361:") used, that a high proportion of the tablets came from the native population. In formulaic, often legalistic, language, the tablets appeal to the goddess Sulis to punish the known or unknown perpetrators of the crime until reparations are made. Sulis is typically requested to impair the physical and mental well-being of the perpetrator, by the denial of sleep, causing normal bodily functions to cease, or even by death. These afflictions are to cease only when the property is returned to the owner or disposed of as the owner wishes, often by its being dedicated to the goddess. One message found on a tablet in the Temple at Bath (once decoded) reads: "Docimedis has lost two gloves and asks that the thief responsible should lose their minds and eyes in the goddess' temple."
2636:
562:
535:
284:
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426:
554:, who wore it on her breastplate. Thus, the Roman Baths Museum suggests a possible connection between the Gorgon to the goddess Sulis Minerva (Minerva being the Roman equivalent of the Greek Athena). While the Gorgon on the pediment is male and the mythical Gorgon was female, it has been suggested that the pediment image was altered to reflect a combination of Celtic and classical styles.
59:
2321:
365:
531:. Originally at a height of fifteen metres, the pediment would have been supported by four fluted columns. There are also several accompanying images on the pediment, such as Tritons (the half-fish and half-men servants to Neptune), a face-helmet shaped like a dolphin's head, a small owl, and female Victories standing on globes.
587:, but it appears there was a later addition of the letters 'VSP'. This may have been an attempt to clarify his position as more than an informal 'soothsayer', and suggests that Memor may not have been attached to the temple itself, but rather that he may have been a visiting member of the governor's staff.
570:
particularly Gorgon imagery found in Gaul and Spain, to suggest that the Forum of
Augustus in Rome was used as an overall archetype. According to Cousins, the pediment and its imagery are not just 'Roman' or 'Celtic', but result from a mixture of styles and concepts from "the local to the empire-wide".
421:
Of the 17 dedicatory altars and bases found at the Roman temple at Bath, 9 evoke Sulis
Minerva through her single or double name. In particular, there are two altars found at the Cross Bath (RIB 146) and Hot Bath (RIB 150) sites respectively, which list 'Sulis Minerva' in full. The altar found at the
405:
tribe, who may have believed that Sulis had curative powers. Sulis' pre-Roman presence has also been suggested by the discovery of eighteen Celtic Iron Age coins at the lowest levels of the site, as documented by Barry
Cunliffe in 1988. This is one of the reasons Sulis is named first in the syncretic
388:
The only dated tablet of the collection is Bath tablet 94, though no year is given alongside the day and month. This can be inferred, however, by comparison to handwriting used on other tablets, which range from the 'Old Roman cursive' of the second and third centuries CE to the 'New Roman cursive'
315:
From the evidence of funerary inscriptions discovered on the site, it appears that visitors to the sacred springs may have included retired soldiers, soldiers acting as tourists, and/or soldiers looking for relief from injury or illness. In order to afford the inscriptions, those who recorded their
518:
A gilt bronze head of the goddess Sulis
Minerva was discovered in Bath in 1727 (see top right), which was probably from a cult statue that stood inside her temple, next to the sacred spring. It is possible that this statue was positioned across the temple courtyard from the sacrificial altar site.
569:
In a 2016 article, Eleri H. Cousins argued that much of the imagery on the pediment can be linked to imperial iconography, including the
Victories, the oak wreath and the star at its apex. In addition, Cousins highlighted other examples of similar first- and second-century architectural features,
595:
This tombstone resembling an altar (see top left) was found with two cinerary urns outside the city of Bath, in the parish of
Bathwick, 800 metres north-east of the Roman Baths. The tombstone reads, "To the spirits of the departed; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, priest of the goddess Sulis, lived 75
268:("the waters of Sulis"). Sulis was likely venerated as a healing divinity, whose sacred hot springs could cure physical or spiritual suffering and illness. According to scholar Miranda Green, the cult of Sulis at Bath was active until the mid-fourth century CE. Her name primarily appears on
596:
years; Calpurnia
Trifosa, his freedwoman (and) wife, had this set up" (RIB 155). Receptus' widow's name, Trifosa, is Greek and means 'De Luxe', and would have likely been her given name when she was a slave, before she was freed and married to her former owner, the priest Receptus.
