532:. Instead, this style was fantastical in appearance featuring columns and pediments, peaked, high-pitched roofs, and profuse decorative elements such as dormer windows, gables, bays, porches, balconies, and turrets. In addition, this style almost always includes a wrap-around porch and either a round or polygonal corner tower coming out of the spire-like roof. Such houses were constructed using materials such as stone, slate, brick, wood, shingles, and half-timbering. Summit Avenue’s lost 1882 Barnum House once exhibited a transition from the aforementioned Italianate style to that of the newer Queen Anne. It featured characteristics of both styles such as typically Italianate porch detailing, windows and bracketing while also having a roof, balconies, and turrets that adhere more to the new style. Summit Avenue contains many houses built in the purely Queen Anne style such as the castle-like red brick Driscoll House with its conical turret and high-pitched roof spotted with many dormers and chimneys. The beautifully painted wooden “fairytale” residence at 513 Summit was also constructed in this style and features a large porch and a fanciful turret. One of the best-preserved Queen Anne Style houses on the Avenue is the Shipman-Greve House at 445 Summit. This unique limestone house exhibits half-timbering and decorative Japanese-inspired
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razed in 1886 surviving photographs show that the bracketed limestone house was built according to this style. Another early house, the 1863 Emerson House at 378 Summit, was also built in this style and its facade was quite similar to that of the Neill House, with limestone walls and fashionably ornate window hoods. A house originally constructed in 1875, the Cutler House at 360 Summit, was originally constructed in the
Italian Villa style and historic photographs show that it featured brick-veneered walls, a three-story tower, and a mansard roof. However, ten years later this style was no longer considered fashionable and the house was then updated to adhere more to the then-popular Queen Anne style. Six feet were added to three sides of the houses and the roofline was completely changed so that the remodeled house looked completely unrecognizable from its original Italian Villa design. However, perhaps the most characteristic example of Italianate architecture on Summit Avenue is the 1863
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movement and adhered more to historic
European styles than American utilitarianism. However, the Lightner House at 318 Summit is more similar to the Hill House and exhibits features such as large blocks of rough stone and a strong entrance arch that reflect the distinctive buildings of Richardson. The 1887 Rugg House is also Romanesque but not quite so simple with its horizontal dark-colored brickwork, peaked tile roof, and entrance arch decorated with carved sculptures.
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476:” style was a popular style in the 1860s and 1870s and was part of the picturesque movement, which rebelled against the wide usage of classical forms in architecture. Italianate buildings in particular were largely inspired by medieval farmhouses in the Italian countryside. Residences in this style are usually characterized by low-pitched roofs often topped with cupolas,
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style often feature elements such as overhanging eaves and casement windows but have little applied ornamentation and are relatively unpretentious when compared to other styles. The
Dittenhofer house at 705 Summit exhibits a move towards the Rectilinear style in its symmetry and blockish shape but cannot escape historicism in its medieval-inspired elements such as
460:, noted as "the greatest American architect of all time" by AIA, claimed that Summit Avenue is "the worst collection of architecture in the world." This was in part due to the imposing scale of the buildings, but mainly because Summit Avenue architecture copied design styles from Europe, rather than attempting to find an original American aesthetic.
673:, gables, prominent chimneys, patterned brickwork, and medieval-inspired steeply pitched roofs. One of the first houses to be built in the Tudor Villa style on Summit Avenue was the 1909 Lindeke House at 345 Summit. It is notable for having a brick first story while the contrasting upper two stories are instead of
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stained glass windows, showing an interesting contrast. The Wilder
Mansion that once stood at 226 Summit could similarly be classified as Romanesque Revival in style but it did not resemble the Hill House. Compared to the eclectic and rough Hill House it was much more in keeping with the picturesque
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decorated by brackets, and round-headed windows with decorative moldings. Most
Italianate buildings also feature a square tower and are irregular and asymmetrical in shape. The earliest residence constructed on the bluff overlooking St. Paul was the house of Edward Duffield Neill and although it was
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While other houses continued to draw inspiration from history a comparatively more modern style also took root on Summit Avenue, the
Rectilinear Style. In this style, the architectural form moves away from previous irregular and fantastical forms and towards a more rectangular shape. Houses of this
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in comparison is much simpler and thoroughly unpretentious in its appearance, looking almost insignificant compared to the other grand houses on the avenue. The Beebe House features no ornamentation but includes extended eaves and windows arranged in banked groups, elements also distinctive of the
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period (800-1150). Such medieval-inspired elements often include corner towers, steeply pitched roofs, and heavy arches around doorways and windows, making these buildings often resemble a medieval fortress. Buildings in this style were always built in brick or stone, usually roughly finished, and
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based on an appreciation of the tradition of
European architecture. On Summit Avenue the most popular form was the Italian Renaissance palazzo style, like the 1894 Scott residence at 340 Summit, which resembles a Renaissance palace. Another example of the Beaux-Arts style on Summit Avenue is the
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The district began to decline in the 1930s as many old mansions either turned into rooming-houses or went vacant for many years. The housing stock was not decimated by commercial development pressure, as the bluffs separating the Summit Avenue area from downtown St. Paul made it difficult for
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downtown to expand into the area. The area began to turn around in the 1960s and 1970s, as young couples discovered that the
Victorian homes could be purchased affordably and could be restored over time. Neighborhood associations also formed and helped with preservation efforts.
