Emperor Yang of Sui

1667:, Liu Shu , the minister of defense , and Yuan Yan the court administrator, were all attending to him. The Emperor ordered the Crown Prince to enter the palace to stay at Dabao Hall . The Crown Prince thought that precautions needed to be taken in case of the Emperor's death, and therefore he personally wrote a secret note to inquire of Yang Su what precautions to take. Yang Su wrote a return note detailing his security precautions, but by error the palace attendants delivered it to the Emperor. The Emperor was greatly displeased. Further, one morning, Consort Chen was going to the latrine. Yang Guang could not resist her beauty, and grabbed her, wanting to have sexual relations with her. She resisted and fled back to the Emperor. The Emperor was surprised by her anxiety and asked her; she shed tears and stated, "The Crown Prince was being indecent to me." The Emperor was shocked and angry, pounding the bed and stating, "Animal! How can I give him the important affairs? Dugu destroyed me!" He then summoned Liu and Yuan, telling them, "Summon my son!" They were about to summon the Crown Prince when he clarified, "Yang Yong!" Liu and Yuan left the palace to write the edict. When Yang Su heard this, he reported to the Crown Prince, and thereafter an edict of the Emperor was forged to arrest Liu and Yuan and detain them at the jail at the Supreme Court. The guards of the Eastern Palace were summoned to take over security from the Renshou Palace guards. Security measures were instituted to disallow entry into or exit out of the palace. Yuwen Shu and Guo Yan were put in command. Further, the deputy chief of staff for the Crown Prince's palace, Zhang Heng entered the Emperor's palace to attend to his medical needs. Zhang expelled all of the 1149:. However, contrary to the desires of the generals, Emperor Yang ordered that their tactical decisions must first be submitted to and approved by him before they could be carried out. Thus all the Goguryeo forts and cities were able to withstand Sui forces and thus there was not much chance of Manchuria being successfully conquered. Emperor Yang, however, made a new plan to keep the Goguryeo forts at bay while sending another army, alongside the navy. to siege the Goguryeo capital. The navy arrived first and with a haste order, the navy attacked the capital but were defeated by ambush. The navy then waited for the land army to arrive. The supply of food had also been greatly delayed and many Sui soldiers died of famine. Then the Goguryeo General Eulji Meundeok rallied Goguryeo forces, and constantly harassed them with ambushes and feigned retreats. The Sui army had come to the Salsu River, but Eulji and the Goguryeo forces were waiting in ambush. A dam was made at the Salsu River to make the river seem it was shallow. When the Sui army was in the middle of the River, the dam was opened and many Sui soldiers drowned. Out of the 305,000 men that entered the river, only 2,700 soldiers escaped death. Thus the Sui army, or what was left of it, retreated back to Sui. This war had, however, resulted in devastating losses for the Sui in terms of soldiers, money and support from the people. 1261:), who had fled to Goguryeo after his association with Yang Xuangan was discovered. Lai initially opposed ending the campaign, but did finally withdraw after ordered by Emperor Yuan. Emperor Yang executed Husi using the same kind of cruelty that he employed against Yang Jishan and Wei Fusi, but afterwards, when he again summoned Goguryeo's King Yeong-yang to meet him, King Yeong-yang again ignored him. Emperor Yang declared a fourth campaign against Goguryeo—but he never actually launched it. Meanwhile, agrarian rebellions continued to rise. While generals such as Zhang Xutuo and Wang Sichong enjoyed victories here and there, the situation was deteriorating for the welfare of the Sui state at large. 1545:. Do not worry. Let us drink and be merry." It was also said that on another occasion, when he was looking in the mirror, he told Empress Xiao, "I have a good neck, and I'm waiting for someone to sever it." Empress Xiao, surprised and distressed by his comment, asked him why he was saying so, and he responded and smiled, "Honor and wealth and poverty and dishonor, as well as pain and pleasure, all come in cycles. Why be distressed?" Meanwhile, not wanting to return to the turbulent north, he discussed with his officials about moving the capital to Danyang (丹楊, in modern 1571:), worried that Emperor Yang would punish them, began considering rebelling and taking the Xiaoguo Army north themselves instead. They associated with a number of other officers and officials, discussing so publicly that even the ladies in waiting began to hear about it. When one reported to Empress Xiao, Empress Xiao had her report to Emperor Yang—but Emperor Yang, not wishing to hear about the bad news, beheaded her. When another reported to Empress Xiao, Empress Xiao no longer permitted her to report to Emperor Yang, figuring that it was too late. 1675:. Soon thereafter, the Emperor died. Thereafter, there were different views as to how he died. When Consort Chen and the other women of the palace heard of this, they stared at each other in fear and shook with fear. At dusk, the Crown Prince sent a eunuch with a small gold box, personally sealed by the Crown Prince, to be delivered to Consort Chen. When Consort Chen saw it, she, believing that there was poison inside, was very fearful, and did not dare to open it. Only after the eunuch urged her did she open it. Instead, the box contained several 1685:

after Emperor Wen's death Emperor Yang took Consorts Chen and Cai as his concubines. Further, after Zhang lost Emperor Yang's favors and eventually was executed in 612, Zhang lamented at the execution field, "What did I do for him that I can expect to live long?" The warden, apparently believing in the murder theory himself, immediately covered his ears to avoid hearing any details and had Zhang immediately executed. They further pointed out how Liu Shu and Yuan Yan were exiled and Yang Yong executed immediately following Emperor Wen's death.

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of response, prepared a campaign against Goguryeo. With Sui appearing to be in its prime, both governmental officials and the people were initially in support of a campaign to conquer Goguryeo. In spring 611, Emperor Yang went to Zhuo Commandery and announced the campaign against Goguryeo. Several hundred men were conscripted, and it was said that even before they could get to Zhuo Commandery, disease and fatigue had already caused much loss of life. In response, a number of conscripted soldiers deserted and became agrarian rebels.

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Commandery (although Li soon, fearful of Zhai, killed him and seized Zhai's army). A number of other agrarian rebels at least nominally submitted to Li Mi, including Dou and Li Yuan, and it was often thought at the time that Li Mi would soon be able to become emperor. Emperor Yang sent Wang to Luoyang to aid in its defenses, and Li's offensives stalled. Meanwhile, Li Yuan advanced southwest and captured Chang'an in winter 617. He declared Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong) while honoring Emperor Yang as

726:(which displeased Empress Dugu). Yang Guang, by contrast, pretended to be frugal and loving only Princess Xiao. (It was written that Yang Guang did have concubines, but he pretended that he did not, and that he forced his concubines to have abortions if they became pregnant.) Yang Guang further inflamed Empress Dugu by informing her that she believed that Yang Yong was determined to kill him eventually. Empress Yang thus resolved to remove Yang Yong. Yang Guang further had his associate 974:, who also discouraged him from giving excessive rewards to Ashina Rangan, from his post. (Traditional historians attribute Gao's death to Gao's refusal to keep Chen Shubao's Consort Zhang alive in 589.) As Xiao Cong had a deep friendship with Heruo Bi, and there had been rumors that the Xiaos would rise again, the superstitious Emperor Yang also removed Xiao Cong from his post. Qimin visited Yangdi at Yulin. 769:), and had great resources at his disposal. Yang Guang collected evidence of Yang Xiu's wrongdoing, particularly wastefulness, and had Yang Su submit them to Emperor Wen. Emperor Wen summoned Yang Xiu back to the capital and had Yang Su investigate, and both Yang Guang and Yang Su further manufactured evidence against Yang Xiu. Emperor Wen reduced Yang Xiu to commoner rank and put him under house arrest. 1383:, advised Zhai to directly assault the Luoyang region. Zhai agreed, and killed Zhang Xutuo in a battle; thereafter, the morale of the Sui troops became greatly damaged. Zhai, believing in the prophecies about the next emperor being a Li, began to honor Li Mi as his leader. Meanwhile, the Sui general Yang Yichen was having success against the rebels north of the Yellow River, killing Zhang Jincheng ( 2016: 1976: 1923: 1720:, not Consort Chen, was the concubine involved. They also pointed out that all of the circumstantial evidence had other plausible explanations—and that, indeed, why were Liu and Yuan not killed if they knew the truth? However, the idea that Emperor Wen was killed on Emperor Yang's orders has become ingrained in the traditional Chinese mindset, although the truth might never be known. 113: 742:) accuse Yang Yong of plotting treason. Emperor Wen had Yang Su investigate, and Yang Guang and Yang Su manufactured evidence against Yang Yong. Emperor Wen deposed Yang Yong and replaced him with Yang Guang on 13 December 600, putting Yang Yong under house arrest under Yang Guang's watch. Yang Guang later prevented Yang Yong from all attempts of seeing his parents again. 679:), were executed. It was said that the people praised Yang Guang for his actions. Chen Shubao and his own clan members, however, were treated with kindness, and at Yang Guang's request, Chen Shubao sent letters to Chen generals who had not yet surrendered to persuade them to do so, and they largely did. Later that year, Yang Guang's forces escorted them to the capital 1541:

Emperor Yang's favored concubines would be their guests. Emperor Yang began to come to the realization that his fall was near, but still commented as if he did not care. It was said that on one occasion, he told Empress Xiao, "There must be many people who want to hurt me. However, I will at least be the Duke of Changcheng , and you will at least be like

1270:) was intending to carry out a coup to replace Emperor Yang with his nephew Li Min (李敏, son-in-law of Emperor Yang's sister Yang Lihua the Princess Leping) and worried about prophecies that someone named Li would become the next emperor, Emperor Yang had Li Hun, Li Min, and their clansmen executed, and further poisoned Yang Lihua's daughter Yuwen Eying ( 866:, were said to be constructed within five months, but at substantial cost of life—40% to 50% of the men employed. Emperor Yang also ordered that some 40 secondary palaces be built around the empire, so that he could visit the various provinces, arguing that he needed to do so to see the conditions of the empire so that he could govern effectively. 805:. After some initial successes, Yang Liang's offenses stalled. Emperor Yang sent Yang Su against him, and Yang Su proceeded quickly to Yang Liang's headquarters at Bing Province, capturing Xiao and forcing Yang Liang to surrender. Emperor Yang did not execute Yang Liang, but reduced him to commoner rank and imprisoned him for the rest of his life. 1036:

investigations into Yang Jian's violation of laws, and discovered that Yang Jian had used witchcraft to curse Yang Zhao's three sons. In anger, Emperor Yang executed and exiled a number of Yang Jian's associates, but he did not depose Yang Jian, although from this point on Yang Jian did not exert much influence on the political scene.

