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that the winter westerlies turn easterly. At this point planetary waves may no longer penetrate into the stratosphere ). Hence further upward transfer of energy is completely blocked and a very rapid easterly acceleration and the polar warming occur at this critical level, which must then move downward until eventually the warming and zonal wind reversal affect the entire polar stratosphere. The upward propagation of planetary waves and their interaction with the stratospheric mean flow is traditionally diagnosed via so-called
Eliassen-Palm fluxes.
179:
77:
36:
405:
The radiative cycle in the stratosphere means that during winter the mean flow is westerly and during summer it is easterly (westward). A final warming occurs on this transition, so that the polar vortex winds change direction for the warming and do not change back until the following winter. This is
395:
a stratospheric warming is called minor if a significant temperature increase is observed (that is, at least 25 degrees in a period of week or less) at any stratospheric level in any area of winter time hemisphere. The polar vortex is not broken down and the wind reversal from westerly to easterly is
352:
typically classify vortex breakdown into three categories: major, minor, and final. No unambiguous standard definition of these has so far been adopted. However, differences in the methodology to detect SSWs are not relevant as long as circulation in the polar stratosphere reverses. "Major SSWs occur
456:
weakens and simultaneously becomes distorted by the growing planetary waves. Because the wave amplitude increases with decreasing density this easterly acceleration process is not effective at fairly high levels. If the waves are sufficiently strong the mean zonal flow may decelerate sufficiently so
380:
a stratospheric warming can be said to be major if at 10 mb or below the latitudinal mean temperature increases poleward from 60 degree latitude and an associated circulation reversal is observed (that is, the prevailing mean westerly winds poleward of 60 latitude are succeeded by mean easterlies in
484:
Although sudden stratospheric warmings are mainly forced by planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere, there is also a subsequent return effect of sudden stratospheric warmings on surface weather. Following a sudden stratospheric warming, the high altitude westerly winds
443:
and are dissipated there, decelerating the westerly winds and warming the Arctic. This is the reason that major warmings are only observed in the northern-hemisphere, with two exceptions. In 2002 and 2019, southern-hemisphere major warmings were observed. These events are not fully understood.
485:
reverse and are replaced by easterlies. The easterly winds progress down through the atmosphere, often leading to a weakening of the tropospheric westerly winds, resulting in dramatic reductions in temperature in
Northern Europe. This process can take a few days to a few weeks to occur.
353:
when the winter polar stratospheric westerlies reverse to easterlies. In minor warmings, the polar temperature gradient reverses but the circulation does not, and in final warmings, the vortex breaks down and remains easterly until the following boreal autumn".
451:
establishes in the troposphere. This blocking pattern causes Rossby waves with zonal wavenumber 1 and/or 2 to grow to unusually large amplitudes. The growing wave propagates into the stratosphere and decelerates the westerly mean zonal winds. Thus the
476:, intensifying their interaction with the mean flow. Thus, there exists a statistically significant imbalance between the frequency of sudden stratospheric warmings if these events are grouped according to the QBO phase (easterly or westerly).
359:"There are two main types of SSW: displacement events in which the stratospheric polar vortex is displaced from the pole and split events in which the vortex splits into two or more vortices. Some SSWs are a combination of both types".
422:
In a usual northern-hemisphere winter, several minor warming events occur, with a major event occurring roughly every two years. One reason for major stratospheric warmings to occur in the
Northern hemisphere is because
414:
Canadian warmings occur in early winter in the stratosphere of the
Northern Hemisphere, typically from mid November to early December. They have no counterpart in the southern hemisphere.
390:
Minor warmings are similar to major warmings however they are less dramatic, the westerly winds are slowed, however do not reverse. Therefore, a breakdown of the vortex is never observed.
406:
because the stratosphere has entered the summer easterly phase. It is final because another warming cannot occur over the summer, so it is the final warming of the current winter.
265:(up to increases of about 50 °C (90 °F)) over the course of a few days. The warming is preceded by a slowing then reversal of the westerly winds in the stratospheric
2057:
Manney, Gloria L.; Sabutis, Joseph L.; Allen, Douglas R.; Lahoz, William A.; Scaife, Adam A.; Randall, Cora E.; Pawson, Steven; Naujokat, Barbara; Swinbank, Richard (2005).
269:. SSWs occur about six times per decade in the northern hemisphere, and about once every 20-30 years in the southern hemisphere. Only two southern SSWs have been observed.
