:
3281:
3010:
1968:
1888:
1740:
1688:
1296:
that require additional support with their heart function can benefit from the use of
39:
5898:
5861:
5772:
4907:
4582:
4496:
Schölmerich P (1983). "Myocarditis — Cardiomyopathy Historic Survey and Definition".
3933:
3864:
3603:
3223:
2979:
2820:
2678:
2635:
2183:
1824:"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions"
1823:
1330:
1280:
795:
786:
741:
737:
704:
651:
563:
332:
274:
188:
101:
4709:
4150:
4083:
3763:
3512:
2770:
2662:
273:. The duration of problems can vary from hours to months. Complications may include
5793:
5767:
5611:
5559:
5232:
5208:
5178:
5155:
5024:
5014:
4631:
3947:
Lynge TH, Nielsen TS, Gregers Winkel B, Tfelt-Hansen J, Banner J (19 August 2019).
3847:
3830:
3671:
3485:
3042:
Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR, Gee J, Creech CB, Broder KR, et al. (January 2022).
2993:
Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Tan FL, Tai BC, Somani J, Fisher D, MacLaren G (July 2022).
1427:
1251:
1247:
1162:
1090:
1053:
of myocarditis cannot be made by evidence of inflammation of the myocardium alone.
863:
852:
830:
790:
477:
435:
428:
422:
246:
4399:
4025:
4008:
3964:
3586:
3569:
2468:
2167:
2113:
1034:
339:
are often used. A period of no exercise is typically recommended during recovery.
4799:
4724:
4350:
2503:
2423:
2191:
2088:
5728:
5626:
5416:
5333:
5315:
5141:
5114:
5006:
4754:
4530:
4505:
4050:"Viral myocarditis: from experimental models to molecular diagnosis in patients"
3635:
3618:
2786:"Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms"
2063:
1118:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1026:
962:
918:
910:
906:
764:
756:
698:
672:
628:
603:
567:
476:, and easily becoming tired. Additionally, myocarditis is often associated with
4250:
4101:
3917:
3711:
3694:
3435:
3395:
3378:
3183:
3166:
2804:
2543:
2526:
2341:
2231:
1839:
1789:
1621:
1604:
5756:
5306:
4787:
4782:
4735:
4690:
4686:
4544:
4066:
4049:
3747:
3531:
3165:
Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (April 2015).
2784:
Parsamanesh N, Karami-Zarandi M, Banach M, Penson PE, Sahebkar A (July 2021).
2692:
Dinis P, Teixeira R, Puga L, Lourenço C, Cachulo MC, Gonçalves L (June 2018).
2289:
1406:
1166:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1073:
1030:
926:
810:
768:
658:
551:
473:
443:
396:
372:
262:
250:
179:
85:
69:
48:
1847:
1797:
1275:, or medications that make the heart contract with greater force, as well as
4765:
4654:
3059:
2851:
2754:
938:
894:
799:
336:
207:
192:
4623:
4417:
4368:
4319:
4268:
4217:
4168:
4113:
4075:
4034:
3982:
3925:
3856:
3815:
3755:
3720:
3679:
3644:
3595:
3504:
3453:
3404:
3363:
3307:
3241:
3192:
3126:
3077:
3028:
2971:
2869:
2812:
2762:
2727:
2670:
2627:
2552:
2511:
2476:
2441:
2359:
2307:
2249:
2175:
2071:
1986:
1906:
1758:
1706:
1630:
1560:
532:
is the leading cause of myocarditis, which results from infection with the
4199:
3328:
ButtĂ , Carmelo; Zappia, Luca; Laterra, Giulia; Roberto, Marco (May 2020).
3108:
2953:
2525:
Andréoletti L, Lévêque N, Boulagnon C, Brasselet C, Fornes P (June 2009).
1542:
327:
Treatment depends on both the severity and the cause. Medications such as
5682:
4839:
4300:
2962:
2709:
1402:
1272:
1077:
1069:
934:
914:
583:
533:
469:
305:
152:
3617:
McDonagh, Theresa A; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna (21 September 2021).
1002:
Diffuse ST elevation in a young male due to myocarditis and pericarditis
4574:
3797:
3345:
3167:"Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects"
2618:
2601:
1417:
Myocarditis is a rare adverse side effect from mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
1386:
978:
814:
804:
680:
52:
4669:
4135:"Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy"
3420:"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper"
1772:
Suresh, Abhilash; Martens, Pieter; Tang, W. H. Wilson (October 2022).
