Sumitro Djojohadikusumo - Knowledge (XXG)

633: 1308: 779: 1588:' role in the economy had been scaled down in favour of increased private sector participation to the extent that Sumitro had advised. Sumitro then began to develop concerns on the structure of the Indonesian economy under Suharto as time went on. Though industrialization did progress rapidly, Sumitro was concerned with the presence of "special interests" that held ownership in many industries and the excessive protectionist policies of the government. Despite his previous Keynesian policies of extensive state involvement, he subsequently viewed the Indonesian economy as overregulated and in need of deregulation. He considered Indonesia's industry to be fundamentally fragile and apparently productive only at the surface level. By the 1990s, he became more a critic of "rent-seeking activities", and ridiculed outright the 1498: 1421: 984: 1109: 5871: 1204: – and commented that due to the poor administrative capabilities of the Indonesian government it should avoid direct interventions in the economy. Sumitro was also a supporter of foreign investment, and in a speech shortly before his first inauguration as finance minister he commented how removing foreign investors would be akin to "digging our own grave". To the few foreign companies which did invest in Indonesia during the 1950s (mostly oil companies) Sumitro offered fiscal incentives in exchange for their investment in the development of Indonesian 482: 1096:

Both criticized the incumbent Sukiman Cabinet. Sumitro attacked Sjafruddin's priority on agrarian development, citing the poor standard of living in the agrarian economic structure before independence, and also disagreed with Sjafruddin's policy on accumulating capital reserves instead of pursuing an expansionary fiscal policy. The two agreed on maintaining foreign investment and capital in Indonesia, in contrast to several nationalist leaders at that time. Sumitro also supported the

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manage quality and export policies, while encouraging industrialization in the rubber industry by banning the exports of low-quality rubber and incentivizing investment in rubber processing factories. Sumitro also encouraged a shift in imports from consumer goods to capital goods, while stating his intention to increase duties to generate government revenue. He did not have full control over government economic policymaking, having to consult with other ministers and with

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Jakarta, many of the leaders of the Banteng Council including Sumitro refused to accept a potential compromise which would involve Hatta returning to the government. Other civilian leaders, such as Masyumi's Sjafruddin Prawiranegara and Burhanuddin Harahap later also escaped prosecution to West Sumatra and joined Sumitro and the Banteng Council. During this period, Sumitro travelled abroad frequently, making contacts with foreign governments and journalists, and in

1335:, who hoped to find a compromise between the dissidents and the Jakarta government. However, Sumitro along with the Banteng Council officers intended to push for an open armed confrontation with the central government. To moderate their pressure Barlian invited Masyumi leaders, hoping they would balance the bellicose officers. After the conference Barlian's refusal to accept any direct confrontation with the central government meant that no agreement was reached. 1531:. In August 1977 Sumitro and several other ministers began touring Indonesian universities in an attempt to explain the policies to the students, but the meetings instead resulted in students confronting him on government corruption and military involvement in politics. By the middle of the month, accepting that the tour had been a failure, Sumitro instead warned the students that any attempt to create a political movement would be dealt with "sternly". 1630:

within Indonesia. Though he disliked the enforcement of quotas and restrictions on trade, he acknowledged that it was politically impossible for Indonesia during his time to engage in a complete free-market economic regime. Many of his policies were based on an intention to remove Dutch influence from the Indonesian economy, and his opposition to Sjafruddin Prawiranegara's policies was because he believed they simply continued the Dutch approach.

1397:, and supported an attempt to revive the banned PSI although many of his former party colleagues viewed him negatively due to his participation in the rebellion. Sukarno had offered him a pardon, but as this would require him to recognize Sukarno's leadership, Sumitro refused. Because of Sumitro's involvement in the rebellion, many of his students who had pursued further education in foreign universities were excluded from government posts. 1675: 5654: 33: 1299:, which had itself just opened in September 1956. Sumitro had been approached by a Minangkabau businessman to create the faculty in 1956, and had laid the initial groundwork prior to his flight from Jakarta. The faculty was officially opened in September 1957, with Sumitro becoming its dean and giving an opening lecture. He would give lectures for the faculty for some time before the rebellion broke out. 1186: – were greatly disappointed by the development and considered resigning from government. In the final months of the cabinet, with its dissolution already scheduled, Sumitro extended government credits to several firms affiliated to politicians. This was seen by many as political patronage and resulted in increased pressure from the opposition to speed up the cabinet's dissolution. 1367:, a separate segment of the rebellion virtually autonomous from PRRI, to form a working cabinet. Sumitro was appointed as acting foreign minister in this cabinet. When the federal "United Republic of Indonesia" combining several rebel movements was announced by PRRI leaders in Sumatra in February 1960, Sumitro opposed the idea as he preferred a unitary state, and he did not want to work with the 1241:, associated the general open approach to foreign investment with Sumitro. In early May 1957 Sumitro was summoned twice under suspicions of corruption related to PSI's fundraising for the 1955 election, and his links to a businessman who had been jailed for bribery. On 8 May 1957, he was given a third summons. To escape prosecution, Sumitro went into hiding at a friend's home in 1339:

travel abroad, Sumitro's statements became increasingly bellicose, threatening a potential civil war in a 2 February statement from Geneva, then further claiming that should a civil war happen, Sukarno's government "would probably topple within ten days". Conversely, the pro-government press in Jakarta mocked Sumitro's (popularly believed) personal wealth, nicknaming him

821:, and Egypt proposed a draft resolution calling for UN involvement in Indonesia, but this was rejected – Sumitro believed this was due to the lack of an Indonesian delegation in the meeting. Sumitro's brief experience at the Security Council allowed him to inform other Indonesian nationalists about its procedures, once he returned to Java in March 1946. 1233:. Aidit directly accused Sumitro of "siding with imperialism and feudalism", and he argued that Sumitro's economic approach which involved foreign investment did not fit Indonesian rural society. Aidit rejected Sumitro's argument that poverty was caused by low investment and savings, and instead blamed capitalists, landlords, and foreign companies for engaging in 1088:, to Indonesia to research the country's economic and financial situation, and to produce recommendations. Schacht's report called for much increased foreign investment and expertise, directly contrasting with the Indonesian popular mood at the time. Sumitro did not implement these recommendations. He also took part in efforts to nationalize 1596:

struck Indonesia late in the decade, Sumitro blamed institutional problems and corruption for the impact and called for "immediate and firm action". Though his influence in government policymaking was diminished, he continued to play a role in politics, supporting the unsuccessful attempt to nominate

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policies to stimulate new development in certain sectors. He introduced restrictions on imports and created a "complementary foreign exchange" system to incentivize specific exports and discourage certain imports. To maximize exports, Sumitro established agencies in the coffee and copra industries to

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During this lull between his two ministerships, Sumitro also engaged in a public debate with Sjafruddin Prawiranegara on their differing views on Indonesian economic development. They were two of the highest-profile economists in Indonesia during the time, and hailed from different political parties.

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during the Sukarno period, although it had been inactive until Sumitro's appointment to the office. In part, this reassignment to a less powerful position was due to disagreements in economic views with Suharto. Late in 1973 he began discussions on Indonesian economic policy with students. Though he

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were completed during his tenure. When drafting the relevant laws, Sumitro incorporated a requirement that all directors of the Bank's board be Indonesian citizens. He also expanded the Benteng program, extending the list of restricted goods from ten per cent of imports to over half. Sumitro himself

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After disagreements with Suharto on policy in the early 1970s, Sumitro was reassigned as Minister of Research before his removal from government posts altogether. Throughout the New Order, Sumitro leveraged his foreign and political connections to establish substantial private business interests and

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Despite the deadlock, Sumitro headed to Europe shortly after the meeting to raise more funds and give interviews relaying the movement's demands. When Sumitro was in Singapore in late January 1958, the Indonesian government sent a request to British authorities to repatriate him. As he continued to

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under Suharto, Sumitro was invited to return from exile and in 1967 was appointed Minister of Trade. In this position Sumitro set policies favouring industrialization through imports of capital goods and export restrictions of raw materials. He was involved in the high-level planning of Indonesia's

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in the late 1950s. Considered a leader of the movement, he operated from abroad, liaising with Western foreign intelligence organizations while seeking funds and international support. After the movement's defeat, Sumitro remained in exile as a vocal critic of Sukarno, continuing to agitate for the

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Nasution had long been viewed with disdain by regional military officers, especially after he attempted to centralize control of the Indonesian military by replacing several regional commanders. Conversely, Hatta had been seen as a representative of the regions outside Java, especially Sumatra, in

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Sumitro also created a national research program involving several economics faculties and research institutes in the country to help formulate government economic policies by gaining an insight into the country's long-term growth prospects. He did this as he was concerned that Suharto's five-year

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businesses to raise funds for the rebellion. Both foreign aid and revenue from commodity smuggling allowed the rebels to purchase weapons and equipment, the United States covertly providing enough weapons for thousands of fighters. He participated in another dissident meeting in the town of Sungai

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that low productivity generated from subsistence economics can be improved through the encouragement of industrialization. To accomplish this, Sumitro wrote in support of foreign investments, with caveats on domestic capital and labour participation, human development, and reinvestment of profits

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Throughout 1957 PSI politicians visited Sumitro, unsuccessfully attempting to convince him against joining the potential rebellion, and eventually Sumitro began to avoid the party's members sent for him altogether. As tensions continued to rise between the dissidents and the central government in

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on mid-September, and Sumitro communicated the results of the meeting to the Americans, painting the dissident group as an anti-communist front. Sumitro also stated his plans to finance the movement through the sales of Sumatra's agricultural products to the British. The Americans were generally