2638:
Charlton, Andrew J.; Polvani, Lorenzo M.; Perlwitz, Judith; Sassi, Fabrizio; Manzini, Elisa; Shibata, Kiyotaka; Pawson, Steven; Nielsen, J. Eric; Rind, David (2007).
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289:(~40 km) and he became the first to observe stratospheric warming on 27 January 1952. After his discovery, he assembled a team of
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GEOS-5 Analyses and
Forecasts of the Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming of January 2013 NASA Global Modelling and Assimilation Office
375:
240:
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120:
63:
55:
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Sometimes a fourth category, the
Canadian warming, is included because of its unique and distinguishing structure and evolution.
2202:
Charney, J. G.; Drazin, P. G. (1961). "Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere".
127:
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is observed and the vortex will either be split into daughter vortices, or displaced from its normal location over the pole.
98:
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2726:
Pedatella, N.; Chau, J.; Schmidt, H.; Goncharenko, L.; Stolle, C.; Hocke, K.; Harvey, L.; Funke, B.; Siddiqui, T. (2018).
2506:"Climate Prediction Center - Monitoring & Data: Current Monthly Atmospheric and Sea Surface Temperatures Index Values"
2251:"Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: the generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration"
109:
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Butler, Amy H.; Seidel, Dian J.; Hardiman, Steven C.; Butchart, Neal; Birner, Thomas; Match, Aaron (1 November 2015).
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These occur when the westerly winds at 60N and 10 hPa reverse, i.e. become easterly. A complete disruption of the
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Lu, Qian; Rao, Jian; Liang, Zhuoqi; Guo, Dong; Luo, Jingjia; Liu, Siming; Wang, Chun; Wang, Tian (2021-07-28).
1962:
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2685:"A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part III: Polar Vortex Evolution and Vertical Structure"
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2015:
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2640:"A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part II: Evaluation of Numerical Model Simulations"
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Butler, Amy H.; Sjoberg, Jeremiah P.; Seidel, Dian J.; Rosenlof, Karen H. (9 February 2017).
17:
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Weather and
Climate Discussion, Reading Meteorology WCD Blog: Sudden Stratospheric Stirrings
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2333:"Observed Relationships Between Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and European Climate Extremes"
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2765:"The air above Antarctica is suddenly getting warmer – here's what it means for Australia"
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2605:"A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part I: Climatology and Modeling Benchmarks"
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453:
2059:"Simulations of Dynamics and Transport during the September 2002 Antarctic Major Warming"
1794:"How frequent are Antarctic sudden stratospheric warmings in present and future climate?"
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Palmeiro, Froila M; Barriopedro, David; Garcia-Herrera, Ricardo; Calvo, Natalia (2015).
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2457:"On the sudden stratospheric warming and polar vortex of early 2021 | NOAA Climate.gov"
1987:
Eliassen, A; Palm, T (1960). "On the transfer of energy in stationary mountain waves".
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and this group continued to map the northern-hemisphere stratospheric temperature and
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Table of Major mid-winter Sudden
Stratospheric Warming Events in Reanalyses Products
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Butler, Amy H.; Sjoberg, Jeremiah P.; Seidel, Dian J.; Rosenlof, Karen H. (2017).
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Wang, L; Hardiman, S C; Bett, P E; Comer, R E; Kent, C; Scaife, A A (2020-09-24).
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Ripesi, Patrizio; Ciciulla, Fabrizio; Maimone, Filippo; Pelino, Vinizio (2012).
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Matthewman, N. J.; Esler, J. G.; Charlton-Perez, A. J.; Polvani, L. M. (2009).
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and land-sea temperature contrasts are responsible for the generation of long (
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Hendon, Harry; Watkins, Andrew B.; Lim, Eun-Pa; Young, Griffith (2019-09-06).
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2157:"The February 2010 Arctic Oscillation Index and its stratospheric connection"
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1745:"What chance of a sudden stratospheric warming in the southern hemisphere?"
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era began, meteorological measurements became far more frequent. Although
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2006:
Varotsos, C. (2002). "The southern hemisphere ozone hole split in 2002".
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Stratospheric warmings: Synoptic, dynamic and general-circulation aspects
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1853:"The Southern Hemisphere sudden stratospheric warming of September 2019"
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1902:"Comparing Sudden Stratospheric Warming Definitions in Reanalysis Data"
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King, A.D.; Butler, A.H.; Jucker, M.; Earl, N.O.; Rudeva, I. (2019).