5762:
5742:
4897:
4681:
1110:
982:
946:
834:
485:
313:
3093:"Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel"
1131:
1040:
1013:
1005:
997:
890:
404:
3568:
Tschöpe C, Cooper LT, Torre-Amione G, Van Linthout S (May 2019).
3467:
Pan, Jonathan A.; Lee, Yoo Jin; Salerno, Michael (1 July 2018).
970:
838:
4803:
2694:"Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Clinical Case and Literature Review"
1065:
867:
1923:
Cellular and Molecular Pathobiology of Cardiovascular Disease
546:. A list of the most relevant infectious organisms is below.
4500:. International Boehringer Mannheim Symposia. pp. 1–5.
3570:"Management of Myocarditis-Related Cardiomyopathy in Adults"
3377:
Skouri HN, Dec GW, Friedrich MG, Cooper LT (November 2006).
1774:"Biomarkers for Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy"
347:(IVIG) may be useful in certain cases. In severe cases an
4446:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines side effects and safety"
4007:
Fung G, Luo H, Qiu Y, Yang D, McManus B (February 2016).
4598:"Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment"
1380:
myocarditis. In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of
599:(causing Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, respectively)
320:
is important to rule out other potential causes such as
2050:
Feldman AM, McNamara D (November 2000). "Myocarditis".
1223:
Ultrasound showing cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis
1205:
Ultrasound showing cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis
1187:
Ultrasound showing cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis
4233:"Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection"
4231:
BeĹźler, Muhammed Said; Arslan, Halil (November 2020).
462:
Seen as elevated troponin and inflammation on imaging
409:
Especially when infectious, e.g., from parvovirus B19
4133:
Fairweather D, Cooper LT, Blauwet LA (January 2013).
3259:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 414–416.
3142:"Do Vaccines Cause Myocarditis and/or Myocardopathy?"
2834:
Keinath K, Church T, Kurth B, Hulten E (March 2018).
2214:
Hang W, Chen C, Seubert JM, Wang DW (December 2020).
1356:
Myocarditis has been reported to be a major cause of
1113:
of the myocardium, in general done in the setting of
933:
virus replicates and causes inflammation leadings to
4659:
3780:
ButtĂ C, Zappia L, Laterra G, Roberto M (May 2020).
3282:"Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria"
5849:
5792:
5701:
5668:
5640:
5598:
5557:
5534:
5508:
5476:
5434:
5415:
5314:
5300:
5200:
5154:
5140:
5056:
5005:
4998:
4935:
4890:
4847:
4838:
4745:
4663:
427:Muffling occurs with inflammation, especially with
228:
216:
206:
178:
163:
142:
123:
115:
95:
75:
59:
29:
24:
4282:Sayegh MN, Goins AE, Hall MA, Shin YM (May 2023).
2938:Basso, Cristina (20 October 2022). "Myocarditis".
3255:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
862:Myocarditis can be a side-effect of the Covid-19
4472:"Risk of Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccine"
1438:and American cardiologist and co-founder of the
1316:acting as a temporary treatment in the interim.
913:plus two respective descendants of these cells,
4108:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2836:"Myocarditis secondary to smallpox vaccination"
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
855:can be a side effect of some vaccines like the
580:severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
456:Can reflect inadequate blood flow to the brain
440:Feeling like one's heart is beating forcefully
401:Often described as sharp or stabbing in nature
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
4815:
4382:Halushka MK, Vander Heide RS (January 2021).
3699:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3424:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3383:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2003:Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine
1609:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
419:Worse when lying down or in a prone position
55:in a person with acute onset of heart failure
8:
4539:] (in German). Hirschwald. p. 117.
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
4556:
4554:
3660:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1718:
1716:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
5431:
5311:
5151:
5132:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
5002:
4844:
4822:
4808:
4800:
4660:
4238:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
3212:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
2606:International Journal of Clinical Practice
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1644:Stouffer G, Runge MS, Patterson C (2010).
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
38:
21:
4613:
4561:Olsen EG (1985). "What is myocarditis?".
