841:
dismissing the information subject to payment of damages for injury or compensation for loss up to £10 or any higher limit fixed by statute as to the offence, and costs, or discharging the accused conditionally on his giving security for good behaviour and on paying damages and costs (1907, c. 17, s. 1). To this order probationary conditions may be attached (s. 2). Subject to this provision, the punishment depends, as a general rule on the statute or by-law that defines the offence, and consists in imprisonment and (or) fine, except in cases where a minimum fine is stipulated for by a treaty, &c., with a foreign state, e.g. in sea fishery conventions. The court may mitigate the fine in the case of a first offence, even in a revenue case, or may reduce the period of imprisonment and impose it without hard labour, or substitute a fine not exceeding 25 for imprisonment. A scale is prescribed for imprisonment on failure to pay money, fines, or costs, adjudged to be paid on a conviction, or in default of a sufficient distress to satisfy the sum adjudged (1879, s. 5). Instead of sending the defendant to prison for not paying fine and costs the court may direct its levy by distress warrant, or may accept payment by instalments. In the case of distress the wearing apparel and bedding of the defendant and his family, and to the value of £5 the tools and implements of his trade, may not be taken (act of 1879, s. 21). If the defendant after going to prison can pay part of the money his imprisonment is reduced proportionally (
825:
on arrest with or without warrant or attends in obedience to summons, the procedure at the hearing is the same. The hearing is ordinarily before a petty sessional court, i.e. before two or more justices sitting at their regular place of meeting or some place temporarily appointed as the substitute for the regular court-house, or before a stipendiary magistrate, or in the city of London an alderman, sitting at a place where he may by law do alone what in other places may be done by two justices (1879, s. 20; 1889, s. 13). A single justice sitting alone in the ordinary court-house or two or more justices sitting together at an occasional court-house have certain jurisdiction to hear and determine the case, but cannot order a fine of more than 20s. or imprisonment for more than fourteen days (1879, s. 20 ).
578:
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832:. If both parties appear, the justices must hear and determine the case. If the defendant does not appear, the court may hear and determine in his absence, or may issue a warrant and adjourn the hearing until his apprehension. Where the defendant is represented by solicitor or counsel but is not himself present it is usual, except in serious cases, to proceed in his absence. If the
845:, s. 9). The imprisonment is without hard labour unless hard labour is specially authorized by the act on which the conviction is founded. The maximum term of imprisonment without the option of a fine is in most cases six months, but depends on the particular statute. Imprisonment under order of a court of summary jurisdiction is in the common gaol (
933:
last-named remedy is restricted by many statutes. The court of appeal has jurisdiction to review judgments and orders of the High Court dealing with appeals, &c., from the decisions of justices in the exercise of their civil jurisdiction; but not when the subject-matter is a criminal cause or matter.
860:
Proceedings under the
Bastardy Acts are regulated by special legislation, but as to proof of service and the enforcement of orders and appeals are assimilated to convictions under the Summary Jurisdiction Acts. The same rule applies (except as to appeals) to orders made under the Summary Jurisdiction
824:
In a certain number of summary cases the accused is arrested under statutory authority without application to a justice, e.g. in the case of rogues and vagabonds and certain classes of offences committed in the street in view of a constable or by night. Whether the accused is brought before the court
719:
As already stated, to enable a justice to deal summarily with an offence, whether created by statute or by-law, some statutory authority must be shown. A very large number of petty offences (contraventions) have been created (e.g. poaching, minor forms of theft, malicious damage and assault), and are
674:
c. 49) and any act amending these acts or either of them. These acts define the procedure to be followed by justices in those cases in which they are empowered by statute to hear and determine civil or criminal cases without the intervention of a jury or the forms of an action or indictment at law or
650:
c. 63) as "any justice or justices of the peace or other magistrate, by whatever name called, to whom jurisdiction is given by, or who is authorized to act under, the
Summary Jurisdiction Acts, whether in England, Wales or Ireland, and whether acting under the Summary Jurisdiction Acts or any of them
114:
is a stranger to trial without a jury, and because even when an offence is created by statute the procedure for trying must be by indictment and trial before a jury, unless by the statute creating the offence or some other statute another mode of trial is provided. In one remarkable instance power is
706:
The rules in force in 1911 were made in 1886, but have since been amended in certain details. The act of 1884 swept away special forms of procedure contained in a large number of statutes, and substituted the procedure of the
Summary Jurisdiction Acts. The act of 1899 added the obtaining of property
928:
c. 49) gives a general power of appeal against an adjudication on conviction (but not on plea of guilty) to imprisonment without the option of a fine, whether as punishment for an offence or for failure to do or abstaining from doing any act, other than compliance with an order to pay money or find
886:
c. 24)). The attendance of a witness who is in prison is obtained by writ of habeas corpus or by a secretary of state's order under the Prison Act 1898. If a witness does not attend on summons, he can be brought to the court by warrant, and if he will not answer questions lawfully put to him may be
914:
Proceedings for the enforcement of local rates are not affected by the
Summary Jurisdiction Acts except as to the power of submitting to the High Court questions of law arising on a summons to enforce rates (re Allen, 1894, 2 Q.B., 924). The functions of justices as to such rates are sometimes but
881:
after endorsement by a competent magistrate of the place where the accused is, and in
Ireland by a justice of the peace or an inspector of constabulary. An English summons to a defendant or witness, except in respect of civil debts, is served in Scotland after endorsement by a competent magistrate
804:
Information, usually oral, is laid before one or more justices of the peace alleging the commission of the offence. An information must not state more than a single offence, but great latitude is given as to amending at the hearing any defects in the mode of stating an offence. Upon receipt of the
702:
by case stated as to questions of law raised in summary proceedings. The act of 1879 amended the procedure in many details with the view of uniformity, and enlarged the powers of justices to deal summarily with certain classes of offences ordinarily punishable on indictment. The act gives power to
820:
Occasionally a warrant is issued in place of a summons in the first instance, in which case the information must be laid in writing and be verified by oath. The proceedings must be begun, i.e. by laying the information, not later than six months after the commission of the offence, unless by some
836:
is present the substance of the information is stated to him and he is asked whether he is guilty or not guilty. If he pleads guilty the court may proceed to conviction. If he does not the court hears the case, and witnesses for the prosecution and defence are examined and cross-examined. If the
763:
With all indictable offences under heads 1 to 4, summary jurisdiction depends on consent of the accused or a person with authority over him after receiving due information as to the right to go to a jury, and the punishments on summary conviction in such cases are not those that could be imposed
840:
If necessary rebutting evidence may be called, the prosecutor is not allowed to reply in the case of the defendant. On the completion of the evidence the court proceeds to convict or acquit. Where the case is proved but is trifling the court may, without proceeding to conviction, make an order
89:
and to county courts for dealing with certain classes of causes or matters by methods more simple and expeditious than the ordinary procedure of an action. But the phrase in modern times is applied almost exclusively to forms of jurisdiction exercised by justices of the peace out of general or
932:
The decisions of courts of summary jurisdiction on points of law are generally reviewed by a case stated for the opinion of the High Court under the acts of 1857 and 1879, but are occasionally corrected by the common law remedies of mandamus, prohibition or certiorari. The application of the
895:
In cases where justices have a summary civil jurisdiction, e.g. as to certain civil debts recoverable summarily, or to make orders to do or to abstain from doing certain acts, e.g. with reference to nuisances and building, the procedure differs in certain details from that in criminal cases.
909:
The order if for payment of a civil debt or costs in connexion therewith is enforceable by distress and sale of the defendant's effects or by imprisonment, but only on proof that the defendant has had since the order means of paying and has refused or neglected to pay (1879, s.
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security or enter into recognizances or to find sureties (1879, s. 19). The procedure on the appeals is regulated and made uniform by the acts of 1879, ss. 31, 32; and 1884. These provisions are supplementary of the particular provisions of many statutes authorizing an appeal.
849:. c. 10), i.e. in a local prison declared by the home secretary to be the common gaol for the county, &c., for which the court acts. The place of imprisonment during remands or in the case of youthful offenders may in certain cases be elsewhere than in a prison.
856:
The extent of the local jurisdiction of justices exercising summary jurisdiction is defined by s. 46 of the act of 1879 with reference to offences committed on the boundaries of two jurisdictions or during journeys or on the sea or rivers or in harbours.