578:
The altar-like statue base was found on the pavement nearby the steps of the Temple for Sulis
Minerva. The base reads, "To the goddess Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, soothsayer, gave (this) as a gift" (RIB III, 3049). This is the only known instance of a
311:
Pewter vessels found in the spring reservoir have led some scholars to conclude that physical contact with the water may have been important for transfer of healing properties, with these vessels being used to pour the water over visitors' bodies.
557:
Another interpretation is that the central head reflects a water god, due to similarities with other water gods from
Britain. For example, the Roman Baths Museum points to a silver dish from Mindenhall depicting the god Oceanus.
755:
The standard introduction to the archaeology and architectural reconstruction of the sanctuary, with its classic temple raised on a podium at the center, and the monumental baths, with the sacred spring between them, is
356:
at the Roman baths in Bath. Typically, the text on the tablets offered to Sulis relates to theft; for example, of small amounts of money or clothing from the bath-house. It is evident, from the localized style of Latin
372:
The tablets were often written in code, by means of letters or words being written backwards; word order may be reversed and lines may be written in alternating directions, from left to right and then right to left
457:
were paired with a multiplicity of Celtic names). On the other hand, Celtic goddesses tended to resist syncretism; Sulis
Minerva is one of the few attested pairings of a Celtic goddess with her Roman counterpart.
307:
having been found in the reservoir. In addition, items have also been retrieved that were likely private offerings, such as jewelry, gemstones, plates, bowls, military items, wooden and leather objects.
389:
of the fourth century CE. As argued by Tomlin in his 2020 publication, this shows the popularity of the inscriptions, and therefore the likely belief in their efficacy, for at least two centuries.
319:
The Temple to Sulis Minerva was known for burning coal in the altar-fire instead of wood. This coal would have been brought by slaves, who would also assist in cleaning and service for cult meals.
527:
Discovered in 1790, this pediment from the Temple of Sulis Minerva features a large Gorgon's head in its centre. It was likely carved in the first century CE, by craftsmen from northern
485:
Based on her name's etymology, as well as several other characteristics, such as the association with sight, civic law, and epithets relating to light, Sulis has been interpreted as a
401:
was dedicated to Sulis Minerva as the primary deity of the temple spa. It is likely that devotion to Sulis existed in Bath before the Roman presence in the area, by the local Celtic
2352:
291:
At the Roman temple at Bath, several ancient additions to the altar area suggest that sacrifice there was a major part of worshipping the goddess. The open area surrounding the
519:
The statue may be a product of the foundation of the Roman site, dating from the late first-century CE. There are only two other known gilt bronze finds from Roman Britain.
2635:
505:
Sulis has a number of modern-day worshipers among the Wiccan and pagan communities. As of 1998, some people still deposited offerings in the waters of the Roman baths.
1568:
935:
583:, or professional diviner who interpreted sacrificed animals' entrails, from Britain. The original inscription used the abbreviation 'HAR' to distinguish Memor as a
1572:
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may have been used for processions and public offerings of meats and liquids. A majority of the finds at the spring consist of coins and
429:
Altar from the Hot Bath, which reads "To the goddess Sulis Minerva Sulinus, son of Maturus, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow."
1331:
872:
62:
Gilt bronze head from the cult statue of Sulis Minerva from the Temple at Bath, found in Stall Street in 1727 and now displayed at the
2107:
368:
Latin epitaph of Gaius Calpurnius, a priest of Sulis at Bath, who died at the age of 75 and was commemorated by his wife, a freedwoman
2190:
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1199:
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Hot Bath reads "To the goddess Sulis Minerva Sulinus, son of Maturus, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow" (RIB 150).
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534:
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2022:
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415:
283:
3132:
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3122:
2995:
1647:"RIB 146. Altar dedicated to Sulis Minerva and the Divinities of the Emperors | Roman Inscriptions of Britain"
565:
Silver dish depicting the god Oceanus from the Mildenhall treasure found in Suffolk, England, in 1942 or 1943.
542:
One interpretation of the central image, giving the piece its name, is that the head represents the mythical
2602:
149:
1168:
272:
discovered in an extensive temple area to her at Bath, with only a single instance outside of Britain at
654:
1215:
Adams, J. N. (1992). "British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets".
2949:
1474:
Green, Miranda (1996). "The Celtic Goddess as Healer". In Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (eds.).
821:
Green, Miranda (1996). "The Celtic Goddess as Healer". In Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (eds.).