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million of cargo, but we couldn't have paid for the public attention". While in the United States Sumitro also signed a contract with American businessman Matthew Fox to form the Indonesian–American corporation, an agent for bilateral trade of several commodities between the two countries with a

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was tasked with bringing Sumitro back to Indonesia, and after meeting him in Bangkok in March 1967, Sumitro was convinced to return. Aside from his economic expertise, according to Sumitro he was also invited back to facilitate a normalization of relations between Indonesia and Malaysia in the

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By October, Sumitro had begun corresponding with British and American intelligence agents, mainly in Singapore. It is likely that Sumitro's contacts with American agents increased the resolve of the dissident officers. Another meeting of the dissident colonels and politicians had been held in

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as deputy chief of mission and minister plenipotentiary for economic affairs, while he unofficially engaged in fundraising. He would remain in this posting until 1950. With the ongoing revolution, the Dutch had banned the shipment of goods to or any exports of agricultural products from ports

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bomb which destroyed one of the walls to his room. He still completed his dissertation, "The People's Credit Service during the Depression", and earned his doctorate in 1943. This made him the first Indonesian to earn a PhD in economics. During the later stages of the war in Europe, after the

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and the subsequent war of independence. The plan, sometimes called the "Sumitro Plan", was published in April 1951 (after he left office) and called for the use of government funds to develop industrial facilities across Java and Sumatra. Although the plan was continued under the succeeding

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The PRRI performed poorly against the Indonesian military, being dislodged from the major cities of Sumatra by mid-1958. After Bukittinggi had been captured by the government, the rebels in Sumatra became isolated from the outside world. Because of this isolation, Sjafruddin permitted the

809:. According to British reports, Sumitro had been included in the delegation to provide a good impression for the Dutch government, but he became disillusioned and decided to return to his home country. An Indonesian report, in contrast, stated that Sumitro did not act in support of the 1579:

attempt by a consortium of external conglomerates. Suryajaya initially tasked Sumitro with preventing the takeover, but Suryajaya eventually decided to sell his shares without first consulting Sumitro. Sumitro resigned in December 1992 and the takeover was completed by January 1993.

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movement. Sumitro gradually drifted away from the Sumatra-based movement, and instead focused his efforts to support Permesta with smuggled supplies. As the movement was eventually defeated, Sumitro opted to remain abroad in exile, and in 1961 founded the Indonesian Renewal Movement

1126:. When he first joined the finance ministry, which at that time still included many Dutch officials left from the colonial era, he noted how many of them were skilled administrators who were not qualified in economics. The nationalization of De Javasche Bank and its conversion into 1177:

with the Dutch, and despite progress on negotiations thanks to American, British, and Indian pressure on Dutch negotiators, domestic political pressure caused the Indonesian government to withdraw from negotiations in January 1956. The government ministers at Geneva at that

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Although no longer a government minister, Sumitro still held considerable influence in policymaking circles since many of his former pupils held government positions during the 1980s, and because of his continued teaching at UI. By the early 1980s, the Indonesian

1169:, where PSI performed poorly, Sumitro launched an unsuccessful challenge against Sjahrir's leadership of the party. Several PSI members considered Sumitro's organizational skills preferable to Sjahrir's ideological approach to the party. Sumitro was dispatched to 1355:, in which Sumitro was named as minister of trade and communications, and Sjafruddin was appointed as prime minister. The following day, Sukarno ordered the arrest of PRRI's ministers, including Sumitro. Sumitro was considered one of the primary leaders of PRRI. 1657:

primarily as a means of disciplining government expenditures, but was opposed to cuts in development spending. During the early Sukarno period, Sumitro also viewed income redistribution in developing countries such as Indonesia as more achievable through strong

905:) were vital in maintaining international awareness of the Indonesian situation. Previously the Indonesian delegation had been ignored, but the military operation brought Indonesia to the forefront of attention, and after a meeting with Under Secretary of State 1809:

named one of its academic grant programs, the Sumitro Fellows Program, after him. He has been described by several authors as a highly influential economist in both the Sukarno and Suharto periods, and often as the most influential altogether. In his obituary

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were less accepting of his policies and Sumitro walked out from a discussion session with them. Several years later, university students were openly criticizing government development policies, having initially been silenced by crackdowns following the 1974

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had resigned. He served in this academic position between 1951 and 1957, and in this position he recruited Dutch academics to cover the lack of native Indonesian teachers in the faculty. He also founded the Institute of Economic and Social Research

1158:. He was one of the few highly educated and experienced ministers in the cabinet. The country faced high inflation at that time, and it was decided to abolish the Benteng program. Though the program was intended to increase the participation of 856:, most of Sudarsono's soldiers failed to show up to Sukarno's palace, only the prisoners and a handful of troops being there with Sudarsono. Sukarno refused the demands, Sudarsono was arrested, and Sjahrir along with his group were released. 632: 616:, he began to call for greater deregulation of the economy but remained committed to the political structure of the New Order. Following his death, his children and grandchildren remain influential in Indonesian politics, with his son 943:

billion guilders) were created to fund the Dutch effort against Indonesian forces during the revolution and hence should not be paid by the Indonesian government. Instead, he calculated that the Dutch government would owe Indonesia

1200:, Sumitro had been described as the most powerful PSI government minister. In a 1952 paper Sumitro indicated the objectives of his policies – to stimulate domestic consumption and investment and improve Indonesia's 852:; their kidnappers planned to force Sukarno to remove Sjahrir and appoint a new cabinet, as Sudarsono considered Sjahrir's diplomatic approaches to the Dutch to be too lenient. Due to a botched attempt to kidnap another minister, 1797:

noted that although Sumitro's economic thought could not be described as "liberal", he strongly opposed Sukarno's anti-capitalist stance. On Sumitro's involvement in PRRI, Hadiz wrote that "he did so in the name of capitalism".

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mercantile class, despite his own preference for a free market system for imports. After the collapse of the Natsir Cabinet on 27 April 1951, Sumitro did not receive a ministerial appointment in the succeeding Sukiman Cabinet,

1292:" and the increasing influence of PKI in the Indonesian government, although American diplomats at the time still reassured Indonesian officials that the US did not wish to be "interfering in Indonesian internal affairs". 875:

was seized by Dutch marines. Sumitro had arranged the ship's voyage despite expecting a Dutch seizure, as the delegation calculated that the media attention would be invaluable. The ship's seizure prompted anger from the

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Sumitro led the economic and financial subcommittee. In these negotiations, while the Dutch calculated that the Indonesians would have to take on debt passed on from the Dutch East Indies government amounting to over

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aftermath of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. His arrival, in mid-1967, was kept secret for around three months, to hide Sumitro from Sukarno's remaining loyalists. He was appointed as Minister of Trade in the

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he re-established contact with a CIA agent he had previously met in Jakarta. In September Sumitro met with dissident colonels, and issued demands to the central government demanding decentralization, replacement of

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Sumitro engaged in private business outside his government career, leveraging his political connections and foreign networks in Europe and the United States. He founded Indoconsult Associates, one of the first

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In a 1986 interview Sumitro commented on his multiple rises and falls in politics, saying that he "never won a political battle but learnt how to survive defeats". His critics describe him as a political

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since its formation in late 1956. Following the resignation of Mohammad Hatta from the office of vice-president in December 1956, the movement received significant support from regional civilian leaders.

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Following the collapse of the Wilopo Cabinet in 1953, political manoeuvring resulted in several cabinets failing to be approved. Sumitro was named Minister of Finance in one such proposed cabinet by

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While abroad Sumitro worked as a consultant, mostly in Singapore. At times he went to Europe, on one occasion visiting Sjahrir during the latter's medical treatment in Switzerland. He also lived in

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in July 1967. Sumitro was a founding member of the academic group East Asian Economic Association in 1984 and served as its first president. He was also significantly involved in the rise of the

1307: 1782:, he rejected the label, preferring to be called a "pragmatist". In the same interview, although he acknowledged his contacts with the CIA, he denied his characterization by American historian 5642: 864:

controlled by Republican forces. In effect, this was an embargo on Indonesian-controlled territories, and Sumitro was charged with bypassing it. On one occasion in 1947, American cargo ship

548:. Returning to Indonesia after the war, he was assigned to the country's diplomatic mission in the United States, where he sought to raise funds and garner international attention in the 1065:), which he would later use to develop economic policies when he returned to government. He also arranged for an affiliate program between the faculty and the department of economics at 4766:

Foray, Jennifer L. (2021). "The Republic at the Table, with Decolonisation on the Agenda: The United Nations Security Council and the Question of Indonesian Representation, 1946–1947".

1076:). To broaden the knowledge of Indonesian economists, whose education at that time was still dominated by European curricula, Sumitro arranged for an exchange program sponsored by the 5974: 1019:

as necessary to develop Indonesia's then-agrarian economy. Sumitro introduced the "Economic Urgency Plan" which aimed to restore industrial facilities that had been damaged by the

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plans were not sufficiently taking into account long-term trends and visions. Despite the study's use in Indonesian economic planning, it was ceased when Sumitro was replaced by

1348: 901:, a large-scale Dutch offensive against Republican-held territories which captured most of the Indonesian leadership, Sumitro and members of the Indonesian UN delegation (led by 591: 1165:

Sumitro also implemented fiscal belt-tightening, reducing the government deficit significantly. These policies resulted in some reduction in inflation. In the aftermath of the

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In the early 1950s Sumitro also toured the Netherlands and other European countries to secure investments establishing manufacturing facilities in Indonesia. He initiated the

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had returned to Indonesia to retake control, but they had managed to hold only several coastal cities at first. In late June 1946 Sumitro was part of Sjahrir's entourage in

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29 May 1917 – 9 March 2001) was an Indonesian statesman and one of the country's most influential economists. He held ministerial positions under Presidents

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did not believe that the Benteng program would be perfect in execution, even commenting that a majority of the businessmen given support might turn out to be "parasites".

