4673:
3348:
2368:
85:
4576:
8331:
7210:
4649:
1281:
36:
4661:
4367:
Tone markers act as "modifiers" of vowel diacritics. In simpler words, they are "diacritics for the diacritics". They are written "outside" of the word, meaning that they are written above the vowel diacritic if the diacritic is written above the word, and they are written below the diacritic if the
306:—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full
434:
are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and
4600:(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad's system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like
2054:
for more details. In many spoken Arabic dialects, the endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings. The grammatical endings may not be written in some vocalized Arabic texts, as knowledge of
4971:
Anatole Lyovin, Brett
Kessler, William Ronald Leben, "An Introduction to the Languages of the World", "5.6 Sketch of Modern Standard Arabic", Oxford University Press, 2017, pg. 255, Edition 2, specifically “5.6.2.2
4368:
diacritic is written below the word. They are only ever written where there are vowel diacritics. This is important to note, as without the diacritic present, there is no way to distinguish between tone markers and
1650:
It occurs only in the beginning of words, but it can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their
2594:
4672:
4728:
However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where they were necessary for a correct reading.
4754:
had been introduced by then, which, while they were short strokes rather than the round dots seen today, meant that without a color distinction the two could become confused.
3216:
Diacritics not used in Modern
Standard Arabic but in other languages that use the Arabic script, and sometimes to write Arabic dialects, include (the list is not exhaustive):
4688:
Abu al-Aswad's system of
Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel.
7246:
4634:
for the task. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels (along with their respective allophones) of Arabic. This system of dots predates the
975:
is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones (as in "put", or "bull"). For example:
4360:
are 3 tone markers which are part of the standardized and accepted orthographic convention of
Rohingya. It remains the only known instance of tone markers within the
4789:
The process of automatically restoring diacritical marks is called diacritization or diacritic restoration. It is useful to avoid ambiguity in applications such as
199:
4618:(4) 11th century, in al-Farāhídi's system (system we know today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.
4352:
adopted for writing various languages of
Western Africa. However, the Arabic script never had an inherent way of representing tones until it was adapted for the
1177:
occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger
4962:
Karin C. Ryding, "A Reference
Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic", Cambridge University Press, 2005, pgs. 25-34, specifically “Chapter 2, Section 4: Vowels”
757:. A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of
5103:"Technical Practices and Recommendations Recorded by Classical and Post-Classical Arabic Scholars Concerning the Copying and Correction of Manuscripts"
5615:
5034:
4765:
with small superscript letters: small alif, yā’, and wāw for the short vowels corresponding to the long vowels written with those letters, a small
349:) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
5264:
360:(or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in texts that demand strict adherence to exact pronunciation. This is true, primarily, of the
7239:
5666:
2593:
5398:
5085:
2298:(consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. It is the only
8312:
737:/), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have the more central (/
122:(in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.
192:
2990:
If the glottal stop occurs at the end of the word (ignoring any grammatical suffixes), if it follows a short vowel it is written above
6209:
5131:
1302:
1740:
Like the superscript alif, it is not written in fully vocalized scripts, except for sacred texts, like the Quran and
Arabized Bible.
8361:
7232:
5299:
5044:
1328:
71:
5345:
333:
is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of
1647:
has a kasrah, the alif-waslah makes the sound /i/. However, when the second letter from it has a dammah, it makes the sound /u/.
5241:
5102:
681:(close to the sound of "a" in the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example:
5114:
Les manuscrits du Moyen-Orient: essais de codicologie et de paléographie. Actes du colloque d'Istanbul (Istanbul 26–29 mai 1986)
3334:. Often used in Iraq to represent the /g/ sound to write foreign words in Arabic script, while in Morocco the variant ݣ is seen.
8031:
6856:
1859:
6383:
5649:
1306:
423:
185:
146:
5415:
6831:
5608:
4746:
found that the task of writing using two different colours was tedious and impractical. Another complication was that the
4088:
3545:
4981:
Amine
Bouchentouf, Arabic For Dummies®, John Wiley & Sons, 2018, 3rd Edition, specifically section "All About Vowels"
8366:
6148:
5699:
5518:
Thompson, Brian; Alshehri, Ali (2021-09-28). "Improving Arabic
Diacritization by Learning to Diacritize and Translate".
2477:, and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the
1781:
It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example:
1990:
The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant
46:
4814:
1291:
1951:), particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a
8356:
6792:
6271:
4790:
4077:
3347:
1310:
1295:
6545:
6535:
6512:
5585:
Alexis Neme and Sébastien
Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup",
4631:
4038:
3401:
302:—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full
8371:
7213:
7121:
6603:
5601:
3014:
the same as for a medial case; otherwise on the line (i.e. if it follows a long vowel, diphthong or consonant).
7639:
6670:
6368:
6311:
5714:
4311:
Special diacritics usually found only in dictionaries for clarification of irregular pronunciation include
3890:
3748:
2724:
that became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of
168:
500:
as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic
8069:
6476:
6436:
6361:
6356:
6120:
5656:
5050:
4802:
4564:
4499:
4434:
4246:
3964:
3391:
3320:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3152:
3139:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3049:
3026:
2954:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2620:-shaped diacritic above, also a superscript semicircle (crescent), a subscript dot (except in the case of
2446:
2433:
2320:
2029:
1908:
1862:
1474:
1429:
1417:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1117:
1053:
1033:
1020:
985:
928:
906:
893:
858:
845:
723:
709:
691:
678:
645:
622:
600:
501:
151:
5109:
1956:
7382:
7202:
7035:
6987:
6797:
6779:
6772:
6762:
6757:
6749:
6569:
6304:
6276:
6266:
6070:
5694:
4798:
4595:
2729:
2812:), often stands as a separate letter in writing, is written in unpointed texts and is not considered a
1641:). This is because no Arabic word can start with a vowel-less consonant: If the second letter from the
298:
is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the
84:
4648:
2367:
1440:
s are never used in the Arabic orthography. Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single
8021:
7390:
6938:
6698:
6618:
6098:
5539:
Masmoudi, Abir; Aloulou, Chafik; Abdellahi, Abdel Ghader Sidi; Belguith, Lamia Hadrich (2021-08-08).
5474:
4286:
4086:
4075:
4058:
4036:
4020:
3543:
3528:
3399:
3370:
3329:
3327:
2567:
733:
Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/
512:/diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide
8335:
8298:
8144:
7470:
7432:
7284:
6997:
6807:
6680:
6503:
6054:
5968:
4822:
3259:
2617:
3113:("mother"). All three of above words "begin" with a vowel opening the syllable, and in each case,
543:, which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which
310:, to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries.
7654:
7515:
7386:
7165:
6851:
6767:
6564:
6489:
5568:
5519:
5500:
5443:
5258:
4560:
4495:
4430:
4288:
4282:
2691:
1775:
1681:
To replace the elided hamza whose alif-seat has assimilated to the previous vowel. For example:
4340:
Historically Arabic script has been adopted and used by many tonal languages, examples include
2860:
If the glottal stop occurs at the beginning of the word, it is always indicated by hamza on an
745:/) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as
8230:
8026:
6912:
6665:
6585:
6525:
6288:
6195:
6180:
6091:
5560:
5492:
5463:"Automatic Methods and Neural Networks in Arabic Texts Diacritization: A Comprehensive Survey"
5435:
5394:
5288:
5237:
5127:
5081:
5073:
5040:
4902:
4738:
4353:
3662:
3530:
3517:
3372:
3264:
1486:
1774:). It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e.,
8016:
7625:
7572:
7557:
7553:
7485:
7075:
6933:
6731:
6712:
6675:
6554:
6484:
6427:
6412:
6339:
6185:
6170:
6115:
6077:
5781:
5724:
5684:
5552:
5482:
5427:
4806:
4345:
3286:
3277:
2563:
2033:
287:
8129:
8086:
7698:
7621:
7409:
7299:
7116:
7045:
6982:
6976:
6845:
6720:
6660:
6520:
6464:
6449:
6444:
6417:
6407:
6351:
6324:
6299:
6234:
6228:
6214:
6200:
6157:
6139:
5739:
5729:
5709:
5644:
5370:
5227:
5126:
Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press.