446:
2542:
2442:
2286:
1067:
Aldhouse-Green, Miranda (2007). "Gallo-British Deities and their Shrines". In Todd, Malcolm (ed.).
1017:
Aldhouse-Green, Miranda (2007). "Gallo-British Deities and their Shrines". In Todd, Malcolm (ed.).
774:
Aldhouse-Green, Miranda (2007). "Gallo-British Deities and their Shrines". In Todd, Malcolm (ed.).
454:
442:
198:
165:
326:
bronze cult statue of Sulis Minerva "appears to have been deliberately damaged" sometime in later
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2014:
2006:
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343:
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63:
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and inscribed lead tablets suggest that she was conceived of both as a nourishing, life-giving
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983:
905:
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838:
828:
791:
781:
682:
Joyce Reynolds and Terence Volk, "Review: Gifts, Curses, Cult and Society at Bath", reviewing
607:
Sulis and the Roman Baths have been re-imagined in the following works of historical fiction:
71:
2183:"RIB 155. Funerary inscription for Gaius Calpurnius Receptus | Roman Inscriptions of Britain"
3142:
2969:
2959:
2765:
2647:
2582:
2377:
2361:
2302:
2262:
1990:
1853:
1750:
1602:
1224:
973:
450:
382:
2268:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
2215:
Imagining the Pagan Past / Gods and Goddesses in Literature and History since the Dark Ages
2099:
1741:
Marion Bowman (1998). "Belief, Legend and Perceptions of the Sacred in Contemporary Bath".
126:
has been a matter of debate, but an emerging consensus among linguists regards the name as
2182:
1679:
1646:
99:
377:). While most texts from Roman Britain are in Latin, two scripts found here, written on
2871:
2798:
2502:
757:
327:
255:
111:
103:
87:
1942:
1912:
1810:
1775:
1304:
Tabellae Sulis: Roman inscribed tablets of tin and lead from the sacred spring at Bath
3101:
2018:
1881:
1632:
1244:
1003:
659:
489:, at least in pre-Roman times. Some researchers have further suggested a role as the
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411:
374:
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353:
349:
91:
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2412:
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304:
259:
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385:. If so, they would be the only examples of writing in this language ever found.
3086:
3076:
2929:
2826:
2783:
2725:
2557:
2547:
604:
Sulis has captured the attention of multiple creative writers and storytellers.
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300:
264:
247:
3053:
3010:
2977:
2924:
2889:
2846:
2788:
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2153:
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1994:
1857:
1607:
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1397:
978:
961:
407:
194:
169:
83:
2233:
2002:
1865:
1616:
1440:
1357:
1348:
Tomlin, Roger (1987). "Was Ancient British Celtic Ever a Written Language?".
1088:
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987:
795:
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909:
842:
331:
269:
183:
176:
131:
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2048:
1680:"RIB 150. Altar dedicated to Sulis Minerva | Roman Inscriptions of Britain"
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visit with altars or tombstones would likely have been of higher status.
2010:
1978:
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2100:"RIB 3049. Dedication to Sulis Minerva | Roman Inscriptions of Britain"
547:
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127:
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of multiple Celtic gods with the same Roman god is not unusual (both
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1228:
3081:
2939:
2934:
2710:
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2487:
2437:
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560:
533:
424:
363:
292:
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107:
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1306:. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. pp. 114β115.
441:'s name appears on votive plaques bearing Minerva's image, while
3015:
2497:
2373:
528:
2334:
1164:
473:, most often without any Celtic epithet or interpretation (cf.
1165:"The Official Roman Baths Museum Web Site in the City of Bath"
497:
and similar names being the goddess's attestations elsewhere.
287:
An overhead view of the Great Bath of the Roman Baths at Bath
2634:
2626:
2135:
BRITANNIA ROMANA : Roman Inscriptions and Roman Rritain
2050:
BRITANNIA ROMANA : Roman Inscriptions and Roman Rritain
1379:
BRITANNIA ROMANA : Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain
2138:. Oxford, United Kingdom: OXBOW Books. pp. 331, 335.
2053:. Oxford, United Kingdom: OXBOW Books. pp. 331, 335.
707:
705:
703:
433:
Sulis was not the only goddess exhibiting syncretism with
299:(see "Inscribed tablets" section next), with over 12,500
190:
and they are not attested as a feminine form or with the
1073:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 200, 204β205.
1023:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 200, 204β205.