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million guilders. The Dutch eventually agreed to not include the military spending, and an agreement was struck that the Indonesian government would be responsible for 4.3

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of 1946. He married Dora Marie Sigar, whom he had met during his time in the Netherlands, on 7 January 1947. They were of different religions – Dora was a

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moving residents from densely populated Java to other sparsely populated islands, though he noted that industrial development in the migration regions would be needed.

5635: 1721: 1625:. He saw the previous colonial economy as creating two separate systems: one of subsistence economics and another of commercial, and subscribed to the theories of 1472:

Shortly after his appointment Sumitro noted that repairing economic mismanagement during the Sukarno era would take "something like a generation". Sumitro adopted

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By late 1957 Sumitro was in contact with officials from the United States, Britain, British Malaya, the Philippines, and Thailand, as well as British, Dutch, and

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British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1951 through 1956. Asia, 1951–1956. Part V. Series E

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joined the military and married Suharto's daughter, Sumitro also continued to work as an economist with some influence during the 1980s. In the leadup to the

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described Sumitro as "the father of modern Indonesian economics", many of his writings being incorporated into standard textbooks on economics in Indonesia.

1150:. In this period, Sumitro as part of the opposition criticized the Ali cabinet's policies, and claimed that the policies were an indirect attempt at forcing 5620: 2132: 1393:. While in Malaysia he wrote a book on the economic history of the region to fund himself. He corresponded with anti-communist military officers during the 927: 783: 553: 3289: 1801:

Sumitro's role in Indonesia's early formation and his economic policies have prominently featured in the electoral campaigns of his son's political party,

571:, and developed an economic plan which aimed for national industrialization. Sumitro further served as finance minister in the cabinets of Prime Ministers 1080:

whereby American professors would teach in Indonesia and Indonesian students would spend several years in the United States. In mid-1951, he also invited

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Webster, David (2011). "Development advisors in a time of cold war and decolonization: the United Nations Technical Assistance Administration, 1950–59".

1776:, due to his distancing from former Socialist Party members during the Suharto period and his son Prabowo's marriage to Titiek. In a 1999 interview with 1575:, had developed relations with Sumitro since the 1950s. Sumitro was appointed president commissioner of Astra in 1992, when the debt-laden group faced a 1020: 1497: 579:

during the Sukarno era. During the 1950s, Sumitro favoured foreign investment, an unpopular position at that time which brought him into conflict with

1720:, one of Suharto's daughters, although they divorced after fifteen years. Following Prabowo's removal from the military due to his involvement in the 1225:'s premiership in 1957, Sukarno had been showing his dislike for Western-educated economists such as Sumitro. This position was also supported by the 844:

when the group was kidnapped by disgruntled army units led by major general Sudarsono, commander of a division within the Indonesian Army. During the

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mostly by distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets. Before the war, Sumitro had decided not to join the association due to the presence of communists such as

1732:(vice-president at the time) of pinning the blame on Prabowo. Sumitro's sister, Sukartini Djojohadikusumo, became an Indonesian centenarian in 2019. 1237:

behaviour. Communists, who already harboured resentment against PSI and Masyumi due to their participation in purging PKI members following the 1948

5934: 5658: 5575: 5548: 2363: 915:, for example, published in its entirety a memorandum from Sumitro condemning Dutch actions and calling for the cessation of American aid (i.e. the 102: 1257:. The council was formed by provincial military commanders dissatisfied with Sukarno's increasing centralization of power, and had been demanding 837: 810: 794: 1378:, GPI), an underground anti-Sukarno movement. GPI and Sumitro openly opposed Sukarno, in contrast to other Indonesian exiles at the time such as 920: 713: 671: 4525:, p. 43: "The four most influential economic policymakers in the period of 1950–57 were undoubtedly Sumitro, Sjafruddin, Hatta, and Djuanda.". 4490: 1806: 5944: 5924: 5420: 5395: 5367: 5339: 5279: 5162: 5118: 5093: 5065: 5040: 5019: 4991: 4962: 4937: 4883: 4862: 4837: 4812: 4756: 4728: 4649: 4621: 3806: 3612: 3502: 2206: 1276: 1197: 973: 1394: 5359: 5331: 4713:

Fakih, Farabi (2015). "The Ambiguous Position of Economists during the 'Old Order', 1950–65". In Schrikker, Alicia; Touwen, Jeroen (eds.).

1166: 712:, but he was rejected because he was too young. In a 1986 recollection, Sumitro stated that he instead began to fundraise for the cause of 4197: 5487: 4598: 1889:

Another account suggested that Sumitro had won the party vote, but the vote was annulled due to Sumitro's absence at the party congress.

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which had declared itself independent from Dutch colonial rule with Sukarno as president. Sumitro became an assistant to Prime Minister

814: 48: 1708:, their involvement in politics originating from his father Margono and extending four generations to post-Suharto legislators such as 983: 5131:

The Making of Modern Indonesian Intellectuals: The Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) and Democratic Socialist Ideas, 1930s to mid-1970s

4564:, p. 70: "the doyen of Indonesian policymakers and one of the nation's most well-known economists, Professor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo". 1701:. Of his four children, two were Muslims and two were Christians. His family had followed Sumitro into exile following PRRI's defeat. 1420: 1066: 724: 1739:

player and a heavy smoker. He had written 130 books and articles mostly on economic matters between 1942 and 1994, and published his

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published an estimate which stated that around one-third of the national budget was being lost due to either waste or corruption.

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billion) to be paid in full by July 1964. Sumitro wanted to negotiate down the debt further, but was overridden by Vice-President

1143: 666: 514: 660:, and Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo. The Djojohadikusumo family was part of the Javanese aristocracy's lower rungs. He studied at a 5959: 5667: 4584: 1682:

Two of Sumitro's brothers, Subianto and Subandio, were active in the Indonesian youth movement and were both killed during the

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Promises and Predicaments: Trade and Entrepreneurship in Colonial and Independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th Centuries

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Promises and Predicaments: Trade and Entrepreneurship in Colonial and Independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th Centuries

498: 216: 4486: 1032:, neither managed to complete it within its two-year timeline, and the duration of the plan was extended to three years. 5919: 5076: 4929: 4854: 4748: 4641: 1226: 1122:

In the Wilopo Cabinet sworn into office on 3 April 1952, Sumitro was given the office of Minister of Finance, replacing

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and had attended the meeting to assess the international mood regarding Indonesian independence. During that meeting,

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Jurnalisme dan Politik di Indonesia: Biografi Kritis Mochtar Lubis (1922–2004) sebagai Pemimpin Redaksi dan Pengarang

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upon the expiry of the cabinet on 29 March 1978. Not long after his removal from office, Sumitro and Chairman of the

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Purdey, Jemma (2016). "Narratives to power: The case of the Djojohadikusumo family dynasty over four generations".

4954: 4248: 3105: 2364:"INDONESIANS URGE U.S. HALT DUTCH AID; Envoy Calls for Political and Economic Help to Republic in Talk With Lovett" 2196: 1873: 1510: 1485:, a group of Western-educated economists with Sumitro as a key member. Some other members such as Finance Minister 1072:

During the 1950s, Sumitro along with Mohammad Hatta had also established the Indonesian Association of Economists (

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Due to political differences and allegations of corruption, Sumitro fled Jakarta and joined the insurrectionary

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to develop the Indonesian rural economy. In regards to government fiscal policy, Sumitro wrote in support of a

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After the handover of sovereignty, Sumitro was appointed as Minister of Trade and Industry in the newly formed

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conclusion of his studies, he helped provide aid to stranded Indonesian sailors in Rotterdam. Meanwhile, the

5813: 4552:, p. 189: "Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, the undisputed high-priest of Indonesian economic development thinking". 1585: 1368: 1053: 877: 825: 645: 526: 443: 5380:(2015). "The Indonesian Economy during the 1950s and Early 1960s and America's Proposal for Economic Aid". 1489:

were former students of Sumitro. Sumitro also was part of Suharto's economic advisory team in this period.

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of Dutch firms. He would retake the office of finance minister from Ong Eng Die in 1955, as part of the

1040: 657: 596: 696:. Obtaining his bachelor's degree in 1937, he then took a one-year course in philosophy and history at 3494:

Two, Three ... Many Vietnams: A Radical Reader on the Wars in Southeast Asia and the Conflicts at Home

1162:, the government decided to prioritize increasing total domestic production to stabilize the economy. 5909: 5904: 5855: 5850: 5808: 5244:

Rice, Robert (1983). "The Origins of Basic Economic Ideas and Their Impact on 'New Order' Policies".

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the Indonesian government, and many viewed his resignation as a sign of increasing centralization.