4932:
4916:
4896:
4878:
4860:
4842:
4834:
4810:
4759:
4748:
4739:
4718:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4636:
4610:
4602:
3353:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3268:
3200:
3115:
3054:
3032:
3019:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2969:
2959:
2934:
2926:
2916:
2893:
2885:
2862:
2850:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2814:
2802:
2584:
2576:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2527:
2512:
2498:
2487:
2471:
2462:
2415:
2407:
2385:
2377:
2342:
2325:
2300:
2281:
2260:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2140:
2111:
2091:
2058:
2047:
2018:
2002:
1995:
1958:
1931:
1922:
1895:
1885:
1867:
1852:
1839:
1831:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1753:
1730:
1716:
1704:
In hamza-initial imperative forms following a vowel, especially following the conjunction
1695:
1668:
1656:
1642:
1617:
1599:
1591:
1574:
1557:
1548:
1530:
1513:
1496:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1392:
1369:
1349:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1179:
1171:
1160:
1142:
1123:
1110:
1091:
1058:
1046:
1038:
1011:
993:
960:
941:
933:
920:
911:
885:
866:
829:
767:
758:
696:
670:
652:
628:
605:
580:
561:
553:
545:
532:
514:
506:
494:
482:
441:
428:
416:
408:
387:
375:
354:
343:
335:
327:
292:
273:
250:
236:
222:
129:
2065:
varies from country to country, and there is a trend towards simplifying Arabic grammar.
753:
286:, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and
5478:
5334:
4994:
4575:
2413:) are the diacritic points that distinguish various consonants that have the same form (
8204:
8081:
7500:
7322:
7196:
7126:
7060:
6965:
6739:
6628:
6623:
6608:
6593:
6559:
6344:
5719:
5661:
5012:
4794:
4341:
3255:
2460:
did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the
2110:
173:
5943:
5853:
5826:
1929:
1677:
It occurs in phrases and sentences (connected speech, not isolated/dictionary forms):
8350:
8289:
8245:
8091:
7158:
7153:
7139:
7085:
7020:
7002:
6888:
6873:
6867:
6836:
6655:
6650:
6635:
6598:
6459:
6454:
6378:
6334:
6190:
6164:
5905:
5896:
5689:
5676:
5572:
5504:
4361:
3295:
2469:
Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the
2220:
2040:
only). In a vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced (see
382:
213:
137:
5447:
4781:(short consonant; no longer used). His system is essentially the one we know today.
4660:
2612:
was optional, unpointed letters were ambiguous. To clarify that a letter would lack
8317:
7855:
7466:
7428:
7280:
7131:
7090:
7030:
7010:
6970:
6883:
6878:
6645:
6640:
6530:
6253:
6239:
6031:
6013:
5806:
5174:
4349:
2809:
1651:
1373:
6955:
4841:
4818:
4519:
as it is called in Rohingya, is a fish-like looping line that is placed on top of
2535:
2057:
2046:
2037:
1116:), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long
5388:
5200:
939:
should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word
702:
is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah is placed before the letter ⟨
8324:
7025:
6917:
6861:
6613:
6022:
5774:
5584:
5487:
5462:
3980:
3198:), the situation is different, as noted above. See the comprehensive article on
2640:), or a subscript miniature of the letter itself. A superscript stroke known as
2539:
1280:
1087:
436:
5925:
5871:
5556:
5146:
2791:
Although normally it is sometimes not considered a letter of the alphabet, the
520:
as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription.
109:
99:
8114:
7447:
7367:
6175:
6084:
5431:
5030:
3800:
3501:
2526:
2295:
1952:
448:
5564:
5540:
5496:
5439:
8174:
7587:
7255:
7080:
4372:
i.e. dots that are used for purpose of phonetic distinctions of consonants.
2307:
2028:
These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in
217:
7534:
4588:
2918:
2524:) in handwriting and in print. This practice is also used in copies of the
504:
of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with
361:
6956:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5951:
5941:
5933:
5923:
5915:
5906:
5897:
5888:
5879:
5869:
5861:
5851:
5843:
5834:
5824:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5289:"Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages"
848:(as in "me", "be") and its allophones (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example:
7816:
7747:
7669:
7065:
7055:
6948:
5758:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3361:
1976:
1605:
is not pronounced when its word does not begin a sentence. For example:
1064:
should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.
8274:
7992:
7352:
7100:
5764:
4580:
2821:
It may appear as a letter by itself or as a diacritic over or under an
1075:, since it is the only rounded vowel in the vowel inventory of Arabic.
677:) (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long
468:
8189:
7943:
7530:
7015:
6943:
5995:
5639:
5624:
4925:
4909:
4877:
4717:
4389:
as it is called in Rohingya, is a single dot that's placed on top of
2233:
394:
17:
4454:
as it is called in Rohingya, is two dots that are placed on top of
2961:
1887:
1013:
747:
742:
5541:"Automatic diacritization of Tunisian dialect text using SMT model"
5524:
4736:
The precursor to the system we know today is Al Farahidi's system.
4594:(1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks (see
8260:
8159:
7874:
7684:
7602:
7337:
7318:
7095:
7050:
7040:
5959:
5914:
5887:
5860:
5833:
5797:
5769:
5593:
4584:
4066:
in Azerbaijani, used only on top of ye: یٛ is equivalent to Latin
3202:
2783:
2750:
2694:, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without
2592:
2457:
2372:
2366:
2142:
2090:
2041:
1547:
1365:
1269:
1187:
1122:
669:
627:
283:
161:
5036:
What the Koran Really Says : Language, Text & Commentary
8037:
7070:
6040:
5986:
5977:
5950:
5932:
5878:
5842:
5741:
4859:
4071:
4032:
4028:
3520:
written in Arabic script includes the diacritic or "wavy hamza".
3366:
3316:
2705:
2679:
2667:
2662:
were all used to indicate that the letter in question was truly
2417:
1830:
1023:(like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example:
919:
884:
738:
734:
90:
7228:
5597:
4801:. Automatic diacritization algorithms have been developed. For
3326:
When writing Arabic, often used in Iraq to represent the sound
2616:
in pointed text, the letter could be marked with a small v- or
488:
In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful.
6004:
5815:
5039:. Translated by Ibn Warraq. New York: Prometheus. p. 64.
4627:
4579:
Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy (9th–11th century). The
4242:
3312:
3308:
1274:
29:
7224:
5748:
5147:"Arabic Range: 0600–06FF The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1"
5116:. p. 57 (§ 8. Diacritical marks and vowelisation).
4622:
According to tradition, the first to commission a system of
4405:(vowel diacritics unique to Rohinghya), or their respective
3487:
also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies
1928:
may have also an alternative form of the small high head of
635:(henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples):
2601:
and without top stroke next to initial kāf with top stroke.
567:, for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.
5335:"Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode"
4281: written above or below other diacritics to mark a
2736:
was written without that stroke, it could be mistaken for
2698:), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small
4642:, dots used to distinguish between different consonants.
4067:
2728:, when that letter was written without the stroke on its
2288:
621:
and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an
603:(like the /a/ sound in the English word "cat"). The word
447:
might be used simply because their writing is considered
5416:"A survey of automatic Arabic diacritization techniques"
5371:"Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"
4891:), the phonetic rules of recitation of Qur'an in Arabic
2017:, or nunation. The signs indicate, from left to right,
53:
4958:
4956:
4954:
2883:
If the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word,
2453:
are not considered diacritics but part of the letter.
1368:-shaped diacritic, which can only appear on top of an
2582:
in initial and medial forms, but exactly the same as
2287:), is a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin "
2156:
should always be written (except for words ending in
426:. Another use is in children's literature. Moreover,
4813:(WER) of 4.79%. The most common mistakes are proper
4707:, a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel
2932:
is used (the two dots which are usually beneath the
2306:
that is commonly used in ordinary spelling to avoid
1768:
is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter (
8272:
8216:
8100:
8004:
7696:
7637:
7262:
7174:
7109:
6996:
6926:
6905:
6830:
6748:
6730:
6691:
6584:
6544:
6511:
6502:
6475:
6435:
6426:
6400:
6287:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6108:
6062:
6053:
5790:
5675:
5632:
5287:Priest, Lorna A.; Hosken, Martin (10 August 2010).
3706:miniature Arabic letter hah (initial form) ﺣ above
3121:is used to designate the initial glottal stop (the
2899:is used only if it is not preceded or followed by
1810:may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A
2496:Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final
5753:
5236:] (in Urdu and Burushaski). pp. 28–29.
3927:
3918:
3909:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3790:
3781:
3772:
1207:) is usually produced automatically by entering
7894:
7797:
7738:
5414:Azmi, Aqil M.; Almajed, Reham S. (2013-10-10).
4027:used only on top of vav: ۆ equivalent to Latin
2856:depends on the quality of the adjacent vowels;
2788:ئ ؤ إ أ ء
896:(as in the English word "steed"). For example:
8059:
8047:
7846:
7807:
7963:
7934:
7924:
7914:
7767:
7718:
7240:
5609:
3212:Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic
2485:became black dots about the same time as the
2078:is most commonly written in combination with
1044:is usually not written in such cases, but if
917:is usually not written in such cases, but if
492:Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use
352:The bulk of Arabic script is written without
248:). The latter include the vowel marks termed
193:
8:
7904:
7836:
7787:
5393:. Columbia University Press. pp. 56ff.