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became his own personal guards. In response to the conscription order, even more men deserted and joined the agrarian rebels, throwing the northern central part of the empire into a state of confusion. With the officials on command having little military training, the rebels went largely unchecked. One notable exception was general

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Chang'an, but went to Luoyang instead; he continued to prepare a campaign against Goguryeo; he did not bestow any monetary rewards on the garrison or its reinforcements; and he was sparing in the promotion of the officers involved. When Fan and Xiao Yu reminded him of the promises, Emperor Yang rebuked Fan and demoted Xiao Yu.

649:), beheaded her. Yang Guang thereafter resented Gao greatly, stating sarcastically, "It has been said, 'You should repay every good deed done to you.' I will repay Duke Gao later." By Yang Guang's orders, several of Chen Shubao's favorite officials, who were considered reasons for Chen's downfall, including Shi Wenqing ( 1303:. In accordance with Turkish customs, Princess Yicheng had married him as her husband's successor; having been well treated by the empress during an earlier visit, though, she sent a secret warning of his plans to the emperor and his wife. The imperial train sought refuge at the commandery seat in present-day 1187:

had rebelled near Luoyang. With the people disaffected by the Goguryeo campaigns, Yang Xuangan received much popular support and threatened Luoyang. Emperor Yang, in fear, lifted the siege on Liaodong and also ordered the southern offensive to be terminated, returning to Zhuo Commandery while sending

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to Ashina Rangan happened to be present, and Ashina Rangan introduced him to Emperor Yang. Emperor Yang ordered King Yeong-yang to come visit him, offering to reward him if he did so and to punish him if he did not do so. King Yeong-yang did not respond, and by 611, Emperor Yang, insulted by the lack

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Also in summer 607, Emperor Yang embarked on a tour of the northern provinces, building an imperial highway from Chang'an to Jinyang (晉陽, the capital of Bing Province). He then personally visited the imperial tent of Ashina Rangan, whose display of submission and loyalty caused Emperor Yang to bestow

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The top of the tomb had been damaged by later buildings built on top of it, and the tomb had been robbed in antiquity. No coffin or human remains have been found in the tomb, but a number of artefacts have been recovered, including a pair of lion-shaped gold-inlaid iron door-knockers and a jade belt

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knots . Her ladies in waiting were relieved and became happy, stating to each other, "Finally, death is avoided." Consort Chen, in shame and anger, sat down and refused to accept the box. The ladies in waiting forced her to bow to the eunuch. That night, the Crown Prince ordered Consort Chen to have

1619:). Yuwen Huaji thereafter declared Yang Hao emperor. Empress Xiao and the ladies in waiting, with no one else to help them, were forced to make makeshift caskets for Emperor Yang and Yang Gao using headboards from their beds. It was not until Yuwen Huaji left Jiangdu that the Sui official Chen Leng ( 1035:

Also in 608, initially over disputes over women (Yang Jian's having taken a concubine that Emperor Yang himself wanted) and hunting (Yang Jian's guards having been much more successful than Emperor Yang's guards at hunting), Emperor Yang's relationship with Yang Jian began to deteriorate. He ordered

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Emperor Yang was also a patron of the arts, having expanded the number of foreign orchestras (from across Asia) at the Sui court from seven to nine. He was, in fact, quite a gifted artist himself, but one prone to horrible fits of jealousy and stubbornness, who seldom listened to the advice of more

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as their leader. In late spring 618, they launched the coup. They entered the palace and surrounded Emperor Yang, accusing him of crimes. Emperor Yang admitted his faults, but pointed out that he had always treated them well—drawing the response from Sima: "All of the earth is angry at you. It does

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By fall 616, Emperor Yang had resolved to go to Jiangdu, at Yuwen Shu's suggestion. A number of officials opposed, reasoning that if he left Luoyang, Luoyang would fall into enemy hands; Emperor Yang punished all, some with execution, and proceeded to Jiangdu. He wrote a farewell poem to the ladies

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against the rebels. Wang was able to suppress the rebellions, for the most part, and thereafter began to rise in prominence at Emperor Yang's court. Meanwhile, Emperor Yang ordered that rebels' possessions could be confiscated at will. The local officials, however, used this as an excuse to execute

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In spring 614, Emperor Yang again proposed another campaign against Goguryeo. Although his officials did not approve, none dared to oppose him. Many of the soldiers ordered to report to Zhuo Commandery deserted. Emperor Yang tried to stop desertions by executing those who deserted, but still could

783:), he fell ill and then died—a death, however, that traditional historians, while admitting a lack of direct evidence, believed to be a murder ordered by Yang Guang (see below). Yang Guang, after sending Yang Yue to kill Yang Yong, announced Emperor Wen's death and took the throne as Emperor Yang. 1745:

The tomb is 4.98 × 5.88 meters in dimension, which is smaller than many non-royal tombs of the period. The reason for the tomb's small size according to Chinese archaeologists is that the emperor died suddenly when he escaped to Yangzhou during a coup, and there was no time to build a grand tomb.

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More detailed versions of the story largely alleged that Zhang Heng personally killed Emperor Wen by pounding his chest and breaking his ribs. The advocates for the theory that Emperor Wen was killed on Emperor Yang's orders also pointed to other circumstantial evidence, including how immediately

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Meanwhile, at Jiangdu, it was said that Emperor Yang's lifestyle grew increasingly decadent. His palace contained over 100 chambers, each exceedingly luxurious and full of beautiful women. The women of each chamber would serve as hostesses for a feast each day, and Emperor Yang, Empress Xiao, and

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By spring 617, Li Mi and Zhai had captured Emperor Yang's main food storages near Luoyang, the Luokou and Huiluo Storages, thus keeping their army well-supplied while making the Sui forces at Luoyang beginning to lack food. Li Mi took the title of Duke of Wei, while creating Zhai the Duke of Dong

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imperial gathering in 616, 20 odd commanderies' messengers did not arrive—either because they had fallen into rebel hands, or because their messengers were intercepted or killed on the way. Only then did Emperor Yang begin talking about suppressing the rebels. Apparently beginning to consider the

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In spring 613, Emperor Yang again ordered that soldiers be gathered at Zhuo Commandery, as he prepared a second campaign against Goguryeo. He also selected the most elite of the soldiers into a specialized corps, the Xiaoguo Army (驍果, meaning, "the strong and brave"). Thereafter, the Xiaoguo Army

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were under attack from the north and relief troops from Luoyang and the other commanderies began arriving, so the khan lifted the siege. With the danger passed and credit muddled, Emperor Yang followed the advice of Su and Yuwen to renege on most of his promises: he did not return to the capital

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to flee. Murong Fuyun initially considered submitting to Sui, and Emperor Yang sent Yuwen with an army to welcome him. However, when Murong Fuyun changed his mind, Yuwen attacked him and seized much of Tuyuhun's people. When Murong Fuyun fled further, Emperor Yang had his forces seize Tuyuhun's

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Despite his accomplishments, Emperor Yang is generally considered by traditional historians to be one of the worst tyrants in Chinese history and the reason for the Sui dynasty's relatively short rule. His failed campaigns against Goguryeo, and the conscriptions levied to man them, coupled with

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itself, considered generally a highly reliable source due to its relatively contemporary nature and the high quality of its other scholarship, itself contained a more conservatively-worded version of the attempted rape and murder accusation in the biography of Consort Chen, although it did not

1585:) strangled him with it. The coup participants also killed a number of high-level officials and relatives of Emperor Yang, including Emperor Yang's brother Yang Xiu and his sons, son Yang Jian and his sons, grandson Yang Tan the Prince of Yan, Yu Shiji, Pei Yun, Lai Hu'er, Yuan Chong ( 1700:), no allegations of patricide was levied against Emperor Yang in either Emperor Wen's or Emperor Yang's biographies, or Zhang's, even though many other accusations were made of Emperor Yang's misrule. Indeed, they pointed out the origin of the murder theory appeared to come from the 960:). He established three additional independent agencies and five independent departments. He also organized the imperial army into 16 corps. He abolished three levels of noble titles—the counts, the viscounts, and the barons—keeping only the princes, the dukes, and the marquesses. 1204:), also came to Luoyang's aid. Together, these forces outnumbered Yang Xuangan's and dealt him several defeats. Yang Xuangan decided to try to advance west to capture Chang'an as a base of operations, but on the way was again defeated, and he had his brother Yang Jishan ( 1075:, whom Murong Fuyun had earlier sent to Sui as a hostage, as Tuyuhun's new khan, but the Tuyuhun people would not accept him, and Murong Shun was forced back to Sui territory. Emperor Yang also received 27 rulers of Xiyu kingdoms in an audience at Zhangye (張掖, in modern 1066:

Later in spring 609, Emperor Yang conducted a tour of the newly conquered Tuyuhun territory, and sent several generals to chase down Murong Fuyun. The Sui forces engaged Murong Fuyun's remaining forces, with mixed success, but Murong Fuyun was forced to flee to

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the Prince of Qi (note different character than Emperor Wen) the de facto successor, leaving Yang Jian in charge of Luoyang whenever he would be away from Luoyang. Yang Su, whom Emperor Yang pretended to respect but actually feared, also died in summer 606.