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with the help of Sjahrir. Arriving on 13 May in Central Sumatra, Sumitro found refuge under the

1011:. Natsir's cabinet was sworn in on 6 September 1950. Contrary to the views of Finance Minister 5838: 5416: 5391: 5363: 5335: 5275: 5224: 5158: 5114: 5089: 5061: 5036: 5015: 4987: 4958: 4933: 4910: 4879: 4858: 4833: 4808: 4752: 4724: 4699: 4680: 4645: 4631: 4617: 3608: 3498: 2202: 1705: 1683: 1606: 1478: 1324:

Dareh in January 1958. The meeting was arranged by South Sumatra's military commander Colonel

1258: 1016: 865: 705: 653: 350: 5768: 3912:"Historia Bisnis: Saat Om Willem Minta Tolong Soemitro Selamatkan Astra International (ASII)" 3670: 3668: 1325: 1196:, with Jusuf Wibisono being reappointed as finance minister on 24 March 1955. Throughout the 5964: 5803: 5441: 5408:

Beyond Political Skin: Colonial to National Economies in Indonesia and Vietnam (1910s–1960s)

5301: 5265: 5253: 5214: 5206: 5181: 5139: 5057: 4902: 4777: 4672: 2137: 1812: 1709: 1694: 1687: 1674: 1646: 1320: 1289: 1179: 1089: 906: 853: 745: 716:. During his studies, he joined an Indonesian students' organization which aimed to promote 682: 617: 609: 426: 5612: 1877: 1756: 1654: 1645:, and he was an ardent anti-communist. While he was a PSI member, he did not subscribe to 1626: 1528: 1433: 1312: 1081: 1077: 1049: 1036: 1025: 898: 641: 636:

Sumitro (standing, third from left) as part of an Indonesian student football team in 1939

568: 533: 346: 314: 290: 1690:

Christian and Sumitro was a Muslim. The couple had four children, including incoming 8th

1192:

explicitly excluded former ministers of the Harahap Cabinet, including Sumitro, from his

513:

intermittently between 1950 and 1978. During his career in government, Sumitro served as

342: 4537:, p. 183: "Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, probably Indonesia's most prominent economist.". 595:

downfall of the government. After the overthrow of Sukarno and the establishment of the

5788: 5783: 5748: 5728: 5568: 5558: 5531: 5514: 1717: 1622: 1514: 1482: 1466: 1445: 1151: 1127: 1123: 1029: 996: 957: 860: 601: 561: 259: 247: 157: 4462:"Universitas Indonesia Resmikan Pusat Sumber Belajar Profesor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo" 1743:

in 2000. He died just past midnight on 9 March 2001 at the Dharma Nugraha Hospital in

797:

on 17 August 1945. Sumitro briefly joined a Dutch delegation taking part in the first

5898: 5595: 5497: 5453: 5377: 5349: 5321: 5313: 5289: 5193: 4789: 4738: 1752: 1740: 1729: 1618: 1560: 1238: 1205: 1008: 1004: 936: 916: 845: 829: 649: 565: 302: 94: 909:, Sumitro gave a press conference which was prominently featured in American media. 884:

was considered, until it was released. Sumitro quoted Sjahrir as saying "we lost $ 3

525:

in five different cabinets. He was also the Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the

5844: 5778: 5718: 5708: 4979:

Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia

1792: 1748: 1659: 1638: 1610: 1486: 1254: 1234: 1085: 939:, Sumitro argued the opposite: that a significant proportion of the debts (around 2 818: 545: 688:

After finishing secondary education in 1935, he commenced tertiary studies at the

5406: 5381: 5353: 5325: 5269: 5257: 5152: 5104: 5051: 5030: 5005: 4977: 4948: 4923: 4893:

Ichimura, Shinichi (2016). "Professor Dr Sumitro Djojohadikusumo: An Obituary*".

4873: 4848: 4823: 4798: 4742: 4714: 4693: 4676: 4635: 4607: 4592: 4578: 3602: 3492: 1279:, the reappointment of Hatta, and a ban on "internationally oriented communism". 5860: 5833: 5818: 5738: 5585: 5541: 1773: 1650: 1634: 1481:, the economic coordinating minister. This cabinet was the first to include the 1457: 1379: 1352: 1242: 1147: 859:

Later in 1946 Sumitro was assigned to the Indonesian observer delegation to the

145: 4825:

Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets

3780: 5773: 5445: 5305: 4781: 4768: 1744: 1449: 849: 454: 5228: 5185: 4914: 4684: 4580:

Rupiah di tengah rentang sejarah: 45 tahun uang Republik Indonesia, 1946–1991

5653: 5387: 4829: 4804: 4720: 4613: 1859:

Sumitro's brother, Subianto, had been one of Sjahrir's followers during the

1267: 1052:

taking his office. Sumitro then became dean of the economics faculty at the

841: 733: 709: 693: 541: 4950:

Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, 1926–1998

4609:

The Politics of Economic Development in Indonesia: Contending Perspectives

1649:

views held by the party's ideologues. He also endorsed the development of

1605:

According to Sumitro, as a student, his views were strongly influenced by

1440:

as president in 1966, Suharto appointed Sumitro's former students such as

1315:(black arrows) against Permesta and PRRI-controlled regions (orange), 1958 5823: 1802: 1642: 1576: 1517:

replaced him as Minister of Trade. The ministry was previously headed by

1386: 1364: 1288:

supportive of the movement, being concerned with Sukarno's move towards "

5236: 4906: 1725: 1437: 1425: 1390: 1330: 1246: 872: 791: 510: 506: 366: 69: 5219: 5143: 4800:

Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years Of U.S.–Indonesian Relations

1805:. A road and a building within the UI complex is named after him. The 5292:(2001). "In Memoriam: Professor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, 1917–2001". 1736: 1568: 1360: 1284: 1170: 802: 744:

student association (which Sumitro was not part of) took part in the

572: 188: 5210: 5129: 5078:

Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank: Fifty Years of Partnership

4081: 4079: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3760: 3758: 1567:, when in 1968 he helped the company gain a sole distributorship of 4513:, p. 162: "Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, Indonesia's premier economist". 2589: 2587: 1295:

During his time in Padang, Sumitro opened the economics faculty of

4695:

Indonesian politics in crisis: the long fall of Suharto, 1996–1998

4637:

Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946

4198:"Cerita Hashim Soal Latar Belakang Agama Keluarga Prabowo Beragam" 3807:"Menilik Sejarah Kemenristek, Dibentuk Sukarno dan Dihapus Jokowi" 3292:[Brief History of the Economics Faculty] (in Indonesian). 1673: 1522:

was quite successful with his own students at UI, students at the

1496: 1419: 1306: 1107: 982: 960:. Sumitro also opposed deferring the question on sovereignty over 777: 700:. In his autobiography Sumitro claimed that he wanted to join the 631: 5053:

Bridges to New Business: The Economic Decolonization of Indonesia

4925:

Suharto and His Generals: Indonesian Military Politics, 1975–1983

4042: 4040: 3236: 3234: 723:

He was completing his dissertation at Rotterdam in May 1940 when

5154:

Di negeri penjajah: orang Indonesia di negeri Belanda, 1600–1950

5624: 5201:

Rice, Robert (1969). "Sumitro's Role in Foreign Trade Policy".

5151:

Poeze, Harry A.; Dijk, Cornelis; van der Meulen, Inge (2008).

4172:"Jatuh Bangun Dinasti Djojohadikusumo dalam Politik Indonesia" 3131: 3129: 3127: 2688: 2686: 2256: 2254: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 4249:"Sumitro Pernah Bela Prabowo, Seperti Mien Uno Bela Sandiaga" 3604:

Ali Moertopo dan Jejaknya Pada Peristiwa Bersejarah Indonesia

3339: 3337: 4276:"Prabowo Kunjungi Adik Sang Ayah, Sukartini Djojohadikusumo" 3324: 3322: 2940: 2938: 1146:

was formed on 30 July 1953 in which Sumitro was replaced by

928:

final negotiations on the handover of Indonesian sovereignty

552:. After the handover of sovereignty as a result of the 1949 3655: 3653: 3651: 3161: 3159: 1993: 1991: 1343:("millionaire of the people", also a play on the PSI motto 1724:, Sumitro wrote in defence of his son, and accused either 5032:

Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, jejak perlawanan begawan pejuang

3866: 3864: 2460: 2458: 3146: 3144: 2104: 2102: 1015:

who focused on agricultural development, Sumitro viewed

805:

in January 1946 as an adviser to Dutch Foreign Minister

664:(a school typically serving European children), then an 4546: 3960: 3674: 3402: 3400: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2069: 2033: 919:) to the Netherlands. Sumitro later briefly headed the 3974: 3972: 1456:

as advisers and ministers. Suharto's personal staffer

871:

carrying cargo from the Indonesian-controlled city of

1349:

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia

952:

billion guilders in debt (then equivalent to US$ 1.13

592:

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia

4744:

The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia

3627: 3004: 2866: 2839: 2764: 2575: 2500: 1138:, but his candidacy in particular was vetoed by the 4007: 3749: 3607:(in Indonesian). Tempo Publishing. pp. 36–39. 1923: 476: 453: 436: 421: 394: 383: 373: 356: 329: 324: 308: 296: 284: 276: 253: 241: 233: 214: 204: 194: 182: 174: 151: 139: 127: 119: 100: 88: 75: 65: 46: 23: 5327:Recollections: The Indonesian Economy, 1950s–1990s 1092:, the central bank of the Dutch East Indies era. 560:and became Minister for Trade and Industry in the 4878:(in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. 4382:"Sumitro Djojohadikusumo: "Saya bukan Godfather"" 1755:. He had been suffering from a heart disease and 544:in the Netherlands and remained there throughout 3491:Garrett, Banning N.; Barkley, Katherine (1971). 1678:Sumitro's parents with his four children in 1963 1571:vehicles in the country. The company's founder, 1373: 608:a political presence for his family. As his son 5157:(in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 4121: 4085: 4031: 3541: 2021: 1716:(both Hashim's children). Prabowo also married 1704:Sumitro's family has often been described as a 1382:who adopted a policy of partial collaboration. 1178:time – Sumitro, health minister 16:Indonesian statesman and economist (1917–2001) 5975:Academic staff of the University of Indonesia 5636: 5504:as State Minister for Research and Technology 4522: 4408: 3995: 3831: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3031: 2815: 2779: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2629: 2593: 2563: 2515: 2437: 2425: 2413: 1946: 1841:As State Minister for Research and Technology 8: 4435:"Ayah Prabowo Diabadikan Jadi Nama Jalan UI" 1970: 1861:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 1597:Emil Salim as vice-president in early 1998. 1505:On 28 March 1973, Sumitro was reassigned as 654:colonial government of the Dutch East Indies 4344:"Sumitro Minta Dimakamkan Secara Sederhana" 1063:Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat 667:Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren 644:on 29 May 1917. He was the eldest child of 5643: 5629: 5621: 5480:as Minister of National Research Institute 5461: 4097: 4058: 4046: 3905: 3903: 3553: 3454: 3430: 3418: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3313: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3135: 2956: 2944: 2617: 2337: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2081: 1997: 848:that followed, the group was relocated to 708:and had briefly joined a training camp in 31: 20: 5218: 4847:Hadiz, Vedi R.; Dhakidae, Daniel (2005). 4317:"Sumitro Djojohadikusumo Meninggal Dunia" 3910:Fauzan, Herdanang Ahmad (2 August 2020). 272:6 September 1950 – 27 April 1951 5106:Sjahrir: Politics and Exile in Indonesia 5035:(in Indonesian). Pustaka Sinar Harapan. 4594:Susunan Kabinet R.I. Tahun 1945 S/d 1968 4561: 4234: 3894: 3642: 3589: 3055: 3043: 2854: 2803: 2791: 2677: 2527: 2464: 2272: 2260: 2245: 2093: 1832:As Minister for National Research Agency 1501:Sumitro in 1973, as Minister of Research 5294:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 5246:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 5007:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia 4665:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 4510: 4300: 4157: 4145: 3948: 3936: 3855: 3843: 3577: 3529: 3466: 3276: 3189: 3104:Isnaeni, Hendri F. (17 November 2017). 2917: 2665: 2641: 2449: 2389: 2349: 2313: 2169:Isnaeni, Hendri F. (14 December 2011). 2108: 2057: 2045: 2009: 1982: 1958: 1916: 1876:, but the plan was scrapped due to the 1825: 1173:in late 1955 to negotiate the issue of 1039:, an import control scheme benefitting 921:Indonesian embassy in the United States 838:Netherlands Indies Civil Administration 826:government of the Republic of Indonesia 784:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 556:, in which he took part, he joined the 554:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 115:12 August 1955 – 24 March 1956 5355:Indonesia's Economy Since Independence 4822:Hadiz, Vedi; Robison, Richard (2004). 4420: 4368: 4311: 4309: 4222: 4133: 3870: 3517: 3343: 3150: 3019: 2488: 1722:activist kidnappings in the late 1990s 836:. By this time Dutch forces under the 782:Sumitro (seated, far left) during the 411: 61:28 March 1973 – 29 March 1978 4850:Social Science and Power in Indonesia 4247:Matanasi, Petrik (13 February 2019). 4019: 3442: 3355: 3328: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3177: 3165: 3091: 3079: 3067: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2929: 2881: 2827: 2752: 2401: 2301: 2289: 2233: 2221: 2133:"Sumitro Dies at 84 of Heart Failure" 2070:Poeze, Dijk & van der Meulen 2008 2034:Poeze, Dijk & van der Meulen 2008 1637:and industrialization, he viewed the 974:Liberal democracy period in Indonesia 964:, but was again overridden by Hatta. 725:German forces invaded the Netherlands 7: 5980:Academic staff of Andalas University 5360:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 5332:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 4534: 4109: 4070: 3978: 3882: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3659: 3565: 3478: 3406: 2905: 2893: 2653: 2605: 2551: 2539: 2476: 2325: 1786:as a CIA asset. Indonesian academic 846:political wrangling and coup attempt 536:family, he studied economics at the 229:6 June 1968 – 28 March 1973 170:3 April 1952 – 30 July 1953 4342:Suditomo, Kurie (29 October 2003). 3805:Prastiwi, Devira (14 April 2021). 3290:"Sejarah RINGKAS Fakultas Ekonomi" 1633:Due to Sumitro's preference for a 1067:University of California, Berkeley 1043:businessmen at the expense of the 795:proclaimed Indonesian independence 604:from the University of Indonesia. 550:struggle against Dutch colonialism 14: 5940:Ministers of finance of Indonesia 5930:Government ministers of Indonesia 5659:Ministers of finance of Indonesia 4659:Djojohadikusumo, Sumitro (1986). 4491:United States – Indonesia Society 4460:Syukro, Ridho (10 October 2013). 4170:Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (30 May 2018). 3785:Ministry of the State Secretariat 2201:. LexisNexis. 2008. p. 323. 1880:'s refusal to grant scholarships. 1850:As Minister of Trade and Industry 1807:United States – Indonesia Society 1084:, the former finance minister of 979:Minister of Industry and academia 681:going into the civil service) in 5869: 5652: 4585:Ministry of Finance of Indonesia 4204:(in Indonesian). 28 January 2019 3106:"Dugaan Korupsi Menteri Sumitro" 1759:for some time. He was buried in 1728:(Prabowo's superior officer) or 1621:. He was also influenced by the 1395:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 1144:First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet 1074:Ikatan Sarjana Ekonomi Indonesia 480: 5935:Research ministers of Indonesia 3497:. Canfield Press. p. 134. 2141:. 10 March 2001. Archived from 1524:Bandung Institute of Technology 999:as a member of Sutan Sjahrir's 799:United Nations Security Council 690:Netherlands School of Economics 538:Netherlands School of Economics 407: 5603:Minister of Trade and Industry 5271:Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik 4984:University of Washington Press 4390:(in Indonesian). 29 March 1999 2362:Walz, Jay (21 December 1948). 2171:"Dari Ukraina untuk Indonesia" 790:After the end of World War II 769:Indonesian National Revolution 515:Minister of Industry and Trade 1: 5274:(in Indonesian). TransMedia. 5128:Niwandhono, Pradipto (2021). 4323:(in Indonesian). 9 March 2001 1113: 5945:Trade ministers of Indonesia 5925:People from Gombong District 5258:10.1080/00074918312331334389 4677:10.1080/00074918612331334874 4661:"Recollections of My Career" 1347:). On 15 February 1958, the 1227:Communist Party of Indonesia 1001:Socialist Party of Indonesia 600:economy, along with many of 5488:State Minister for Research 5029:Katoppo, Aristides (2000). 4274:Erwanti, Marlinda Oktavia. 1872:He had also considered the 1559:firms in the country, with 1407:Transition to the New Order 1375:Gerakan Pembaruan Indonesia 1311:Military operations of the 1156:Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet 1007:who served in the previous 882:congressional investigation 824:He joined the newly formed 750:Abdulmadjid Djojoadiningrat 718:Indonesian arts and culture 614:1997 Asian financial crisis 463:Erasmus School of Economics 49:State Minister for Research 5996: 4955:Amsterdam University Press 1874:London School of Economics 1592:project in 1996. When the 1511:Second Development Cabinet 1507:State Minister of Research 1465:on 6 June 1968, replacing 1404: 1056:(UI) after its first dean 971: 766: 731:he was nearly killed by a 503:Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo 5878: 5867: 5704:Alexander Andries Maramis 5684:Alexander Andries Maramis 5674: 5665: 5609: 5600: 5592: 5582: 5573: 5565: 5555: 5546: 5538: 5528: 5519: 5511: 5494: 5485: 5469: 5464: 5446:10.1017/S1740022811000258 5433:Journal of Global History 5306:10.1080/00074910152390865 4797:Gardner, Paul F. (2019). 4782:10.1017/S0165115321000048 4606:Hadiz, Vedi, ed. (1997). 4487:"Sumitro Fellows Program" 4409:Hadiz & Dhakidae 2005 2630:Hadiz & Dhakidae 2005 1537:Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie 1463:First Development Cabinet 1140:Indonesian National Party 811:restoration of Dutch rule 662:Europeesche Lagere School 488: 320: 265: 222: 163: 108: 54: 42: 30: 5724:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 5714:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 5699:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 5694:Surachman Tjokroadisurjo 5186:10.1177/0967828X16659728 5174:South East Asia Research 5111:Cornell University Press 5075:McCawley, Peter (2020). 5050:Lindblad, J. Th (2008). 