4407:
4358:
4339:Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine
4309:
4299:
4258:
4207:
4158:
4065:
4024:
3972:
3846:
3805:
3710:
3634:
3585:
3494:
3484:
3443:
3394:
3353:
3297:
3231:
3182:
3116:
3067:
3018:
2961:
2859:
2717:
2617:
2542:
2431:
2349:
2297:
2239:
1976:
1920:Willis M, Homeister JW, Stone JR (2013).
1896:
1855:
1805:
1748:
1696:
1650:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 181.
1620:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1550:
4048:Pankuweit S, Klingel K (November 2013).
3526:
3524:
3522:
2572:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 197.
2220:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
378:
33:Inflammatory cardiomyopathy (infectious)
3786:Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology
3334:Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology
1480:
1171:
4866:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
3775:
3773:
2401:
2399:
2324:Blauwet LA, Cooper LT (January 2010).
2319:
2317:
1310:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
1072:) against viruses known to affect the
448:Determined using an electrocardiogram
4095:
4093:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2083:
2081:
1134:and inflammatory infiltrate, rich in
300:. A diagnosis may be supported by an
7:
5190:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
4596:Magnani JW, Dec GW (February 2006).
3379:"Noninvasive imaging in myocarditis"
2093:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1389:, with a prevalence of 50% or more.
4188:The New England Journal of Medicine
3835:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
3473:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
3171:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2793:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
2698:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
2531:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2527:"Viral causes of human myocarditis"
2492:International Journal of Cardiology
2330:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
2052:The New England Journal of Medicine
1531:The New England Journal of Medicine
1445:, myocarditis was under-diagnosed.
1314:wearable cardioverter-defibrillator
288:Myocarditis is most often due to a
5486:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
3532:"UOTW #7 - Ultrasound of the Week"
2569:Practical Cardiovascular Pathology
2156:The American Journal of Cardiology
1449:clinicopathological correlations.
1048:, with multinucleated giant cells.
296:, certain medications, toxins and
14:
4615:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584532
3299:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589663
2278:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
349:implantable cardiac defibrillator
169:implantable cardiac defibrillator
88:, decreased ability to exercise,
5905:Chronic rheumatic heart diseases
3224:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x
2020:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1940:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1210:
1192:
1174:
1076:. Markers of myocardial damage (
500:mechanical circulatory support.
16:Inflammation of the heart muscle
5171:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
4151:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2012.07.003
3542:from the original on 8 May 2017
3097:New England Journal of Medicine
2941:New England Journal of Medicine
2663:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100741
2412:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
2382:. Academic Press. p. 416.
1926:. Academic Press. p. 135.
1401:Myocarditis can be seen during
1117:. A small tissue sample of the
4139:Current Problems in Cardiology
3848:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011492
3672:10.1002/14651858.CD003711.pub5
3486:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.007598
2651:Current Problems in Cardiology
1256:European Society of Cardiology
1062:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
253:. Myocarditis can progress to
1:
5688:Pulseless electrical activity
5617:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
5491:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
4400:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300
4026:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306573
3965:10.1080/20961790.2019.1595352
3880:"Late gadolinium enhancement"
3587:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313578
3011:10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00059-5
2469:10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107362
2274:"Update on acute myocarditis"
2168:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.09.017
1969:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1889:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1778:Current Heart Failure Reports
1741:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
1689:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1285:Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
961:The binding of many types of
267:decreased ability to exercise
4351:10.1016/j.carrev.2020.08.028
3280:Baughman KL (January 2006).
3146:Institute for Vaccine Safety
2504:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.274
2424:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303
1405:, the disease caused by the
1329:, or those who present with
4506:10.1007/978-3-642-68608-5_1
2064:10.1056/NEJM200011093431908
611:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
312:, and occasionally a heart
255:inflammatory cardiomyopathy
5931:
5632:Wandering atrial pacemaker
5179:non-infective endocarditis
5120:Endocardial fibroelastosis
4498:Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy
4251:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.100
3953:Forensic Sciences Research
3918:10.1007/s00330-019-06643-5
3712:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025
3436:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.007
3396:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.017
3184:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006
2805:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.02.008
2544:10.1016/j.acvd.2009.04.010
2342:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.11.006
2232:10.1038/s41392-020-00360-y
2006:. CRC Press. p. 263.