818:, designating it as the eastern capital, and would rarely return to Chang'an thereafter. He ordered that major construction projects be carried out at Luoyang, commensurate with the necessities of having it as the actual capital, and he left his oldest son, 822:

the Prince of Jin, in charge of Chang'an. He conscripted several hundred thousands of young men to dig a lengthy trench to surround the Luoyang region, intending that it serve as a defense perimeter. He also ordered that women and servants be exempted from

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Starting in 605, Emperor Yang also started a massive number of construction projects—including the building of the imperial palace at Luoyang, described to be particularly luxurious. Further, he conscripted a large number of men to build the Tongji Canal

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Ashina Shetu submitted to Sui. Yang Guang suggested to Emperor Wen that he rejected Ashina Shetu's overture and launch a major attack on Tujue, but Emperor Wen refused. In 585, with Ashina Shetu under attack from one of his subordinate khans, the

1331:'s advice, Emperor Yang also personally visited the soldiers defending the city, raising morale by promising to end the campaigns against Goguryeo and to reward them with honors and treasure. Princess Yicheng falsely informed Shibi Khan that the 1629:, becoming Emperor Gaozu, and had somewhat reunified the empire, he reburied Emperor Yang with honors. The tomb was moved several times, and it was said that because of his immoral behaviour lightning struck the tomb wherever it was relocated. 1255:

not stem the tide of desertions. Goguryeo forces had also been constantly ambushing the Sui army and the Sui supply line. Goguryeo offered peace, for Goguryeo had also been exhausted. Goguryeo also returned Yang Xuangan's associate Husi Zheng (

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In fall 605, after the completion of the Tongji and Han Canals, Emperor Yang carried out the first of 11 (counting military campaigns) tours that he would eventually undertake of various parts of the empire, going to Jiangdu—the capital of

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In summer 607, Emperor Yang abolished provinces and changed them to commanderies. At the same time, he reorganized his father's governmental system of having five main bureaus, keeping four of the main bureaus—the executive bureau (尚書省,

1356:. However, he did not like to hear news about rebels, and when Su expressed concerns about the rebels, Emperor Yang had Su falsely accused of crimes and initially was poised to execute him, but instead demoted him to commoner rank. 1579:

not stop at just one man." They killed Yang Gao on the spot to show him that they were serious. Emperor Yang offered to swallow poison, but none could be found quickly. He then took off his scarf, and the soldier Linghu Xingda (

1133:, then to Sui. Emperor Yang accepted Ashina Daman's submission, and thereafter divided his people into three groups, while leaving Ashina Daman as titularly khan, although he never allowed Ashina Daman to return to his people. 1031:

where the sun rises, to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets, may good health be with you." Displeased by what he saw as insolence, he ordered that in the future, "insolent" letters from other states not be submitted to him.

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By 612, the soldiers had been gathered at Zhuo Commandery, and Emperor Yang launched his attack, attacking a number of cities in Goguryeo territory, but targeting mainly at the important city of Liaodong (遼東, in modern

683:. At the ceremony to present Chen Shubao to Emperor Wen, Yang Guang marched into the palace first, and Emperor Wen bestowed on Yang Guang decorated wagons, horses, clothing, and jade. Afterwards, Yang Jun was given the 1641:, it was generally assumed that Emperor Wen was killed on Emperor Yang's orders—although more neutral historians generally assumed it to be true while stating that there was no direct evidence. An example is the 1655:, generally considered one of the most reliable, albeit secondary, sources in Chinese history, which, after mentioning Emperor Wen's death and giving a commentary on Emperor Wen's reign, then gave this account: 1399:, fearful of Yang Yichen's talent, ostensibly promoted Yang Yichen and recalled him to be a minister. Yang Yichen died soon thereafter, and the rebels north of the Yellow River reinvigorated themselves under 398:, after consulting with oracles, to Yang Guang. Yang Guang was made the Prince of Jin after Emperor Wen established the Sui dynasty in 581. In 588, he was granted command of the five armies that invaded the 1222:) carried out mass-scale reprisals, executing a large number of people who had followed Yang Xuangan. Around the new year 614, by Emperor Yang's orders, Yang Jishan and Yang Xuangan's strategist Wei Fusi ( 898:

In summer 606, Yang Zhao the Crown Prince became ill while visiting Luoyang, and soon died. Emperor Yang would not create another crown prince for the rest of his reign, creating Yang Zhao's sons Yang Tan

3810: 736:) that, because Yang Su's relationship with Yang Yong was not good, that their family would be in peril should Yang Yong succeed Emperor Wen. Finally, Yang Guang also had Yang Yong's associate Ji Wei ( 1123:

Also in 611, angry that Western Tujue's khan Ashina Daman, while nominally submissive, had refused to visit him, Emperor Yang had Pei Ju persuade Ashina Daman's subordinate khan Ashina Shegui (

801:. Yang Liang received support from 19 provinces, but lacked a coherent plan as to whether to try to challenge Emperor Yang for the control of the entire empire, or just the region north of the 702:—a traditional ceremony for emperors, but one that was rarely carried out. Emperor Wen rejected the elaborate traditional ceremonies, but did carry out a reduced ceremony at Mount Tai. 410:

in 600. After the death of his father in 604, generally considered, though unproven, by most traditional historians to be a murder ordered by Yang Guang, he ascended the Sui throne.

1553:). His elite Xiaoguo Army guards, missing their families in the north and realizing that Emperor Yang did not intend to return north, began to desert. Their commanders Sima Dekan ( 695:) commandant post, and Yang Guang was returned to Bing Province. In 590, Emperor Wen swapped the defense posts of Yang Jun and Yang Guang, returning Yang Guang to Yang Province. 496:(the later Emperor Xuan) in 573. He was considered handsome and intelligent in his youth, and of Yang Jian's and Duchess Dugu's sons, they favored him the most. Sometime during 1311:, which Shibi Khan and his army put under siege on September 11. It was said that Emperor Yang became so fearful that he cried all day long while holding onto his youngest son 1023:, submitted to Sui as a vassal. However, also in 608, Emperor Yang received a letter claiming to be from the Emperor of Japan, Duolisibigu (多利思比孤, now commonly believed to be 587:), and made him the commandant there as well as the head the branch of the executive bureau established there. In winter 588, Emperor Wen launched a major attack on the rival 791:

An immediate challenge that Emperor Yang faced was a rebellion by his brother Yang Liang, then the commandant at Bing Province, who was encouraged by the generals Wang Kui (

1129:) to rebel against Ashina Daman, promising to give him a Sui princess in marriage. Ashina Shegui thus rebelled against Ashina Daman, forcing Ashina Daman to flee, first to 1742:), indicating that the tomb was that of Emperor Yang. It is thought that the other tomb may be that of the emperor's consort, but it has not yet been properly excavated. 1688:

However, particularly in more recent times, some historians have questioned this theory. They pointed out that in the most official histories written not long after (the

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By 600, Yang Guang's older brother Yang Yong had lost the favors of Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu—over his wastefulness (which displeased Emperor Wen) and his having many

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In spring 600, with Ashina Dianjue, who had by now become Tujue's khan, attacking the borders, Emperor Wen sent Yang Guang, Yang Su the Duke of Yue, Yang Guang's brother

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of Yangzhou during work on a housing development. A stone epitaph found in the western tomb was inscribed with the title "Tomb epitaph of the late Emperor Yang of Sui" (

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In spring 607, Ashina Rangan visited Emperor Yang at Luoyang. Also in spring 607, at the instigation of Yuwen Shu, Emperor Yang had Yang Yong's eight sons put to death.

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After Empress Wenxian died, Emperor Wen greatly favored both Consort Chen (the Lady Xuanhua) and Consort Cai (the Lady Ronghua). Consort Chen was the daughter of

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as its Emperor Wen. Emperor Wen created Yang Yong crown prince and created his other sons imperial princes. Yang Guang thus received the title of Prince of Jin.

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were in command of the three main prongs of the operation, with Yang Guang in command of the eastern prong as well as the overall operation. The key official

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in southern China and was widely praised for the success of this campaign. These military achievements, as well as his machinations against his older brother

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It is widely believed that Yang Guang also continued to scheme to secure his status as the crown prince. Such commonly believed tales include the following:

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While no allegations were made at the time that Emperor Wen's death was anything other than the result of illness, starting from the time of the succeeding

1096:) (the daughter of a clansman of Emperor Yang). Emperor Yang agreed. Also in 609, Emperor Yang, jealous of the literary talent of the official Xue Daoheng ( 4379: 4349: 4364: 772:

Also in 602, Empress Dugu died. It was said that Yang Guang pretended to mourn greatly, refusing most foods, but in private continued to dine normally.

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Ashina Duojishi. Pursuant to Tujue customs, Ashina Duojishi requested permission from Emperor Yang to marry Ashina Rangan's wife Princess Yicheng (

437:, left the empire bankrupt and the populace in revolt. With northern China in turmoil, Emperor Yang spent his last days in Jiangdu (江都, in modern 874:, where he had been commandant previously—on an imperial ship that was said to be sufficiently large and luxurious to serve as floating palaces. 1105:

By this time, it was said that Emperor Yang's lifestyle had become particularly wasteful, and that he no longer felt bound by moral principles.