4008:Ministry of Finance 1991 3781:"Kabinet Pembangunan II" 3750:Ministry of Finance 1991 1971:Hadiz & Robison 2004 1924:Ministry of Finance 1991 1670:Family and personal life 1198:liberal democracy period 1184:Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung 1013:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 989:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 832:and later worked at the 5744:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5734:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5405:Thuỷ, Phạm Văn (2019). 5103:Mrázek, Rudolf (2018). 4922:Jenkins, David (2010). 4872:Hill, David T. (2011). 4599:Ministry of Information 4548:Contending Perspectives 4433:Ramuna (10 June 2009). 3962:Contending Perspectives 3676:Contending Perspectives 1664:redistributive taxation 1641:more favourably in the 1586:state-owned enterprises 1351:(PRRI) was declared in 1239:PKI coup d'etat attempt 1182:, and foreign minister 1054:University of Indonesia 878:National Maritime Union 646:Margono Djojohadikusumo 527:University of Indonesia 495:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 444:Margono Djojohadikusumo 25:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5960:Djojohadikusumo family 5814:Prijadi Praptosuhardjo 5086:Asian Development Bank 5002:Kahin, George McTurnan 4974:Kahin, George McTurnan 4947:Kahin, Audrey (1999). 4895:Asian Economic Journal 4692:Eklöf, Stefan (1999). 3455:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3431:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3419:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3392:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3380:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3368:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3314:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3265:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3253:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3241:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3136:Kahin & Kahin 1997 1699:Hashim Djojohadikusumo 1692:President of Indonesia 1679: 1594:Asian financial crisis 1502: 1479:Hamengkubuwono IX 1429: 1374: 1316: 1160:indigenous Indonesians 1119: 1098:transmigration program 992: 787: 741:Perhimpoenan Indonesia 702:International Brigades 637: 622:President of Indonesia 431:Hashim Djojohadikusumo 5950:Indonesian economists 5759:Djoeanda Kartawidjaja 1784:George McTurnan Kahin 1677: 1615:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk 1550:Private sector career 1500: 1423: 1411:New Order (Indonesia) 1405:Further information: 1341:miljioener kerakjatan 1310: 1253:(Banteng Council) in 1217:Joining the rebellion 1111: 1041:indigenous Indonesian 986: 781: 767:Further information: 658:Bank Negara Indonesia 656:and later founder of 635: 564:. He implemented the 5955:Indonesian academics 5856:Bambang Brodjonegoro 5851:Muhamad Chatib Basri 5136:University of Sydney 4122:Djojohadikusumo 1986 4086:Djojohadikusumo 1986 4032:Djojohadikusumo 1986 3629:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 3542:Djojohadikusumo 1986 3006:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2868:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2841:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2766:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2577:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2502:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2022:Djojohadikusumo 1986 1761:Karet Bivak Cemetery 1735:Sumitro was an avid 1714:Aryo Djojohadikusumo 1590:Timor "national car" 1544:Umar Wirahadikusumah 1541:National Audit Board 1493:Minister of Research 1273:Abdul Haris Nasution 1223:Djuanda Kartawidjaja 640:Sumitro was born in 523:Minister of Research 378:Karet Bivak Cemetery 5920:People from Kebumen 5679:Samsi Sastrawidagda 5668:Ministry of Finance 5576:Minister of Finance 5549:Minister of Finance 5473:Suhadi Reksowardojo 4423:, pp. 377–378. 4225:, pp. 374–375. 4148:, pp. 394–395. 4061:, pp. 173–176. 4049:, pp. 165–166. 3998:, pp. 179–180. 3951:, pp. 308–316. 3846:, pp. 107–109. 3767:, pp. 178–179. 3716:, pp. 199–200. 3692:, pp. 188–192. 3662:, pp. 183–187. 3358:, pp. 208–209. 3346:, pp. 445–446. 3331:, pp. 206–207. 3279:, pp. 149–150. 3243:, pp. 104–106. 3180:, pp. 182–183. 3168:, pp. 196–197. 3082:, pp. 213–214. 3070:, pp. 217–220. 3058:, pp. 172–173. 2971:, pp. 450–455. 2884:, pp. 419–420. 2830:, pp. 331–339. 2644:, pp. 193–194. 2632:, pp. 225–227. 2596:, pp. 174–176. 2542:, pp. 141–144. 2404:, pp. 439–443. 2275:, pp. 396–401. 2263:, pp. 382–385. 2248:, pp. 132–135. 1662:instead of through 1557:business consulting 1519:Suhadi Reksowardojo 1303:Rebellion and exile 1245:before escaping to 1142:and eventually the 1136:Burhanuddin Harahap 1104:Minister of Finance 1003:(PSI). He replaced 897:Following the 1948 834:Ministry of Finance 763:National Revolution 698:Sorbonne University 602:his former students 577:Burhanuddin Harahap 519:Minister of Finance 468:Sorbonne University 134:Burhanuddin Harahap 103:Minister of Finance 82:Suhadi Reksowardojo 5970:Indonesian Muslims 5689:Sunarjo Kolopaking 5465:Political offices 4930:Equinox Publishing 4907:10.1111/asej.12108 4855:Equinox Publishing 4749:Equinox Publishing 4642:Equinox Publishing 4632:Anderson, Benedict 4523:Thee Kian Wie 2012 3996:Thee Kian Wie 2001 3832:Thee Kian Wie 2003 3765:Thee Kian Wie 2001 3294:Andalas University 3032:Thee Kian Wie 2015 2816:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2780:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2741:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2729:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2717:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2705:Thee Kian Wie 2003 2693:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2594:Thee Kian Wie 2001 2564:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2516:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2438:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2426:Thee Kian Wie 2003 2414:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2369:The New York Times 1947:Thee Kian Wie 2001 1680: 1565:Astra conglomerate 1503: 1442:Widjojo Nitisastro 1436:and the ascent of 1430: 1317: 1297:Andalas University 1190:Ali Sastroamidjojo 1175:Western New Guinea 1120: 1058:Sunarjo Kolopaking 1045:Chinese Indonesian 993: 962:Western New Guinea 912:The New York Times 889:ten-year licence. 807:Eelco van Kleffens 801:(UNSC) meeting in 788: 679:native Indonesians 638: 5892: 5891: 5839:Agus Martowardojo 5619: 5618: 5610:Succeeded by 5583:Succeeded by 5556:Succeeded by 5529:Succeeded by 5522:Minister of Trade 5507: 5495:Succeeded by 5483: 5422:978-981-13-3711-6 5397:978-9971-69-851-5 5369:978-981-4379-63-2 5341:978-981-230-178-9 5281:978-979-799-052-7 5266:Setiono, Benny G. 5164:978-979-9101-23-5 5120:978-1-5017-1881-6 5095:978-92-9262-203-9 5067:978-90-04-25397-1 5042:978-979-416-632-1 5021:978-0-87727-734-7 5012:SEAP Publications 4993:978-0-295-97618-1 4964:978-90-5356-395-3 4939:978-602-8397-49-0 4885:978-979-461-788-5 4864:978-979-3780-01-6 4839:978-1-134-32028-8 4814:978-0-429-97697-1 4758:978-979-3780-45-0 4730:978-9971-69-851-5 4651:978-979-3780-14-6 4623:978-0-415-14502-2 4597:(in Indonesian). 4583:(in Indonesian). 4088:, pp. 35–36. 4034:, pp. 29–30. 3783:(in Indonesian). 3614:978-623-262-992-9 3504:978-0-06-383867-3 3255:, pp. 72–73. 3138:, pp. 70–71. 2770:, pp. 17–19. 2743:, pp. 60–61. 2719:, pp. 51–56. 2530:, pp. 80–81. 2506:, pp. 13–15. 2316:, pp. 30–31. 2208:978-0-88692-723-3 2096:, pp. 83–84. 1706:political dynasty 1684:Lengkong incident 1647:social democratic 1607:Joseph Schumpeter 1573:William Suryajaya 1416:Minister of Trade 1259:regional autonomy 1021:Japanese invasion 1017:industrialization 987:Finance Minister 727:, and during the 706:Spanish Civil War 648:, a high ranking 620:being elected as 546:World War II 492: 491: 351:Dutch East Indies 217:Minister of Trade 5987: 5873: 5804:Bambang Subianto 5657: 5656: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5622: 5593:Preceded by 5566:Preceded by 5539:Preceded by 5512:Preceded by 5501: 5477: 5470:Preceded by 5462: 5457: 5426: 5401: 5373: 5345: 5317: 5285: 5261: 5240: 5222: 5197: 5168: 5147: 5124: 5099: 5083: 5071: 5058:Brill Publishers 5046: 5025: 4997: 4968: 4943: 4918: 4889: 4868: 4843: 4818: 4793: 4762: 4734: 4709: 4688: 4655: 4627: 4602: 4588: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3982: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3139: 3133: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2166: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2138:The Jakarta Post 2129: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1927: 1921: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1813:The Jakarta Post 1796: 1710:Rahayu Saraswati 1697:and businessman 1695:Prabowo Subianto 1377: 1334: 1321:overseas Chinese 1290:Guided Democracy 1180:Johannes Leimena 1118: 1115: 1090:De Javasche Bank 968:Cabinet Minister 955: 951: 947: 942: 934: 907:Robert A. Lovett 893:Diplomatic talks 887: 854:Amir Sjarifuddin 774:Early Revolution 758: 746:Dutch resistance 714:Republican Spain 675: 618:Prabowo Subianto 610:Prabowo Subianto 484: 427:Prabowo Subianto 415: 413: 409: 400:Dora Marie Sigar 363: 339: 337: 325:Personal details 311: 299: 287: 270: 256: 244: 227: 207: 197: 185: 168: 154: 142: 130: 113: 91: 78: 59: 35: 21: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5915:Javanese people 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5865: 5809:Bambang Sudibyo 5794:Mar'ie Muhammad 5670: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5615: 5613:Sujono Hadinoto 5606: 5598: 5588: 5579: 5571: 5561: 5552: 5544: 5534: 5525: 5517: 5500: 5491: 5476: 5460: 5429: 5423: 5404: 5398: 5376: 5370: 5348: 5342: 5320: 5288: 5282: 5264: 5243: 5211:10.2307/3350674 5200: 5171: 5165: 5150: 5127: 5121: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5049: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5000: 4994: 4972:Kahin, Audrey; 4971: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4921: 4892: 4886: 4871: 4865: 4846: 4840: 4821: 4815: 4796: 4765: 4759: 4737: 4731: 4712: 4706: 4691: 4658: 4652: 4630: 4624: 4605: 4591: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4441:(in Indonesian) 4432: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4350:(in Indonesian) 4341: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4282:(in Indonesian) 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4255:(in Indonesian) 4246: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4178:(in Indonesian) 4169: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4098:Niwandhono 2021 4096: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4059:Niwandhono 2021 4057: 4053: 4047:Niwandhono 2021 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939:, p. 1032. 