1840:10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
1790:10.1007/s11897-022-00569-8
1647:Netter's Cardiology E-Book
1622:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.074
1440:American Heart Association
1302:intra-aortic balloon pumps
1298:ventricular assist devices
1159:magnetic resonance imaging
345:intravenous immunoglobulin
201:intravenous immunoglobulin
5710:hexaxial reference system
5655:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
5185:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
4067:10.1007/s10741-012-9357-4
3748:10.1017/S1047951110000594
3636:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
2290:10.1016/j.tcm.2020.05.008
1828:Nature Reviews Cardiology
1025:infiltrate involving the
952:decay-accelerating factor
872:European Medicines Agency
781:Drug reactions and toxins
46:
37:
5590:Ventricular fibrillation
4861:Coronary artery aneurysm
4388:Cardiovascular Pathology
4182:Cooper LT (April 2009).
2457:Cardiovascular Pathology
1525:Cooper LT (April 2009).
1464:Eosinophilic myocarditis
1397:Myocarditis and COVID-19
1236:Eosinophilic myocarditis
1021:specimen with extensive
923:Eosinophilic myocarditis
51:image of myocarditis at
5867:Diastolic heart failure
5841:Athletic heart syndrome
5802:Ventricular hypertrophy
5536:Pre-excitation syndrome
5390:Left posterior fascicle
4915:Acute coronary syndrome
4855:Coronary artery disease
3736:Cardiology in the Young
3257:Robbins Basic Pathology
3140:tproveau (2022-10-14).
3060:10.1001/jama.2021.24110
2852:10.1136/bcr-2017-223523
2755:10.1136/hrt.2010.209338
2380:Post-Genomic Cardiology
2378:MarĂn-GarcĂa J (2007).
1605:"Update on myocarditis"
1343:hemodynamic instability
1339:ventricular arrhythmias
1128:myocardial interstitium
1064:(ESR), or an increased
975:2002-2004 SARS outbreak
687:Echinococcus granulosus
318:ultrasound of the heart
292:. Other causes include
135:, certain medications,
5385:Left anterior fascicle
5165:infective endocarditis
4950:Hibernating myocardium
4831:Cardiovascular disease
4529:Sobernheim JF (1837).
4476:Science-Based Medicine
4432:"COVID-19 Vaccination"
3623:European Heart Journal
3536:Ultrasound of the Week
1432:ischemic heart disease
1335:atrioventricular block
1240:giant cell myocarditis
1098:, prolongation of the
1049:
1046:Giant-cell myocarditis
1038:
1011:
1003:
943:acquired immune system
716:visceral larva migrans
693:Paragonimus westermani
623:Haemophilus influenzae
459:Damage to heart cells
453:Dizziness or fainting
279:dilated cardiomyopathy
106:dilated cardiomyopathy
5549:Wolff–Parkinson–White
5509:Premature contraction
5407:Adams–Stokes syndrome
5110:Loeffler endocarditis
4920:Myocardial infarction
4200:10.1056/NEJMra0800028
4100:Kang M, An J (2020).
4054:Heart Failure Reviews
3109:10.1056/NEJMoa2109730
3001:(Systematic review).
2954:10.1056/NEJMra2114478
2406:Rose NR (July 2016).
1543:10.1056/nejmra0800028
1306:Heart transplantation
1044:
1035:hematoxylin and eosin
1019:Endomyocardial biopsy
1017:
1009:
1001:
769:systemic vasculitides
665:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
617:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
582:(SARS‑CoV‑2, causing
574:, hepatitis C virus,
444:Abnormal heart rhythm
5716:Right axis deviation
5678:Sudden cardiac death
5036:Pericardial effusion
4979:Ventricular aneurysm
4301:10.7759/cureus.39338
4013:Circulation Research
3574:Circulation Research
2710:10.5935/abc.20180089
1735:(10053): 1459–1544.
1683:(10053): 1545–1602.
1459:Viral cardiomyopathy
1358:sudden cardiac death
1144:immunohistochemistry
775:Toxic shock syndrome
721:Wuchereria bancrofti
711:Trichinella spiralis
647:Borrelia burgdorferi
355:may be recommended.