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2108:"Rare warming over Antarctica reveals power of stratospheric models"
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The first continued measurements of the stratosphere were taken by
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There exists a link between sudden stratospheric warmings and the
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Mclnturff cites the WMOs's
Commission for Atmospheric Sciences:
2728:"How sudden stratospheric warming affects the whole atmosphere"
172:
70:
29:
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UK Met Office: What is a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)?
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10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<2031:PWIHAV>2.0.CO;2
1968:(Report). NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office
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they also recorded data for the stratosphere. Today both
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Jucker, Martin; Reichler, Thomas; Waugh, Darryn (2021).
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Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
2384:"NOAA CSL: Chemistry & Climate Processes: SSWC"
285:to take reliable temperature readings in the upper
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2409:"The sudden stratospheric warming in January 2021"
468:is modified in such a way that upward-propagating
2603:Charlton, Andrew J.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (2007).
1851:Shen, Xiaocen; Wang, Lin; Osprey, Scott (2020).
2539:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
293:specifically to study the stratosphere at the
8:
2337:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2008:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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464:: If the QBO is in its easterly phase, the
2570:"A sudden stratospheric warming compendium"
1956:
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1704:"A sudden stratospheric warming compendium"
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2382:Laboratory (CSL), NOAA Chemical Sciences.
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241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2535:"Defining Sudden Stratospheric Warmings"
503:
378:'s Commission for Atmospheric Sciences:
186:This article includes a list of general
2292:"Scaling of Eliassen-Palm flux vectors"
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332:are used to take measurements of the
261:temperatures rise by several tens of
7:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2480:Center, NOAA's Climate Prediction.
2255:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
2063:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
1961:McInturff, Raymond M., ed. (1978).
439:. These waves travel upward to the
2482:"NOAA's Climate Prediction Center"
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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449:blocking-type circulation pattern
376:World Meteorological Organization
257:(SSW) is an event in which polar
45:This article has multiple issues.
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34:
2204:Journal of Geophysical Research
344:SSW is closely associated with
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2675:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-2383-7
2413:Environmental Research Letters
1755:(10). IOP Publishing: 104038.
1749:Environmental Research Letters
1678:"Sudden Stratospheric Warming"
340:Classification and description
110:"Sudden stratospheric warming"
1:
18:Sudden stratospheric warmings
1798:Geophysical Research Letters
320:were primarily used for the
255:sudden stratospheric warming
2296:Atmospheric Science Letters
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2133:10.1038/d41586-019-02985-8
1878:10.1016/j.scib.2020.06.028
462:quasi-biennial oscillation
2755:21.11116/0000-0000-E6F7-6
2574:Earth System Science Data
2552:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00173.1
1708:Earth System Science Data
295:Free University of Berlin
27:Meteorological phenomenon
2486:origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov
2434:10.1088/1748-9326/ac12f4
1989:Geofysiske Publikasjoner
1929:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0004.1
1770:10.1088/1748-9326/aba8c1
2290:Jucker, Martin (2021).
2224:10.1029/JZ066i001p00083
207:more precise citations.
2710:10.1175/2008JCLI2365.1
2595:10.5194/essd-9-63-2017
1729:10.5194/essd-9-63-2017
346:polar vortex breakdown
2510:www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov
2106:Lewis, Dyani (2019).
1829:1959.4/unsworks_79028
466:atmospheric waveguide
447:At an initial time a
301:for many years using
2814:Atmospheric dynamics
2745:10.1029/2018EO092441
2358:10.1029/2019JD030480
1819:10.1029/2021GL093215
95:improve this article
2701:2009JCli...22.1566M
2656:2007JCli...20..470C
2621:2007JCli...20..449C
2586:2017ESSD....9...63B
2425:2021ERL....16h4029L
2349:2019JGRD..12413943K
2343:(24): 13943–13961.
2308:2021AtScL..22E1020J
2267:1976JAtS...33.2031A
2216:1961JGR....66...83C
2173:2012QJRMS.138.1961R
2124:2019Natur.574..160L
2075:2005JAtS...62..690M
2020:2002ESPR....9..375V
1921:2015JCli...28.6823P
1869:2020SciBu..65.1800S
1810:2021GeoRL..4893215J
1761:2020ERL....15j4038W
1720:2017ESSD....9...63B
1650:Polar amplification
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472:are focused on the
299:geopotential height
2689:Journal of Climate
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2644:Journal of Climate
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2609:Journal of Climate
2167:(669): 1961–1969.
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2028:10.1007/BF02987584
1909:Journal of Climate
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328:and stratospheric
2545:(11): 1913–1928.