875:, Alzey (Altiaia, Roman Province of Germania Superior):
780:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 200, 204β205.
743:
Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic
1279:
Curse tablets and binding spells from the ancient world
724:
722:
720:
445:
also shares many traits associated with Minerva. The
1382:. Oxford, United Kingdom: OXBOW Books. p. 335.
352:, mostly addressed to Sulis, have been found in the
152:
words for "sun" (cf. Homeric Greek αΌ‘ΞλιοΟ, Sanskrit
3062:
3034:
2986:
2968:
2870:
2797:
2764:
2646:
2390:
43:
38:
30:
18:
334:raiders, Christian zealots, or some other forces.
228:; "born from Sulis") and the Breton personal name
1713:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore
25:Goddess of Healing, water, hot springs and curses
1521:Green, Miranda J. (Miranda Jane), 1947- (2004).
381:sheets, are in an unknown language which may be
2218:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge. pp. 164β165.
1979:"An Imperial Image: The Bath Gorgon in Context"
1842:"An Imperial Image: The Bath Gorgon in Context"
636:Memento Mori: A Crime Novel of the Roman Empire
1591:"Religion and Ritual in the Western Provinces"
962:"Religion and Ritual in the Western Provinces"
2346:
1281:. Oxford University Press. pp. 194β195.
538:Pediment from Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath
209:("good") attached to the Celtic verbal theme
8:
1567:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1263:. University of Michigan Press. p. 37.
934:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
232:, borne by a local saint, are also related.
1726:Celtic Culture: Aberdeen breviary-celticism
1123:. London: Batsford. pp. 122β123, 146.
250:of the thermal springs that still feed the
2353:
2339:
2331:
1571:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
938:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1736:
1734:
1606:
1425:"The Roman Baths Museum In Bath, England"
977:
891:Dictionary of Celtic religion and culture
711:
406:Sulis Minerva. Through the Roman Minerva
1350:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
1192:A guide to the Roman remains in Britain
728:
675:
550:killed the Gorgon and gave the head to
164:) has also been proposed, although the
2127:
2125:
2042:
2040:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1584:
1582:
1560:
1062:
1060:
927:
894:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
546:. As Greek mythology has it, the hero
15:
2177:
2175:
2094:
2092:
2090:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1674:
1672:
1527:(New pbk. ed.). Stroud: Sutton.
1480:. London: Routledge. pp. 33β35.
1371:
1369:
1367:
1112:
1110:
955:
953:
951:
949:
827:. London: Routledge. pp. 33β35.
7:
1657:from the original on 16 January 2021
1261:Bathing in Public in the Roman World
1223:. Cambridge University Press: 1β26.
414:have inferred that Sulis was also a
1429:Journal of College Science Teaching
1423:Cohen, Paul; Cohen, Brenda (2000).
1171:from the original on 15 August 2010
684:The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath
493:Celtic solar deity, the associated
2240:from the original on 29 April 2024
2193:from the original on 2 August 2021
2160:from the original on 29 April 2024
2110:from the original on 13 April 2021
2075:from the original on 29 April 2024
2025:from the original on 13 April 2021
1953:from the original on 21 April 2021
1923:from the original on 21 April 2021
1888:from the original on 13 April 2021
1821:from the original on 21 April 2021
1786:from the original on 21 April 2021
1690:from the original on 13 April 2021
1549:from the original on 29 April 2024
1502:from the original on 29 April 2024
1455:from the original on 13 April 2021
1404:from the original on 29 April 2024
1352:(34). University of Wales: 18β35.
1145:from the original on 29 April 2024
1095:from the original on 29 April 2024
1045:from the original on 29 April 2024
916:from the original on 29 April 2024
849:from the original on 29 April 2024
802:from the original on 29 April 2024
14:
877:Dea(e) Sul(i) / Attonius / Lucanu
523:Temple pediment and Gorgon's head
3113:Goddesses of the ancient Britons
2319:
688:The Finds from the Sacred Spring
642:The Sinister Booksellers of Bath
1943:"Key objects of the collection"
1913:"Key objects of the collection"
1811:"Key objects of the collection"
1776:"Key objects of the collection"
888:Maier, Bernhard, 1963- (1997).
764:(Oxford University Press) 1969.