356:. Summit Avenue is notable for having preserved its historic character and mix of buildings, as compared to these other examples. Historian Ernest R. Sandeen described Summit Avenue as "the best preserved example of the Victorian monumental residential boulevard."
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602:. Notably, instead of merely copying a 16th-century building the European tradition has been adapted in this case to suit a modern construction. However, perhaps the most prominent example of the Beaux-Arts style on Summit Avenue is not a house at all, but the
324:, United States, known for being the longest avenue of Victorian homes in the country, having a number of historic houses, churches, synagogues, and schools. The street starts just west of downtown St. Paul and continues four and a half miles west to the
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The history of Summit Avenue dates back to the early 1850s, when Saint Paul was in its infancy. Mansions were starting to appear on top of the hill in the earliest days of the city. An 1859 photograph by Joel
Whitney shows six houses on the hill.
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677:-and-beam construction. At 807 Summit stands another Tudor-style residence, this one too with unusual brick and half-timbered stories and a distinctively unbalanced facade, in stark contrast to the symmetry of the Georgian Revival.
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are featured in the Hill House such as rough red sandstone masonry, heavy round arches, and a slate roof, all built on a massive scale. However, the Hill House exhibits more delicate elements as well such as its skylights and
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and the construction of
Interstate 94. The remaining section of Summit Avenue in that area between Cedar Street and North Robert Street was renamed Thirteenth Street and was itself later renamed Columbus Street in 1953.
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649:, a steeply pitched slate roof, and an entrance pavilion with a segmental arch. Another residence that reflects this style is the former house of James J Hill’s son, Louis Hill. It is distinguished by a classical style
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in 1891, this was the grandest house in Minnesota and was exemplary of the Second Empire style with its opulent details such as scrollwork and stained glass windows, and distinctive mansard-roofed tower.
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540:” can be seen in Summit’s 1884 Noyes House. This Shingle Style was similar to the Queen Anne but was constructed with wood shingling on every surface, giving these buildings an irregular texture.
504:(1852-1870). This style, based on Parisian buildings, was very similar in style to the Italianate but featured a distinctly different roof style. This most defining characteristic was the pyramidal
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in 1887 provided improved access to downtown. In 1890, the city's first streetcars began operating on Grand Avenue, just south of Summit, and the Hill District became a fashionable place to live.
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and follows the traditional Greek Cross floor plan with many baroque-inspired flourishes. The Cathedral’s most distinctive characteristic is its 306 and a half-foot dome, inspired by those of
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In addition to houses inspired by classical and medieval buildings Summit Avenue also featured residences that drew on historically English styles such as the Georgian and Tudor. Summit’s
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whose style, though historically inspired, was very versatile and stressed utilitarianism, coherence, and greater simplicity. Many common features of this uniquely American
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The earliest residences constructed on Summit Avenue were primarily constructed in a style commonly referred to as the “Italian Villa”. The “Italian Villa” or “
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Summit Avenue is part of two National Historic Districts and two City of Saint Paul Heritage Preservation Districts. The National Historic Districts are the
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Summit Avenue originally began at North Robert Street but much of Summit Avenue in the Capitol Heights area was removed with the expansion of the
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and were characterized by red brick two-story symmetrical facades, with equal numbers of windows on each side and flat roofs decorated with
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and afterward, but the district began to grow in the 1880s. City water service was provided in 1884, and a cable car line built on
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512:. Summit Avenue once possessed a very fine Second Empire style home, the Kittson Mansion, which occupied the spot of the current
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Those who built homes on Summit Avenue at the turn of the century wanted to exude a certain sense of culture, and employed the
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Irregular pattern from Pleasant and Grand Aves. to Holly and Marshall Aves., from Lexington Pkwy. to 4th and Pleasant in
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568:, who was key in the development of the American Northwest. Its architecture reflects the distinctive work of architect
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disliked Summit Avenue as well, stating that Summit Avenue is “a mausoleum of American architectural monstrosities.”