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In summer 613, Emperor Yang crossed the Liao River again and put Manchuria under siege. However, at this time, news arrived that Yang Su's son

3790: 4334: 3575: 3140: 842:'s last emperor) and made him, as well as many of her other relatives, important officials, creating him the greater title of Duke of Liang. 3762: 3758: 3750: 834:, and Yang Zhao as crown prince. He also abolished the offices of military commandants. He, at this time, trusted Empress Xiao's brother 4354: 457:

increased taxation to finance these wars, and civil unrest as a result of this taxation, ultimately led to the downfall of the dynasty.

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In 610, Emperor Yang visited Jiangdu again, and this time elevated Jiangdu's importance so that it effectively became a third capital.

4102: 970:), and Heruo Bi privately expressed disapproval, Emperor Yang discovered their criticism and put all of them to death, while removing 3834: 3485: 86: 64: 1344:

idea of evacuating to south of the Yangtze River, he ordered that a major palace be built at Piling Commandery (毗陵, roughly modern

421:. He also ordered several military expeditions that brought Sui to its greatest territorial extent, one of which, the conquest of 3754: 3746: 1537:(retired emperor), and he himself wielded actual authority over the western Sui commanderies under the title of Prince of Tang. 4339: 1279:

Later in 615, Emperor Yang carried out a tour of the northern provinces with the Empress Xiao and much of the imperial court.

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Emperor Yang, ruling from 604 to 618, committed to several large construction projects, most notably the completion of the

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talented individuals. He was a talented poet but killed two poets after he found their stanzas to be superior to his own.

1696: 1663:. Consort Cai was from Danyang . The Emperor grew ill at Renshou Palace, and was bedridden. Yang Su, the left head of the 1491: 835: 515: 493: 3465: 3455: 3302: 3272: 1228:) were publicly executed in exceedingly cruel manners—the officials all fired arrows at them, and then they were further 1060:

In spring 609, Ashina Rangan made another visit to Emperor Yang, and Emperor Yang again rewarded him with much treasure.

895:) requisition Tujue troops under Ashina Rangan to attack Khitan. The Khitan forces were caught by surprise and defeated. 3827: 1454:

region, announcing that he wanted to make Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai, then at Chang'an, emperor.

3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3255: 3201: 839: 3850: 1733: 1249: 466: 31: 4389: 4344: 3872: 3646: 3567: 1784: 1609:) the Duke of Liang (Empress Xiao's nephew). The only close relative to Emperor Yang who was spared was his nephew 553: 206: 4117: 2391: 3385: 3178: 1574:

Meanwhile, the Xiaoguo Army officers planning the mutiny had by this time decided on supporting Yuwen Shu's son

1235:

Around the same time, there were also rebellions south of the Yangtze River, and Emperor Yang sent the official

3738: 2115: 1332: 871: 862:), connecting the Huai River and the Yangtze River. The two canals, which would eventually become parts of the 684: 507:

In 580, Yang Jian seized power as regent after Emperor Xuan's death. In 581, he had Emperor Xuan's son (by the

57: 51: 1943: 1526:

and southeastern Shaanxi region, first declaring himself the Prince of Jialuolou, and then the Emperor of Chu.

715:) the Duke of Taiping, against Tujue, and they were largely successful against Ashina Dianjue, protecting the 3911: 3730: 2575: 2502: 2216: 2182: 1847: 1672: 482: 403: 4298: 4107: 3887: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3734: 3715: 2055: 1808: 1610: 1229: 1116: 914: 754: 222: 68: 3555: 3038: 2134:), conspiring against other Tang officials, later forced to suicide with his brothers by Emperor Xuanzong 4172: 3906: 3766: 3742: 3726: 3639: 3623: 2046: 1447: 2378: 2296: 2232: 2038: 1180:), who was able to defeat some of the rebels, but even he was not able to succeed in suppressing them. 430: 2588: 1660: 1063:

Also in spring 609, Emperor Yang ordered a redistribution of the farming land throughout the empire.

863: 2594: 1152:

In winter 612, Emperor Yang gave a daughter of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Huarong, to

4329: 4324: 4074: 1474:, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern northern Shanxi region, declaring himself the Dingyang Khan. 1376: 1320: 971: 632: 418: 414: 4217: 2121: 827:, and that men would only be considered adults (i.e., subject to conscription) when they turn 21. 3941: 3677: 3595: 2704: 2131: 1542: 646: 470: 395: 328: 148: 4084: 573: 3931: 3571: 3481: 3136: 2308: 1353: 1319:

suggested that Emperor Yang take the most elite guards and try to fight out of the siege, but

1300: 1024: 592: 213: 3159: 3130: 1327:

suggested seeking further help from Princess Yicheng, and Emperor Yang did so. Meanwhile, at

1153: 560:) to be Yang Guang's wife and princess. It was said that Yang Guang loved and respected her. 530:

Also in 581, Emperor Wen made Yang Guang the commandant at Bing Province (并州, roughly modern

4293: 3979: 3602: 3551: 1437: 1340: 384: 641:) to order Gao Jiong to hold Consort Zhang. Instead, Gao Jiong, comparing Consort Zhang to 4303: 4288: 3559: 3182: 1668: 1044: 1002:). It was said that there were not enough men, and he started conscripting women as well. 995: 988:

In spring 608, Emperor Yang conscripted over a million men to construct the Yongji Canal (

982: 259: 3365: 3094:

day); the date corresponds to 11 Apr 618 on the Julian calendar. Li Yuan's biography in

3495: 3337: 3250: 2256: 2248: 2125: 2111: 1651: 1625:) buried Emperor Yang with reduced ceremony. In 622, after Li Yuan had established the 1533: 1431: 953: 814:) that the geography of Chang'an was not conducive to his health, Emperor Yang went to 542:. In 582, Emperor Wen set up a branch of the executive bureau of his government (尚書省, 4318: 4242: 4202: 4152: 4014: 2077: 2001: 1236: 1028: 1012: 921:

Also in 606, Emperor Yang ordered that two massive food storages—the Luokou Storage (

878: 852:), connecting Luoyang with the Yellow River and connecting the Yellow River with the 616: 497: 446: 1450:, formerly a Sui official (and Emperor Yang's cousin), occupying the modern central 775:

In 604, while Emperor Wen was at his vacation palace Renshou Palace (仁壽宮, in modern

631:

was captured. Yang Guang, apparently fascinated by Chen Shubao's favorite concubine

4137: 4054: 3916: 3897: 3428:

A counterargument to the skeptics of the murder theory, however, might be that the

2477: 2280: 2091: 1901: 1868: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1198:) south to aid Luoyang. The general in charge of defending Chang'an, Wei Wensheng ( 1184: 1048: 1040: 1016: 956:– while abolishing the eunuch bureau and replacing it with the palace bureau (殿內省, 824: 802: 588: 539: 490: 481:, a prominent military general and official. He was his parents' second son, after 407: 399: 267: 117: 4222: 3229: 552:) the deputy head and had him assist Yang Guang. Later in 582, Emperor Wen took a 3564:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part 1

3471: 3069:

era of his father's reign. This corresponds to 21 Aug 604 in the Julian calendar.

2099:

given the office of Minister of Palace Supplies (太府卿), Minister of Revenue (户部尚书)

1210:) kill him, to avoid capture. At Emperor Yang's orders, the officials Fan Zigai ( 913:

imperial princes, while initially apparently tacitly considering his second son,

546:) at Bing Province and made Yang Guang its head. He made the official Wang Shao ( 4257: 4247: 4237: 4227: 4207: 4177: 4167: 4112: 4069: 4034: 4019: 4009: 3994: 3989: 3936: 3858: 3663: 3608: 3450: 3430: 3410: 3397: 2928: 2473: 2203: 2070: 2015: 1975: 1967: 1922: 1830: 1690: 1575: 1457: 1427: 1171: 1072: 1020: 758: 680: 628: 519: 501: 474: 450: 388: 338: 318: 287: 186: 130: 3102:

indicated that he was 50 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. (上崩于温室，时年五十。)

1264:

In spring 615, believing in accusations by Yuwen Shu that the official Li Hun (

579:

In 588, Emperor Wen moved Yang Guang's headquarters to Shouchun (壽春, in modern

4267: 4262: 4252: 4182: 4132: 4127: 4049: 4029: 4004: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3946: 3819: 3631: 3477: 3306: 3276: 2207: 2042: 1646: 1613:, the prince of Qin, who was friendly with Yuwen Huaji's brother Yuwen Zhiji ( 1471: 1417: 1400: 1339:

Emperor Yang only appeared to begin to be concerned about rebels when, at the

1280: 1087: 853: 716: 706: 568: 511: 486: 279: 112: 3171: 2506: 2456: 2431: 2418: 2346: 2244: 2087: 964:

much honor and wealth on him. When the senior officials Gao Jiong, Yuwen Bi (

394:

Emperor Yang's original name was Yang Ying, but he was renamed by his father

4272: 4232: 4212: 4192: 4187: 4162: 4147: 4122: 4079: 4064: 3999: 3984: 3926: 3921: 3882: 3710: 1979: 1931: 1796: 1465: 1380: 1345: 1316: 1189: 1146: 1068: 906: 819: 798: 727: 723: 699: 624: 600: 508: 273: 218: 121: 17: 4157: 4142: 4044: 3877: 3705: 2873: 2028: 1884: 1729: 1407: 1396: 1328: 1312: 1163: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1112: 1102:), he falsely accused Xue of defaming the emperor and had Xue strangled. 910: 886: 882: 688: 620: 603:

served as Yang Guang's assistant. In spring 589, the generals Han Qinhu (

580: 576:

Ashina Dianjue, Emperor Wen in fact sent Yang Guang to aid Ashina Shetu.