201:argues for a Proto-Celtic form
2187:romaninscriptionsofbritain.org
2104:romaninscriptionsofbritain.org
1684:romaninscriptionsofbritain.org
1651:romaninscriptionsofbritain.org
122:The exact meaning of the name
1:
1755:10.1080/0015587X.1998.9715958
106:and as an effective agent of
74:practised in Great Britain,
90:. She was worshiped by the
3161:
1977:Cousins, Eleri H. (2016).
1840:Cousins, Eleri H. (2016).
1477:The Concept of the Goddess
1259:Fagan, Garrett G. (2002).
1194:. Constable. p. 109.
1070:Companion to Roman Britain
1020:Companion to Roman Britain
824:The Concept of the Goddess
777:Companion to Roman Britain
600:Sulis in modern literature
509:Sulis in art and epigraphy
341:
239:
2624:
2369:
1995:10.1017/S0068113X16000131
1858:10.1017/S0068113X16000131
1608:10.1017/S0017383507000162
1120:Religion in Roman Britain
979:10.1017/S0017383507000162
626:(2010) β Catherine Fisher
620:(2008) β Lindsay Townsend
205:, composed of the prefix
148:, related to the various
23:
614:(1989) β Moyra Caldecott
2307:10.3406/ecelt.2008.2303
2212:Gibson, Marion (2013).
1589:Revell, Louise (2007).
1277:Gager, John G. (1999).
960:Revell, Louise (2007).
741:Zair, Nicholas (2012).
393:Syncretism with Minerva
2640:
2632:
2271:(in French). Errance.
1302:Tomlin, Roger (1988).
1190:Wilson, Roger (1988).
1117:Henig, Martin (1984).
632:(2011) β Kelli Stanley
574:Altar-like statue base
566:
539:
430:
369:
288:
67:
2638:
2630:
2328:at Wikimedia Commons
2291:"Gaulois Solitumaros"
1524:The gods of the Celts
745:. Brill. p. 120.
655:List of solar deities
564:
537:
465:β are common in both
428:
367:
286:
61:
2287:Lambert, Pierre-Yves
2132:Tomlin, RSO (2020).
2047:Tomlin, RSO (2020).
1376:Tomlin, RSO (2020).
638:(2018) β Ruth Downie
591:Altar-like tombstone
522:
514:Sulis Minerva's head
513:
477:for one exception).
186:that is absent from
2372:Ancient deities of
1949:. 24 October 2014.
1919:. 24 October 2014.
1817:. 24 October 2014.
1782:. 24 October 2014.
199:Pierre-Yves Lambert
3118:Roman town of Bath
2988:Gallia Narbonensis
2641:
2633:
2033:– via JSTOR.
1896:– via JSTOR.
665:Water and religion
644:(2023) β Garth Nix
567:
540:
471:continental Europe
431:
370:
344:Bath curse tablets
289:
242:Roman Baths (Bath)
68:
64:Roman Baths (Bath)
53:Celtic water deity
34:Bath (Aquae Sulis)
3138:Gaulish goddesses
3095:
3094:
3044:Matronae Aufaniae
3036:Germania Inferior
2513:Ialonus Contrebis
2324:Media related to
2263:Delamarre, Xavier
2225:978-1-135-08255-0
2145:978-1-78925-548-5
2060:978-1-78925-548-5
1709:Patricia Monaghan
1595:Greece & Rome
1389:978-1-78925-548-5
1080:978-0-470-99885-4
1030:978-0-470-99885-4
966:Greece & Rome
787:978-0-470-99885-4
612:The Waters of Sul
416:goddess of wisdom
338:Inscribed tablets
168:terms for "sun" (
118:Etymology of name
82:worshiped at the
72:Celtic polytheism
70:In the localised
51:
50:
31:Major cult centre
3150:
3108:Celtic goddesses
2970:Gallia Cisalpina
2766:Gallia Aquitania
2362:Celtic mythology
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2310:
2295:Γtudes celtiques
2282:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1729:
1724:Kotch, John T.,
1722:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1345:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1014:
1008:
1007:
981:
957:
944:
943:
933:
925:
923:
921:
885:
879:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
818:
812:
811:
809:
807:
771:
765:
753:
747:
746:
738:
732:
726:
715:
709:
698:
680:
461:Dedications to β
137:("eye, sight").