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Summit Avenue was named one of 10 "great streets" nationally by the American Planning Association in 2008.
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555:”. This style was characterized by powerful medieval design motifs, particularly inspired by those of the
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The Bishop mansion at 513 Summit is a fine example of the Queen Anne architectural style on Summit Avenue
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Sandeen, Ernest Robert, et al. St. Paul's Historic Summit Avenue. University of Minnesota Press, 1978.
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Sandeen, Ernest Robert, et al. St. Paul's Historic Summit Avenue. University of Minnesota Press, 1978.
419:. Continuing westward, the photo shows the houses of William and Angelina Noble, Henry F. Masterson,
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Pearson, Marjorie (2016). "Approaching the Capitol-The Story of the Minnesota State Capitol Mall".
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AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul
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399:. Most of the houses in this district are large, distinctive houses built between 1890 and 1920.
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1027:"Minnesota's 'front porch,' the State Capitol Mall, is a graveyard of Victorian architecture"
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933:"National Register of Historic Places Registration: West Summit Avenue Historic District"
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After the Italianate style, the next style to become widespread on Summit Avenue was the
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were not simply replicas of historical buildings but instead modern buildings featuring
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Ramsey County Historical Society's Summit Hill Neighborhood profile, archived from 2015
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528:. Its name is misleading as although named “Queen Anne” it bore no real resemblance to
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massive in construction. The largest and most well-known house on Summit Avenue, the
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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Through No Fault of My Own: A Girl's Diary of Life on Summit Avenue in the Jazz Age
903:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Historic Hill District"
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Summit Avenue between Lexington Parkway and Mississippi River Boulevard in
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owned the first house on Summit Avenue, in a location now occupied by the
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Roth, Leland M. American Architecture: A History. Westview Press, 2001.
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Roth, Leland M. American Architecture: A History. Westview Press, 2001.
693:-like arched windows that were once fitted with stained glass. The 1912
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on the porch. A variant of the Queen Anne style commonly known as the “
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1805:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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1099:
1,000 Places to See in the United States and Canada Before You Die
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820:, various buildings between Snelling Avenue and Cambridge Street
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Another popular style of architecture on Summit Avenue was the “
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Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
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1300:"Writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald", broadcast from Summit Avenue
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Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
826:, various buildings between Cleveland Avenue and Cretin Avenue
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Davidson House at 344 Summit which features a design based on
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National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota
371:, a narrow area running from Oxford Street South west to the
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A number of buildings on Summit Avenue are listed on the
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elements. These Tudor elements often included decorative
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Another popular style in the early years was the opulent
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These buildings are listed in numerical address order.
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which was soon to become a variant of the Rectilinear.
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Norene A. Roberts; Jeanne M. Zimniewicz (March 1992).
742:, 633 Fairmount Avenue, is just south of Summit Avenue
508:, inspired by those of 17th-century French architect
485:, with its distinctive arched bay windows, bracketed
967:. Summit Avenue Residential Preservation Association
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian
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391:, the area bounded by Summit Avenue, Dale Street,
1438:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
661:. On Summit Avenue the houses constructed in the
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614:. Its design was heavily modeled on the baroque
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1830:National Register of Historic Places portal
657:columns and decorative carvings reminiscent of
901:Charles W. Nelson; Susan Zeik (June 7, 1976).
332:. Other cities have similar streets, such as
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718:Three buildings on or near Summit Avenue are
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375:along Summit Avenue. The city districts are
500:, which derives its name from the reign of
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68:overshadows mansions on east Summit Avenue
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1378:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
206:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
38:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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530:early 18th-century British architecture
869:"National Register Information System"
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1058:. Minnesota Historical Society: 130.
1000:"Summit Avenue: St. Paul, Minnesota"
920:accompanying 203 photos from 1976-89
874:National Register of Historic Places
753:National Register of Historic Places
747:National Register of Historic Places
395:, and a line running north from the
369:West Summit Avenue Historic District
198:West Summit Avenue Historic District
1861:Geography of Saint Paul, Minnesota
1793:National Historic Preservation Act
1244:Minnesota Historical Society Press
16:Street in Minnesota, United States
14:
1269:: University of Minnesota Press.
1263:St. Paul's Historic Summit Avenue
639:18th-century English architecture
516:. Before the construction of the
1891:1860 establishments in Minnesota
1881:Streets in Saint Paul, Minnesota
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1096:Schultz, Patricia (2011-01-01).