322:heart valve problems
298:autoimmune disorders
294:bacterial infections
137:autoimmune disorders
133:bacterial infections
5721:Left axis deviation
5578:Atrial fibrillation
5573:Ventricular flutter
5496:Torsades de pointes
5370:Bundle branch block
5329:Sick sinus syndrome
5115:Cardiac amyloidosis
5100:Tachycardia-induced
4955:Myocardial stunning
4903:Prinzmetal's angina
4872:Coronary thrombosis
4434:. 11 February 2020.
4102:"Viral Myocarditis"
2566:Sheppard M (2011).
2408:"Viral myocarditis"
1244:cardiac sarcoidosis
956:Toll-like receptors
809:Stimulants such as
789:and other forms of
635:Tropheryma whipplei
415:Shortness of breath
271:irregular heartbeat
259:shortness of breath
90:irregular heartbeat
82:Shortness of breath
5824:Atrial enlargement
5622:Pacemaker syndrome
5544:Lown–Ganong–Levine
5466:Junctional ectopic
5461:AV nodal reentrant
4967:Myocardial rupture
4877:Coronary vasospasm
4746:External resources
4575:10.1007/BF02072348
4452:. 21 February 2022
3906:European Radiology
3798:10.1111/anec.12726
3346:10.1111/anec.12726
2619:10.1111/ijcp.14470
1291:Mechanical support
1130:may show abundant
1058:C-reactive protein
1050:
1039:
1012:
1004:
572:Epstein-Barr virus
367:Signs and symptoms
66:Infectious disease
5892:
5891:
5884:Obstructive shock
5788:
5787:
5735:Short QT syndrome
5702:Other / ungrouped
5693:Sinoatrial arrest
5608:Ectopic pacemaker
5504:
5503:
5324:Sinus bradycardia
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5041:Cardiac tamponade
4994:
4993:
4984:Dressler syndrome
4882:Myocardial bridge
4797:
4796:
4563:Heart and Vessels
4515:978-3-540-11617-2
4245:(11): 2489.e1–2.
4194:(15): 1526–1538.
3629:(36): 3599–3726.
3580:(11): 1568–1583.
3430:(17): 1475–1487.
3389:(10): 2085–2093.
3266:978-1-4160-2973-1
2999:Lancet Respir Med
2948:(16): 1488–1500.
2749:(24): 2051–2052.
2579:978-0-340-98193-1
2389:978-0-12-373698-7
2162:(12): 1954–1960.
2013:978-1-4200-1960-5
2000:Cunha BA (2009).
1963:(9963): 117–171.
1933:978-0-12-405525-4
1883:(9995): 743–800.
1657:978-1-4377-3650-2
1537:(15): 1526–1538.
1337:, with sustained
1327:ejection fraction
1218:
1200:
1182:
880:Physical injuries
734:Allergic reaction
728:Immune conditions
596:Toxoplasma gondii
591:Trypanosoma cruzi
538:Trypanosoma cruzi
516:Trypanosoma cruzi
466:
465:
423:Dull heart sounds
304:(ECG), increased
302:electrocardiogram
240:
239:
220:2.5 million with
149:Electrocardiogram
144:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
5922:
5857:Cardiac fibrosis
5749:T wave alternans
5642:Long QT syndrome
5436:Supraventricular
5432:
5365:Intraventricular
5312:
5152:
5003:
4848:Coronary disease
4845:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4801:
4661:
4636:
4635:
4617:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4069:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4004:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3912:(5): 2616–2626.
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3850:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3589:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3538:. 30 June 2014.
3528:
3517:
3516:
3498:
3488:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2935:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2840:BMJ Case Reports
2831:
2825:
2824:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2537:(6–7): 559–568.
2522:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2269:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2151:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2047:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1600:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1522:
1220:
1219:
1202:
1201:
1184:
1183:
967:SARS-CoV-2 virus
965:, including the
857:smallpox vaccine
851:Myocarditis and
748:Kawasaki disease
544:immunodeficiency
379:
353:heart transplant
173:heart transplant
42:
22:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5879:Rheumatic fever
5845:
5784:
5697:
5664:
5636:
5594:
5553:
5530:
5500:
5472:
5419:
5411:
5305:
5288:
5196:
5145:
5136:
5052:
5046:Hemopericardium
4990:
4931:
4925:Unstable angina
4898:Angina pectoris
4891:Active ischemia
4886:
4834:
4828:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4777:article/1612533
4741:
4740:
4672:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4006:
4005:
3990:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3666:(8): CD003711.