557: 478: 438: 434: 226: 158: 1052:

territory, establishing four commanderies, to be populated with exiles.

4197: 4039: 1550: 1546: 1522:, formerly a Sui official, roving with his army in the modern southern 1519: 1513: 1503: 1487: 1481: 1461: 1349: 1324: 1304: 1076: 999: 831: 815: 808:

In winter 604, believing in the words of the sorcerer Zhangchou Taiyi (

780: 766: 762: 692: 596: 531: 442: 426: 370: 313: 303: 182: 1111:

When Emperor Yang was visiting Ashina Rangan in 607, a messenger from

4059: 4024: 3175: 2324: 1509: 1477: 1451: 1308: 1284: 978: 535: 518:, yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing the 500:, on account of Yang Jian's achievements, he was created the Duke of 422: 1440:, formerly a Sui official, occupying the modern central and western 1086:

Later in the year, Ashina Rangan died, and was succeeded by his son

2228: 1857: 1523: 1499: 1495: 1441: 1421: 1411: 1403:. By 617, several other major rebels had also emerged, including: 1080: 776: 584: 564: 3082:

indicated that the palace revolt against Yang Guang began on the

1512:, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern eastern Gansu and western 1375:

Once Emperor Yang left Luoyang, Yang Xuangan's former strategist

830:

In spring 605, Emperor Yang created his wife Crown Princess Xiao

719:

Ashina Rangan, whom Sui supported, from Ashina Dianjue's attack.

30:"Yang Guang" redirects here. For other people with the name, see 3090:

era of his reign, and that he was killed the next day (i.e. the

642: 3823: 3635: 1516:

region, declaring himself the Hegemonic Prince of Western Qin.

1370:

And it was only occasional that I advance past the Liao River.

36: 3098:

also recorded the same death date. Yang Guang's biography in

1232:, and then their bodies were burned and the ashes scattered. 3473:

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy

3132:

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy

3106:, vol.04. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 569. 698:

In 594, Yang Guang urged Emperor Wen to offer sacrifices to

1360:

in waiting in Luoyang, which included two lines that read:

1420:, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern extremely northern 563:

In 584, after some Sui military and diplomatic victories,

425:, resulted in the death of thousands of Sui soldiers from 1833:, Duke Xincheng (572–642) in 599, and had issue (one son) 1728:

In April 2013 the tomb of Emperor Yang was discovered in

2301:

posthumously promoted as Prince of Langling Commandery (

1071:

tribes. Emperor Yang tried to impose Murong Fuyun's son

1005:

In 608, after persuasion by the Sui official Cui Junsu (

2146:

forced to suicide with his brothers by Emperor Xuanzong

1299:) under false pretenses, launched a surprise attack on 1240:

and confiscate properties of those they did not like.

2130:

given the office of Palace Assistant Imperial Clerk (

1287:

had promised a princess to his brother Ashina Chiji (

4281: 4093: 3955: 3896: 3857: 3698: 3670: 1910:

of the Dao clan (婕妤刀氏), personal name Miaolian (妙琏)