4886:
4868:
4850:
3542:when below the alif: اٟ to create the sound
3527:when used above alif: ٲ to create the vowel
3188:
3175:
3162:
3145:
3132:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3063:
3041:
2978:
2943:
2795:
2713:
2699:
2677:
2665:
2655:
2633:
2623:
2519:
2505:
2439:
2426:
2400:
2350:
2333:
2313:
2272:
2251:
2131:
2121:
2101:
2081:
2071:
2010:
1902:
1876:
1845:
1821:
1784:
1769:
1761:
1723:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1626:
1608:
1582:
1565:
1538:
1521:
1504:
1467:
1401:
1357:
1192:
1151:
1133:
1101:
1026:
1002:
978:
968:
899:
875:
851:
837:
717:
703:
684:
660:
638:
612:
588:
538:
476:
399:
366:
321:
266:
257:
243:
229:
220:, which include consonant pointing known as
113:
103:
98:(in red) were added so that letters such as
7983:
5078:Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers
1309:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7973:
7777:
7728:
7247:
7233:
7225:
6508:
6432:
6144:
6135:
6059:
5616:
5602:
5594:
5545:International Journal of Speech Technology
4002:
3992:
3346:
2848:Which letter is to be used to support the
2648:, was used for a contracted (assimilated)
200:
186:
125:
8299:combining character § Unicode ranges
5523:
5486:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
4989:
4987:
4691:A dot above a letter indicated the vowel
3621:inverted and regular curly dammahs above
1329:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:), and supplementary diacritics known as
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
5141:
5139:
4873:), the basic system of Arabic consonants
4574:
3218:
2690:, are still occasionally used in modern
1666:of the definite article is considered a
290:are not generally indicated in writing.
83:
4950:
4930:the Hebrew diacritic similar to Arabic
4644:
2957:is before or after the glottal stop, a
2914:is before or after the glottal stop, a
2493:became small black letters or strokes.
716:"); and when placed before the letter ⟨
478:بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
135:
128:
5256:
4559:) This tone marker indicates a
4494:) This tone marker indicates a
4429:) This tone marker indicates a
3495:Variants of standard Arabic diacritics
2180:endings in indefinite triptote forms:
1949:ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH
1456:above it, the combination known as an
1130:is normally not written. For example:
5351:from the original on 12 December 2019
4821:. Similar algorithms exist for other
4543:versions, and it's placed underneath
4478:versions, and it's placed underneath
4413:versions, and it's placed underneath
3987:, which in medial form is written as
3406:) contains a vertical line above the
2744:was distinguished with a superscript
2686:. These signs, collectively known as
2209:, also serves as an adverbial marker;
263:
7:
8313:English terms with diacritical marks
5333:Pandey, Anshuman (27 October 2015).
3729:miniature Arabic letter tah ط above
3523:In Kashmiri the diacritic is called
3129:syllables "beginning" with a vowel:
1994:. They may or may not be considered
1307:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Diacritics used in the Arabic script
5305:from the original on 8 October 2022
5263:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
4887:
4869:
4851:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3146:
3133:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3064:
3042:
3025:s in succession are never allowed:
2979:
2944:
2796:
2714:
2700:
2678:
2666:
2656:
2634:
2624:
2520:
2506:
2440:
2427:
2401:
2351:
2334:
2314:
2273:
2252:
2132:
2122:
2102:
2082:
2011:
1903:
1877:
1846:
1822:
1785:
1762:
1724:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1627:
1609:
1583:
1566:
1539:
1522:
1505:
1468:
1402:
1358:
1193:
1152:
1134:
1102:
1027:
1003:
979:
969:
900:
876:
852:
838:
718:
704:
685:
661:
639:
613:
589:
539:
477:
400:
367:
322:
267:
258:
244:
230:
114:
104:
7201:Languages between parentheses are
4699:, a dot below indicated the vowel
4268:دࣤ࣬ دࣥ࣬ دࣦ࣯
3942:Present in the Burushaski letters
3871:Present in the Burushaski letters
3822:Eastern Arabic numeral 3: ٣ above
3807:Present in the Burushaski letters
3756:Eastern Arabic numeral 2: ٢ above
3479:ٜ بٜ
2868:: above if the following vowel is
2574:", that looks exactly the same as
1736:) 'rise and then drink the water'.
25:
4093:) contains the v shape above the
2605:سۡ سۜ سۣ سٚ ڛ
1390:could also be represented by two
599:a letter, and represents a short
385:. It is also quite common to add
8330:
8329:
7209:
7208:
4995:"Introduction to Written Arabic"
4671:
4659:
4647:
2710:in its final and isolated forms
1408:, where a hamza above the first
1279:
999:is placed before a plain letter
872:is placed before a plain letter
657:is placed before a plain letter
595:is a small diagonal line placed
282:The Arabic script is a modified
34:
5587:Lang Resources & Evaluation
4245:with ring (ګ) is used for IPA /
3125:beginning). But if we consider
1071:(ضَمَّة) in this context means
88:Early written Arabic used only
7205:of the language on their left.
4999:University of Victoria, Canada
4583:was taken as an example, from
4085:in Uyghur, the letter ئۆ (IPA
3538:Kashmiri calls the wavy hamza
3074:Consider the following words:
2172:is not. Grammatical cases and
484:bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
45:comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
43:This article needs editing to
1:
8292:(placeholder glyph character)
4757:Accordingly, he replaced the
4715:, and two dots stood for the
2590:in final and isolated forms.
2128:(alif hamzah) or stand-alone
1386:In theory, the same sequence
1052:is pronounced as a diphthong
927:is pronounced as a diphthong
7263:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
5700:Ancient South Arabian script
5667:Influence on other languages
5420:Natural Language Engineering
5387:Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997).
4855:), the case system of Arabic
4596:image of early Basmala Kufic
2630:; three dots were used with
2510:), which looks exactly like
6957:
6042:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6006:
5997:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5942:
5934:
5924:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5870:
5862:
5852:
5844:
5835:
5825:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5740:
5488:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3122977
4933:
4917:
4879:
4861:
4843:
4760:
4749:
4740:
4719:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4637:
4611:
4603:
3993:
3676:diagonal tilde shape below
3651:diagonal tilde shape above
3475:ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW
3201:
3116:
3055:
3033:
3031:
3020:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2970:
2960:
2935:
2927:
2917:
2894:
2886:
2863:
2851:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2815:
2803:
2585:
2577:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2528:
2513:
2499:
2488:
2472:
2463:
2416:
2408:
2386:
2378:
2343:
2326:
2301:
2282:
2261:
2214:
2200:
2186:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2141:
2112:
2092:
2059:
2048:
2019:
2003:
1996:
1959:
1932:
1923:
1896:
1886:
1868:
1853:
1840:
1832:
1813:
1805:
1794:
1754:
1731:
1717:
1696:
1669:
1657:
1643:
1618:
1600:
1592:
1575:
1558:
1549:
1531:
1514:
1497:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1393:
1350:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1143:
1124:
1111:
1092:
1059:
1047:
1039:
1012:
994:
961:
942:
934:
921:
912:
886:
867:
830:
768:
759:
697:
671:
653:
629:
606:
581:
562:
554:
546:
533:
526:Harakat (short vowel marks)
515:
507:
495:
483:
442:
429:
417:
409:
388:
376:
355:
344:
336:
328:
293:
274:
251:
237:
223:
8388:
5557:10.1007/s10772-021-09864-6
5234:Burushaski–Urdu Dictionary
5033:(2002). Ibn Warraq (ed.).
4791:Arabic machine translation
4208:greater than sign - above
4166:greater than sign - below
3928:
3919:
3910:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3791:
3782:
3773:
2781:
2546:. The same unification of
2231:
1974:
1850:) indicates the diphthong
1545:looks like a small letter
1484:
1267:
797:ARABIC FATHA ISOLATED FORM
118:) could be distinguished.