936:
In proceedings between husband and wife for separation orders there is a special form of appeal on facts as well as law to the probate, divorce and admiralty division of the High Court (Summary
Jurisdiction Act 1895; Licensing Act 1902, s. 5).
864:
A warrant of arrest is executed by the constable or person to whom it is directed within the local jurisdiction of the issuing court; or a fresh pursuit within seven miles of its boundaries, without endorsement, in the rest of
England and
155:
would be described as contraventions), ranging through every letter of the alphabet. The most important perhaps are those under the Army, Game, Highway, Licensing, Merchant
Shipping, Post Office, Public Health, Revenue and Vagrancy Acts.
817:). The summons is usually served by a constable. If the accused does not attend in obedience to the summons, after proof of service the court may either issue a warrant for his arrest or may deal with the charge in his absence.
923:
The orders and convictions of a court of summary jurisdiction are in many cases appealable to quarter sessions. The right to appeal is always dependent on the specific provisions of a statute. The
Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879
77:
with contempts of court without the intervention of a jury. Probably the power was originally exercisable only when the fact was notorious, i.e. done in presence of the court. But it has long been exercised as to extra curial
751:
The indictable offences specified in sched. 1, col. 2 of the act of 1879 and in the act of 1899, if committed by adults, if they consent to summary trial after being told of their right to be tried by a jury (1879, s.
655:, s. 13 ). This definition does not apply to justices of the peace sitting to hold a preliminary inquiry as to indictable offences, or in the discharge of their quasi-administrative functions as licensing authority.
805:
information the justice may issue his summons for the attendance of the accused at a time and place named to answer the charge. It is usual to summon to a petty sessional court (i.e. two justices or a stipendiary
755:
The indictable offences specified in sched. 1, col. I. of the act of 1879 and the act of 1899, if committed by an adult who pleads guilty after due caution that if he does so, he is summarily convicted (1879, s.
146:
In other words all the summary jurisdiction of justices of the peace is the creation of statute. The history of the gradual development of the summary jurisdiction of justices of the peace is stated in
Stephen's
771:
Imprisonment with or without hard labour for not more than three months or fine not exceeding £10 and (or) whipping of males (not more than twelve strokes with a birch) ; sending to an industrial school or
151:, vol. i. ch. 4. The result of legislation is that summary jurisdiction has been conferred by statutes and by-laws as to innumerable petty offences of a criminal or quasi-criminal character (most of which in
792:
Where the offence is indictable only at the election of the accused the summary jurisdiction procedure applies until on being informed of his option the accused elects for jury trial (act of 1879, S. 17).
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The court has power to order costs to be paid by the prosecutor or the defendant. Where the order is made on a conviction it is enforceable by imprisonment in default of payment or sufficient distress.
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All indictable offences (except homicide) committed by young persons of twelve and under sixteen, if the young person consents after being told of his right to be tried by a jury (1879, S. 11; 1899, s.
768:
Imprisonment for not more than one month or fine not exceeding 40s. and (or) whipping of male children (not more than six strokes with a birch) ; sending to an industrial school or reformatory.
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In the case of offences primarily punishable only on summary conviction, the accused, if the maximum punishment is imprisonment for over three months, can choose a jury trial (act of 1879, s. 17).
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All indictable offences (except homicide) committed by children over seven and under twelve, if the court thinks it expedient and the parent or guardian does not object (1879, s. 10).
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Adults cannot be summarily dealt with under 3 or 4 if the offence is punishable by law with penal servitude owing to previous conviction or indictment of the accused (1879, s. 14).
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The two latter classes differ from the first in the necessity of proving by evidence the existence of the by-law or statutory rule, and if need be that it is intra vires.
198:
An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions, within England and Wales, with respect to summary Convictions and Orders.
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a suit in equity. Besides these two acts the procedure as to the exercise of summary jurisdiction is also regulated by the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1857 (
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123:. c. 29) s. 4) to judges of the superior courts summarily to sentence to transportation (penal servitude) a solicitor practising after conviction of
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The summons is issued on a complaint, which need not be in writing nor on oath, and not on an information, and warrants of arrest cannot be issued.