3657:
3656:
3652:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3530:
3529:
3520:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3041:
3040:
3036:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2937:
2936:
2877:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2498:(6): 2397–403.
2489:
2488:
2484:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2213:
2212:
2199:
2153:
2152:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2058:(19): 1388–98.
2049:
2048:
2025:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1602:
1601:
1568:
1524:
1523:
1482:
1477:
1469:Myopericarditis
1455:
1423:
1399:
1373:
1322:
1293:
1268:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1175:
1082:creatine kinase
996:
903:
882:
848:
822:Carbon monoxide
783:
730:
641:Vibrio cholerae
576:influenza virus
560:coxsackie virus
525:
506:
369:
341:Corticosteroids
290:viral infection
197:corticosteroids
129:viral infection
119:Hours to months
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5928:
5926:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5910:Heart diseases
5907:
5897:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5872:Cardiac asthma
5869:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5798:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5780:Strain pattern
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5670:Cardiac arrest
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5650:Andersen–Tawil
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5568:Atrial flutter
5564:
5562:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5078:Cardiomyopathy
5075:
5074:
5073:
5071:Chagas disease
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5022:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4858:
4851:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4774:article/890740
4771:article/156330
4762:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4727:
4716:
4693:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:Classification
4658:
4657:
4644:
4643:External links
4641:
4638:
4637:
4608:(6): 876–890.
4588:
4550:
4521:
4514:
4488:
4463:
4437:
4423:
4374:
4325:
4274:
4223:
4174:
4125:
4089:
4060:(6): 683–702.
4040:
4019:(3): 496–514.
3988:
3959:(3): 247–256.
3939:
3895:
3870:
3841:(1): e011492.
3821:
3769:
3742:(5): 509–515.
3726:
3705:(6): 776–803.
3685:
3650:
3609:
3553:
3518:
3479:(7): e007598.
3459:
3410:
3369:
3313:
3292:(4): 593–595.
3272:
3265:
3247:
3218:(7): 618–625.
3198:
3177:(4): 258–268.
3157:
3132:
3103:(23): 2140–9.
3083:
3054:(4): 331–340.
3034:
3005:(7): 679–688.
2985:
2875:
2826:
2776:
2733:
2704:(6): 597–599.
2684:
2641:
2612:(11): e14470.
2585:
2578:
2558:
2517:
2482:
2447:
2418:(4): 383–389.
2395:
2388:
2365:
2336:(4): 274–288.
2313:
2284:(6): 370–379.
2255:
2197:
2131:
2120:. 23 July 2020
2114:"Pericarditis"
2105:
2077:
2023:
2012:
1992:
1943:
1932:
1912:
1863:
1834:(3): 169–193.
1813:
1784:(5): 346–355.
1764:
1712:
1663:
1656:
1636:
1615:(9): 779–792.
1566:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1422:
1419:
1398:
1395:
1372:
1369:
1321:
1318:
1292:
1289:
1281:ACE inhibitors
1277:antiarrhythmic
1267:
1264:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1173:
995:
992:
988:cytokine storm
971:ACE2 receptors
902:
899:
898:
897:
888:
886:Electric shock
881:
878:
877:
876:
860:
847:
844:
843:
842:
828:
823:
820:
817:
807:
802:
796:Antipsychotics
793:
787:Anthracyclines
782:
779:
778:
777:
772:
750:
745:
729:
726:
725:
724:
676:
668:
600:
587:
556:parvovirus B19
530:Chagas disease
524:
521:
511:Chagas disease
505:
502:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
441:
438:
432:
431:
425:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
368:
365:
361:cardiomyopathy
329:ACE inhibitors
283:cardiac arrest
245:is defined as
238:
237:
234:cardiomyopathy
230:
226:
225:
222:cardiomyopathy
218:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
185:ACE inhibitors
182:
176:
175:
165:
161:
160:
159:, heart biopsy
146:
140:
139:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
110:cardiac arrest
99:
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
63:
57:
56:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5927:
5916:
5915:Inflammations
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:Heart failure
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5773:ST depression
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5400:Trifascicular
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5283:
5282:regurgitation
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5263:regurgitation
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5244:regurgitation
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5225:regurgitation
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:Stable angina
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4294:(5): e39338.