1379:, who by this point was advising the rebel general 1323:and Fan Zigai opposed this. Empress Xiao's brother 334: 324: 312: 302: 286: 258: 248: 238: 212: 202: 192: 176: 168: 164: 154: 144: 136: 128: 101: 1293:) and had executed his close advisor Shishu Huxi ( 881:tribes attacked Ying Province (營州, roughly modern 272:Emperor Ming (明皇帝; "understanding") (conferred by 266:Emperor Yang (煬皇帝; "slothful") (conferred by the 1410:, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern southern 473:, the Duke of Sui, and Yang Jian's wife Duchess 465:Yang Guang was born in 569, during the reign of 3435:directly accuse Emperor Yang of patricide. The 1732:. Two brick-lined tombs were discovered in the 1657: 1506:region, declaring himself the Emperor of Liang. 1434:region, declaring himself the Emperor of Liang. 1430:, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern central 1856:; 598–649), and had issue (two sons including 1444:region, declaring himself the Prince of Liang. 623:. Soon, after Heruo defeated the Chen general 3835: 3647: 3334:"Emperor's real burial site found in E China" 3328: 3326: 3324: 3086:day of the 3rd month of the 14th year of the 2548: 2540: 2530: 2522: 2512: 2397: 2368: 2362: 2318: 2312: 2307:), married Lady Feng, great-granddaughter of 2302: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2243:), married Lady Yang, a daughter of Yang Yu ( 2238: 2220: 2195: 2186: 2172: 2153: 2139: 2104: 2059: 2032: 2020: 2005: 1991: 1983: 1961: 1955: 1947: 1935: 1890: 1875: 1851: 1821: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1737: 1711: 1705: 1620: 1614: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1480:, former a Sui general, occupying the modern 1468:region, declaring himself the Emperor of Chu. 1390: 1384: 1294: 1288: 1271: 1265: 1256: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1175: 1157: 1124: 1097: 1091: 1006: 989: 965: 928: 922: 900: 890: 857: 847: 809: 792: 737: 731: 710: 674: 668: 662: 656: 650: 636: 610: 604: 556:of his vassal Emperor Ming of Western Liang ( 547: 378: 364: 354: 8: 2470:Princess of Xin'an County (信安县主) (648–716), 889:), Emperor Yang had the official Wei Yunqi ( 429:. These expeditions, along with a series of 1395:), but Emperor Yang and his prime minister 538:), in charge of the provinces north of the 278:Emperor Min (閔皇帝; "careful") (conferred by 3842: 3828: 3820: 3654: 3640: 3632: 3584: 2611: 2472:married Yuan Sizhong (元思忠), descendant of 1015:khan (Ashina Rangan's western rival), the 757:the Prince of Shu, who, was commandant of 98: 2339:other name Li Yu (李褕), Prince Sishu (嗣蜀王) 1996:), Zhao's son with Lady Liu the Younger ( 1490:, formerly a Sui official, a grandson of 349:(隋煬帝, 569 – 11 April 618), personal name 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 3396:Consort Chen was the fourth daughter of 3065:of the 7th month of the 4th year of the 3061:, Yang Guang ascended the throne on the 2563:Princess of Bao'an County (宝安县主) (?–?), 485:, and he had at least one older sister, 50:This article includes a list of general 3421: 3129:Victor Cunrui Xiong (1 February 2012). 3050: 2597:(阿史那賀邏鶻) (?–?), son with Ashina Shibobi 1960:), Zhao's son with Lady Liu the Elder ( 1460:, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern 1352:), and that another palace be built in 981:, Emperor Yang reopened relations with 856:, as well as to rebuild the Han Canal ( 3480:: State University of New York Press, 2831: 2827: 2817: 2721: 2620: 2616: 1904:clan (贵人潁川陳氏), personal name Chou (婤) 627:, Jiankang fell, and the Chen emperor 615:), both under Yang Guang, crossed the 489:, who became the wife of Emperor Wu's 235: 3155: 2989: 2986: 2976: 2963: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2933: 2927: 2917: 2904: 2894: 2890: 2878: 2872: 2862: 2849: 2839: 2835: 2814: 2804: 2791: 2781: 2777: 2765: 2762: 2752: 2739: 2729: 2725: 2709: 2703: 2693: 2680: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2651: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2559:Prince of Jiangling Commandery (江陵郡王) 1039:In 608 as well, Pei Ju persuaded the 730:persuade Yang Su's brother Yang Yue ( 7: 2461:Prince of Guizheng Commandery (归政郡王) 2289:Prince of Tianshui Commandery (天水郡王) 1843:Princess Yang (陽氏), second daughter 1710:) by the early Tang author Zhao Yi ( 1283:, angered that the imperial advisor 4375:Political office-holders in Shaanxi 4370:Political office-holders in Jiangsu 3358:Cui Jiaming (崔佳明) (15 April 2013). 2496:Princess of Xuancheng County (宣城县主) 977:Also in 607, at the instigation of 709:the Prince of Han, and Shi Wansui ( 635:, sent Gao Jiong's son Gao Dehong ( 4380:Political office-holders in Shanxi 4350:People executed by the Sui dynasty 2010:), later killed under Wang's order 1716:), in whose version of the story, 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 4365:Political office-holders in Anhui 2206:, executed with his uncles under 1047:, forcing Tuyuhun's Busabuo Khan 933:) – be constructed near Luoyang. 4360:People executed by strangulation 2247:) and sister of Yang Chongjing ( 2037:), Zhao's son with Consort Wei ( 2014: 1974: 1921: 948:), the legislative bureau (內史省, 944:), the examination bureau (門下省, 619:and approached the Chen capital 417:, and the reconstruction of the 111: 41: 27:Emperor of China from 604 to 618 3336:. 16 April 2013. Archived from 2547:Prince of Guangdou Commandery ( 1927:Yang Guang, Emperor Yang of Sui 1019:Ashina Daman, whose mother was 477:; his maternal grandfather was 3409:She was the sixth daughter of 140:August 21, 604 – April 11, 618 1: 3775:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 3470:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006), 3461:History of Northern Dynasties 3438:History of Northern Dynasties 3298:History of Northern Dynasties 2815:Emperor Yang of Sui (569–618) 2361:Prince of Xin'an Commandery ( 2333:Prince of Langling Commandery 2317:) the Imperial Duke of Jing ( 2279:) (651–726), a descendant of 2273:), married Murong Zhenruhai ( 1874:Concubine, of the Xiao clan ( 1697:History of Northern Dynasties 1492:Emperor Xuan of Western Liang 449:in a coup led by his general 4335:7th-century Chinese monarchs 3364:(in Chinese). Archived from 3228:(in Chinese). Archived from 3135:. SUNY Press. pp. 39–. 2171:One daughter with Lady Wei ( 1787:, of the Lanling Xiao clan ( 1365:I dream of Jiangdu's beauty; 994:), from the Yellow River to 120:portrait of Emperor Yang by 3851:Transition from Sui to Tang 3556:"The Sui dynasty (581–617)" 3441:contained the same account. 3400:, known as Princess Guangde 3057:According to volume 180 of 2383:Imperial Duke of Zhao (赵国公) 1826:; 586–630), first daughter 1250:Transition from Sui to Tang 467:Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou 445:), where he was eventually 32:Yang Guang (disambiguation) 4406: 4355:Murdered emperors of China 3592: 3568:Cambridge University Press 2829: 2715: 2618: 2097:Yang Chongli (杨崇礼) (?–?), 2082:later given the office of 1680:sexual relations with him. 1247: 927:) and the Huiluo Storage ( 591:. Yang Guang, his brother 29: 3724: 3689: 3615: 3600: 3587: 2970: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2911: 2892: 2884: 2856: 2837: 2833: 2798: 2779: 2771: 2746: 2727: 2723: 2687: 2668: 2660: 2635: 2622: 2549: 2541: 2531: 2523: 2513: 2410:Imperial Duke of Bi (毕国公) 2398: 2369: 2363: 2319: 2313: 2303: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2239: 2221: 2196: 2187: 2173: 2154: 2140: 2105: 2060: 2033: 2021: 2006: 1992: 1990:personal name Yang Tong ( 1984: 1962: 1956: 1948: 1936: 1891: 1876: 1852: 1822: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1738: 1712: 1706: 1621: 1615: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1391: 1385: 1295: 1289: 1272: 1266: 1257: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1176: 1158: 1145:) and Goguryeo's capital 1125: 1098: 1092: 1007: 990: 966: 929: 923: 901: 891: 858: 848: 810: 793: 738: 732: 711: 675: 669: 663: 657: 651: 637: 611: 605: 548: 379: 365: 355: 293: 265: 253: 243: 234: 110: 3360: 2396:Imperial Duke of Liang ( 2569:Cui Zikan (崔子偘) (?–?), 2494:Li Hua (李华) (650–715), 2483:Yuan Shouyi (元守一) (?–?) 2162:Xin Jingcou (辛景凑) (?–?) 2049:, Imperial Duke of Tang 1494:, occupying the modern 71:more precise citations. 4340:7th-century executions 3361:扬州出土"隨故煬帝墓誌" 初步认定为隋炀帝墓 2565:married Cui Sigu (崔思古) 1895:; 607–618), fourth son 1817:; 585–618), second son 1750:with gold decoration. 1682: 1315:, the Prince of Zhao. 687:(then moved to modern 406:, led to him becoming 180:11 April 618 (aged 49) 3624:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 2323:), descendant of the 2114:with his brothers by 2084:Yuanwai sanqi shilang 1805:; 584–606), first son 1799:, Emperor Xiaocheng ( 1633:Patricide controversy 1565:), and Pei Qiantong ( 753:By 602, his brother, 4385:Sui dynasty emperors 2652:Yang Zhong (507–568) 2486:Yuan Guan (元瓘) (?–?) 2440:Li Zhou (李宙) (?–?), 2367:), married Lady Lü ( 2337:Li Xuan (李袨) (?–?), 2267:), Prince of Cheng ( 1780:Consorts and Issue: 1661:Emperor Xuan of Chen 998:(涿郡, roughly modern 864:Grand Canal of China 645:(the wicked wife of 431:disastrous campaigns 359:), alternative name 3570:. pp. 48–149. 3115:(十一月，戊子，立晋王广为皇太子。) 2557:Li Jin (李瑾) (?–?), 2489:Yuan Gui (元瓌) (?–?) 2331:Li Zuo (李祚) (?–?), 2261:courtesy name Ren ( 1900:Noble Lady, of the 1230:drawn and quartered 673:), and Ji Huijing ( 633:Consort Zhang Lihua 469:. His parents were 347:Emperor Yang of Sui 102:Emperor Yang of Sui 3620:Title next held by 3596:Emperor Wen of Sui 3181:2010-05-22 at the 2987:Lady Cui of Qinghe 2705:Emperor Wen of Sui 2629:Yang Zhen (d. 528) 2414:Li Duan (李褍) (?–?) 2408:Li Ru (李襦) (?–?), 2287:Li Xi (李禧) (?