8307:
8060:
8048:
7984:
7974:
7964:
7935:
7925:
7915:
7905:
7895:
7847:
7837:
7808:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7768:
7739:
7729:
7719:
7188:
7181:Islam and Arabic language
5432:10.1017/S1351324913000284
5175:"Vowel 04: ٲ / ä – (aae)"
4914:the Hebrew equivalent of
4556:
4491:
4426:
4278:
4255:
4214:
4193:
4172:
4151:
4130:
4109:
4001:, Unicode U+0658) above:
3958:Shapes like Latin letters
3956:
3947:
3943:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3812:
3808:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3746:
3734:
3711:
3698:
3681:
3656:
3643:
3626:
3603:
3562:
3493:
3449:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3238:
2940:disappear in this case):
2456:Early manuscripts of the
2072:
1914:
1873:, followed by the letter
1770:
8362:Arabic words and phrases
8261:tilde § Mathematics
8101:Marks used as diacritics
7122:Arabic script in Unicode
6857:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
6217:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
5228:
5013:"Arabic character notes"
4785:Automatic diacritization
4050:invered "v" shape above
2405:; sometimes also called
1432:. However, consecutive
1268:Not to be confused with
1089:superscript (or dagger)
1019:), it represents a long
892:), it represents a long
823:A similar diagonal line
810:ARABIC FATHA MEDIAL FORM
6384:Western Egyptian Bedawi
5461:Almanea, Manar (2021).
5201:"Vowel07: اٟ / ü ( ι )"
4905:, the Hebrew equivalent
4187:less than sign - above
4145:less than sign - below
4017:ۆ ؤیٛ
3749:Eastern Arabic numerals
3455:Sindhi, Old Hindustani
3052:is written with a free
2748:or a small superscript
2572:Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh
2294:It is used to indicate
1818:followed by the letter
1725:قُمْ وَٱشْرَبِ ٱلْمَاءَ
1722:) 'and'. For example: َ
844:and designates a short
722:⟩ (wāw), it creates an
708:⟩ (yā’), it creates an
320:The literal meaning of
7650: ◌҄
7568: ◌͂
7443: ◌̉
7314: ◌̑
5342:The Unicode Consortium
5296:The Unicode Consortium
5080:. BRILL. p. 286.
4803:Modern Standard Arabic
4731:
4683:
4678:Modern Kufic in Qur'an
4632:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
4619:
4551:, or their respective
4535:, or their respective
4486:, or their respective
4470:, or their respective
4421:, or their respective
3365:, equivalent to Latin
2602:
2392:
1572:(also indicated by an
1224:+ ligature of doubled
454:An example of a fully
123:
7496: ◌ͅ
6988:Quranic Arabic Corpus
5695:Ancient North Arabian
5226:Mirza, Umair (2006).
4799:information retrieval
4684:Abu al-Aswad's system
4578:
4427:دً࣪ / دٌ࣪ / دࣨ࣪ / دٍ࣭
4336:Rohingya tone markers
3341:horizontal bar above
3155:("hearts"—notice the
2608:At the time when the
2596:
2370:
2357:('teacher', female).
2164:or diptotes) even if
1597:). It means that the
1216:The word consists of
827:a letter is called a
87:
8336:Category: Diacritics
8140: ◌:
6939:Sun and moon letters
6099:Pre-classical Arabic
5101:Gacek, Adam (1989).
5072:Gacek, Adam (2009).
4773:(geminate), a small
4732:Al Farahidi's system
3893:4: ۴ above or below
3598:double dammah above
3383:vertical line above
2644:, resembling a long
2568:the Unicode Standard
2566:, resulting in what
2160:tā’ marbūṭah, hamzah
1732:qum wa-shrab-i l-mā’
1372:(آ) and indicates a
1303:improve this section
625:. For example, with
8367:Quranic orthography
8070:dakuten, handakuten
8022:Gurmukhī diacritics
6793:Judeo-Tripolitanian
6272:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5589:, Vol. 53, pp. 1-65
5479:2021IEEEA...9n5012A
5390:The Arabic Language
5205:Kashmiri Dictionary
5179:Kashmiri Dictionary
5074:"Unpointed letters"
4823:varieties of Arabic
4654:Early Basmala Kufic
4263:"fish" shape above
3991:with the diacritic
3557:curly dammah above
3398:the letter ئۈ (IPA
3307:Diagonal bar above
3246:diagonal bar above
3185:("heads", singular
3159:syllable; singular
2876:and below if it is
2762:with a superscript
2375:script without any
1379:followed by a long
94:(in black). Later,
54:improve the content
8217:Non-diacritic uses
7166:MacArabic encoding
4620:
4124:circle with fatha
3983:is represented by
3981:Vowel nasalization
3967:, "u" shape above
3722:Sukun (zero-vowel)
3482:African languages
3423:2 dots (vertical)
3208:for more details.
2720:was originally an
2692:Arabic calligraphy
2603:
2597:Isolated kāf with
2393:
1103:أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة
947:means 'breaking'.
466:) Arabic from the
124:
8357:Arabic diacritics
8344:
8343:
8325:Punctuation marks
8231:caret (computing)
8087:Syriac diacritics
8032:diacritics in IPA
8027:Hebrew diacritics
8012:Arabic diacritics
7222:
7221:
7197:extinct languages
7136:MS-DOS codepages
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6580:
6579:
6498:
6497:
6396:
6395:
6092:Old Hijazi Arabic
5473:: 145012–145032.
5400:978-0-231-11152-2
5207:. 6 February 2021
5181:. 31 January 2021
5110:Déroche, François
5087:978-90-04-17036-0
4903:Hebrew diacritics
4496:long falling tone
4354:Rohingya language
4333:
4332:
3518:Kashmiri language
2000:and are known as
1487:Wasla (diacritic)
1420:while the second
1339:
1338:
1331:
210:
209:
82:
81:
74:
16:(Redirected from
8379:
8333:
8332:
8294:
8293:
8286:
8264:
8263:
8257:
8249:
8248:
8242:
8234:
8233:
8227:
8208:
8207:
8201:
8200: ◌′
8193:
8192:
8186:
8185: ◌˗
8178:
8177:
8175:full stop/period
8171:
8170: ◌.
8163:
8162:
8156:
8155: ◌,
8148:
8147:
8141:
8133:
8132:
8126:
8125: ◌̸
8118:
8117:
8111:
8110: ◌’
8082:Khmer diacritics
8073:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8017:Greek diacritics
8005:In other scripts
7996:
7995:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7957:
7947:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7890:
7888:
7878:
7877:
7871:
7869:
7859:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7832:
7830:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7761:
7751:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7712:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7680: ◌҃
7673:
7672:
7666:
7665: ◌҇
7658:
7657:
7651:
7629:
7628:
7626:smooth breathing
7618:
7617: ◌᾿
7614:
7613: ◌῾
7606:
7605:
7599:
7598: ◌̃
7591:
7590:
7584:
7583: ◌͗
7576:
7575:
7569:
7561:
7560:
7550:
7549: ◌̥
7546:
7545: ◌̊
7538:
7537:
7527:
7526: ◌̨
7519:
7518:
7512:
7511: ◌̄
7504:
7503:
7497:
7489:
7488:
7482:
7481: ◌̛
7474:
7473:
7463:
7462: ◌̢
7459:
7458: ◌̡
7451:
7450:
7444:
7436:
7435:
7425:
7424: ◌̏
7421:
7420: ◌̀
7413:
7412:
7406:
7405: ◌̣
7402:
7401: ◌̇
7394:
7393:
7379:
7378: ◌̈
7371:
7370:
7364:
7363: ◌̂
7356:
7355:
7349:
7348: ◌̧
7341:
7340:
7334:
7333: ◌̌
7326:
7325:
7315:
7311:
7310: ◌̆
7303:
7302:
7296:
7295: ◌᷄
7288:
7287:
7277:
7276: ◌̋
7273:
7272: ◌́
7249:
7242:
7235:
7226:
7212:
7211:
6960:
6509:
6433:
6369:Western Algerian
6316:Eastern Algerian
6312:Algerian Saharan
6242:(Lesser Kabylia)
6145:
6136:
6078:Nabataean Arabic
6060:
6045:
6036:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5955:
5947:
5937:
5929:
5919:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5875:
5865:
5857:
5847:
5838:
5830:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5782:Maltese alphabet
5745:
5725:Algerian Braille
5715:Eastern numerals
5685:Nabataean script
5618:
5611:
5604:
5595:
5577:
5576:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5490:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5339:
5330:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5293:
5284:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5229:بروشسکی اردو لغت
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5143:
5134:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5053:on 11 April 2019
5049:. Archived from
5027:
5021:
5020:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4991:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4936:
4920:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4809:algorithm has a
4807:state-of-the-art
4763:
4752:
4743:
4722:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4640:
4614:
4606:
4566:
4561:long rising tone
4558:
4555:version. (e.g.
4501:
4493:
4490:version. (e.g.
4436:
4428:
4425:version. (e.g.