44:Roman equivalent
16:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3133:Water goddesses
3128:Magic goddesses
3123:Solar goddesses
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3058:
3030:
2982:
2964:
2866:
2793:
2760:
2642:
2622:
2503:Genii Cucullati
2386:
2365:
2359:
2317:
2285:
2279:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2026:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1947:The Roman Baths
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1917:The Roman Baths
1911:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1815:The Roman Baths
1809:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1780:The Roman Baths
1774:
1773:
1762:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1011:
959:
958:
947:
926:
919:
917:
902:
887:
886:
882:
866:
862:
852:
850:
835:
820:
819:
815:
805:
803:
788:
773:
772:
768:
754:
750:
740:
739:
735:
727:
718:
710:
701:
697:(1990:379-391).
681:
677:
673:
651:
630:The Curse-Maker
624:Crown of Acorns
618:Flavia's Secret
602:
593:
576:
525:
516:
511:
503:
483:
418:and decisions.
395:
346:
340:
244:
238:
161:
120:
110:invoked by her
54:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Lero et Lerina
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2872:Gallia Celtica
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2799:Gallia Belgica
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2391:Supra-regional
2388:
2387:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2316:
2315:External links
2313:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2224:
2204:
2171:
2144:
2121:
2086:
2059:
2036:
1964:
1934:
1899:
1832:
1797:
1760:
1730:
1717:
1701:
1668:
1638:
1601:(2): 218β219.
1578:
1533:
1513:
1486:
1466:
1435:(4): 285β286.
1415:
1388:
1363:
1340:
1319:
1312:
1294:
1287:
1269:
1250:
1229:10.2307/526102
1207:
1200:
1182:
1156:
1129:
1106:
1079:
1056:
1029:
1009:
972:(2): 218β219.
945:
900:
880:
860:
833:
813:
786:
766:
758:Barry Cunliffe
748:
733:
716:
714:, p. 287.
712:Delamarre 2003
699:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
662:
657:
650:
647:
646:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
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592:
589:
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572:
524:
521:
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512:
510:
507:
502:
501:Modern worship
499:
482:
479:
447:identification
394:
391:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
246:Sulis was the
237:
234:
220:personal name
218:medieval Welsh
159:
119:
116:
104:mother goddess
100:votive objects
92:Romano-British
84:thermal spring
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
27:
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2:
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3119:
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3009:
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2712:
2709:
2707:
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2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
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2674:
2672:
2669:
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2657:
2654:
2653:
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2637:
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2606:
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2551:
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2541:
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2526:
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2521:
2519:
2516:
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2506:
2504:
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2466:
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2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
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2441:
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2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2389:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2301:(1): 89β101.
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:9782877723695
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
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1737:
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1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
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1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
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1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1534:0-7509-3479-4
1530:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:0-203-45638-6
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:0-7134-1220-8
1126:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
941:
937:
931:
915:
911:
907:
903:
901:0-85115-698-3
897:
893:
892:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
864:
861:
848:
844:
840:
836:
834:0-203-45638-6
830:
826:
825:
817:
814:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
779:
778:
770:
767:
763:
759:
752:
749:
744:
737:
734:
731:, p. 90.
730:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
679:
676:
670:
666:
663:
661:
660:Solsbury Hill
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
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586:
582:
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559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
536:
532:
530:
520:
508:
506:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
481:Solar goddess
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:Great Britain
464:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
412:mythographers
409:
404:
400:
397:At Bath, the
392:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
375:boustrophedon
366:
362:
360:
359:British Latin
355:
354:sacred spring
351:
350:curse tablets
345:
337:
335:
333:
330:, perhaps by
329:
325:
320:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
297:curse tablets
294:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:local goddess
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
155:
151:
150:Indo-European
147:
143:
138:
136:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
60:
56:
46:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
17:
2842:Iovantucarus
2740:
2681:Belatucadros
2631:Celtic wheel
2413:Anextiomarus
2371:
2318:
2298:
2294:
2267:
2256:Bibliography
2242:. Retrieved
2214:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2186:
2162:. Retrieved
2134:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2077:. Retrieved
2049:
2027:. Retrieved
1986:
1982:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1916:
1890:. Retrieved
1849:
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1814:
1788:. Retrieved
1779:
1746:
1742:
1728:, page 1636.
1725:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1683:
1659:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1598:
1594:
1551:. Retrieved
1523:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
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213:("to see").
210:
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3077:Endovelicus
2827:Icovellauna
2726:Ricagambeda
2603:Telesphorus
2558:Nantosuelta
2164:21 February
2079:21 February
1749:(1β2): 28.