637:houses drew on inspiration from
600:Elizabethan English manor houses
426:Development was slow during the
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1886:Houses in Saint Paul, Minnesota
766:Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House
483:Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House
365:Woodland Park Historic District
1746:Federated States of Micronesia
1392:Architectural style categories
812:Mitchell Hamline School of Law
778:Pierce and Walter Butler House
772:Minnesota Governor's Residence
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166:
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1004:American Planning Association
120:Show map of the United States
187:United States historic place
19:United States historic place
1261:Sandeen, Ernest R. (1978).
1069:Irvine, Coco (2011-01-01).
806:Germanic-American Institute
800:University Club of St. Paul
720:National Historic Landmarks
714:National Historic Landmarks
232:Homes on West Summit Avenue
1907:
1798:Historic Preservation Fund
1777:American Legation, Morocco
610:, a former student at the
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1739:Lists by associated state
795:Other buildings include:
780:, 1345-1347 Summit Avenue
733:F. Scott Fitzgerald House
653:on its front facade with
295:NRHP reference
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165:NRHP reference
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1720:Northern Mariana Islands
1075:. U of Minnesota Press.
824:University of St. Thomas
684:Dr Ward Beebe House 2013
589:James J. Hill House 2013
574:Richardsonian Romanesque
265:Architectural style
157:Architectural style
1333:44.941361°N 93.146556°W
965:"resources & links"
791:Other notable buildings
760:Cathedral of Saint Paul
604:Cathedral of Saint Paul
570:Henry Hobson Richardson
514:Cathedral of Saint Paul
328:where Saint Paul meets
1715:Minor Outlying Islands
1698:Lists by insular areas
1412:Keeper of the Register
1267:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1102:. Workman Publishing.
950:accompanying 91 photos
740:Frank B. Kellogg House
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502:Napoleon III of France
385:Interstate Highway 35E
361:Historic Hill District
215:U.S. Historic district
47:U.S. Historic district
30:Historic Hill District
1417:National Park Service
1397:Contributing property
1338:44.941361; -93.146556
937:National Park Service
907:National Park Service
879:National Park Service
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489:, and glass-enclosed
413:Edward Duffield Neill
397:Cathedral of St. Paul
393:Interstate Highway 94
95:Show map of Minnesota
66:Cathedral of St. Paul
1772:District of Columbia
845:, 1300 Summit Avenue
832:, 2260 Summit Avenue
786:, 2022 Summit Avenue
784:Dr. Ward Beebe House
774:, 1006 Summit Avenue
616:St. Peter’s Basilica
612:Ecole des Beaux-Arts
387:) on the south, and
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881:. January 23, 2007.
830:Saint Paul Seminary
814:, 875 Summit Avenue
808:, 301 Summit Avenue
802:, 420 Summit Avenue
768:, 432 Summit Avenue
762:, 201 Summit Avenue
735:, 599 Summit Avenue
729:, 240 Summit Avenue
727:James J. Hill House
498:Second Empire Style
462:F. Scott Fitzgerald
417:James J. Hill House
322:St. Paul, Minnesota
243:St. Paul, Minnesota
135:St. Paul, Minnesota
818:Macalester College
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608:Emmanuel Masqueray
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562:James J Hill House
553:Romanesque Revival
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518:James J Hill House
458:Frank Lloyd Wright
443:State Capitol Mall
428:American Civil War
283:Romanesque Revival
277:Bungalow/Craftsman
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1402:Historic district
1253:978-0-87351-540-5
1052:Minnesota History
843:Mount Zion Temple
839:, 27 Crocus Place
706:Notable buildings
373:Mississippi River
326:Mississippi River
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273:Classical Revival
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1705:American Samoa
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:South Carolina
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:North Carolina
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
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1471:
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1431:Lists by state
1428:
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1422:Property types
1419:
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1290:
1289:External links
1287:
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1281:
1275:
1258:
1252:
1236:Millett, Larry
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1200:
1191:
1115:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1042:
1018:
1016:Sandeen pp.2-5
1009:
991:
989:Millett p. 436
977:
953:
923:
893:
884:
854:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
840:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
792:
789:
788:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
748:
745:
744:
743:
736:
730:
715:
712:
707:
704:
671:half-timbering
493:on the roof.