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3918:(in Indonesian) 3909: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3813:(in Indonesian) 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3554:Niwandhono 2021 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3112:(in Indonesian) 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2957:Niwandhono 2021 2955: 2951: 2945:Niwandhono 2021 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2618:Niwandhono 2021 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2585: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2338:Niwandhono 2021 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2177:(in Indonesian) 2168: 2167: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2131: 2130: 2115: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2082:Niwandhono 2021 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1998:Niwandhono 2021 1996: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1878:British Council 1871: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1790: 1769: 1757:atherosclerosis 1672: 1655:balanced budget 1627:W. Arthur Lewis 1603: 1552: 1529:Malari incident 1495: 1434:fall of Sukarno 1418: 1413: 1403: 1389:, and later in 1328: 1313:Indonesian Navy 1305: 1221:By the time of 1219: 1214: 1116: 1106: 1082:Hjalmar Schacht 1078:Ford Foundation 1050:Sujono Hadinoto 1037:Benteng program 1030:Wilopo Cabinets 981: 976: 970: 953: 949: 945: 940: 932: 899:Operation Kraai 895: 885: 776: 771: 765: 752: 729:Rotterdam Blitz 669: 630: 569:Benteng program 558:Socialist Party 472: 449: 417: 405: 401: 384:Political party 365: 361: 341: 335: 333: 315:Sujono Hadinoto 309: 297: 291:Mohammad Natsir 285: 271: 266: 254: 242: 228: 223: 205: 195: 183: 169: 164: 152: 140: 128: 114: 109: 89: 76: 60: 55: 38: 37:Sumitro in 1954 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789:J. B. Sumarlin 5786: 5784:Radius Prawiro 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5764:Notohamiprodjo 5761: 5756: 5754:Sutikno Slamet 5751: 5749:Jusuf Wibisono 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5729:Jusuf Wibisono 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5608: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5572: 5569:Jusuf Wibisono 5567: 5563: 5562: 5559:Jusuf Wibisono 5557: 5554: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5532:Radius Prawiro 5530: 5527: 5518: 5515:Mohammad Jusuf 5513: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5493: 5484: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5440:(2): 249–272. 5427: 5421: 5402: 5396: 5374: 5368: 5346: 5340: 5324:, ed. (2003). 5318: 5300:(2): 173–181. 5286: 5280: 5262: 5241: 5205:(8): 183–211. 5198: 5180:(3): 369–385. 5169: 5163: 5148: 5125: 5119: 5100: 5094: 5072: 5066: 5047: 5041: 5026: 5020: 4998: 4992: 4969: 4963: 4944: 4938: 4919: 4901:(4): 439–444. 4890: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4844: 4838: 4819: 4813: 4794: 4776:(1): 124–151. 4763: 4757: 4739:Feith, Herbert 4735: 4729: 4710: 4704: 4689: 4656: 4650: 4628: 4622: 4603: 4589: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4554: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4478: 4452: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4373: 4371:, p. 382. 4361: 4334: 4305: 4303:, p. 408. 4293: 4266: 4239: 4237:, p. 440. 4227: 4215: 4189: 4162: 4160:, p. 411. 4150: 4138: 4136:, p. 379. 4126: 4114: 4102: 4100:, p. 177. 4090: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4036: 4024: 4022:, p. 132. 4012: 4000: 3983: 3968: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3899: 3897:, p. 443. 3887: 3885:, p. 122. 3875: 3873:, p. 373. 3860: 3858:, p. 230. 3848: 3836: 3834:, p. 130. 3824: 3797: 3769: 3754: 3742: 3740:, p. 118. 3730: 3728:, p. 185. 3718: 3706: 3704:, p. 193. 3694: 3682: 3664: 3647: 3635: 3620: 3613: 3594: 3592:, p. 442. 3582: 3580:, p. 250. 3570: 3568:, p. 168. 3558: 3556:, p. 194. 3546: 3534: 3532:, p. 252. 3522: 3520:, p. 490. 3510: 3503: 3483: 3481:, p. 115. 3471: 3469:, p. 162. 3459: 3457:, p. 204. 3447: 3445:, p. 224. 3435: 3433:, p. 202. 3423: 3421:, p. 197. 3411: 3409:, p. 226. 3396: 3394:, p. 145. 3384: 3382:, p. 140. 3372: 3370:, p. 137. 3360: 3348: 3333: 3318: 3316:, p. 120. 3306: 3281: 3269: 3267:, p. 103. 3257: 3245: 3230: 3228:, p. 183. 3218: 3216:, p. 186. 3206: 3204:, p. 198. 3194: 3192:, p. 142. 3182: 3170: 3155: 3153:, p. 450. 3140: 3123: 3096: 3094:, p. 224. 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. 171. 3036: 3034:, p. 206. 3024: 3022:, p. 406. 3012: 2997: 2995:, p. 467. 2985: 2983:, p. 458. 2973: 2961: 2959:, p. 164. 2949: 2947:, p. 118. 2934: 2932:, p. 479. 2922: 2920:, p. 758. 2910: 2908:, p. 147. 2898: 2896:, p. 126. 2886: 2874: 2859: 2857:, p. 179. 2847: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2806:, p. 129. 2796: 2794:, p. 111. 2784: 2772: 2757: 2755:, p. 229. 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2682: 2680:, p. 108. 2670: 2668:, p. 263. 2658: 2656:, p. 138. 2646: 2634: 2622: 2620:, p. 185. 2610: 2608:, p. 124. 2598: 2583: 2568: 2556: 2554:, p. 137. 2544: 2532: 2520: 2518:, p. 143. 2508: 2493: 2491:, p. 288. 2481: 2479:, p. 122. 2469: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2354: 2342: 2340:, p. 170. 2330: 2328:, p. 110. 2318: 2306: 2304:, p. 138. 2294: 2292:, p. 339. 2277: 2265: 2250: 2238: 2236:, p. 214. 2226: 2224:, p. 128. 2214: 2207: 2188: 2156: 2145:on 20 May 2014 2113: 2098: 2086: 2084:, p. 168. 2074: 2072:, p. 317. 2062: 2060:, p. 262. 2050: 2038: 2036:, p. 275. 2026: 2014: 2002: 2000:, p. 167. 1987: 1975: 1963: 1951: 1949:, p. 173. 1928: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1891: 1882: 1865: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1768: 1765: 1718:Titiek Suharto 1671: 1668: 1623:Fabian Society 1602: 1599: 1551: 1548: 1515:Radius Prawiro 1494: 1491: 1483:Berkeley Mafia 1467:Mohammad Jusuf 1446:Mohammad Sadli 1432:Following the 1417: 1414: 1402: 1399: 1304: 1301: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212:PRRI Rebellion 1210: 1194:second cabinet 1152:capital flight 1128:Bank Indonesia 1124:Jusuf Wibisono 1105: 1102: 997:Natsir Cabinet 980: 977: 969: 966: 958:Mohammad Hatta 894: 891: 868:Martin Behrman 861:United Nations 775: 772: 764: 761: 677:(a school for 629: 626: 562:Natsir Cabinet 490: 489: 486: 485: 478: 474: 473: 471: 470: 465: 459: 457: 451: 450: 448: 447: 440: 438: 434: 433: 423: 419: 418: 403: 399: 398: 396: 392: 391: 385: 381: 380: 375: 371: 370: 364:(aged 83) 358: 354: 353: 331: 327: 326: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 306: 305: 300: 294: 293: 288: 286:Prime Minister 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 263: 262: 260:Radius Prawiro 257: 251: 250: 248:Mohammad Jusuf 245: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 220: 219: 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 200:Jusuf Wibisono 198: 192: 191: 186: 184:Prime Minister 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 161: 160: 158:Jusuf Wibisono 155: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 131: 129:Prime Minister 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 106: 105: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 79: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 52: 51: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5992: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Fuad Bawazier 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5596:Tandiono Manu 5591: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5498:B. J. Habibie 5490: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5378:Thee Kian Wie 5375: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5350:Thee Kian Wie 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5322:Thee Kian Wie 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5290:Thee Kian Wie 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4705:87-87062-68-2 4701: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4562:McCawley 2020 4558: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4504: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4411:, p. 41. 4410: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4235:Ichimura 2016 4231: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4124:, p. 38. 4123: 4118: 4115: 4112:, p. 64. 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4073:, p. 68. 4072: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4010:, p. 56. 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3981:, p. 79. 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3966:, p. 79. 3965: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895:Ichimura 2016 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3752:, p. 62. 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3680:, p. 78. 3679: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:McCawley 2020 3639: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3590:Ichimura 2016 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3544:, p. 32. 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056:Lindblad 2008 3052: 3049: 3045: 3044:Lindblad 2008 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3010:, p. 23. 3009: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2872:, p. 22. 2871: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855:Lindblad 2008 2851: 2848: 2845:, p. 20. 2844: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2818:, p. 33. 