2261:(11): 2031–2048.
2118:(7777): 160–161.
1915:(17): 6823–6840.
1863:(21): 1800–1802.
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1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
490:
487:
481:
478:
419:
416:
411:
408:
402:
399:
387:
384:
364:
361:
350:Meteorologists
341:
338:
291:meteorologists
281:in 1951 using
274:
271:
249:
248:
231:
230:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
151:September 2010
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2826:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:(8): 084029.
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:(1): 83–109.
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
508:
507:
497:
488:
486:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:
450:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
417:
415:
409:
407:
400:
398:
397:
391:
385:
383:
382:
377:
372:
370:
362:
360:
357:
354:
351:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
259:stratospheric
256:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
202:
196:
195:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2735:
2731:
2692:
2688:
2647:
2643:
2612:
2608:
2580:(1): 63–76.
2577:
2573:
2542:
2538:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2388:csl.noaa.gov
2387:
2377:
2368:11343/286789
2340:
2336:
2326:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1937:10261/122618
1912:
1908:
1895:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1714:(1): 63–76.
1711:
1707:
1681:
483:
474:polar vortex
470:Rossby waves
459:
446:
441:stratosphere
433:Rossby waves
421:
413:
404:
394:
392:
389:
379:
373:
369:polar vortex
366:
358:
355:
343:
334:stratosphere
311:
307:rocketsondes
287:stratosphere
276:
267:polar vortex
254:
252:
237:
219:
213:January 2014
210:
191:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2695:(6): 1566.
523:ERA-Interim
509:Event Name
437:troposphere
330:radiosondes
322:troposphere
303:radiosondes
283:radiosondes
205:introducing
2774:2019-09-10
2650:(3): 470.
2615:(3): 449.
2515:2022-11-23
2491:2022-11-23
2466:2022-11-23
2393:2022-11-23
2069:(3): 690.
1682:Met Office
1661:References
1585:12-Feb-18
1582:12-Feb-18
1579:12-Feb-18
1574:12-Feb-18
1535:24-Mar-10
1532:24-Mar-10
1529:24-Mar-10
1524:24-Mar-10
1485:24-Jan-09
1482:24-Jan-09
1479:24-Jan-09
1474:24-Jan-09
1460:22-Feb-08
1457:22-Feb-08
1454:22-Feb-08
1449:22-Feb-08
1435:24-Feb-07
1432:24-Feb-07
1429:24-Feb-07
1424:24-Feb-07
1410:21-Jan-06
1407:21-Jan-06
1404:21-Jan-06
1399:21-Jan-06
1360:18-Jan-03
1357:18-Jan-03
1354:18-Jan-03
1349:18-Jan-03
1335:17-Feb-02
1326:18-Feb-02
1309:30-Dec-01
1306:31-Dec-01
1303:30-Dec-01
1300:31-Dec-01
1283:11-Feb-01
1280:11-Feb-01
1277:11-Feb-01
1274:11-Feb-01
1271:11-Feb-01
1257:20-Mar-00
1254:20-Mar-00
1251:20-Mar-00
1248:20-Mar-00
1245:20-Mar-00
1231:26-Feb-99
1228:26-Feb-99
1225:26-Feb-99
1222:26-Feb-99
1219:25-Feb-99
1205:15-Dec-98
1202:15-Dec-98
1199:15-Dec-98
1196:15-Dec-98
1193:15-Dec-98
1179:21-Feb-89
1176:21-Feb-89
1173:21-Feb-89
1170:21-Feb-89
1167:22-Feb-89
1153:14-Mar-88
1150:14-Mar-88
1147:14-Mar-88
1144:14-Mar-88
1141:14-Mar-88
1101:23-Jan-87
1098:23-Jan-87
1095:23-Jan-87
1092:23-Jan-87
1089:23-Jan-87
1049:24-Feb-84