–?), 2259:) (645/646?–708), 2041:), died after his 1820:Princess Nanyang ( 1771:(大業; Dàyè) 605–618 877:Also in 605, when 647:King Zhou of Shang 595:, and the general 383:), was the second 254:Daye (大業; 605–618) 4390:Sui dynasty poets 4345:Executed monarchs 4312: 4311: 3932:Princess Pingyang 3817: 3816: 3630: 3629: 3577:978-0-521-21446-9 3560:Twitchett, Dennis 3552:Wright, Arthur F. 3142:978-0-7914-8268-1 3039:Goguryeo–Sui Wars 3029: 3028: 2578: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2536: 2518: 2497: 2480: 2465:Li Gui (李襘) (?–?) 2462: 2450:Li Gui (李袿) (?–?) 2443: 2437: 2424: 2423:Prince Siwu (嗣吴王) 2411: 2403: 2384: 2374: 2352: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2290: 2284: 2252: 2211: 2159: 2152:married Xin Mou ( 2147: 2135: 2118: 2112:forced to suicide 2100: 2094: 2074: 2050: 2011: 2004:as Emperor Gong ( 1971: 1734:Hanjiang District 1669:ladies in waiting 1389:) and Gao Shida ( 1354:Kuaiji Commandery 1301:Yanmen Commandery 1043:tribes to attack 1027:), stating, "The 661:), Yang Huilang ( 344: 343: 298: 297: 97: 96: 89: 16:(Redirected from 4397: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3693: 3662:Emperors of the 3656: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3603:Emperor of China 3593:Preceded by 3585: 3581: 3490: 3442: 3426: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3330: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3305:. Archived from 3295: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3275:. Archived from 3265: 3259: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3096:Old Book of Tang 3076: 3070: 3055: 2612: 2589:Princess Huainan 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2495: 2471: 2460: 2441: 2435: 2427:Li Hu (李岵) (?–?) 2422: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2387:Li Yi (李峄) (?–?) 2382: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2338: 2332: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2288: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2224: 2223: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2183:Princess Nanyang 2176: 2175: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2129: 2116:Emperor Xuanzong 2110: 2108: 2107: 2098: 2081: 2080:(618/619–650s), 2068: 2067:Two elder sons, 2063: 2062: 2036: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2009: 2008: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1966:), killed under 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1939: 1938: 1925: 1894: 1893: 1887:, Prince of Zhao 1879: 1878: 1867:Consort, of the 1855: 1854: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1811:, Prince of Qi ( 1804: 1803: 1792: 1791: 1741: 1740: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1608: 1607: 1603:), and Xiao Ju ( 1602: 1601: 1597:), Yuwen Jiong ( 1596: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1260: 1259: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1179: 1178: 1161: 1160: 1128: 1127: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1010: 1009: 993: 992: 969: 968: 932: 931: 926: 925: 904: 903: 894: 893: 861: 860: 851: 850: 838:the Duke of Ju ( 813: 812: 796: 795: 761:(roughly modern 741: 740: 735: 734: 714: 713: 678: 677: 672: 671: 666: 665: 660: 659: 655:), Shen Keqing ( 654: 653: 640: 639: 614: 613: 609:) and Heruo Bi ( 608: 607: 551: 550: 526:As Prince of Jin 382: 381: 368: 367: 358: 357: 236: 230:Princess Nanyang 115: 106: 99: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 21: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4277: 4095: 4089: 3957: 3951: 3892: 3853: 3848: 3818: 3813: 3720: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3666: 3660: 3621: 3612: 3606: 3598: 3578: 3550: 3488: 3469: 3446: 3445: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3368:on 28 June 2013 3362: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3340:on 28 June 2013 3332: 3331: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3183:Wayback Machine 3176:Academia Sinica 3170: 3166: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3077: 3073: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3035: 3030: 2929:Empress Wenxian 2609: 2604: 2572:chariot servant 2511:Prince of Shu ( 2194:Yuwen Chanshi ( 2103:Yang Shenming ( 2000:), bestowed by 1954:Prince of Yan ( 1917: 1778: 1765: 1756: 1726: 1635: 1252: 1246: 1216:) and Pei Yun ( 1162:) (the king of 1117:King Yeong-yang 1058: 996:Zhuo Commandery 789: 748: 746:As crown prince 528: 463: 339:Empress Wenxian 277: 271: 260:Posthumous name 229: 225: 221: 198: 181: 129:Emperor of the 124: 104: 103: 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4317: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3588:Regnal titles 3583: 3582: 3576: 3548: 3496:Zizhi Tongjian 3492: 3486: 3467: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3402: 3389: 3378: 3350: 3320: 3290: 3260: 3251:Zizhi Tongjian 3242: 3217: 3208: 3198:Zizhi Tongjian 3189: 3164: 3148: 3141: 3121: 3117:Zizhi Tongjian 3108: 3080:Zizhi Tongjian 3078:Volume 185 of 3071: 3059:Zizhi Tongjian 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 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2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2428: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2388: 2385: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2237:Prince of Wu ( 2214: 2213: 2212: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2150:One daughter, 2148: 2136: 2119: 2075: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2027:personal name 2019:Emperor Gong ( 2012: 1972: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1902:Yingchuan Chen 1898: 1897: 1896: 1872: 1869:Yingchuan Chen 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1818: 1806: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1725: 1722: 1665:Shangshu Sheng 1652:Zizhi Tongjian 1634: 1631: 1591:), Yuwen Xie ( 1534:Taishang Huang 1528: 1527: 1517: 1507: 1485: 1475: 1469: 1455: 1445: 1435: 1432:Inner Mongolia 1425: 1415: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1341:lunar new year 1245: 1242: 1166:) in marriage 1057: 1054: 1025:Prince Shōtoku 954:Palace Library 942:Shangshu Sheng 788: 785: 747: 744: 544:Shangshu Sheng 527: 524: 462: 459: 342: 341: 336: 332: 331: 326: 322: 321: 316: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 296: 295: 291: 290: 284: 283: 263: 262: 256: 255: 251: 250: 246: 245: 241: 240: 232: 231: 216: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 196: 194: 190: 189: 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 126: 125: 116: 108: 107: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4402: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Shan Xiongxin 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Zhangsun Wuji 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153:Fang Xuanling 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4015:Wang Shichong 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907:Emperor Gaozu 3905: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3657: 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Cambridge: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3487:9780791482681 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3454:, vols. 3, 4. 3453: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3351: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3309:on 2005-11-25 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3279:on 2008-01-23 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3232:on 2006-06-15 3231: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2967: 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2326: 2310: 2299:) (647–642), 2298: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2235:) (619–653), 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2181: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2149: 2138:Yang Shenyu ( 2137: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2078:Yang Zhengdao 2076: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2025:) (605–618), 2017: 2013: 2003: 2002:Wang Shichong 1999: 1988:) (604–619), 1981: 1980:Lord Huangtai 1977: 1973: 1969: 1952:) (603–618), 1945: 1942: 1941: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1871:clan (妃潁川陳氏) 1870: 1866: 1859: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 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840:Western Liang 837: 833: 828: 826: 821: 817: 806: 804: 800: 786: 784: 782: 778: 773: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 745: 743: 729: 725: 720: 718: 708: 703: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 685:Yang Province 682: 648: 644: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:Yangtze River 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 570: 569:Shabolüe Khan 566: 561: 559: 555: 545: 541: 537: 533: 525: 523: 521: 517: 513: 510: 505: 503: 499: 498:Northern Zhou 495: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 460: 458: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 376: 372: 362: 352: 348: 340: 337: 333: 330: 327: 323: 320: 317: 315: 311: 307: 305: 301: 292: 289: 285: 281: 275: 269: 264: 261: 257: 252: 247: 244:Yang Guang 楊廣 242: 237: 233: 228: 224: 220: 217: 215: 211: 208: 205: 201: 195: 191: 188: 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 127: 123: 119: 114: 109: 100: 91: 88: 80: 70: 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 4299:Qianshuiyuan 4218:Wei Wensheng 4138:Cheng Yaojin 4055:Yang Xuangan 3917:Li Jiancheng 3873:Empress Xiao 3868:Emperor Yang 3867: 3763:N. Dynasties 3759:S. Dynasties 3683:Emperor Yang 3682: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3563: 3494: 3472: 3459: 