4346:Mandarin Chinese
4321:dammah-e-majhool
4317:fathah-e-majhool
4313:kasrah-e-majhool
4292:
4283:long rising tone
4280:
4248:
4218:
4216:
4197:
4195:
4176:
4174:
4155:
4153:
4134:
4132:
4113:
4111:
4092:
4081:
4042:
4012:"v" shape above
4004:
3996:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3814:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3736:
3713:
3683:
3658:
3628:
3605:
3564:
3549:
3534:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3405:
3376:
3350:
3333:
3322:
3219:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3029:is written with
3028:
3023:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2854:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2722:‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl
2719:
2717:
2716:
2703:
2702:
2688:‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl
2685:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2599:‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl
2588:
2580:
2573:
2562:has happened in
2560:
2552:
2544:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2475:
2466:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2381:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2051:
2034:classical Arabic
2024:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1962:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1672:
1660:
1646:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1283:
1275:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1211:alif lām lām hāʾ
1206:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1175:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1120:sound for which
1119:
1114:
1112:alif khanjarīyah
1107:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1079:Alif Khanjariyah
1062:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
987:
984:
982:
981:
974:
972:
971:
964:
945:
937:
930:
924:
915:
908:
905:
903:
902:
895:
889:
881:
879:
878:
870:
860:
857:
855:
854:
847:
843:
841:
840:
833:
811:
808:
805:
803:
798:
795:
792:
790:
785:
782:
779:
777:
771:
762:
725:
721:
720:
711:
707:
706:
700:
693:
690:
688:
687:
680:
674:
666:
664:
663:
656:
647:
644:
642:
641:
632:
624:
616:
615:
609:
602:
594:
592:
591:
584:
565:
557:
549:
542:
541:
536:
518:
510:
498:
486:
480:
479:
445:
432:
420:
412:
405:
403:
402:
391:
379:
372:
370:
369:
358:
347:
339:
331:
325:
324:
296:
288:consonant length
277:
270:
269:
265:
261:
260:
254:
247:
246:
240:
233:
232:
226:
202:
195:
188:
126:
117:
116:
107:
106:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8372:Phonetic guides
8347:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8303:
8288:
8285: ◌
8284:
8282:
8268:
8259:
8256: ~
8255:
8253:
8244:
8241: °
8240:
8238:
8229:
8226: ^
8225:
8223:
8212:
8203:
8199:
8197:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8173:
8169:
8167:
8158:
8154:
8152:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8113:
8109:
8107:
8096:
8092:Thai diacritics
8068:
8058:
8056:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8038:kana diacritics
8000:
7991:
7981:
7971:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7942:
7932:
7922:
7912:
7902:
7892:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7854:
7844:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7815:
7805:
7795:
7785:
7775:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7746:
7736:
7726:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7692:
7683:
7679:
7677:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7633:
7622:rough breathing
7620:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7601:
7597:
7595:
7586:
7582:
7580:
7571:
7567:
7565:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7542:
7529:
7525:
7523:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7484:
7480:
7478:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7417:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7398:
7381:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7362:
7360:
7351:
7347:
7345:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7269:
7258:
7253:
7223:
7218:
7184:
7170:
7117:Arabic keyboard
7105:
7000:
6992:
6977:Mater lectionis
6971:Triliteral root
6922:
6893:
6834:
6826:
6744:
6726:
6687:
6576:
6540:
6494:
6471:
6422:
6392:
6283:
6263:Judeo-Maghrebi
6131:
6125:
6121:Modern Standard
6104:
6049:
5786:
5730:Maltese Braille
5710:Arabic numerals
5671:
5628:
5622:
5581:
5580:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5272:
5255:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5125:
5121:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5088:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5047:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4952:
4947:
4835:Arabic alphabet
4831:
4811:word error rate
4787:
4734:
4686:
4679:
4676:
4667:
4664:
4655:
4652:
4617:
4599:
4593:
4573:
4557:دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯
4513:
4492:دَ࣫ / دُ࣫ / دِ࣮
4448:
4431:short high tone
4383:
4338:
4294:
4279:دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯
4213:
4192:
4171:
4150:
4129:
4108:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:Arabic (Iraq),
3214:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3143:
3130:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3061:
3039:
2976:
2941:
2789:
2786:
2778:
2715:ك ـك
2711:
2675:
2663:
2653:
2631:
2621:
2606:
2571:
2437:
2424:
2365:
2348:
2340:('school') vs.
2331:
2311:
2310:. For example:
2270:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2207:accusative case
2193:nominative case
2129:
2119:
2099:
2079:
2069:
2030:Literary Arabic
2008:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1918:
1874:
1819:
1782:
1759:
1749:
1746:
1705:
1624:
1606:
1580:
1563:
1536:
1519:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1465:
1464:. For example:
1428:represents the
1416:represents the
1399:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1300:
1284:
1273:
1266:
1190:
1149:
1131:
1099:
1084:
1081:
1024:
1000:
976:
966:
956:
953:
897:
873:
849:
835:
821:
818:
809:
806:
801:
800:
796:
793:
788:
787:
783:
780:
775:
774:
682:
658:
636:
586:
576:
573:
528:
490:
487:
481:
397:
364:
318:
206:
152:Transliteration
136:
130:Arabic alphabet
78:
67:
61:
58:
51:
47:Manual of Style
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8385:
8383:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8349:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8327:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8279:
8277:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8251:
8236:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8195:
8180:
8165:
8150:
8135:
8120:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8008:
8006:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7949:
7880:
7861:
7822:
7753:
7703:
7701:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7675:
7660:
7644:
7642:
7640:Early Cyrillic
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7608:
7593:
7578:
7563:
7540:
7521:
7506:
7501:iota subscript
7491:
7476:
7471:retroflex hook
7453:
7438:
7415:
7396:
7373:
7358:
7343:
7328:
7323:inverted breve
7305:
7290:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7229:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7206:
7199:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7134:
7129:
7127:ISO/IEC 8859-6
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7061:Naskh (script)
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6841:
6839:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:Judeo-Tunisian
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6780:Judeo-Moroccan
6777:
6776:
6775:
6765:
6763:Judeo-Egyptian
6760:
6758:Judeo-Algerian
6754:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6740:Bedouin Arabic
6736:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6352:Moroccan koiné
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6325:Tunisian koiné
6321:Eastern Hilal
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6305:Judeo-Algerian
6300:Algerian koiné
6296:Central Hilal
6293:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6277:Judeo-Tunisian
6274:
6269:
6267:Judeo-Moroccan
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6232:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6161:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6066:
6064:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5894:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Arabic Braille
5717:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5579:
5578:
5531:
5510:
5453:
5426:(3): 477–495.
5406:
5399:
5379:
5362:
5316:
5270:
5242:
5218:
5192:
5166:
5135:
5132:978-0878407880
5119:
5093:
5086:
5064:
5045:
5022:
5004:
4983:
4974:
4964:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4922:
4906:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4874:
4856:
4830:
4827:
4795:text-to-speech
4786:
4783:
4733:
4730:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4646:
4630:who appointed
4572:
4569:
4511:
4446:
4381:
4358:Rohingya Fonna
4337:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4083:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3935:
3907:
3894:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3867:
3864:
3836:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3803:
3798:
3770:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:Arabic letters
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3536:
3521:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452: ٿ ڐ ڙ
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3303:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:Bars and lines
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3072:
3071:
3015:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2953:Otherwise, if
2951:
2881:
2787:
2782:Main article:
2777:
2772:
2604:
2364:
2361:
2237:
2232:Main article:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2210:
2196:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1975:Main article:
1972:
1969:
1913:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1702:
1490:
1485:Main article:
1482:
1479:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1265:
1262:
1256:, followed by
1082:
1080:
1077:
954:
952:
949:
819:
817:
814:
773:s are encoded
574:
572:
569:
527:
524:
474:
317:
312:
208:
207:
205:
204:
197:
190:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
154:
149:
141:
140:
133:
132:
80:
79:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8384:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8337:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8291:
8290:dotted circle
8281:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8271:
8262:
8252:
8247:
8246:degree symbol
8237:
8232:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8206:
8196:
8191:
8181:
8176:
8166:
8161:
8151:
8146:
8136:
8131:
8121:
8116:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8071:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7994:
7950:
7945:
7881:
7876:
7862:
7857:
7823:
7818:
7754:
7749:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7695:
7686:
7676:
7671:
7661:
7656:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7627:
7623:
7609:
7604:
7594:
7589:
7579:
7574:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7541:
7536:
7532:
7522:
7517:
7507:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7454:
7449:
7439:
7434:
7430:
7416:
7411:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7369:
7359:
7354:
7344:
7339:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7306:
7301:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7243:
7238:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7215:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7086:Sini (script)
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7076:Ruqʿah script
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7021:Hijazi script
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6699:Central Asian
6697:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6671:Taʽizzi-Adeni
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6255:
6252:
6250:Traras-Msirda
6249:
6248:
6246:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:Arabic script
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5532:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5222:
5219:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5155:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5052:
5048:
5046:1-57392-945-X
5042:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4689:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4362:Arabic script
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4103:dotted fatha
4102:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3997:(also called
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3087:("brother"),
3059:
3057:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2669:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2586:alif maqṣūrah
2581:
2579:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2538:) scribed by
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2517:
2515:
2514:alif maqṣūrah
2503:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2398:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2328:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2221:genitive case
2218:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:-an, -in, -un
2007:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1777:
1771: ْ
1758:
1756:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1701:) 'in Yemen'.