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2804:Lindblad 2008 2800: 2797: 2793: 2792:Lindblad 2008 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2731:, p. 62. 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2707:, p. 20. 2706: 2701: 2698: 2695:, p. 46. 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:Lindblad 2008 2674: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2581:, p. 17. 2580: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2566:, p. 29. 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528:Lindblad 2008 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2467:, p. 44. 2466: 2465:Lindblad 2008 2461: 2459: 2455: 2452:, p. 91. 2451: 2446: 2443: 2440:, p. 40. 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2416:, p. 39. 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2392:, p. 98. 2391: 2386: 2383: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2352:, p. 84. 2351: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273:Anderson 2006 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261:Anderson 2006 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Anderson 2006 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2111:, p. 38. 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Anderson 2006 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2048:, p. 21. 2047: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2024:, p. 29. 2023: 2018: 2015: 2012:, p. 15. 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1973:, p. 62. 1972: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1926:, p. 55. 1925: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1788:Vedi R. Hadiz 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:heart failure 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:autobiography 1738: 1733: 1731: 1730:B. J. Habibie 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:Irving Fisher 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Mochtar Lubis 1558: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Dewan Banteng 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1206:human capital 1203: 1202:trade balance 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:1955 election 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Halim Cabinet 1006: 1005:Tandiono Manu 1002: 998: 990: 985: 978: 975: 967: 965: 963: 959: 938: 929: 924: 922: 918: 917:Marshall Plan 914: 913: 908: 904: 900: 892: 890: 883: 879: 874: 870: 869: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:Sutan Sjahrir 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793: 785: 780: 773: 770: 762: 760: 756: 751: 747: 743: 742: 736: 735: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 673: 668: 663: 659: 655: 651: 650:civil servant 647: 643: 634: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 605: 603: 598: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 566:protectionist 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 487: 483: 479: 475: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 458: 456: 452: 445: 442: 441: 439: 435: 432: 428: 425:4, including 424: 420: 397: 393: 389: 386: 382: 379: 376: 374:Resting place 372: 368: 359: 355: 352: 348: 344: 332: 328: 323: 319: 316: 313: 307: 304: 303:Tandiono Manu 301: 295: 292: 289: 283: 279: 275: 269: 264: 261: 258: 252: 249: 246: 240: 236: 232: 226: 221: 218: 213: 209: 203: 199: 193: 190: 187: 181: 177: 173: 167: 162: 159: 156: 150: 147: 144: 138: 135: 132: 126: 122: 118: 112: 107: 104: 99: 96: 95:B. J. Habibie 93: 87: 83: 80: 74: 71: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 5880: 5845:Hatta Rajasa 5843: 5779:Ali Wardhana 5743: 5733: 5719:Lukman Hakim 5709:Lukman Hakim 5601: 5574: 5547: 5520: 5503: 5502: 5486: 5479: 5478: 5437: 5431: 5407: 5382: 5354: 5326: 5297: 5293: 5270: 5252:(2): 60–82. 5249: 5245: 5202: 5177: 5173: 5153: 5130: 5105: 5077: 5052: 5031: 5006: 4978: 4949: 4924: 4898: 4894: 4874: 4849: 4824: 4799: 4773: 4767: 4743: 4715: 4694: 4671:(3): 27–39. 4668: 4664: 4636: 4608: 4593: 4579: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4511:Gardner 2019 4506: 4494:. Retrieved 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465: 4455: 4443:. Retrieved 4438: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392:. Retrieved 4385: 4376: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4347: 4337: 4325:. Retrieved 4321:liputan6.com 4320: 4301:Katoppo 2000 4296: 4284:. Retrieved 4279: 4269: 4257:. Retrieved 4252: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206:. Retrieved 4201: 4192: 4180:. Retrieved 4175: 4165: 4158:Katoppo 2000 4153: 4146:Katoppo 2000 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4066: 4054: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3961: 3956: 3949:Katoppo 2000 3944: 3937:Setiono 2008 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3915: 3890: 3878: 3856:Jenkins 2010 3851: 3844:Jenkins 2010 3839: 3827: 3815:. Retrieved 3811:liputan6.com 3810: 3800: 3788:. Retrieved 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3675: 3645:, p. 4. 3638: 3633:, p. x. 3628: 3623: 3603: 3597: 3585: 3578:Gardner 2019 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3530:Katoppo 2000 3525: 3513: 3493: 3486: 3474: 3467:Gardner 2019 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3309: 3297:. Retrieved 3284: 3277:Gardner 2019 3272: 3260: 3248: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3190:Gardner 2019 3185: 3173: 3114:. Retrieved 3109: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3005: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2925: 2918:Setiono 2008 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2867: 2862: 2850: 2840: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2782:, p. 8. 2775: 2765: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2673: 2666:Webster 2011 2661: 2649: 2642:Gardner 2019 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2576: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2501: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2450:Gardner 2019 2445: 2433: 2428:, p. 8. 2421: 2409: 2397: 2390:Gardner 2019 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2367: 2357: 2350:Gardner 2019 2345: 2333: 2321: 2314:Gardner 2019 2309: 2297: 2268: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2197: 2191: 2179:. Retrieved 2174: 2147:. Retrieved 2143:the original 2136: 2109:Katoppo 2000 2089: 2077: 2065: 2058:Webster 2011 2053: 2046:Katoppo 2000 2041: 2029: 2017: 2010:Katoppo 2000 2005: 1985:, p. 3. 1983:Katoppo 2000 1978: 1966: 1961:, p. 2. 1959:Katoppo 2000 1954: 1919: 1894: 1885: 1868: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1811: 1800: 1778: 1770: 1749:East Jakarta 1734: 1703: 1681: 1660:trade unions 1651:cooperatives 1639:Western Bloc 1632: 1611:Frank Knight 1604: 1582: 1553: 1533: 1504: 1487:Ali Wardhana 1471: 1431: 1384: 1357: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1318: 1294: 1281: 1264: 1255:West Sumatra 1250: 1235:rent-seeking 1229:(PKI) under 1220: 1188: 1164: 1133: 1121: 1094: 1086:Nazi Germany 1073: 1071: 1062: 1034: 994: 925: 910: 896: 867: 858: 823: 819:Soviet Union 789: 739: 732: 722: 687: 665: 639: 606: 589: 581:Nationalists 532:Born into a 531: 502: 494: 493: 362:(2001-03-09) 360:9 March 2001 310:Succeeded by 267: 255:Succeeded by 224: 206:Succeeded by 165: 153:Succeeded by 110: 90:Succeeded by 56: 18: 5910:2001 deaths 5905:1917 births 5861:Sri Mulyani 5834:Sri Mulyani 5829:Jusuf Anwar 5819:Rizal Ramli 5739:Ong Eng Die 5586:Ong Eng Die 5542:Ong Eng Die 4466:Berita Satu 4421:Purdey 2016 4369:Purdey 2016 4354:15 December 4223:Purdey 2016 4182:15 December 4134:Purdey 2016 3871:Purdey 2016 3790:31 December 3518:Mrázek 2018 3344:Mrázek 2018 3151:Mrázek 2018 3116:13 December 3020:Mrázek 2018 2489:Mrázek 2018 2149:12 December 1791: [ 1774:opportunist 1635:technocracy 1458:Ali Murtopo 1369:Darul Islam 1353:Bukittinggi 1329: [ 1243:Tanah Abang 1231:D. N. Aidit 1148:Ong Eng Die 1117: 1952 926:During the 753: [ 670: [ 390:(1955–1960) 369:, Indonesia 340:29 May 1917 298:Preceded by 243:Preceded by 210:Ong Eng Die 196:Preceded by 146:Ong Eng Die 141:Preceded by 77:Preceded by 5899:Categories 5774:Frans Seda 5607:1950–1951 5580:1952–1953 5553:1955–1956 5526:1968–1973 5492:1973–1978 5220:1813/53469 5144:2123/27770 4769:Itinerario 4496:10 January 4020:Eklöf 1999 3922:3 December 3916:Bisnis.com 3817:10 January 3443:Kahin 1999 3356:Kahin 1999 3329:Kahin 1999 3226:Kahin 1999 3214:Kahin 1999 3202:Kahin 1999 3178:Kahin 1999 3166:Kahin 1999 3092:Fakih 2015 3080:Fakih 2015 3068:Fakih 2015 2993:Feith 2006 2981:Feith 2006 2969:Feith 2006 2930:Feith 2006 2882:Feith 2006 2828:Feith 2006 2753:Feith 2006 2402:Kahin 2003 2302:Foray 2021 2290:Kahin 2003 2234:Fakih 2015 2222:Foray 2021 1907:References 1745:Rawamangun 1688:Manadonese 1450:Emil Salim 1424:President 1380:Sudjatmoko 1345:Kerakjatan 1277:army chief 972:See also: 903:L.N. Palar 850:Yogyakarta 628:Early life 585:Communists 521:, and the 455:Alma mater 336:1917-05-29 5454:153347824 5388:NUS Press 5314:154067950 5229:0019-7289 5203:Indonesia 5194:151698429 4915:1351-3958 4830:Routledge 4805:Routledge 4790:232422436 4721:NUS Press 4685:0007-4918 4614:Routledge 4535:Rice 1969 4471:8 January 4445:7 January 4394:20 August 4280:detiknews 4110:Rice 1983 4071:Rice 1983 3979:Rice 1983 3883:Hill 2011 3738:Hill 2011 3726:Rice 1969 3714:Rice 1969 3702:Rice 1969 3690:Rice 1969 3660:Rice 1969 3566:Thuỷ 2019 3479:Hill 2011 3407:Hill 2011 2906:Thuỷ 2019 2894:Thuỷ 2019 2654:Thuỷ 2019 2606:Thuỷ 2019 2552:Thuỷ 2019 2540:Thuỷ 2019 2477:Thuỷ 2019 2326:Thuỷ 2019 2181:7 January 1912:Citations 1820:Footnotes 1474:Keynesian 1401:New Order 1268:Singapore 880:and a US 842:Surakarta 734:Luftwaffe 710:Catalonia 694:Rotterdam 597:New Order 542:Rotterdam 477:Signature 388:Socialist 277:President 268:In office 234:President 225:In office 175:President 166:In office 120:President 111:In office 66:President 57:In office 5886:Category 5883:: Acting 5824:Boediono 5413:Springer 5352:(2012). 5268:(2008). 5004:(2003). 4976:(1997). 4741:(2006). 4698:. 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