3449: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3405: 3392: 3381: 3370:. Retrieved 3366:the original 3353: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3311:. Retrieved 3307:the original 3303:"北史列傳卷一至十" 3297: 3293: 3281:. Retrieved 3277:the original 3273:"隋書列傳卷一至十" 3267: 3263: 3249: 3245: 3234:. Retrieved 3230:the original 3220: 3211: 3205:(in Chinese) 3197: 3196:Sima Guang, 3192: 3186:(in Chinese) 3167: 3156:Xiong (2006) 3151: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 2905:Lady Feilian 2571: 2478:Northern Wei 2476:, prince of 2351:Prince of Wu 2281:Northern Yan 2217:Consort Yang 2191:) (586–630) 2122:Yang Shenjin 2092:Tang dynasty 2083: 2069:murdered by 2064:) (585–618) 2045:in favor of 1940:) (584–606) 1926: 1907: 1883: 1838: 1779: 1768: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1727: 1717: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1664: 1658: 1650: 1643:Song dynasty 1639:Tang dynasty 1636: 1627:Tang dynasty 1573: 1559:), Yuan Li ( 1543:Empress Shen 1539: 1532: 1529: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1338: 1278: 1263: 1253: 1234: 1185:Yang Xuangan 1182: 1168: 1151: 1135: 1122: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1085: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056:Middle reign 1049:Murong Fuyun 1038: 1034: 1017:Heshana Khan 1004: 987: 976: 962: 957: 950:Neishi Sheng 949: 946:Menxia Sheng 945: 941: 938: 935: 920: 897: 876: 868: 844: 829: 807: 803:Yellow River 790: 774: 771: 752: 749: 721: 704: 697: 589:Chen dynasty 578: 562: 543: 540:Yellow River 529: 516:Emperor Jing 506: 491:crown prince 464: 455: 412: 408:crown prince 400:Chen dynasty 393: 374: 360: 350: 346: 345: 268:Tang dynasty 118:Tang dynasty 83: 74: 55: 4258:Yin Kaishan 4248:Pei Xingyan 4238:Wang Bodang 4228:Zhang Xutuo 4208:Gao Shilian 4178:Yuwen Shiji 4168:Liu Wenjing 4118:Yang Yichen 4113:Li Xiaogong 4103:Empress Cao 4096:key figures 4070:Wagang Army 4035:Yuwen Huaji 4020:Xu Yuanlang 4010:Shen Faxing 3995:Lin Shihong 3990:Liang Shidu 3956:Independent 3942:Li Shentong 3937:Li Xiaogong 3755:16 Kingdoms 3678:Emperor Wen 3664:Sui dynasty 3451:Book of Sui 3431:Book of Sui 3411:Chen Shubao 3398:Chen Shubao 3268:Book of Sui 3158:, pp. 3100:Book of Sui 2964:Cui Yanzhen 2545:) (?–689), 2527:) (?–689), 2474:Tuoba Huang 2442:Prince Siwu 2436:Prince Siwu 2359:) (?–743), 2349:) (?–702), 2255:Li Qianli ( 2204:Yuwen Shiji 2200:) (?–619), 2144:) (?–747), 2128:) (?–747), 2109:) (?–747), 2071:Yuwen Huaji 1968:Yuwen Huaji 1915:Descendants 1850:of Longxi ( 1831:Yuwen Shiji 1793:; 567–647) 1785:Empress Min 1718:Consort Cai 1691:Book of Sui 1576:Yuwen Huaji 1458:Lin Shihong 1428:Liang Shidu 1172:Zhang Xutuo 1073:Murong Shun 787:Early reign 759:Yi Province 629:Chen Shubao 520:Sui dynasty 475:Dugu Qieluo 451:Yuwen Huaji 415:Grand Canal 396:Emperor Wen 389:Sui dynasty 329:Emperor Wen 288:Temple name 207:Empress Min 149:Emperor Wen 145:Predecessor 131:Sui dynasty 69:introducing 4330:618 deaths 4325:569 births 4319:Categories 4268:Luo Shixin 4263:Chen Shuda 4253:Liu Hongji 4183:Chen Shuda 4133:Yuchi Gong 4128:Qin Shubao 4085:Lu Mingyue 4050:Fu Gongshi 4030:Xue Rengao 4005:Liu Wuzhou 3975:Gao Kaidao 3970:Fu Gongshi 3965:Dou Jiande 3958:contenders 3947:Li Daozong 3747:3 Kingdoms 3464:, vol. 12. 3372:2013-04-17 3344:2013-04-17 3313:2006-10-16 3300:, vol. 14 3283:2008-02-11 3270:, vol. 36 3236:2023-09-03 3045:References 2850:Dugu Kuzhe 2208:Dou Jiande 2043:abdication 1702:Daye Lüeji 1647:Sima Guang 1645:historian 1472:Liu Wuzhou 1418:Gao Kaidao 1401:Dou Jiande 1281:Shibi Khan 1248:See also: 1244:Late reign 1188:Yuwen and 1088:Shibi Khan 854:Huai River 825:head taxes 724:concubines 717:Qimin Khan 707:Yang Liang 667:), Xu Xi ( 574:Datou Khan 512:Zhu Manyue 487:Yang Lihua 461:Background 419:Great Wall 391:of China. 351:Yang Guang 294:Shizu (世祖) 280:Dou Jiande 77:April 2017 52:references 18:Sui Yangdi 4273:Yu Shinan 4233:Qutu Tong 4223:Lai Hu'er 4213:Tang Jian 4193:Hou Junji 4188:Feng Deyi 4163:Wei Zheng 4148:Chai Shao 4123:Yuwen Shu 4080:Zhai Rang 4065:Xiao Xian 4000:Liu Heita 3985:Li Zitong 3927:Li Yuanji 3922:Li Xuanba 3912:Li Shimin 3883:Yang Tong 3711:Yang Tong 3699:Claimants 3202:Vol. 182. 3174:十一年八月癸酉 3119:, vol.179 3063:yimao day 2931:(544–602) 2876:(503–557) 2707:(541–604) 2539:Li Chou ( 2459:) (?–?), 2455:Li Jing ( 2434:) (?–?), 2421:) (?–?), 2390:Li Xian ( 2381:) (?–?), 2377:Li Huan ( 2202:son with 2090:散骑侍郎) in 2056:Yang Jian 1932:Yang Zhao 1848:Li Shimin 1839:Third son 1809:Yang Jian 1797:Yang Zhao 1466:Guangdong 1381:Zhai Rang 1346:Changzhou 1317:Yuwen Shu 1190:Qutu Tong 1147:Pyongyang 1069:Dangxiang 915:Yang Jian 907:Yang Tong 836:Xiao Cong 820:Yang Zhao 799:Xiao Mohe 728:Yuwen Shu 700:Mount Tai 625:Xiao Mohe 601:Gao Jiong 509:concubine 494:Yuwen Yun 483:Yang Yong 471:Yang Jian 447:strangled 404:Yang Yong 274:Yang Tong 249:Era dates 223:Yang Jian 219:Yang Zhao 187:Sui China 155:Successor 122:Yan Liben 4158:Du Ruhui 4143:Xu Shiji 4045:Du Fuwei 3888:Yang Hao 3878:Yang You 3716:Yang Hao 3706:Yang You 3671:Emperors 3613:604–618 3554:(1979). 3499:, vols. 3215:佚名煬帝迷樓記 3179:Archived 3092:bingchen 3033:See also 2874:Dugu Xin 2792:Lady Yao 2763:Lü Kutao 2681:Lady Gai 2607:Ancestry 2574:(辇郎) of 2521:Li Fan ( 2430:Li Yan ( 2417:Li Zhi ( 2345:Li Kun ( 2309:Feng Ang 2295:Li Wei ( 2222:楊妃) (?–? 2210:'s order 2029:Yang You 1970:'s order 1944:Yang Dan 1885:Yang Gao 1846:married 1829:Married 1790:愍皇后蘭陵蕭氏 1763:Era name 1730:Yangzhou 1694:and the 1671:and the 1611:Yang Hao 1408:Du Fuwei 1397:Yu Shiji 1329:Yu Shiji 1313:Yang Gao 1164:Gaochang 1143:Liaoning 1139:Liaoyang 1131:Gaochang 1115:'s King 1113:Goguryeo 985:states. 911:Yang You 887:Liaoning 883:Zhaoyang 755:Yang Xiu 689:Yangzhou 681:Chang'an 621:Jiankang 593:Yang Jun 558:Xiao Kui 554:daughter 479:Dugu Xin 439:Yangzhou 435:Goguryeo 433:against 227:Yang Gao 203:Consorts 159:Yang You 4282:Battles 4198:Xiao Yu 4108:Li Jing 4040:Zhu Can 3900:royalty 3861:royalty 3562:(ed.). 3386:劉餗隋唐嘉話 3254:, vol. 3226:"隋炀帝之死" 3104:Sui Shu 3067:Renshou 2576:Gaozong 2355:Li Yi ( 2283:royalty 2047:Li Yuan 1802:孝成皇帝楊昭 1677:tongxin 1673:eunuchs 1551:Jiangsu 1547:Nanjing 1520:Zhu Can 1514:Shaanxi 1504:Guangxi 1488:Xiao Xi 1484:region. 1482:Beijing 1462:Jiangxi 1448:Li Yuan 1424:region. 1414:region. 1350:Jiangsu 1325:Xiao Yu 1305:Daixian 1154:Qu Boya 1077:Zhangye 1045:Tuyuhun 1011:), the 1000:Beijing 952:), the 832:empress 816:Luoyang 781:Shaanxi 767:Sichuan 763:Chengdu 693:Jiangsu 597:Yang Su 532:Taiyuan 443:Jiangsu 427:malaria 387:of the 385:emperor 371:Xianbei 314:Dynasty 197:Jiangdu 183:Danyang 65:improve 4294:Yanshi 4173:Pei Ji 4060:Luo Yi 4025:Xue Ju 3980:Li Gui 3787:W. Xia 3617:Vacant 3574: 3484: 3478:Albany 3139: 2503:Li Yin 2327:people 2325:Nanyue 2073:in 618 1908:Jieyu, 1776:Family 1739:隋故煬帝墓誌 1510:Xue Ju 1502:, and 1478:Luo Yi 1452:Shanxi 1438:Li Gui 1321:Su Wei 1309:Shanxi 1285:Pei Ju 979:Pei Ju 972:Su Wei 909:, and 879:Khitan 797:) and 536:Shanxi 502:Yanmen 423:Champa 335:Mother 325:Father 193:Burial 54:, but 4304:Hulao 4289:Huoyi 4094:Other 4075:Li Mi 3731:Shang 3558:. In 3088:Da'ye 3084:yimao 2276:慕容真如海 2229:Li Ke 1892:趙王楊杲 1858:Li Ke 1814:齊王楊暕 1524:Henan 1500:Hunan 1496:Hubei 1442:Gansu 1422:Hebei 1412:Anhui 1377:Li Mi 1333:Turks 1290:阿史那叱吉 1126:阿史那射匱 1081:Gansu 1041:Tiele 777:Baoji 585:Anhui 581:Lu'an 565:Tujue 373:name 304:House 239:Names 214:Issue 137:Reign 3898:Tang 3803:Qing 3799:Ming 3795:Yuan 3783:Song 3779:Liao 3771:Tang 3735:Zhou 3572:ISBN 3482:ISBN 3160:63–4 3137:ISBN 2587:(?) 2550:广都郡王 2364:信安郡王 2304:朗陵郡王 2197:宇文禅师 2188:南陽公主 2132:御史中丞 1998:小劉良娣 1963:大刘良娣 1877:嬪蕭氏 1823:南陽公主 1769:Daye 1754:Arts 1724:Tomb 1707:大業略記 1616:宇文智及 1582:令狐行達 1556:司馬德勘 1464:and 1296:史蜀胡悉 1273:宇文娥英 1093:義成公主 983:Xiyu 811:章仇太翼 643:Daji 361:Ying 308:Yang 177:Died 169:Born 3859:Sui 3811:PRC 3807:ROC 3791:Jīn 3767:Sui 3751:Jìn 3743:Han 3739:Qin 3727:Xia 3609:Sui 3545:186 3541:185 3537:184 3533:183 3529:182 3525:181 3521:180 3517:179 3513:178 3509:177 3505:176 3501:175 3256:180 2532:嗣蜀王 2399:梁国公 2320:耿国公 2257:李千里 2249:杨崇敬 2141:杨慎馀 2126:杨慎矜 2106:杨慎名 2022:恭皇帝 2007:恭皇帝 1985:皇泰主 1649:'s 1600:宇文皛 1594:宇文協 1568:裴虔通 1392:高士達 1386:張金稱 1276:). 1258:斛斯政 1225:韋福嗣 1213:樊子蓋 1207:楊積善 1201:衛文昇 1195:屈突通 1177:張須陀 1159:麴伯雅 1099:薛道衡 1083:). 1021:Han 1008:崔君肅 991:永濟渠 967:宇文弼 930:回洛倉 924:洛口倉 905:), 892:韋雲起 849:通濟渠 712:史萬歲 676:暨慧景 664:陽慧朗 658:沈客卿 652:施文慶 638:高德弘 612:賀若弼 606:韓擒虎 567:'s 514:), 375:Amo 369:), 319:Sui 172:569 105:隋煬帝 4321:: 3809:/ 3805:→ 3801:→ 3797:→ 3793:→ 3789:/ 3785:/ 3781:/ 3777:→ 3773:→ 3769:→ 3765:→ 3761:/ 3757:→ 3753:/ 3749:→ 3745:→ 3741:→ 3737:→ 3733:→ 3729:→ 3543:, 3539:, 3535:, 3531:, 3527:, 3523:, 3519:, 3515:, 3511:, 3507:, 3503:, 3476:, 3323:^ 3200:, 3172:大業 2542:李畴 2524:李璠 2514:梁王 2507:李愔 2457:李璄 2432:李巘 2419:李祗 2392:李岘 2379:李峘 2370:吕氏 2357:李祎 2347:李琨 2314:冯盎 2297:李玮 2270:成王 2245:杨誉 2240:吴王 2233:李恪 2225:) 2174:韦氏 2155:辛某 2088:员外 2061:楊暕 2039:韦妃 2034:楊侑 1993:杨侗 1957:燕王 1949:楊倓 1937:楊昭 1880:) 1853:隴西 1713:趙毅 1622:陳稜 1606:蕭鉅 1588:袁充 1562:元禮 1549:, 1498:, 1348:, 1307:, 1267:李渾 1219:裴蘊 1141:, 1079:, 902:楊倓 885:, 859:邗溝 794:王頍 779:, 765:, 739:姬威 733:楊約 691:, 670:徐析 583:, 549:王韶 534:, 504:. 453:. 441:, 380:阿摩 356:楊廣 185:, 3843:e 3836:t 3829:v 3692:隋 3655:e 3648:t 3641:v 3580:. 3547:. 3491:. 3413:. 3375:. 3347:. 3318:. 3316:. 3288:. 3286:. 3258:. 3239:. 3162:. 3145:. 2553:) 2535:) 2517:) 2505:( 2402:) 2373:) 2311:( 2264:仁 2251:) 2231:( 2219:( 2185:( 2177:) 2158:) 2124:( 2086:( 2058:( 2031:( 1982:( 1946:( 1934:( 1889:( 1860:) 1704:( 1192:( 1174:( 1156:( 899:( 846:( 377:( 366:英 363:( 353:( 282:) 276:) 270:) 90:) 84:( 79:) 75:( 61:. 34:. 20:)

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Emperor Yang of Sui

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