1700:
1698:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1560:
1555:on top of an
1554:
1553:
1551:
1540:هَمْزَة وَصْل
1535:
1533:
1523:أَلِف وَصْلَة
1518:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:This section
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1240:and a dagger
1239:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1145:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1018:
1016:
1015:
998:
996:
989:
965:
963:
950:
948:
946:
944:
938:
936:
926:
925:
923:
916:
914:
891:
890:
888:
871:
869:
862:
834:
832:
826:
815:
813:
772:
770:
764:
761:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
741:/) or back (/
740:
736:
731:
729:
715:
701:
699:
676:
675:
673:
655:
649:
634:
633:
631:
620:
610:
608:
598:
585:
583:
570:
568:
566:
564:
558:
556:
550:
548:
537:
535:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
511:
509:
503:
499:
497:
489:
485:
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:aesthetically
446:
444:
438:
433:
431:
425:
421:
419:
413:
411:
396:
392:
390:
384:
380:
378:
363:
359:
357:
350:
348:
346:
340:
338:
332:
330:
316:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
295:
289:
285:
280:
278:
276:
255:
253:
241:
239:
227:
225:
219:
216:has numerous
215:
214:Arabic script
203:
198:
196:
191:
189:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:Arabic script
134:
131:
127:
121:
111:
101:
97:
93:
92:
86:
76:
73:
65:
55:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
8318:Metal umlaut
8011:
7856:chandrabindu
7467:palatal hook
7433:double grave
7338:caron, háček
7285:double acute
7192:
7132:Windows-1256
7091:Taliq script
7031:Jeli Thuluth
7011:Ajami script
6975:
6879:Pidgin madam
6866:
6844:
6808:Judeo-Yemeni
6750:Judeo-Arabic
6732:Sociological
6719:
6681:Judeo-Yemeni
6504:Mesopotamian
6379:Libyan koiné
6163:
6156:
6149:Pre-Hilalian
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6071:Proto-Arabic
6069:
5734:
5704:Zabūr script
5657:Romanization
5586:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5513:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5389:
5382:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5341:
5307:. Retrieved
5295:
5247:. Retrieved
5243:969-404-66-0
5233:
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5204:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5178:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5153:
5122:
5113:
5096:
5077:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:the original
5035:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4977:
4967:
4931:
4924:
4915:
4908:
4876:
4858:
4840:
4819:case endings
4788:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4666:Middle Kufic
4635:
4623:
4621:
4609:
4601:
4592:manuscripts.
4587:
4552:
4549:curly Kasrah
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:curly Ḍammah
4532:
4529:curly Fatḥah
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4487:
4484:curly Kasrah
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:curly Ḍammah
4467:
4464:curly Fatḥah
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4422:
4419:curly Kasrah
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4403:curly Ḍammah
4402:
4399:curly Fatḥah
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4357:
4350:Ajami script
4339:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4274:
4257:Other shapes
4256:
4094:
3998:
3988:
3984:
3957:
3946: and
3879: and
3811: and
3747:
3699:
3644:
3539:
3524:
3494:
3416:
3407:
3360:
3239:
3231:Language(s)
3222:Description
3215:
3199:
3142:("origin"),
3126:
3122:
3114:
3100:("Ismael"),
3098:/ʔismaːʕiːl/
3073:
3060:on the line
3053:
3030:
3018:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2968:
2958:
2933:
2925:
2915:
2892:
2884:
2861:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2810:glottal stop
2801:
2792:
2790:
2779:
2774:
2768:lam-alif-mim
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2706:
2695:
2687:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2583:
2575:
2558:alif maqṣūrā
2555:
2547:
2542:‘Uthman Ṭāhā
2525:
2511:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2449:. Typically
2414:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2371:7th-century
2359:
2341:
2324:
2299:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2212:
2198:
2184:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2139:
2113:tā’ marbūṭah
2109:
2089:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2027:
2020:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1967:
1957:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1907:) indicates
1894:
1884:
1866:
1851:
1829:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1780:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1729:
1715:
1694:
1684:فِي ٱلْيَمَن
1676:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1652:verbal nouns
1649:
1638:
1634:
1616:
1598:
1590:
1573:
1556:
1546:
1529:
1512:
1495:
1493:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1391:
1385:
1374:glottal stop
1348:
1346:
1325:
1316:
1301:Please help
1289:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1141:
1121:
1109:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1045:
1037:
1010:
992:
990:
959:
957:
940:
932:
918:
910:
883:
865:
863:
828:
824:
822:
784:ARABIC FATHA
766:
765:
752:
746:
732:
727:
713:
695:
668:
650:
626:
618:
604:
596:
579:
577:
560:
552:
544:
531:
529:
522:
513:
505:
502:romanisation
493:
491:
475:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
440:
427:
415:
407:
386:
374:
353:
351:
342:
334:
326:
319:
314:
307:
303:
299:
291:
281:
272:
249:
235:
221:
211:
156:
119:
95:
89:
68:
59:
52:Please help
44:
7573:perispomene
7026:Jawi script
6998:Calligraphy
6927:Linguistics
6852:Gulf Pidgin
6768:Judeo-Iraqi
6709:Kashkadarya
6565:Judeo-Iraqi
6490:Palestinian
6401:Nile Valley
6063:Pre-Islamic
5775:Dagger alif
5467:IEEE Access
4938:and shaddah
4741:al-Farāhīdī
4348:as well as
4342:Xiao'erjing
4325:alif-e-wavi
4070:, Cyrillic
4059:Azerbaijani
4031:, Cyrillic
4021:Azerbaijani
3937:Burushaski
3891:Urdu number
3866:Burushaski
3637:Latin "ouñ"
3034:alif maddah
2423:), such as
1532:hamzat waṣl
1515:alif waṣlah
1481:Alif waslah
1460:alif maddah
1169:The dagger
437:calligraphy
8351:Categories
8309:See also:
8115:apostrophe
7448:hook above
7368:circumflex
7256:Diacritics
6913:Literature
6586:Peninsular
6526:Khuzestani
6256:(Mountain)
6176:Australian
6085:Old Arabic
5735:Diacritics
5662:Numerology
5551:: 89–104.
5525:2109.14150
5031:Ibn Warraq
4945:References
3985:nun ghunna
3801:Burushaski
3614:Latin "uñ"
3591:Latin "oñ"
3573:Latin "ou"
3502:wavy hamza
3462:dot below
3311:to create
3260:Burushaski
2704:above the
2657:ڛ سۣ سۡ سٚ
2352:مُدَرِّسَة
2344:mudarrisah
2296:gemination
1953:circumflex
1697:fi l-Yaman
1589:without a
1475:/qurˈʔaːn/
1398:s, as in *
1319:April 2023
451:pleasing.