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the tendency of English legislation has been to enable them to deal with minor offences without a jury. Legislation was necessary because, as
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The act of 1848 repealed and consolidated the provisions of a large number of earlier acts. The act of 1857 provided a mode of appeal to the
915:
not quite accurately described as ministerial, for their powers of inquiry though limited are judicial and of a quasi-criminal character.
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under the Indictable Offences Act 1848. and the summary jurisdiction procedure does not apply till the necessary option has been taken.
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be summarily dealt with. The statutes above mentioned form a kind of code as to procedure and to some extent also as to jurisdiction.
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These limitations of punishment have had a potent effect in inducing culprits to avoid the greater risks involved in a jury trial.
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Where the offence is indictable the accused is brought before the justices either on arrest without warrant or on warrant or
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In the case of offences primarily punishable only on indictment, power to convict summarily is given in the following cases:
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An Act to amend the Law respecting the Service of Process of Courts of Summary Jurisdiction in England and Scotland.
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An Act to improve the Administration of the Law so far as respects summary Proceedings before Justices of the Peace.
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47:. The reason given is: Text mostly derived from the 1911 Britannica bears little relation to modern English law.
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particular statute another period is named or unless the offence is what is called a continuing offence.
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Imprisonment for not more than three months with or without hard labour or fine not exceeding £20.
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complainant does not appear, the justices may dismiss the complaint or adjourn the hearing.
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The rules as to the evidence of the defendant and spouse are the same as in civil actions.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The term is also applied to the special powers given by statute or rules to the
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The expression "Summary Jurisdiction Acts" means, as to England and Wales, the
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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An Act to amend the Law relating to the Summary Jurisdiction of Magistrates.
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973:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–80.
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or any other act or by virtue of his commission or under the common law" (
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The hearing must be in open court, and parties may appear by counsel or
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sent to prison for seven days or until he sooner consents to answer.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Imprisonment with or without hard labour for not over six months.
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by the by-laws of corporations made under statutory authority, or
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by false pretences to the list of indictable offences that could
861:(Married Women) Act 1895, as amended by the Licensing Act 1902.
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after conviction or indictment, but were limited as follows:
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includes the power asserted by courts of record to deal
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The court's decision is by order and not by conviction.
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c. 43), the Summary Jurisdiction (Process) Act 1881 (
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by departments of state acting under such authority.
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An Act to amend the Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1879.
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691:c. 43), and the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1899 (
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432:Summary Jurisdiction (Process) Act 1881
539:Text of statute as originally enacted
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636:Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879
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507:Statute Law Revision Act 1894
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168:Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848
18:Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848
512:Maintenance Orders Act 1950
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104:justice of the peace
67:Summary jurisdiction
715:Statutory authority
891:Civil Jurisdiction
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992:Jurisdiction
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944:
935:
931:
922:
913:
894:
863:
859:
855:
851:
839:
827:
823:
819:
803:
800:
791:
784:
781:
772:reformatory.
762:
759:
739:
736:
733:
718:
708:
705:
697:
683:c. 24), the
657:
641:
619:Royal assent
490:18 July 1881
486:Royal assent
395:Royal assent
293:Royal assent
222:Royal assent
158:
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140:
101:
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997:English law
879:Isle of Man
666:c. 42) and
308:Repealed by
71:English law
981:Categories
941:References
807:magistrate
700:High Court
591:Long title
500:Amended by
458:Long title
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367:Long title
265:Long title
194:Long title
153:French law
112:common law
108:Blackstone
75:brevi manu
55:March 2024
869:, and in
834:defendant
830:solicitor
797:Procedure
121:12 Geo. 1
80:contempts
871:Scotland
847:5 Hen. 4
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709:sub modo
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601:Citation
468:Citation
377:Citation
275:Citation
204:Citation
125:barratry
98:Overview
967:(ed.).
957::
787:summons
137:Stephen
133:perjury
129:forgery
963:". In
951:
919:Appeal
873:, the
633:Amends
867:Wales
813:, an
613:Dates
608:c. 22
480:Dates
475:c. 24
389:Dates
384:c. 49
287:Dates
282:c. 43
216:Dates
211:c. 42
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877:and
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