1046:24-Feb-84
1043:24-Feb-84
1040:24-Feb-84
1037:24-Feb-84
945:29-Feb-80
942:29-Feb-80
939:29-Feb-80
936:29-Feb-80
933:29-Feb-80
917:22-Feb-79
914:22-Feb-79
911:22-Feb-79
908:22-Feb-79
868:31-Jan-73
863:31-Jan-73
844:20-Jan-71
839:20-Mar-71
836:20-Mar-71
820:18-Jan-71
815:18-Jan-71
812:17-Jan-71
767:13-Mar-69
764:13-Mar-69
748:29-Nov-68
743:28-Nov-68
740:27-Nov-68
700:23-Feb-66
695:23-Feb-66
692:24-Feb-66
676:18-Dec-65
671:16-Dec-65
644:23-Mar-65
628:30-Jan-63
623:28-Jan-63
604:17-Jan-60
599:17-Jan-60
596:16-Jan-60
572:30-Nov-58
556:30-Jan-58
551:31-Jan-58
548:30-Jan-58
429:wavenumber
326:satellites
318:satellites
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2561:0003-0007
2443:1748-9326
2232:129826760
2189:122729063
2093:119492652
1838:236260013
1779:1748-9326
1621:JAN 2021
1610:2-Jan-19
1607:2-Jan-19
1604:2-Jan-19
1599:2-Jan-19
1596:JAN 2019
1571:FEB 2018
1560:6-Jan-13
1557:7-Jan-13
1554:6-Jan-13
1549:7-Jan-13
1546:JAN 2013
1521:MAR 2010
1510:9-Feb-10
1507:9-Feb-10
1504:9-Feb-10
1499:9-Feb-10
1496:FEB 2010
1471:JAN 2009
1446:FEB 2008
1421:FEB 2007
1396:JAN 2006
1385:5-Jan-04
1382:5-Jan-04
1379:5-Jan-04
1374:7-Jan-04
1371:JAN 2004
1346:JAN 2003
1320:FEB 2002
1297:2-Jan-02
1294:DEC 2001
1268:FEB 2001
1242:MAR 2000
1216:FEB 1999
1190:DEC 1998
1164:FEB 1989
1138:MAR 1988
1127:8-Dec-87
1124:8-Dec-87
1121:8-Dec-87
1118:8-Dec-87
1115:8-Dec-87
1112:DEC 1987
1086:JAN 1987
1075:1-Jan-85
1072:1-Jan-85
1069:1-Jan-85
1066:1-Jan-85
1063:2-Jan-85
1060:JAN 1985
1034:FEB 1984
1023:4-Dec-81
1020:4-Dec-81
1017:4-Dec-81
1014:4-Dec-81
1011:4-Dec-81
1008:DEC 1981
994:4-Mar-81
991:4-Mar-81
988:4-Mar-81
982:MAR 1981
968:6-Feb-81
956:FEB 1981
930:FEB 1980
905:FEB 1979
892:9-Jan-77
887:9-Jan-77
881:JAN 1977
860:2-Feb-73
857:JAN 1973
833:MAR 1971
809:JAN 1971
796:2-Jan-70
791:2-Jan-70
788:2-Jan-70
785:JAN 1970
761:MAR 1969
737:NOV 1968
724:7-Jan-68
719:7-Jan-68
713:JAN 1968
689:FEB 1966
668:8-Dec-65
665:DEC 1965
641:MAR 1965
617:JAN 1963
593:JAN 1960
569:NOV 1958
545:JAN 1958
540:QBO 50mb
513:NCEP-NCAR
425:orography
314:satellite
56:talk page
2808:Category
2719:15983602
2249:(1976).
2142:31595070
2044:45351011
2036:12515343
1945:53970984
1887:36659119
1644:See also
1634:La Niña
1613:El Niño
1588:La Niña
1563:Neutral
1538:El Niño
1513:El Niño
1488:La Niña
1463:La Niña
1438:El Niño
1413:La Niña
1388:Neutral
1363:El Niño
1338:Neutral
1312:Neutral
1286:La Niña
1260:La Niña
1234:La Niña
1208:La Niña
1182:La Niña
1156:El Niño
1130:El Niño
1104:El Niño
1078:La Niña
1052:La Niña
1026:Neutral
1000:Neutral
974:Neutral
948:El Niño
922:Neutral
897:El Niño
873:El Niño
849:La Niña
825:La Niña
801:El Niño
777:El Niño
753:El Niño
729:La Niña
705:El Niño
681:El Niño
657:La Niña
633:Neutral
609:Neutral
585:El Niño
561:El Niño
431:1 or 2)
418:Dynamics
410:Canadian
2697:Bibcode
2652:Bibcode
2617:Bibcode
2582:Bibcode
2421:Bibcode
2345:Bibcode
2304:Bibcode
2263:Bibcode
2212:Bibcode
2169:Bibcode
2120:Bibcode
2071:Bibcode
2016:Bibcode
1995:: 1023.
1917:Bibcode
1865:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1716:Bibcode
435:in the
273:History
263:kelvins
201:improve
135:scholar
2717:
2559:
2441:
2230:
2187:
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