422:) and the
414:; plural:
218:diacritics
174:Numeration
157:Diacritics
8036:Japanese
7588:sicilicus
7558:underring
7383:diaeresis
7203:varieties
7195:indicate
7110:Technical
7081:Shahmukhi
7036:Kairouani
6934:Phonology
6713:Khorasani
6703:Bakhtiari
6555:Anatolian
6485:Jordanian
6465:Damascene
6428:Levantine
6340:Hassaniya
6181:Cottenera
6116:Classical
6055:Varieties
5633:Overviews
5573:238782966
5565:1572-8110
5505:240011970
5497:2169-3536
5440:1351-3249
5259:cite book
4271:Rohingya
4061:, Uyghur
4055:ئۆ
3999:ulta jazm
3994:maghnoona
3965:Nūn ġuṇnā
3875:,
3717:Rohingya
3692:Latin "e"
3687:Rohingya
3669:Latin "o"
3632:Rohingya
3609:Rohingya
3586:Rohingya
3568:Rohingya
3525:āmālü mad
3511:Kashmiri
3153:/ʔafʔida/
3092:إسْماعِيل
2975:is used:
2335:مَدْرَسَة
2308:ambiguity
2068:The sign
2038:triptotes
1960:nastaʿlīq
1893:) with a
1844:over it (
1838:) with a
1290:does not
1186:The word
1067:The word
726:(as in "c
712:(as in "l
551:are also
469:Bismillah
460:vowelised
456:vocalised
418:al-ḥādīth
410:al-ḥadīth
401:ٱلْحَدِيث
377:al-Qurʾān
368:ٱلْقُرْآن
62:June 2024
7817:avagraha
7748:anusvara
7670:pokrytie
7554:overring
7214:Category
7066:Nastaliq
7056:Muhaqqaq
7046:Maghrebi
6906:Academic
6846:Bimbashi
6802:Tunisene
6773:Baghdadi
6721:Shirvani
6661:Hadhrami
6619:Bahraini
6570:Baghdadi
6521:Baghdadi
6460:Aleppine
6450:Lebanese
6445:Cilician
6418:Sudanese
6408:Egyptian
6289:Hilalian
6247:Western
6225:Eastern
6222:Village
6201:Żurrieqi
6165:Sicilian
6158:Andalusi
6140:Maghrebi
6109:Literary
5761:(tanwin)
5759:Nunation
5645:Alphabet
5640:Language
5627:language
5448:31560671
5346:Archived
5300:Archived
4888:تَجْوِيد
4852:إِعْرَاب
4829:See also
4553:Kasratan
4541:Ḍammatan
4537:Fatḥatan
4488:Kasratan
4476:Ḍammatan
4472:Fatḥatan
4423:Kasratan
4411:Ḍammatan
4407:Fatḥatan
4299:Various
4224:Latin ó
4203:Latin o
4182:Latin é
4161:Latin e
4140:Latin ë
4119:Latin à
3737:
3714:
3684:
3663:Rohingya
3659:
3629:
3606:
3565:
3435:
3431:
3362:zwarakay
3265:Kashmiri
3228:Example
3225:Unicode
3193:⟩
3187:⟨
3183:/ruʔuːs/
3180:⟩
3174:⟨
3170:/fuʔaːd/
3167:⟩
3161:⟨
3150:⟩
3147:أَفْئِدة
3144:⟨
3137:⟩
3131:⟨
3108:⟩
3102:⟨
3095:⟩
3089:⟨
3082:⟩
3076:⟨
3068:⟩
3062:⟨
3046:⟩
3040:⟨
2983:⟩
2977:⟨
2948:⟩
2942:⟨
2730:ascender
2718:⟩
2712:⟨
2684:⟩
2676:⟨
2674:and not
2672:⟩
2664:⟨
2660:⟩
2654:⟨
2638:⟩
2632:⟨
2628:⟩
2622:⟨
2481:. These
2444:⟩
2438:⟨
2431:⟩
2425:⟨
2402:إِعْجَام
2355:⟩
2349:⟨
2338:⟩
2332:⟨
2327:madrasah
2318:⟩
2312:⟨
2277:⟩
2274:تَشْدِيد
2271:⟨
2256:⟩
2250:⟨
2136:⟩
2130:⟨
2126:⟩
2120:⟨
2106:⟩
2100:⟨
2086:⟩
2080:⟨
2076:⟩
2070:⟨
2015:⟩
2012:تَنْوِين
2009:⟨
1977:Nunation
1881:⟩
1875:⟨
1826:⟩
1820:⟨
1789:⟩
1783:⟨
1778:-vowel.
1766:⟩
1760:⟨
1712:⟩
1706:⟨
1690:في اليمن
1631:⟩
1628:ٱمْشُوا۟
1625:⟨
1613:⟩
1607:⟨
1587:⟩
1581:⟨
1570:⟩
1564:⟨
1543:⟩
1537:⟨
1526:⟩
1520:⟨
1509:⟩
1503:⟨
1472:⟩
1466:⟨
1406:⟩
1400:⟨
1362:⟩
1356:⟨
1197:⟩
1191:⟨
1156:⟩
1153:رَحْمَٰن
1150:⟨
1138:⟩
1132:⟨
1106:⟩
1100:⟨
1073:rounding
1031:⟩
1025:⟨
1007:⟩
1001:⟨
983:⟩
977:⟨
973:⟩
967:⟨
904:⟩
898:⟨
880:⟩
874:⟨
856:⟩
850:⟨
842:⟩
836:⟨
807:ﹷ
794:ﹶ
689:⟩
683:⟨
665:⟩
659:⟨
651:When a
643:⟩
637:⟨
617:) means
611:itself (
593:⟩
587:⟨
540:حَرَكَات
464:vowelled
404:⟩
398:⟨
371:⟩
365:⟨
323:تَشْكِيل
259:حَرَكَات
245:تَشْكِيل
231:إِعْجَام
169:Numerals
8275:Unicode
8065:
8057:
8053:
8045:
7993:visarga
7988:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7939:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7870:
7866:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7812:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7743:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7353:cedilla
7193:Italics
7101:Thuluth
6966:Grammar
6837:pidgins
6832:Creoles
6821:Sanʽani
6706:Bukhara
6666:Sanʽani
6629:Kuwaiti
6624:Emirati
6609:Dhofari
6594:Bahrani
6560:Cypriot
6548:(Qeltu)
6375:Sulaym
6362:Western
6357:Eastern
6235:Sfaxian
6231:(Sahel)
6186:Gozitan
6171:Maltese
5791:Letters
5765:Shaddah
5754:Harakat
5749:Tashkil
5677:Scripts
5650:History
5475:Bibcode
5249:13 July
5211:11 July
5185:11 July
5159:10 July
5154:Unicode
5112:(ed.).
5057:9 April
4972:Vowels”
4918:ḥarakāt
4771:shaddah
4761:ḥarakāt
4624:harakat
4581:basmala
4571:History
4512:◌࣬ / ◌࣯
4447:◌࣫ / ◌࣮
4382:◌࣪ / ◌࣭
4277:, e.g.
4237:Pashto
4217:
4196:
4175:
4154:
4133:
4112:
4074:, IPA /
4035:, IPA /
3950:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3883:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3815:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3472:ٜ
3444:4 dots
3287:Persian
3278:Kurdish
3140:/naʃʔa/
2967:with a
2924:with a
2816:tashkīl
2758:), and
2740:, thus
2732:. When
2652:. Thus
2618:seagull
2570:calls "
2564:Persian
2489:ḥarakāt
2379:ḥarakāt
2302:ḥarakah
2283:tashdīd
2268:tashdid
2262:shaddah
2247:shaddah
2228:Shaddah
2044:). See
1997:ḥarakāt
1955:⟨ˆ⟩ in
1946:ۡ
1917:
1763:سُكُونْ
1662:). The
1623:), but
1610:بِٱسْمِ
1506:وَصْلَة
1448:with a
1311:removed
1296:sources
1236:shaddah
1232:with a
991:When a
864:When a
839:كَسْرَة
781:َ
619:opening
614:فَتْحَة
590:فَتْحَة
555:ḥarakāt
547:tashkīl
534:ḥarakāt
516:ḥarakāt
508:ḥarakāt
496:ḥarakāt
443:ḥarakāt
430:ḥarakāt
395:hadiths
389:ḥarakāt
356:ḥarakāt
345:ḥarakāt
337:tashkīl
329:tashkīl
315:Tashkīl
308:tashkīl
304:tashkīl
294:Tashkīl
275:ḥarakah
268:حَرَكَة
252:ḥarakāt
238:tashkīl
147:History
120:Ḥarakāt
8334:
8295:
8287:
8283:
8265:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8228:
8224:
8209:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:hyphen
8187:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8108:
8074:
8067:
8055:
8043:
7997:
7990:
7980:
7970:
7960:
7952:
7948:
7944:virama
7941:
7931:
7921:
7911:
7901:
7891:
7883:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7843:
7833:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7804:
7794:
7784:
7774:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7745:
7735:
7725:
7715:
7707:
7689:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:kamora
7652:
7648:
7630:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:nosinė
7531:ogonek
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:macron
7513:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7387:umlaut
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7016:Diwani
7003:Script
6961:(case)
6958:ʾIʿrāb
6944:Tajwid
6889:Bongor
6868:Maridi
6818:Habban
6692:Others
6676:Tihami
6656:Yemeni
6651:Shihhi
6636:Hejazi
6604:Bedawi
6599:Bareqi
6455:Syrian
6413:Saʽidi
6345:Nemadi
6331:Maqil
6229:Sahili
6196:Żejtun
6132:spoken
6130:Modern
5625:Arabic
5571:
5563:
5503:
5495:
5446:
5438:
5397:
5240:
5130:
5084:
5043:
4926:Dagesh
4910:Niqqud
4897:Hebrew
4880:Tajwīd
4805:, the
4797:, and
4779:khafīf
4767:s(h)īn
4720:tanwīn
4589:Qur'an
4545:Kasrah
4525:Ḍammah
4521:Fatḥah
4480:Kasrah
4460:Ḍammah
4456:Fatḥah
4415:Kasrah
4395:Ḍammah
4391:Fatḥah
4387:Hārbāy
4377:Hārbāy
4356:. The
4323:, and
4221:Wolof
4200:Wolof
4179:Wolof
4158:Wolof
4137:Wolof
4116:Wolof
3926:
3917:
3905:U+077D
3901:U+077C
3897:U+0777
3855:
3846:
3834:U+077B
3830:U+0779
3826:U+0776
3789:
3780:
3768:U+077A
3764:U+0778
3760:U+0775
3645:Tildes
3469:
3467:U+065C
3392:Uyghur
3369:, IPA
3354:Pashto
3301:Uyghur
3292:Sindhi
3283:Kyrgyz
3274:Khowar
3269:Kazakh
3234:Notes
3203:hamzah
3196:/raʔs/
3177:رُؤُوس
3134:نَشْأة
3127:middle
3123:actual
3111:/ʔumm/
3056:hamzah
2971:hamzah
2928:hamzah
2891:above
2887:hamzah
2852:hamzah
2804:hamzah
2797:هَمْزة
2756:nabrah
2646:fatħah
2642:jarrah
2536:Qurʾān
2529:muṣḥaf
2266:), or
2253:شَدَّة
2243:shadda
2234:Shadda
2176:tanwīn
2143:hamzah
2004:tanwīn
1971:Tanwin
1943:
1941:U+06E1
1869:fatḥah
1814:fatḥah
1670:waṣlah
1658:maṣdar
1644:waṣlah
1593:hamzah
1498:waṣlah
1469:قُرْآن
1452:maddah
1359:مَدَّة
1351:maddah
1264:Maddah
1248:above
1162:raḥmān
1135:هَٰذَا
1069:ḍammah
1060:fatḥah
1040:ḍammah
1036:. The
995:ḍammah
970:ضَمَّة
962:ḍammah
951:Ḍammah
943:kasrah
935:fatḥah
913:kasrah
909:. The
868:kasrah
831:kasrah
816:Kasrah
804:
802:U+FE77
791:
789:U+FE76
778:
776:U+064E
769:Fatḥah
760:fatḥah
698:fatḥah
694:. The
654:fatḥah
607:fatḥah
582:fatḥah
571:Fatḥah
563:tanwīn
559:; the
383:poetry
381:) and
362:Qur'an
108:) and
8205:prime
8160:comma
8145:colon
7875:nuqta
7699:Indic
7685:titlo
7603:tilde
7429:grave
7391:other
7319:breve
7281:acute
7175:Other
7096:Tawqi
7051:Mashq
7041:Kufic
6949:Imāla
6918:Names
6884:Turku
6812:Adeni
6646:Omani
6641:Najdi
6546:North
6536:South
6531:Shawi
6513:Gilit
6477:South
6437:North
6335:Fessi
6254:Jebli
6240:Jijel
6215:Tunis
6210:Urban
6191:Qormi
5800:ʾAlif
5770:Hamza
5742:i‘jām
5569:S2CID
5520:arXiv
5501:S2CID
5444:S2CID
5374:(PDF)
5355:5 May
5349:(PDF)
5338:(PDF)
5309:5 May
5303:(PDF)
5292:(PDF)
5232:[
5150:(PDF)
5108:. In
5106:(PDF)
4934:i‘jām
4870:رَسْم
4844:I‘rāb
4815:nouns
4750:i‘jām
4638:i‘jām
4585:Kufic
4527:, or
4462:, or
4397:, or
4370:I‘jām
4306:Urdu
4229:ring
3975:Urdu
3740:Urdu
3508:ٲ اٟ
3319:(IPA
3256:Balti
3190:رَأْس
3164:فُؤاد
3085:/ʔax/
3050:/aːʔ/
3027:/ʔaː/
3006:, or
2837:, or
2793:hamza
2784:Hamza
2775:Hamza
2764:l-a-m
2751:hamza
2696:i‘jām
2614:i‘jām
2610:i‘jām
2483:i‘jām
2458:Quran
2451:i‘jām
2409:nuqaṭ
2397:i‘jām
2387:i‘jām
2373:kufic
2363:I‘jām
2060:i‘rāb
2049:i‘rāb
2042:pausa
1924:sukūn
1897:sukūn
1865:). A
1841:sukūn
1806:sukūn
1755:sukūn
1744:Sukūn
1635:imshū
1619:bismi
1388:/ʔaː/
1366:tilde
1364:is a
1270:Tilde
1203:Allāh
1188:Allah
1148:) or
1144:hādhā
1034:/duː/
907:/diː/
825:below
799:, or
751:, or
692:/daː/
597:above
424:Bible
341:(and
300:i‘jām
284:abjad
224:iʻjām
162:Hamza
96:i‘jām
18:Sukūn
7486:horn
7300:apex
7071:Rasm
6874:Nubi
6862:Juba
6835:and
6815:Beda
6787:Wqal
6784:Kjal
6614:Gulf
5962:Ġayn
5953:ʿAyn
5561:ISSN
5493:ISSN
5436:ISSN
5395:ISBN
5357:2023
5311:2023
5265:link
5251:2024
5238:ISBN
5213:2024
5187:2024
5161:2024
5128:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5059:2019
5041:ISBN
5017:r12a
4862:Rasm
4817:and
4777:for
4775:khā’
4769:for
4626:was
4608:and
4565:/˨˦/
4539:and
4531:and
4523:and
4517:Ṭāna
4515:The
4507:Ṭāna
4500:/˥˩/
4474:and
4466:and
4458:and
4452:Ṭelā
4450:The
4442:Ṭelā
4409:and
4401:and
4393:and
4385:The
4344:for
4275:Ṭāna
3516:The
3417:Dots
3296:Urdu
3157:/ʔi/
3117:alif
3105:أُمّ
3048:and
3021:alif
3017:Two
2994:alif
2895:alif
2864:alif
2825:alif
2554:and
2479:rasm
2473:rasm
2464:rasm
2447:/dˤ/
2434:/sˤ/
2418:rasm
2395:The
2321:/dd/
2241:The
2152:Alif
2093:alif
1920:The
1909:/aw/
1904:ـَوْ
1863:/aj/
1847:ـَيْ
1802:The
1786:دَدْ
1776:zero
1751:The
1664:alif
1639:mshū
1637:not
1601:alif
1576:alif
1559:alif
1494:The
1444:alif
1436:alif
1430:/aː/
1424:alif
1412:alif
1394:alif
1381:/aː/
1370:alif
1347:The
1294:any
1292:cite
1244:alif
1220:alif
1194:الله
1181:alif
1173:alif
1125:alif
1118:/aː/
1093:alif
1086:The
1054:/aw/
1021:/uː/
986:/du/
958:The
929:/aj/
894:/iː/
859:/di/
730:").
724:/aw/
710:/aj/
679:/aː/
672:alif
646:/da/
578:The
530:The
212:The
91:rasm
8273:In
8130:bar
7697:In
7638:In
7410:dot
7159:864
7154:720
7150:711
7147:710
7144:709
7140:708
6983:IPA
6043:Yāʾ
6034:Wāw
6025:Hāʾ
6016:Nūn
6007:Mīm
5998:Lām
5989:Kāf
5980:Qāf
5971:Fāʾ
5944:Ẓāʾ
5935:Ṭāʾ
5926:Ḍād
5917:Ṣād
5908:Šīn
5899:Sīn
5890:Zāy
5881:Rāʾ
5872:Ḏāl
5863:Dāl
5854:Ḫāʾ
5845:Ḥāʾ
5836:Ǧīm
5827:Ṯāʾ
5818:Tāʾ
5809:Bāʾ
5553:doi
5483:doi
5428:doi
4628:Ali
4612:qāf
4604:fā’
4567:).
4547:or
4502:).
4482:or
4437:).
4435:/˥/
4417:or
4243:kaf
4215:◌ࣸ
4194:◌ࣷ
4173:◌ࣺ
4152:◌ࣹ
4131:◌ࣴ
4095:vav
3989:nun
3972:ن٘
3540:sāȳ
3408:vav
3388:ئۈ
3313:gaf
3309:kaf
3172:),
3079:أَخ
3002:wāw
2962:wāw
2955:/u/
2936:yāʾ
2919:yāʼ
2912:/i/
2910:If
2905:/u/
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