469:
466:
454:
451:
407:
404:
334:Prairie Avenue
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
299:
292:
291:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
239:
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234:
231:
223:
222:
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85:
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63:
55:
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50:
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36:
33:
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29:
26:
25:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1903:
1892:
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1874:
1872:
1869:
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1696:
1690:
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1680:
1679:West Virginia
1677:
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1610:
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1600:
1597:
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1584:New Hampshire
1582:
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1572:
1570:
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1544:Massachusetts
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1276:0-8166-4409-8
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1109:9780761163367
1105:
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1092:
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1082:9781452931340
1078:
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992:
986:
984:
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978:
966:
960:
958:
954:
951:
938:
934:
927:
924:
921:
908:
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894:
888:
885:
880:
876:
875:
870:
864:
862:
860:
856:
849:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
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813:
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797:
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779:
776:
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756:
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746:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
723:
721:
713:
711:
705:
703:
701:
700:Prairie Style
696:
692:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:neoclassicism
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
628:Michaelangelo
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
587:
583:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
554:
545:
541:
539:
538:Shingle Style
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
467:
465:
463:
459:
452:
450:
447:
444:
439:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
405:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:New York City
351:
347:
343:
342:Euclid Avenue
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:Summit Avenue
310:
308:Added to NRHP
306:
303:
300:
293:
290:
289:Tudor Revival
287:
284:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
229:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
202:
195:
191:
180:
178:Added to NRHP
176:
173:
170:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
107:
82:
72:
67:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
27:
23:
1644:South Dakota
1634:Rhode Island
1629:Pennsylvania
1609:North Dakota
1321:44°56′28.9″N
1314:
1307:
1284:
1262:
1239:
1194:
1098:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1031:Star Tribune
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
969:. Retrieved
940:. Retrieved
926:
910:. Retrieved
896:
891:Sandeen p. 1
887:
872:
794:
750:
717:
709:
687:
632:
620:Vatican City
592:
566:James J Hill
550:
523:
506:mansard roof
495:
471:
468:Architecture
456:
448:
440:
436:
432:Selby Avenue
425:
409:
401:
388:
380:
376:
368:
360:
358:
350:Fifth Avenue
317:
316:
1765:Other areas
1725:Puerto Rico
1559:Mississippi
1474:Connecticut
1336: /
1324:93°8′47.6″W
695:Beebe House
667:Tudor style
663:Tudor style
643:balustrades
534:latticework
389:Ramsey Hill
381:Crocus Hill
377:Summit Hill
367:), and the
330:Minneapolis
311:May 4, 1993
1855:Categories
1674:Washington
1594:New Mexico
1589:New Jersey
1464:California
1228:References
1036:2021-03-29
971:2008-04-10
557:Romanesque
474:Italianate
453:Criticisms
286:Beaux-Arts
280:Queen Anne
1684:Wisconsin
1649:Tennessee
1554:Minnesota
1529:Louisiana
942:August 3,
912:August 3,
346:Cleveland
257:Architect
149:Architect
1840:Category
1669:Virginia
1619:Oklahoma
1599:New York
1574:Nebraska
1564:Missouri
1549:Michigan
1539:Maryland
1524:Kentucky
1504:Illinois
1479:Delaware
1469:Colorado
1459:Arkansas
1238:(2007).
755:(NRHP).
722:(NHLs).
647:cornices
624:Bramante
302:93000332
260:Multiple
238:Location
172:76001067
152:Multiple
130:Location
1786:Related
1689:Wyoming
1664:Vermont
1569:Montana
1509:Indiana
1489:Georgia
1484:Florida
1454:Arizona
1444:Alabama
698:famous
651:portico
579:Tiffany
487:cornice
406:History
338:Chicago
1624:Oregon
1579:Nevada
1519:Kansas
1494:Hawaii
1449:Alaska
1385:Topics
1304:C-SPAN
1273:
1250:
1106:
1079:
691:Gothic
675:stucco
491:cupola
348:, and
1756:Palau
1654:Texas
1534:Maine
1499:Idaho
1302:from
948:With
918:With
850:Notes
655:ionic
478:eaves
249:Built
141:Built
1710:Guam
1659:Utah
1614:Ohio
1514:Iowa
1271:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1077:ISBN
944:2019
914:2019
835:The
738:The
626:and
252:1887
144:1860
64:The
1306:'s
618:in
352:in
344:in
336:in
297:No.
167:No.
1857::
1265:.
1246:.
1242:.
1203:^
1118:^
1056:65
1054:.
1029:.
1002:.
980:^
956:^
935:.
905:.
877:.
871:.
858:^
630:.
340:,
275:,
271:,
1440::
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1279:.
1256:.
1112:.
1085:.
1039:.
1006:.
974:.
946:.
916:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