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:"Myocarditis"
4178:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:"Myocarditis"
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3896:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2963:11577/3479721
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:(3): 100741.
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:"Myocarditis"
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2089:"Myocarditis"
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:"Myocarditis"
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:heart failure
1328:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1208:
1190:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:gold standard
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:coronaviruses
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
873:
869:
865:
864:mRNA vaccines
861:
858:
854:
850:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
812:
808:
806:
803:
801:
797:
794:
792:
788:
785:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
749:
746:
743:
742:amitriptyline
739:
738:acetazolamide
735:
732:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
712:
707:
706:
705:Taenia solium
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
675:
674:
669:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
654:
649:
648:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
618:
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
598:
597:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:rubella virus
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
547:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
522:
520:
518:
517:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
430:
426:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
366:
364:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:beta blockers
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:heart failure
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
235:
232:354,000 with
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:beta blockers
186:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:Medications,
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
102:Heart failure
100:
98:
97:Complications
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
5794:Cardiomegaly
5768:ST elevation
5755:
5741:
5727:
5708:
5612:Ectopic beat
5560:fibrillation
5395:Bifascicular
5269:
5250:
5231:
5207:
5177:
5163:
5156:Endocarditis
5095:Hypertrophic
5065:
5029:Constrictive
5015:Pericarditis
4973:
4961:
4944:
4781:
4764:
4753:
4729:
4718:
4695:
4676:
4648:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4566:
4562:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4497:
4491:
4480:. Retrieved
4478:. 2022-11-02
4475:
4466:
4454:. Retrieved
4449:
4440:
4426:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4242:
4236:
4226:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4117:. Retrieved
4105:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4016:
4012:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3887:. Retrieved
3883:
3873:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3789:
3785:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3577:
3573:
3544:. Retrieved
3535:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3337:
3333:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3256:
3250:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3149:. Retrieved
3145:
3135:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2945:
2939:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2796:
2792:
2779:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2609:
2605:
2568:
2561:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2415:
2411:
2379:
2333:
2329:
2281:
2277:
2223:
2219:
2159:
2155:
2122:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
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1436:Thomas Lewis
1428:hypertension
1424:
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1382:sudden death
1378:
1374:
1371:Epidemiology
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1248:azathioprine
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1091:pericarditis
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1023:eosinophilic
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242:
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5660:Romano–Ward
5627:Parasystole
5526:Ventricular
5478:Ventricular
5417:Tachycardia
5334:Heart block
5316:Bradycardia
5142:Endocardium
5105:Restrictive
5066:Myocarditis
5007:Pericardium
4788:Myocarditis
4755:MedlinePlus
4650:Myocarditis
4602:Circulation
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1100:QT interval
1096:QRS complex
1027:endocardium
945:leading to
919:macrophages
911:macrophages
907:lymphocytes
846:Vaccination
826:Snake venom
765:sarcoidosis
757:scleroderma
699:Schistosoma
678:Parasitic:
673:Aspergillus
629:Actinomyces
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589:Protozoan:
568:polio virus
474:joint pains
243:Myocarditis
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5899:Categories
5558:Flutter /
5521:Junctional
5456:Junctional
5449:Multifocal
5422:paroxysmal
5338:Sinoatrial
5307:arrhythmia
5302:Conduction
5058:Myocardium
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1074:myocardium
1031:myocardium
969:, through
927:eosinophil
811:mephedrone
798:including
736:(e.g., to
659:Rickettsia
653:Leptospira
552:adenovirus
523:Infections
397:Chest pain
373:myocardium
263:chest pain
251:myocardium
180:Medication
86:chest pain
70:cardiology
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5817:Pulmonary
5600:Pacemaker
5271:pulmonary
5252:tricuspid
5088:Alcoholic
4766:eMedicine
4655:eMedicine
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1320:Prognosis
1273:inotropes
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994:Diagnosis
939:apoptosis
901:Mechanism
895:radiation
800:clozapine
534:protozoan
382:Symptoms
337:diuretics
310:heart MRI
269:, and an
217:Frequency
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193:diuretics
164:Treatment
157:heart MRI
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5277:stenosis
5258:stenosis
5239:stenosis
5220:stenosis
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