1715:, page 433.
1694:28 February
1661:28 February
1408:21 February
487:solar deity
301:Roman coins
265:Aquae Sulis
39:Equivalents
3102:Categories
3054:Nehalennia
3011:Cathubodua
2978:Ambisagrus
2925:Moritasgus
2890:Atepomarus
2847:Veraudunus
2789:Sexarbores
2661:Alaisiagae
2154:1143479195
2069:1143479195
1989:: 99β118.
1852:: 99β118.
1398:1143479195
1313:0947816003
1288:0195134826
1270:0472088653
1201:0094686807
873:XIII, 6266
762:Roman Bath
671:References
348:About 130
240:See also:
195:inflection
170:Old Breton
3064:Gallaecia
3049:Gebrinius
2955:Smertrios
2862:Xulsigiae
2852:Vindonnus
2837:Intarabus
2746:Vinotonus
2701:Coventina
2686:Britannia
2676:Arnemetia
2656:Abandinus
2648:Britannia
2613:Virotutis
2528:Loucetios
2478:Dis Pater
2463:Cissonius
2458:Cicolluis
2453:Cernunnos
2443:Brigantia
2384:by region
2382:Gallaecia
2234:827955460
2019:191391802
2003:0068-113X
1983:Britannia
1882:191391802
1866:0068-113X
1846:Britannia
1633:161820409
1617:0017-3835
1563:cite book
1553:7 January
1441:0047-231X
1358:0142-3363
1245:163388305
1217:Britannia
1089:437157439
1039:437157439
1004:161820409
988:0017-3835
930:cite book
920:7 January
796:437157439
692:Britannia
686:: vol. 2
443:Brigantia
408:syncresis
383:Brythonic
332:barbarian
328:Antiquity
254:baths at
184:diphthong
177:Old Welsh
166:Brittonic
156:, from c
140:A common
132:Old Irish
94:as Sulis
3026:Rudianos
3021:Nemausus
2996:Albiorix
2950:Souconna
2915:Nemetona
2910:Luxovius
2900:Gobannus
2885:Anvallus
2822:Arvernus
2817:Arduinna
2696:Cocidius
2671:Andraste
2618:Visucius
2608:Toutatis
2593:Suleviae
2588:Sucellus
2573:Rosmerta
2468:Condatis
2433:Belisama
2403:Alisanos
2289:(2008).
2265:(2003).
2244:13 April
2238:Archived
2197:22 March
2191:Archived
2158:Archived
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2108:Archived
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2029:13 April
2023:Archived
2011:44336599
1957:15 March
1951:Archived
1927:15 March
1921:Archived
1892:13 April
1886:Archived
1874:44336599
1825:15 March
1819:Archived
1790:15 March
1784:Archived
1743:Folklore
1688:Archived
1655:Archived
1625:20204190
1547:Archived
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1506:13 April
1500:Archived
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1099:13 April
1093:Archived
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910:36074567
853:13 April
847:Archived
843:51912602
806:13 April
800:Archived
649:See also
585:haruspex
581:haruspex
491:de facto
475:Belisama
410:, later
203:*su-wli-
112:votaries
98:, whose
3143:Minerva
3006:Buxenus
3001:Artaius
2945:Sequana
2905:Icaunis
2880:Acionna
2857:Vosegus
2832:Inciona
2812:Ancamna
2774:Abellio
2756:Veteris
2751:Verbeia
2731:Satiada
2666:Ancasta
2639:Taranis
2598:Taranis
2548:Matrona
2538:Maponos
2523:Litavis
2508:Grannus
2493:Erecura
2448:Camulus
2428:Belenus
2408:Andarta
2398:Alaunus
2378:Britain
1332:VII, 53
548:Perseus
495:Sulevia
463:Minerva
455:Mercury
435:Minerva
403:Dobunni
303:and 18
278:Germany
262:called
128:cognate
96:Minerva
47:Minerva
3072:Bandua
2920:Moccus
2895:Bricta
2807:Abnoba
2736:Senuna
2721:Ocelus
2716:Nodens
2583:Sirona
2578:Segomo
2568:Ritona
2563:Ogmios
2553:Mogons
2543:Matres
2483:Divona
2473:Damona
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108:curses
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2488:Epona
2438:Borvo
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2007:JSTOR
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1629:S2CID
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